Counter-Memorial Submitted by the Republic of Uganda
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING ARMED ACTIVITIES ON THE TERRITORY OF CONGO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO v. UGANDA COUNTER-MEMORIAL SUBMITTED BY THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA VOLUME! 21 APRIL 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS FACTUAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT ........................... 1 PARTI THEFACTS CHAPTER I CONGOLESE ARMED ATTACKS AGAINST UGANDA DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF MOBUTU SSESE SEKO (1994-1997) •..••••••.•..•••.•..•.•...... 8 A. The Civil W ar In Rwanda And Its Aftermath ........... 8 B. President Mobutu's Military Alliances With The Anti-Uganda lnsurgents And The Government Of Sudan ............................................................................ 10 C. The Congolese Govemment's Military And Logisticat Support For The Anti-Uganda lnsurgents, And Its Coordination Of Attacks Against Uganda.; ..... l3 D. The Increased Frequency And Destructiveness Of Armed Attacks In And Against Uganda ................. 15 CHAPTER II THE SUCCESSFUL CONGOLESE REBELLION AGAINST PRESIDENT MOBUTU, AND THE NEW CONGOLESE GOVERNMENT'S INVITATION TO UGANDA TO DEPLOY ITS TROOPS IN EASTERN CONGO (1996-1998) .•.•••..•.•..•..•. 18 A. The W ar Against President Mobutu And His Govemment .................................................................. 18 B. President Kabila's Internai Problems ...................... 21 C. President Kabila's Invitation To Uganda To Deploy lts Armed Forces In Eastern Congo ................. 22 CHAPTER ID PRESIDENT KABILA'S MILITARY ALLIANCE WITH UGANDA'S ENEMIES, AND THE RESUMPTION OF ARMED AGGRESSION AGAINST UGANDA (1997-1998) ....................................... 25 A. President K.abila's Strategie Change Of Direction, And His Military Alliance With The Anti-Uganda Insurgents ................................................ 25 B. The Incorporation Of The Ex-FAR And Interahamwe Génocidaires Into The Congolese Army ................................................. ~·~·~··~··············· 28 C. President K.abila's Military Alliance With Sudan ... 30 D. The Resumption Of Congolese-Supported Armed Attacks In And Against Uganda ....................... 31 E. The DRC's Armed Attacks Against Congolese Tutsis ....... ~···················-··············································· 32 __ . F. President Kabila' s Expulsion Of The RPA And His Severance OfTies With Rwanda ........................... 32 CHAPTER IV THE DIRECT MILITARY THREAT TO UGANDA, AND THE AUGMENTATION OF ITS FORCES IN CONGO (1998-1999) ....................................... 34 A. The Congolese Govemment's Extermination Campaign Against Its Tutsi Citizens And The Outbreak: OfWar .......................................................... 34 B. The DRC's Escalation Of Aggression Against Uganda, And lts Command And Control Over The Anti-Uganda Insurgents ................................................ 37 C. The Entry Of Foreign Forces Into The War ............ 38 D. Sudan's Entry Into The War And Its Participation With The DRC In Attacks On Uganda ... 39 B. Uganda's Exercise Oflts Right Of Self-Defence .... 40 ii CHAPTER V EFFORTS BY UGANDA AND OTHER STATES TO STOP THE FIGHTING AND ACHIEVE A PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF THE CONFLICT (1998-1999) .............................................................................. 44 A. Uganda's Call For A Ceasefire And Negotiated Settlement ..................................................................... 44 B. The Continued Fighting In Eastern Congo .............. 49 CHAPTER VI THE LUSAKA AGREEMENT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION (1999-2001) ............................... 51 A. The Terms OfThe Agreement.. ............................... 51 B. Endorsement Of The Agreement By The United Nations Secretary-General And The Security Council ......................................................................... 57 C. Uganda's Compliance With The Agreement ........... 58 D. The Failure Of The DRC Govemment To Comply With Its Commitments Under The Agreement .................................................................... 63 E. The Continuation Of Armed Attacks Against Uganda .......................................................................... 71 F. The Change Of Leadership In The DRC And Its Impact On The Lusaka Process .................................... 73 PARTll THE PROCEDURAL AND SUBSTANTIVE ECCENTRICITIES OF THE MEMORIAL CHAPTER VII THE ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE PROOF .................................................................................... 77 A. Introduction .............................................................. 77 B. The Absence OfDocumentary Evidence Relating To Imputability .............................................. 78 l1l C. The Policy In Respect OfProofDeclared In The Text OfThe Memorial.................................................. 81 D. The Content Of The Memorial ................................ 85 E. Reliance By The DRC Upon Matters Of Public Knowledge .................................................................... 95 F. The Burden ofProof and Standard ofProof............ 96 G. Conclusion ............................................................... 98 CHAPTER VDI THE PROCEDURAL ANOMALIES EXH:IBITED DY THE MEMORIAL ................................... 9!) A Introduction.............................................................. 99 B. The Absence Of Any Or Any Adequate Proof Of The Imputability Of The Conduct Alleged To The Respondent State .......................................................... 99 C. The Fundamental Confusion In The Memorial Between The Proof OfVwlations Of Legal Obligations And The Issue Of Quantum OfDamage 102 D. There Is No Link In The Memorial And Submissions Between.The Bases Of Claim And The ProofOfDamage ........................................................ 104 E. The Consequence Of The Breaches Of The Rules Of Court: The Role Of The Claimant State As An lneffective Appearing State ........................................ 107 iv PART III THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS CHAPTER IX The Role of the Political Organs of the United Nations ...................................................................... 111 A. The General Issue: The Probative Value Of Determinations OfFact By The Political Organs ....... Ill B. Resolutions Of The Security Council Invoked By TheDRC ..................................................................... 114 C. Statements Of The President Of The Security Coun cil ....................................................................... 120 D. Reports By The Secretary-General.. ...................... 121 E. Reports Of The Special Rapporteur Of The Commission On Human Rights .................................. 121 F. Conclusion ............................................................. 122 CHAPTER X THE ROLE OF THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY ••••••••••.••••••.•••.•.•••••••.•••.••••••••.•...•...•.•• 124 CHAPTER XI THE ROLE OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY ••••••...•••••••• 126 CHAPTER XII OTHER REGIONAL SUMMIT MEETINGS ........................................................................... 130 CHAPTER XIII THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ................................................................................... 131 PART IV QUESTIONS OF CAUSATION AND IMPUTABILITY CHAPTER XIV THE IMPUTABILITY OF CERTAIN INCIDENTS TO UGANDA ................................................. 134 CHAPTER XV THE ROLE OF RWANDA ••••.••..•..•••••..••• lSO A. The Issues .............................................................. 150 v B. The Relevance Of Security Council Resolution 1304 (2000) ................................................................ 151 C. The Effect OfThe Legal Interest Of Rwanda On The Admissibility Of Issues Concerning The Events In Kisangani ................................................................ 152 D. The Necessity To Safeguard The Judicial Function ...................................................................... 156 E. The Principle OfProcedural Faimess .. ·-····-········· 158 F. Conclusions ............................................................ 159 PART V CIRCUMSTANCES PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS AND RELATED ISSUES CHAPTER XVI THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE PRESENCE OF THE UGANDA PEOPLE'S DEFENCE FORCES ON THE TERRITORY OF THE DRC ........................................................................................ 161 A. The Express Invitation And Consent Of The Government Of The DRC .......................................... 161 B. The Multilateral Recognition By The States Of The Regiori That Uganda Has Security Concems Relating To The Endemie Civil Strife In The DRC ... 164 C. The Recognition Of The Security Concems Of Uganda By The Govemment Of The DRC In April 1999 ............................................................................ 169 D. The Multilateral Recognition OfUganda's Security Concems Are Codified In The Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement Of 10 July 1999 ....................... 174 E. The Multilateral Recognition OfUgandan Security Concems: The Pertinent Resolutions Of The Security Council .................................................. 177 vi F. The Purpose And Character Of The Ugandan Presence ...................................................................... 178 G. The Factual Assertions In The Memorial Of The DRC ............................................................................ 179 CHAPTER XVII LAWFUL SELF-DEFENCE: THE RELEVANCE OF ARTICLE 51 OF THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER ......................................................... ISO A. The Position OfThe Uganda Government.. .......... l80 B. The Long-Term Problem