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Fljwitntomik /fljwitntoMik/ NATIONAL PARK Washington The National Park System, of which this park is a unit, is dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Historic Events 1792 Capt. George Vancouver, of the Royal British Navy, first white man to record sight of "The Mountain," named it Mount Rainier in honor of his friend, Admiral Peter Rainier. 1833 l-)r- William Fraser Tolmie entered northwest corner of what is now the park. First white man to penetrate this region. 1857 Lt. A. V. Kautz and four companions made first attempt to scale Mount Rainier but did not reach summit. 1870 Hazard Stevens and P. B. Van Trump made the first successful ascent via Gibraltar route. 1890 7he first woman, Fay Fuller, reached the summit of Mount Rainier. 1899 Mount Rainier National Park established by act of Congress. 1913 Elevation of Mount Rainier established as 14,408 feet above sea level by the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 1915 First public travel by automobile to Paradise Valley. 1916 National Park Service established in the United States Department of the Interior to administer the national parks and national monuments. 1931 Road completed to Sunrise, Yakima Park. 1940 East Side Highway completed. WILD ANIMALS It is dangerous for you to get near wild animals though they may appear tame. Some have become accustomed to humans but they still are wild and may seriously injure you if you approach them. Regulations prohibiting feeding, teasing, touching, or molesting wild animals are enforced for your own safety. COVER: Mount Rainier from Mirror Lake, Indian Henrys Hunting Ground. MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK Open all year M ITXOUNT RAINIER, from a deep lake filling the caldera of ancient base amid rugged peaks, lifts its sum­ Mount Mazama in Crater Lake Na­ mit nearly 2 miles above the Cascade tional Park, Oregon, the recently Mountains of central Washington. active volcano of Lassen Volcanic Here rises a mighty mountain mass National Park, California, and the ribbed with lavas, and deeply cut by active volcanoes of Hawaii National glaciers that still fill its canyons. Park, Hawaii, are a part with Mount Flower meadows, alpine lakes, cas­ Rainier of the story of volcanism. cading rivers, and dark forests are all Mount Rainier National Park was elements of its foreground. Moun­ established by act of Congress on tain and foreground combine in a March 2, 1899. It contains 241,571 natural masterpiece, one of our coun­ acres of Federal lands. try's major scenic wonders, well de­ serving its place among the Nation's national parks. The Mountain While one national park differs from Mount Rainier, a towering, ice-clad others in many of its scenic features, volcano, is the distinctive feature of each tends to complement the others. Mount Rainier National Park. Lo­ Thus, the glaciers of Glacier National cated some distance west of the Cas­ Park, Montana, Olympic National cade Mountain crestline, the moun­ Park, Washington, and Mount Mc- tain, 14,408 feet high, is the most Kinley National Park, Alaska, and the superb landmark of the Pacific North­ glacier-carved peaks and canyons of west. It is made doubly impressive Grand Teton National Park, Wyo­ by the mantle of glacial ice that con­ ming, Rocky Mountain National Park, ceals all but the most rugged crags Colorado, and Yosemite National and ridges. In delightful contrast to Park, California, present different this bold and forceful landscape are aspects of the story of glaciers exem­ the flower-covered mountain meadows plified by the glaciers of Mount and deep forests encircling it. The Rainier. Likewise, the hot springs mountain covers approximately one- and geysers of Yellowstone National fourth of the park area. Park, Wyoming-Montana-Idaho, the 3 The Origin of In the eruptions that built Mount Mount Rainier Rainier, liquid lava, which cooled into widespread sheets of dark-colored, A long period of earth history, in­ columnar andesite, predominated at volving sedimentary rock formation, first. Later, flows alternated with out­ volcanic eruption on a grand scale, bursts of volcanic ash and cinders, with tremendous earth movements, and the fragmental material predominating in sculpturing action of rivers and gla­ the last stages of volcanic activity. ciers, is represented in Mount Rainier Thus, sheets of massive, dark lava form National Park. Long before Mount the immediate base of Mount Rainier, Rainier came into existence as an alternating layers of solid and fragmen­ individual peak, tremendous volcanic tal lava are clearly visible in the higher flows, together with the formation of ridges, and volcanic ash is abundant on sandstones and shales of river and lake the upper slopes and is deeply spread origin, built up a thickness of thou­ over many of the mountain parks. sands of feet of sedimentary rock and The summit is approximately 1 lava in what is now the region of the square mile in extent. It is broad and Cascade Mountain Range. Over a rounded, with three separate summits' long period of geologic time, earth rising from it—Liberty Cap to the movements gradually elevated the re­ north, with an elevation of 14,112 feet; gion as a platform standing from 8,000 Point Success to the south, 14,150 feet; to 10,000 feet or more above the and Columbia Crest to the east, 14,408 sea. Simultaneously, rivers carved feet. These three summits appear to their channels to depths of several form a part of a huge crater-like rim, thousand feet, thus sculpturing the broken on the west where glaeiers have uplifted platform into a network of carved a deep gash in the flank and irregular ridges and peaks, separated summit of the mountain. Columbia by canyons and valleys. Crest is on the rim of a smaller but After the Cascade Mountain Range more perfect crater some 1,200 feet in was uplifted and considerably dissected, diameter. The basin within this crater local eruption occurred, which resulted is filled with perpetual snow, but much in the building of individual cones of the year the crater rim is clearly out­ rising thousands of feet above it. Of lined by the exposed rock. Steam vents these, Mount Rainier is the highest and still persist within the crater, melting grandest of the series which, within the the snow to form hollows and small United States, extends from Mount caves. Mountaineers have found a Baker in northern Washington to Las­ refuge in these caves when forced to sen Peak in northern California. spend the night on the summit. These volcanoes, together with others of South and Central America, Alaska, Kamchatka, Japan, Malaya, the Phil­ Glaciers ippine Islands, the East Indies, and The original smooth-contoured New Zealand, formed a veritable "Cir­ slopes of a composite volcanic eone are cle of Fire" around the Pacific Ocean not evident on Mount Rainier today, in recent geologic, time. except from some viewpoints where 4 Courtesy Rainier National Park Co. Nisqually and Wilson Glaciers from the Skyline Trail above Paradise. the long, exposed rock ridges and falls all owe their origin to the glacial cleavers, reaching from the base experience of the mountain area. toward the summit, give the moun­ The 26 active glaciers remaining on tain the symmetrical profile of a cone. Mount Rainier, although mere rem­ The profound basins and deep canyons nants of their former size, still cover between such ridges and cleavers have about 40 square miles and constitute been gouged in the mountain by the largest single-peak glacial system glaciers which during the past covered in the United States proper. Twelve not only the mountain proper, but are major glaciers originating cither in most of the lower ranges, canyons, and large cirques at elevations of about mountain parks of the Cascades as 10,000 feet or from the summit ice well. In fact, some of the glaciers of fields. The Emmons Glacier, on the Mount Rainier are believed to have northeast side of the mountain, and extended into the Puget Sound area. the Nisqually, on the south side, are the This more extensive glaciation was so best known and the most easily visited. recent in geologic time that the sculp­ The Emmons, approximately 5 miles turing and molding effects on the long, is the largest glacier in the landscape are very evident today. United States. All of the major The broad-floored and steep-walled glaciers extend well below timberline canyons of all the larger rivers radiat­ to elevations of about 4,000 feet. Of ing from Mount Rainier, the numer­ the 14 minor glaciers, Paradise is best ous cirques, faceted peaks, and saw- known and easiest to reach. In a toothed ridges of the Cascades, and comparatively small area, it exhibits the many lakes and spectacular water­ many of the features of mountain 5 glaciers—melt water, moraines, pol­ ished and fluted rocks, great cirques, and the broken, crevassed expanse of blue ice. At times, beautifully colored ice caves develop where the outlet stream flows from beneath the Para­ dise Glacier. Recent studies indicate that the ice of the Nisqually Glacier at mideleva- tions - is in continuous movement at a rate of about 25 feet per month. Such movement in all of the active glaciers thus slowly carries ice from the basins and canyons of upper ele­ vations, where the deep winter snow pack forms the glacial ice, to lower elevations, where most melting occurs. The heaviest snowfall comes at ele­ vations between approximately 5,000 and 10,000 feet as the summit is often above the storm clouds, both in Courtesy Brockman. summer and winter.
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