Performance Gap Between Design and Operational Energy Use Getting to Zero Forum October 10, 2019

10/15/2019

Diagnosing the Performance Gap Between Design and Operational Energy Use Getting to Zero Forum October 10, 2019

Authored By: Commissioned By:

Higher Efficiency Lower Efficiency

...or so we thought…

Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs

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Lower Energy Higher Energy

Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs

The “Performance Gap”

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APPROACH Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs / 5

A QUICK LOOK AT OUR DATA – Multi-Unit Residential.

Suite Level Meters Utility Bills 83 BUILDINGS 43 BUILDINGS

Design Models 95 BUILDINGS Modelled & Metered Data 19 BUILDINGS

End Use Meters and Models 6 BUILDINGS

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Multi-Unit Residential KEY FINDINGS

RECENT MODELLED PERFORMANCE OF DESIGN STAGE MURBS IN TORONTO TGSv3 OBC Tier 1 2012 12

Minimum Maximum (120 ekWh/m2/year) (410 ekWh/m2/year) 10

8 Meet 2012 Ontario Building Code Min. Performance Only 5 Meet TGS Tier 1 EUI target buildings met 6 all three targets for 4 TGS Tier 1 Number of Buildings

0 70 - 80 - 70 90 - 80 90 - 100 - 90 320 -330 320 100 - 110 100 - 130 120 - 140 130 - 150 140 - 160 150 - 170 160 - 180 170 - 190 180 - 200 190 - 210 200 - 220 210 - 230 220 - 240 230 - 250 240 - 260 250 - 270 260 - 280 270 - 290 280 - 300 290 - 310 300 - 320 310 - 340 330 - 350 340 - 360 350 - 370 360 - 380 370 - 390 380 - 400 390 - 410 400 110 - 120 - 110

EUI (ekWh/m2) MODELLED

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ENERGY USE INTENSITIES PER METERED DATA FROM BUILDINGS BUILT BETWEEN 1995 AND 2015.

Fan Coil Unit WSHP 35 350 WSHP Median – 30 300 FCU Median – 235 ekWh/m2 2 243 ekWh/m 25 250 20 200

15 150 EUI (ekWh/m2/yr) EUI 100 10

50 5

0 0

FCU - Elec FCU - Gas WSHP - Elec WSHP - Gas

FCU – Fan Coil Unit WSHP – Water Source Heat Pump METERED

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COMPARING METERED ENERGY USE INTENSITY AGAINST CALIBRATED ENERGY MODELS On average, the studied multifamily 300 buildings used just 13% more energy than modeled. But that’s 25 250 not the full story.

20 200

15 150 EUI EUI EUI EUI (ekWh/ft2/yr) (ekWh/m2/yr) 10 100

50 5

0 0 EUI - Billed EUI - Caibrated Model

MODELLED + METERED

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PERFORMANCE GAP BY END USE – METERED VS. MODELLED ENERGY USAGE.

75 39% Median Metered

Median Modeled % 50 -26 “Performance Gap” 2 21% ekWh / m

25 % 61% 0 % 13 94% -26% 61% 46% 0

MODELLED + METERED

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PERFORMANCE GAP - SPACE HEATING. Modelled gas usage for space heating is 39% lower than metered performance

120 Fan Coil Unit WSHP

10 100

8 80

6 60 EUI (ekWh/m2)yr) 4 (ekWh/ft2/yr) EUI 40

20 2

0 0 Metered EUI Modelled EUI MODELLED + METERED

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SPACE HEATING – EFFECTS OF THERMAL BRIDGING.

100 Building A Building B 9 90 8 80 7 70 6 60 5 50

4 40

3 EUI (ekWh/ft2/year) 30

20 2

10 1

0 0 Original R Value Updated R Value Original R Value Updated R Value Modelled EUI Metered EUI Re-modeled EUI MODELLED + METERED

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SPACE HEATING – INFILTRATION.

Model/Code Default Values Measured Values in Constructed Bldgs 0.6

0.5 ) 2

/ft 0.4 Mean 0.38 50 2 cfm50/ft

0.3 Mean 0.21 2 cfm50/ft 0.2 Infiltration Rate (cfm

0.1

0 EE4 eQuest NECB PassivHaus US Army Toronto Toronto Toronto Seattle Data Corps of MURB Data MURB Data MURB Data Base*** Engineers Base 2013 Base 2013 Base 2015** (All)* (2000 + Newer)*

Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs Sidewalk Labs MURB Study / 14

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PERFORMANCE GAP – DOMESTIC HOT WATER. Modelled gas usage for domestic hot water production varied from 44% lower to 14% higher than metered performance, with a median of 21% lower

70 Fan Coil Unit WSHP

6 60

5 50

4 40

EUI(ekWh/m2/yr) 30 EUI (ekWh/ft2/yr) EUI

2 20

10 1

0 0

Metered EUI Modelled EUI MODELLED + METERED

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PERFORMANCE GAP – IN-SUITE ELECTRICITY. Modelled in-suite electricity usage is 26% higher than metered performance

60 Fan Coil Unit WSHP

5 50

4 40

3 30 EUI (ekWh/ft2/yr) EUI EUI(ekWh/m2/yr) 2 20

10 1

0 0 Metered EUI Modelled EUI MODELLED + METERED

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IN-SUITE ELECTRICITY – AGGREGATE DATA. Data pulled from 80 Toronto MURBs, constructed between 2000-2015, shows actual suite electricity is lower than modeled. Mean Modelled Mean 3,800 kWh/year 2,900 3500 kWh/year

3000 MODELLING 30% Difference 2500 PRACTICES

Models assume default 2000 power densities, expressed per area of floor space, and 1500 default usage schedules. Number of Suites 1000 Current code requirements use default power densities from 1997. 500

Assumed to be Annual Electricity Usage (kWh) Partially Unoccupied MODELLED + METERED

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PERFORMANCE GAP – MISC COMMON AREA ELECTRICITY. Modelled common area electricity usage is 94% lower than metered performance

40 Fan Coil Unit WSHP 3.5 35 3.0 30

2.5 25

2.0 20 EUI (ekWh/ft2/yr) EUI EUI(ekWh/m2/yr) 1.5 15

1.0 10

5 0.5

0 0.0 Metered EUI Modelled EUI

MODELLED + METERED

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MULTI UNIT RESIDENTIAL- KEY FINDINGS

Only 5% of Toronto MURB projects in design and construction would meet 1. TGSv3, Tier 1

Toronto MURBs use 13% more energy and emit 28% more GHG emissions 2. than predicted by modelling. Bigger gaps by end use: 3. • Space Heating- + 39% • Domestic Hot Water +21% • Baseload Electricity +94% • Suite Electricity -26%

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Managing the Performance Gap

Outcome-Based Code Dynamic building control Dynamic and responsive Smart home control that with dynamic targets to reflect actual and tenant space control that learns tenant preferences normalized by building predicted occupancy, includes plug loads and and responds to price occupancy, weather and weather and tenant thermostats tenant energy use feedback

Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs

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Tool to enable Outcome Based Energy Codes

A real time normalization of Toronto Green Standard or Passive House-like energy and GHG-intensity budgets based upon: • Building occupancy • Weather • Productive tenant energy use

Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs

Autonomous Building tools to weed out the electricity use no one cares about or that actually degrades comfort, like overheating and air-conditioning

Home Scheduler - automation to provide a predictable utility bill

Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs

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Autonomous Building tools to weed out the electricity use no one cares about or that actually degrades comfort, like overheating and air-conditioning

Home Scheduler - automation Office Scheduler - automation to enhance to provide a predictable utility bill comfort and eliminate energy waste

Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs

Autonomous Building tools to weed out the electricity use no one cares about or that actually degrades comfort, like overheating and air-conditioning

Home Scheduler - Office Scheduler - automation to enhance automation to provide a comfort and eliminate energy waste predictable utility bill Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs

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Autonomous Building tools to weed out the electricity use no one cares about or that actually degrades comfort, like overheating and air-conditioning

Home Scheduler - automation Office Scheduler - automation to Building Operator Scheduler - dynamic to provide a predictable utility enhance comfort and eliminate energy building control that responds to tenants bill waste Urban Equation, EQ Building Performance, Energy Profiles Limited, Sidewalk Labs

QUESTIONS?

Contact Information Craig McIntyre Jenny McMinn President Managing Director EQ Building Performance Urban Equation [email protected] [email protected]