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NATIONAL PARK Washington CONTENTS UNITED STATES PAGE DEPARTMENT Mount Rainier and Eunice Lake

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NATIONAL PARK Washington CONTENTS UNITED STATES PAGE DEPARTMENT Mount Rainier and Eunice Lake II NATIONAL PARK Washington CONTENTS UNITED STATES PAGE DEPARTMENT Mount Rainier and Eunice Lake . Front Cover "The Mountain" 3 OF THE The Origin of Mount Rainier .... 4 INTERIOR Glaciers 4 Flowers and Forests 6 J. A. Krug, Secretary Wildlife 10 NATIONAL PARK • WASHINGTON Weather 11 Roads and Trails in the Park .... 11 Interpretive Service 11 Fishing 12 Mountaineering 12 Open All Year Winter Use 12 Approach Highways to the Park ... 12 OUNT Rainier National deep lake filling the caldera of ancient Railroad, Bus, and Airplane Services . 13 Park is one of the areas of Mount Mazama in Crater Lake Na­ Free Public, Camp Grounds 13 NATIONAL PARK the National Park System tional Park, Oregon, the recently Administration 13 M SERVICE owned by the people of the United active volcano of Lassen Volcanic Motor Coach Service to and from the Stales and administered for them by National Park, California, and the Park 14 the National Park Service of the Hotel and Cabin Facilities 14 Newton B. Drury, Director active volcanoes of Hawaii National Mountain Topics 14 Department of the Interior. In these Park, Hawaii, are a part with Mount areas the scenic features, the wildlife Rainier of the story of volcanism. and flora, and the objects of historic, Mount Rainier National Park was prehistoric, or scientific interest are established by act of Congress on Historic Events preserved and displayed for public en­ March 2, 1899. It contains more than joyment. Twenty-eight of the areas of 241,000 acres of Federal lands. 1792 Capt. George Vancouver, of the Royal British Navy, first white man to the National Park System are known record sight of "The Mountain," named it Mount Rainier in honor of his as national parks. friend, Admiral Peter Rainier. "The Mountain" While one national park differs from 1833 Dr. "William Eraser Tolmie entered northwest corner of what is now the park. First while man to penetrate this region. others in many of its scenic features, Mount Rainier, a towering, ice-clad each tends to complement the others. volcano, is the distinctive feature of 1857 Lt. A. V. Kautz and four companions made first attempt to scale Mount Rainier but did not reach summit. Thus, the glaciers of Glacier National Mount Rainier National Park. Lo­ Park, Montana, Olympic National cated some distance west of the Cas­ 1870 Hazard Stevens and P. B. Van Trump made the first successful ascent via Gibraltar route. Park, Washington, and Mount Mc- cade Mountain crestline, the Moun­ Kinley National Park, Alaska, and the tain, 14,408 feet high, is the most 1890 The first woman, Fay Fuller, reached the summit of Mount Rainier. glacier-carved peaks and canyons of superb landmark of the Pacific North­ 1899 Mount Rainier National Park established by act of Congress. Grand Teton National Park, Wyo­ west. It is made doubly impressive 1913 United States Geological Survey established the elevation of Mount ming, Rocky Mountain National Park, by the mantle of glacial ice that con­ Rainier as 14,408 feet above sea level. Colorado, and Yosemite National ceals all but the most rugged crags 1915 First public travel by automobile to Paradise. Park, California, present different and ridges. In delightful contrast to 1916 National Park Service established in the United States Department of aspects of the story of glaciers exem­ this bold and forceful landscape are the Interior to administer the national parks and national monuments. plified by the glaciers of Mount the flower-covered mountain meadows 1931 Road completed to Yakima Park. Rainier. Likewise, the hot springs and deep forests encircling it. The 1940 East Side Highway completed. and geysers of Yellowstone National Mountain covers approximately one- Park, Wyoming-Montana-Idaho, the fourth of the park area. 2 833108°—49 3 The Origin of Mount Rainier A long period of earth history, in­ widespread sheets of dark-colored, volving sedimentary rock formation, columnar andesite, predominated at volcanic eruption on a grand scale, first. Later, flows alternated with tremendous earth movements, and the outbursts of volcanic ash and cinders, sculpturing action of rivers and gla­ with fragmental material predominat­ ciers, is represented in Mount Rainier ing in the last stages of volcanic National Park. Long before Mount activity. Thus, sheets of massive, Rainier came into existence as an dark lava form the immediate base of individual peak, tremendous volcanic Mount Rainier, alternating layers of flows, together with the formation of solid and fragmental lava are clearly sandstones and shales of river and lake visible in the higher ridges, and origin, built up a thickness of thou­ volcanic ash is abundant on the upper sands of feet of sedimentary rock and slopes and is deeply spread over many lava in what is now the region of the of the mountain parks. Cascade Mountains. Over a long period of geologic time earth move­ The summit is approximately 1 square mile in extent. It is broad and ments gradually elevated the region Rainier National Park Co. photo. rounded, with three separate summits as a platform standing from eight to Nisqually and Wilson Glaciers from the Skyline Trail above Paradise. ten thousand feet or more above the rising from it—Liberty Cap to the sea. Simultaneously, rivers carved north, elevation 14,112; Point Success except from some viewpoints where falls all owe their origin to the glacial their channels to depths of several to the south, elevation 14,150; and the long, exposed rock ridges and experience of the Mountain area. thousand feet, thus sculpturing the Columbia Crest to the east, elevation cleavers, reaching from the base The 26 active glaciers remaining on 14,408 feet. These three summits ap­ uplifted platform into a network of toward the summit, give the Moun­ Mount Rainier, although mere rem­ pear to form a part of a huge crater­ irregular ridges and peaks, separated tain the symmetrical profile of a cone. nants of their former size, still cover like rim, broken on the west where by canyons and valleys. The profound basins and deep canyons about 40 square miles and constitute glaciers have carved a deep gash in After the Cascade Mountains were between such ridges and cleavers have the largest single-peak glacier system in the flank and summit of the mountain. uplifted and considerably dissected, been gouged in the Mountain by the United States proper. Twelve are Columbia Crest is situated on the rim local volcanoes broke forth, and re­ glaciers which during the past covered major glaciers originating either in of a smaller but more perfect crater sulted in the building of individual not only the Mountain proper, but large cirques at elevations of about some 1,200 feet in diameter. The volcanic cones rising thousands of feet most of the lower ranges, canyons, and 10,000 feet or from the summit ice above the Cascade Mountains. Of basin within this crater is filled with mountain parks of the Cascades as fields. The Emmons Glacier, on the these, Mount Rainier is the highest perpetual snow, but much of the year well. In fact, some of the glaciers of northeast side of the Mountain, best and grandest of the series which, the crater rim is clearly outlined by Mount Rainier are believed to have viewed from Yakima Park, and the within the United States, extends from the exposed rock. Steam vents still extended into the Puget Sound area. Nisqually on the south side, are the Mount Baker in northern Washington persist within the crater, melting the This more extensive glaciation was so best known and the most easily visited. to Lassen Peak in northern California. snow to form hollows and small caves. recent in geologic times that the These volcanoes, together with others Mountaineers have found a refuge in The Emmons, approximately 5 miles sculpturing and molding effects on the of South and Central America, Alaska, these caves when forced to spend the long, is the longest glacier in the Kamchatka, Japan, Malaya, the night on the summit. landscape are very evident today. United States proper. All of the Philippine Islands, the East Indies, The broad-floored and steep-walled major glaciers extend well below and New Zealand, formed a veritable Glaciers canyons of all the larger rivers radiat­ timber line to elevations of around "Circle of Fire" around the Pacific ing from Mount Rainier, the numer­ 4,000 feet. Of the 14 minor glaciers, Ocean in recent geologic time. The original smooth-contoured ous cirques, faceted peaks, and saw- Paradise is best known and easiest In the eruptions that built Mount slopes of a composite volcanic cone are toothed ridges of the Cascades, and to reach. In a comparatively small Rainier, liquid lava, which cooled into not evident on Mount Rainier today, the many lakes and spectacular water­ area, it exhibits many of the features 4 5 of mountain glaciers—melt water, striking effects en masse. Neverthe­ western anemone, marshmarigold, and moraines, polished and fluted rocks, less, the species of the deep woods, mountain buttercup take over the great cirques, and the broken, cre- such as the threeleaf anemone, alpine meadows from the rapidly receding vassed expanse of blue ice. At times, beauty, Canadian dogwood, Pacific snowbanks; the second usually occurs beautifully colored ice caves develop trillium, calypso, and the springbeauty, about a month later when the paint where the outlet stream flows from actually outnumber those typical of brushes, lupines, speedwell or veron­ beneath the Paradise Glacier. the higher elevations. Many inter­ ica, valerian, bistort or mountain Recent studies indicate that the ice esting plants may be seen in bloom by dock, and many others tint these of the Nisqually Glacier at mid-ele­ early May, but the flowers of the same meadows in a variety of colors.
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