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Rural Realities Between Crisis and Normality: Livelihood Strategies in Angola, 1975-2008 236 Pages

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Rural Realities Between Crisis and Normality: Livelihood Strategies in Angola, 1975-2008 236 Pages CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Wageningen University & Research Publications Rural Realities between Crisis and Normality Livelihood Strategies in Angola, 1975-2008 Hilde van Dijkhorst Rural Realities between Crisis and Normality Livelihood Strategies in Angola, 1975-2008 Hilde van Dijkhorst Thesis committee Thesis supervisor Prof. Dr. Ir. D. Hilhorst Professor of Humanitarian Aid and Reconstruction Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr. Ir. J.S.C. Wiskerke, Wageningen University Dr. I. Christoplos, Glemminge Development Research Dr. I. Brinkman, African Studies Centre Dr. L. Heyse, University of Groningen This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences (WASS) Rural Realities between Crisis and Normality Livelihood Strategies in Angola, 1975-2008 Hilde van Dijkhorst Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 6 December 2011 at 13.30 p.m. in the Aula. Hilde van Dijkhorst Rural Realities between Crisis and Normality: Livelihood Strategies in Angola, 1975-2008 236 pages. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2011) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN: 978-94-6173-097-8 Acronyms ACF Action Against Hunger ACORD Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development ADESPOV Associação de Desenvolvimento e Enquadramento Social das Populações Vulneráveis ADRA Acção para o Desenvolvimento Rural e Ambiental AME Alliance Missionaire Evangélique Suisse AMEH Associação das Mulheres Empresarias e das Negoçios da Huíla ANC African National Congress CAN African Cup of Nations CAP Consolidated Appeals Process CDC Community Development Committee CLUSA Cooperative League of the United States of America COIEPA Inter-Ecclesial Committee for Peace in Angola CRP Community Rehabilitation Programme CSO Civil Society Organisation DDR Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration DfID Department for International Development DGIS Directorate General of International Cooperation DPA Provincial Department for Water DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ECP Estrategia de Combate A Pobreza EDA Agricultural Development Station FAA National Armed Forces FAC Armed Forces of Cabinda FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FAPLA People’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola FFS Farmer Field School FLEC Front for the Liberation of the Enclave FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola FONGA Forum of Angolan Non-Governmental Organisations GoA Government of Angola GRAE Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile GURN Government of National Unity and Reconciliation ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA Agrarian Development Institute IDF Institute of Forest Development IDP Internally Displaced Person IECA Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola IESA Igreja Evangélica Sinodal de Angola IHL International Humanitarian Law IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization for Migration IRSEM Institute of Socio-Professional Reintegration of Ex-Combatants JPP Junta Provincial de Povoamento de Angola LRD Linking Relief to Development LRRD Linking Relief Rehabilitation and Development MAF Mission Aviation Fellowship i MINADER Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development MINARS Ministry of Social Assistance and Re-integration MINSA Ministry of Health MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola MoU Memorandum of Understanding MPLA People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola MSF Médecins Sans Frontières NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NRC Norwegian Refugee Council OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ODA Official Development Assistance OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance PNEAH National Emergency Programme for Humanitarian Assistance PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RUF Revolutionary United Front SADF South African Defence Forces SCHR Steering Committee for Humanitarian Response SEAS State Secretariat for Social Affairs SOPIR Sociedade de Desenvolvimento de Perimetros de Angola SRPA Special Relief Programme for Angola SSA Sub-Saharan Africa SWAPO South West Africa People’s Organisation TEC Tsunami Evaluation Coalition UCAH Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Unit in Angola UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDRO United Nations Disaster Relief Organisation UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNITA National Union for the Total Liberation of Angola UN SC United Nations Secretary General UPA União das Populações de Angola USAID US Agency of International Development UTCAH Technical Unit for the Coordination of Humanitarian Aid WFP World Food Programme ii Acknowledgements These are probably the most personal pages in one’s thesis, but nevertheless one of the most difficult parts to write, as this work before you has been an effort only made possible with the support of so many people dear to me. To start off I want to thank some of my friends in the Netherlands that have always been supportive of this endeavour, and who I unfortunately have seen very little over the last years. They must have become so tired of hearing about the PhD, another period in the field, deadlines, and promises that after next week I would surely be able to meet them, only to hear about another upcoming deadline. So thanks to all your support and extreme patience with me: Sabrina, Annemieke, Ivonne, Ellen, Audrey, Nynke, Margot, Marco, Tom, Barbara, and Inger. To Sebastiaan Demasioux, ever since you heard I was starting a PhD you have insisted your name would be mentioned in this section of the thesis, so here it is! Fieldwork in Angola brought me plenty of moments of despair, yet also enriched my life tremendously on many different levels. Although the country has gone through a long and traumatic experience of war, the people I met there were amazingly open and joyful. Their love for life, dance and music certainly rubbed off on me a bit. I want to profoundly thank the people from the municipalities of Caluquembe and Chibia for letting me have a glimpse of their daily lives, and sharing with me their stories which made a deep impression. I am amazed at their resilience and ability to adapt to the difficult circumstances in which they find themselves. To all the people from the agencies and institutions that opened up to me, gave me interviews, information and all kinds of logistical support I am highly indebted. In particular I want to thank Dra. Vitória de Conceição, João Neves, Evert-Jan Pierik, João Batista de Oliveira Chitane, Jeremias António, Fernanda Lages, Zé Carlos, Irmã Teresa, Miguel Domingos, Marianna Bicchieri, Guilherme Santos, Irmã Leonor, Custodio Severino Satiaca, Livio Mercurio, and Vincent Panzani. Furthermore, I want to thank my research assistants Daniel and Agostinho, who next to translating Umbundu to Portuguese to me, and assisted with surveys, would transport me to the remote villages on the back of their motorcycles through rain and mud, occasionally in the company of some live chickens or goats. To all the dear friends that I met while I was in Angola I want to make a few personal remarks. To Nelson who I shared so many laughs and conversations with, I am hoping that one day we and our families will find another “Melrose Place” somewhere in this world. To Marianna, Pedro, Julia, Lindita, Vincent, Nadia, Ike, and João, thanks for all the wonderful moments of friendship, beach visits and lovely Angolan dinners. A special memento to my very dear friend João Pedro who introduced me to some of the most spectacular places in southern Angola, including, the breath taking view over Chapeú Armado, as well as the amazingly remote yet strangely vibrant place called Tombua. His untimely death just one month before becoming a father left us all shocked. His support and friendship got me through those first difficult months in Angola, and he continues to be missed. I also owe thanks to my wonderful colleagues at Disaster Studies: Annelies, Luis, Aschale, Hilde 2, Bram, Jeroen, Lucie, Wendy, Jos, Georg, Gemma, Gerrit-Jan, both Renses, Fons, Patrick, Winnie, and Carlos. I have appreciated the fact that our group is such a warm and caring one, and I hope to be able to stay connected over the years to come. In particular I want to thank my supervisor, Thea Hilhorst for her amazing energy and her drive to get this research finished, and for her sharp comments that enabled me to look at my material differently. Her ability to seek out new and innovative research ventures allowed for this extended case study of aid, livelihoods and institutions in Angola to take place. I also owe my iii gratitude to the NWO for funding this research so generously. Warm thanks are due to Margreet van Andel who did a great job with editing this thesis. There is one colleague that deserves a special mention, not only is one chapter of this thesis the result of our collaboration, I feel this entire PhD has been. Maliana Serrano, you have been a great colleague and friend from day one. We have shared so many laughs, tears and extreme experiences along the way, that both our PhD’s have become synonymous to life-changing endeavours. Next to our theses we have embarked on the new and exciting venture called motherhood. I
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