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Open Access Versus Subscription Journals: a Comparison of Scientific Impact Bo-Christer Björk1* and David Solomon2

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Open Access Versus Subscription Journals: a Comparison of Scientific Impact Bo-Christer Björk1* and David Solomon2 Björk and Solomon BMC Medicine 2012, 10:73 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/73 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Open access versus subscription journals: a comparison of scientific impact Bo-Christer Björk1* and David Solomon2 Abstract Background: In the past few years there has been an ongoing debate as to whether the proliferation of open access (OA) publishing would damage the peer review system and put the quality of scientific journal publishing at risk. Our aim was to inform this debate by comparing the scientific impact of OA journals with subscription journals, controlling for journal age, the country of the publisher, discipline and (for OA publishers) their business model. Methods: The 2-year impact factors (the average number of citations to the articles in a journal) were used as a proxy for scientific impact. The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) was used to identify OA journals as well as their business model. Journal age and discipline were obtained from the Ulrich’s periodicals directory. Comparisons were performed on the journal level as well as on the article level where the results were weighted by the number of articles published in a journal. A total of 610 OA journals were compared with 7,609 subscription journals using Web of Science citation data while an overlapping set of 1,327 OA journals were compared with 11,124 subscription journals using Scopus data. Results: Overall, average citation rates, both unweighted and weighted for the number of articles per journal, were about 30% higher for subscription journals. However, after controlling for discipline (medicine and health versus other), age of the journal (three time periods) and the location of the publisher (four largest publishing countries versus other countries) the differences largely disappeared in most subcategories except for journals that had been launched prior to 1996. OA journals that fund publishing with article processing charges (APCs) are on average cited more than other OA journals. In medicine and health, OA journals founded in the last 10 years are receiving about as many citations as subscription journals launched during the same period. Conclusions: Our results indicate that OA journals indexed in Web of Science and/or Scopus are approaching the same scientific impact and quality as subscription journals, particularly in biomedicine and for journals funded by article processing charges. Keywords: impact, open access, peer review, scientific publishing Background experiment with new business models, where anybody Emergence and growth of open access with internet access can read the articles (’open access’ Over the last 20 years the publishing of scientific peer- or OA) and the required resources to operate journals reviewed journal articles has gone through a revolution are collected by other means than charging readers. triggered by the technical possibilities offered by the Similarly, increased availability can be achieved by scien- internet. Firstly, electronic publishing has become the tists uploading the prepublication versions of their arti- dominant distribution channel for scholarly journals. cles published in subscription journals to OA web Secondly, the low cost of setting up new electronic jour- repositories such as PubMed Central. The majority of nals has enabled both scholars and publishers to publishers now allow some form of archiving in their copyright agreements with authors, sometimes requiring an embargo period. Major research funders such as the * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Wellcome Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2012 Bjork et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Björk and Solomon BMC Medicine 2012, 10:73 Page 2 of 10 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/73 Trust have started requiring OA publishing from their general has been very limited at about 1% to 2% for the grantees either in open access journals (gold OA) or major publishers [4]. repositories (green OA). A recent study showed that 20.4% of articles published in 2008 were freely available Does OA threaten to undermine scientific peer review? on the web, in 8.5% of the cases directly in journals and The starting point for this study are the claims made, in 11.9% in the form of archived copies in some type of often by publishers and publishers’ organizations, that repository [1]. the proliferation of OA would set in motion changes in In the latter half of the 1990s when journals created the publishing system which would seriously undermine by individual scientists were dominating OA publishing, the current peer review system and hence the quality of these journals were not considered by most academics a scientific publishing. Suber has written an excellent serious alternative to subscription publishing. There overview of this discussion [5]. Lobbying using this were doubts about both the sustainability of the journals argument has in particular been directed against govern- and the quality of the peer review. These journals were ment mandates for OA such as implemented by the usually not indexed in the Web of Science, and initially NIH for their grantees. It is claimed that the resulting they lacked the prestige that academics need from pub- increase in posting of manuscript copies to OA reposi- lishing. Quite often their topics were related to the tories would lead to wide-scale cancellation of subscrip- internet and its possibilities, as exemplified by the Jour- tions putting traditional publishers, both commercial nal of Medical Internet Research, which in 15 years has and society in jeopardy and in the long run result in an managed to become a leading journal in its field. erosion of scientific quality control. This scenario is A second wave of OA journals consisted of established based on the assumption that the OA publishers would subscription journals, mainly owned by societies. These take over an increasing part of the publishing industry publishers decided to make the electronic version of and would not provide the same level of rigorous peer their journal(s) freely accessible. Such journals are parti- review as traditional subscription publishers, which cularly important in certain regions of the world for would result in a decline in the quality of scholarly pub- example, Latin America and Japan, where portals such lishing. The NIH have documented that their mandate as Scielo and J-stage host hundreds of journals at no has not in fact caused any harm to publishers [6]. cost to the publishers. One of the earliest journals to ThecritiquehasinparticularbeenfocusedonOA make its electronic version OA was BMJ,whichsince publishers that charge authors APCs. Superficially such 1998 has made its research articles freely available. publishers would seem to be inclined to accept substan- The third wave of OA journals was started by two dard articles since their income is linearly dependent on new publishers, BioMedCentral and Public Library of the number of papers they publish. There have in fact Science(PLoS).Theypioneeredtheuseofarticlepro- been reports of some APC-funded OA publishers with cessing charges (APCs) as the central means of finan- extremely low quality standards [7]. Reports of such cing professional publishing of OA journals. Since 2000 cases in the professional press such as the recent article the importance of the APC business model for funding ‘Open access attracts swindlers and idealists’ [8] in the OA publishing has grown rapidly. BioMedCentral was Finnish Medical Journal, a journal read by the majority purchased in 2008 by Springer and over the last couple of practicing physicians in Finland, can by the choice of of years almost all leading subscription publishers have title alone contribute to a negative image of OA publish- started full open access journals funded by APCs. The ing. The founding of the Open Access Scholarly Pub- leading scientific OA journals using the APC model lishers Association, which in particular strives to tend to charge between US$2,000 and US$3,000 for establish quality standards for OA journals, was in part publishing but overall the average APC was US$900 in a reaction by reputable OA publishers to the appearance 2010 across all journals charging APCs listed in the of such publishers on the market. Directory of Open Access Journals [2]. In many fields One of the questions in the above-mentioned survey the payment of such charges is a substantial barrier to of scholarly authors [3], dealt with the ‘myths’ about submissions. In a broad survey of authors who had pub- open access, including the quality issue. On a Likert lished in scholarly journals, 39% of respondents who scale researchers in general tended to disagree with the hadn’t published in OA journals mentioned problems in statements ‘Open access undermines the system of peer funding article-processing fees as a reason [3]. review’ and ‘Open access publishing leads to an increase Subscription publishers have also tried an OA option in the publication of poor quality research’ (results called hybrid journals where authors can pay fees (typi- reported in Figure 4; [3]). It thus seems that a majority callyintherangeofUS$3,000)tohavetheelectronic of scholars or at least those who completed this very versions of their articles OA as part of what is otherwise widely disseminated survey did not share this negative a subscription journal. The uptake for hybrid journals in perception of the quality of OA publishing. Björk and Solomon BMC Medicine 2012, 10:73 Page 3 of 10 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/73 Aim of this study available on the internet are cited more frequently than Scientific quality is a difficult concept to quantify.
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