Religion, Psychology and Politics in the Life and Works of Daphne Du Maurier
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by OpenGrey Repository Loughborough University Institutional Repository Resurrection, renaissance, rebirth: religion, psychology and politics in the life and works of Daphne du Maurier This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Additional Information: • A doctoral thesis submitted in partial fulllment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/4434 Publisher: c Melanie Jane Heeley Please cite the published version. This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Resurrection, Renaissance, Rebirth: Religion, Psychology and Politics in the Life and Works of Daphne du Maurier by Melanie Jane Heeley B.Sc. (Hons), P.G.C.E (Physics), B.A. (Hons), M.A. A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University September 2007 © by Melanie Jane Heeley 2007 ABSTRACT This thesis looks at the life and works of Daphne du Maurier in the context of the inter-related ideas of religion, psychology and politics. Throughout, I use a methodology based on the concept of the palimpsest. But I also use theory provided by Jung, Plato and Nietzsche – all of which were known to du Maurier to a greater or lesser degree. Other theory is used occasionally, but only as it suggests itself in the context under consideration. The ideas of ‘Resurrection, Renaissance and Rebirth’ give the thesis a structure and a theme. The interaction of Christianity and Paganism is also examined. Section One, ‘Introduction – Resurrecting Texts/Lives’, introduces the idea of the palimpsest. In reality, this is a twice-written document frequently containing a Christian text which is written over a Pagan one, with the Pagan text resurrecting itself over time. In theory, the palimpsest is a textual space where disparate texts collide and collude in an involuted manner. Section Two, ‘Life and Text – Renaissance Inspired Men’, looks at two men who drew their inspiration from the Renaissance as either age or idea - the socialist Victor Gollancz and the conservative Frank Buchman - and to what degree du Maurier interacted with both the people and their conceptual framework. Section Three, ‘Life into Text – Renaissance Men’, concerns itself with du Maurier’s biographies of two Renaissance brothers, Anthony and Francis Bacon, and how their lives have been read, gnostically, by herself and others, notably The Francis Bacon Society and Nietzsche. Section Four, ‘Spectralised Lives in Text - Rebirthing’, examines how the foregoing discussion plays itself out in two of du Maurier’s novels, Jamaica Inn (1936) and The Flight of the Falcon (1965). The chapter on Jamaica Inn looks at Celtic Revivalism and how the Celtic gods spectralise the characters of the novel leading to a rebirthing experience for the protagonist Mary Yellan – implicit in this is the concept of the Renaissance-as-idea. The chapter on The Flight of the Falcon shows how the Renaissance-as-age daimonises characters of the twentieth-century. The palimpsest as either a document or a theoretical perspective weaves itself in and out of all my chapters. Section Five, ‘Concluding Remarks’, leads to two related conclusions, firstly that du Maurier has been spectralised by the Renaissance, and secondly that du Maurier’s life and works, taken together, can be read as an involuted palimpsest. KEYWORDS Daphne du Maurier, palimpsest, Renaissance, Plato, Jung, Nietzsche, syncretism, esoteric, spectralised. Page i RESURRECTION, RENAISSANCE, REBIRTH: RELIGION, PSYCHOLOGY AND POLITICS IN THE LIFE AND WORKS OF DAPHNE DU MAURIER TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments p. iv Declaration p. vi SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION – RESURRECTING TEXTS/LIVES o Contextual Considerations p. 2 Items On Du Maurier’s Mantelpiece In 1956 – An Appraisal p. 2 Historical Moment p. 6 o Methodological Concerns p. 11 The Palimpsest – Resurrecting Texts p. 11 The Palimpsest In Theory p. 14 Interpretation and Overinterpretation p. 24 o Daphne du Maurier in Theory p. 34 SECTION 2 LIFE AND TEXT – RENAISSANCE INSPIRED MEN PART 1 FRANK BUCHMAN’S MORAL RE-ARMAMENT MOVEMENT: COME WIND, COME WEATHER (1940) o Introduction p. 44 o Moral Re-Armament in Context p. 46 o Du Maurier’s Trajectory Through MRA p. 54 o Come Wind Come Weather p. 60 Discussion of the Introduction and Epilogue p. 60 Discussion of the Stories p. 70 o Endword p. 79 PART 2 AT THE FEET OF VICTOR GOLLANCZ: DU MAURIER AND GOLLANCZ – A PLATONIC FRIENDSHIP o Introduction p. 81 o Part 1: p. 82 Educating Du Maurier p. 82 ‘άπόστασις’ – ‘apostasis’ p. 87 The Natural Aristocrat and the Masses p. 97 Cold, White Peaks p. 102 o Part 2: p. 106 National Campaign for the Abolition of Capital Punishment p. 106 The Devil’s Repertoire p. 113 o Endword p. 118 Page ii SECTION 3 LIFE INTO TEXT – RENAISSANCE MEN (THE BACON BROTHERS – ANTHONY AND FRANCIS) RENAISSANCE MEN AND THEIR MASKS: GOLDEN LADS (1975) AND THE WINDING STAIR (1976) o Introduction p. 121 o William Comyns Beaumont p. 124 o Du Maurier’s Biographies and The Flight of the Falcon p. 125 o Shakespeare’s Myth for the Age p. 126 o More Classical Inspirations – Pallas Athena and the Pleiades p. 129 o Secrets and Lies p. 132 o Aeonic Superconsciousness p. 135 o Endword – Du Maurier’s Mask p. 139 SECTION 4 SPECTRALISED LIVES IN TEXT – REBIRTHING PART 1 AUTOCHTHONOUS MEN AND THE REBIRTH OF MARY YELLAN: JAMAICA INN (1936) AND THE CELTO-CORNISH REVIVAL o Introduction p. 142 o Celtic Revivalism and Cornwall p. 143 o The Celtic Revival and Literature p. 148 o Jamaica Inn and Kangaroo p. 152 o From Christian Helford to Pagan Bodmin Moor p. 154 o Autochthonous Men and Chthonic Deities p. 157 o Francis Davey – The Albino Vicar of Altarnun p. 161 o The Flight p. 167 o Postscript for The Cornish National Party and Rule Britannia p. 169 o Endword p. 172 PART 2 THE RESURRECTION/REBIRTH OF RENAISSANCE MEN: THE FLIGHT OF THE FALCON (1965) o Introduction p. 175 o The Divided Nature of the Renaissance p. 176 o The Daimonic Human p. 180 o Cave-Dwellers and Mother-Killers p. 186 o Plato’s Phaedrus p. 192 o Endword p. 193 SECTION 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS CONCLUDING REMARKS o Summary and Conclusion p. 196 o Suggestions for Further Study p. 199 APPENDIX 1 ARTICLES IN BACONIANA BY BEAUMONT, C. p. 203 BIBLIOGRAPHY p. 205 Page iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is dedicated to Jackie Kilpatrick for having put up with my insane literary and theoretical ramblings for four years over a weekly cup of coffee in Waterstones, Nottingham. During such times I have often been heard to say, somewhat melodramatically, “Daphne du Maurier, c’est moi!” This thesis is also dedicated to my parents. I would like to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to my many Supervisors and Directors of Research for all their help, encouragement, intellectual prodding, and support over the years; in chronological order these are Professor Roger Ebbatson, Professor Clare Hanson, Professor John Schad, Dr Nick Freeman, and Dr Gabriel Egan. I would like to express thanks to all those people that answered my e-mails with respect to my thoughts on du Maurier: Sarah Dillon (whose thesis on the palimpsest has been instrumental), Alison Sproston (Deputy Librarian of the London Library), Dick Cole (Mebyon Kernow), Benny Peiser (who knows a lot about Willian Comyns Beaumont), Brent Raycroft (about his ideas on the palimpsest), Josie Dolan (about her thesis on Daphne du Maurier and Anna Neagle), to name but a few (apologies to those I have missed). Thanks also go to the archivists of the collections I have consulted: Charlotte Berry and Jessica Gardener (Exeter University), Richard Temple (Warwick – Modern Records Centre), Lorraine (Special Collections at Manchester in connection with the Basil Dean archives). I am grateful to the organisers of the annual Daphne du Maurier Festival in Fowey, Cornwall, which I have attended for the four years of my study. This has enabled the following activities: • Kits Browning (Daphne du Maurier’s son) showed me round Ferryside (Fowey, Cornwall), and allowed me to see the room where du Maurier wrote The Loving Spirit. • Annual Trip to Bookends of Fowey, which sells du Maurier books and memorabilia. Ann and David Willmore - who own Bookends and Bookends Too - have always been lovely to chat to about du Maurier topics. • I have met many du Maurier enthusiasts; special mention goes to Sam, a kindly gentleman whose surname escapes me, and Amber Larner. Page iv I am also pleased to have attended the Daphne du Maurier Centenary Conference (2007) – organised by Professor Helen Taylor and her colleagues at Exeter University - where I met many of the published du Maurier critics. I owe thanks to Loughborough University for the bursary which financed the first three years of my study. I also owe thanks to the Arthur Quiller Couch Memorial Fund for awarding me a travel grant which paid for one of my visits to the Du Maurier Family Archives at Exeter University - an award which was made following their reading of my chapter on Jamaica Inn. My parents have also been more than generous with their financial assistance, supply of food parcels, and emotional support. The years of my doctorate were the two best and then the two worst years of my life. I am thankful for the former and will emerge from the latter into a totally different life.