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Pentatomoidea and Their Egg—Parasites

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THE BIOLOGY OF SOME PENTATOMOIDEA AND THEIR EGG—PARASITES By Mie JAVAHERY A thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science of the University of London. March, 1967. Imperial College Field Station, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, Berkshire. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is divided into two sections. The first concerns the bionomics, habitats, reproductive biology of six Pentatamoidea, Heteroptera. The second section deals with eight species of egg parasites (Scelionidae, Hymenoptera) and includes their taxonomy and biology. The environment in which the six species of Heteroptera, Aelia acuminata (L.), Eurygaster integriceps Put". Neottiglossa pusilla (G.), Palomena prasina (L.), Piezodorus lituratus (F.) and Picromerus htdens (L.) live is described in the first section. Their biology and ecology in southern England and that of E. integriceps in Iran were investigated and compared. The reproductive morphology of all these species is outlined and the effects of environmental factors, especially of the food and temperature on fecundity and longevity of the adults, was investigated. The effects of these factors on the rate of development of the immature stages was also studied. Particular attention was paid to reproduction in Eurygaster integriceps in view of its economical importance and its status as a serious pest of cereal crops in Iran. Changes in the sizes of populations of A. acuminata and P. lituratus were recorded at Silwood Park, Berkshire. The problem of 3 winter diapause, migration and their possible relationship was studied. In the second section, six newly discovered British species of Scelionidae from the genera Asolcus and Telenamus were investigated. The first key to the identification of these wasps and of the closely related non-British species based on "bio-morphological taxonomy" is constructed. A study was made of the immature stages, adults, and the reproductive morphology of all the species in relation to various hosts and temperatures. Aggressive behaviour, ability of the parasites to select suitable host eggs, oviposition, copulation, the rate of development and sex ratio of all species, are described. Life histories, resistance to low temperatures, interspecific interference and host specificity of these minute wasps were observed throughout three seasons. Percentage of parasitism of eggs of several Pentatomoidea by Asolcus and Telenomus species at Silwood and at Yateley, were calculated for 1965 and 1966. New methods of rearing both the shieldbugs and their scelionid egg parasites have been devised. A preliminary distribution maps of hosts and parasites from the study areas are given for Britain and Iran. 4 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 10 DESCRIPTION OF AREA OF STUDY ••• ••• ••• ••41 ••111 17 1. Area in Silwood Park ••• ••• ••• ••• 2. Area near Silwood Park ••• ••• ••• ••• 12Z 3. Other areas of study ••• ••• ••• ••• 22 METHODS 41.0 4100 • Gli • ••• 5 ,•• ••• 26 1. Numerical estimation in the field ••• ••411 26 2. Field rearing of the shieldbugs.. •4.• ••• 29 3. Laboratory rearing of shielJbugs. ••• ••• 35 4. Method of rearing of the larvae.. ••• ••• 46 SECTION 1. BIOLOGY OF SOME PENTATOMOIDEA STUDIES OF THE OVERWINTERING PERIOD IN PENTATOMOIDEA. • ••• 49 1. Biotic factors ... 0041 060 O.. ••• ••• 53 2. Climatic factors... • • • 0.0 O.. ••• ••• 55 3. Other climatic factors • • • 600 S OO •• 0 ••• 62 Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus) 1. The habitat 0•0 ••• • 00 ••• ••• 65 2. The host plants ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 66 3. Description of stages • • • ••• ••• • • 0 • • • 68 4. Occurrence of Adults ... • • • • • • 68 5. The Number of Adults and Larval Stages of A. acuminata • •• ••• ••• • • • • • • 69 6. Reproductive Biology • 00 ••• ••• • • • • • • T1 7. Sexual Maturation.. ••• ••• ••• • • • • • • 71 8. Fecundity in Captivity and in the Field. • • • • • • 77 9: Rearing of Aelia... 000 • • • • • • • • • • • • 81 10: Aggregation. 000 • • • 41410 • • • • • • 81 11. Migration, Aestivation and Hibernation.. • • 0 • • • 82 12. Sex Ratio... ••• 41•11 6.0 000 • • • • • • 82 Eurygaster integriceps Puton 000 660 ••• 0 • • ••• 83 1. Life History 060 41614 ••• ••• 85 2. Reproductive Biology 0.0 SOO' ••• ••• 86 3. Sexual Maturation.. SOO O.. 000 0 •• ••• 86 3.1. Diapause ..* 000 OW& ••• ••• ••• 86 5 Page 3.2. Conclusion ••• • • • 93 4. Copulation in Eurygaster integriceps. • • • • • • 96 5. FECUNDITY OF E. integriceps IN RELATION TO FOOD AND TEMPERATURE IN THE LABORATORY ••• 101 A) FECUNDITY OF E. inte,,riceps ON WHEAT ... ••• 102 Conclusions 600 *Of IWO* 040 • • • 107 B) FECUNDITY OF E. integriceps ON BARLEY... 107 Conclusions ••• 0444, ••• ••• • • • 112 c) The Effect of a Single Copulation on Fecundity of E. integriceps ••• *Of 112 D) Relationship between Crowding and Fecundity 0 • 0 114 Neottiglossa pusilla (Gmelin) 1. The habitat... C • • •O• ••0 0•• 118 2. The host plants • • • 000 6•0 ••• ••• 113 3. Description of Stages. ••• ••• ••• ••• 119 4. Occurrence of Adults.. ••• ••• 0•• ••• 119 5. ReproductiveBialoGy.. • 4.• ••• ••• ••• 119 6. Sexual Maturation ... 11•0 ••• •O• ••• 119 7. Fecundity in Captivity and in the Field ... ..• 121 8. Rearing of Larval Instars of N. pusilla • .• •• • 122 9. Migration.. ••• • • . • • • •• • 122 Palomena prasina (Linnaeus) 1. The habitat ... •• • • •• •• • ••• o•• 123 2. The host plants ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 123 3. Description of stages. ... ... *00 OS* 124 4. The Number of Adults and Larval Stages of P. prasina 124 5. Reproductive Biology.. 000 000 *WO 000 125 6. Sexual Maturation ... 00* 060 *06 *60 125 7. Fecundity in Captivity and in the Field 006 600 126 8. Development of the Larval Instars and their Food.. 127 Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius) 1. The habitat ••• ••• 0 • • GOO 128 2. The host plants • 0 • • • • 128 3. Description of Stages. ••• ••• ••• 129 4. Time of occurrence of Adults. 000 *0* 129 5. Estimation of Numbers of Adults and Larvae of P. lituratus during the three seasons... 131 6. Biometrical Differences in Adults and larval instars of P. lituratus • 0 • ••• 134 7. Reproductive Biology.. ••• ••• ••• 134 8. Sexual Maturation ... 000 000 000 • • • 137 9. Fecundity in the Field and in the Laboratory 139 6 Page Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus) 1. The habitat ... • • • • • • • • • • .• ••• 147 2. Food 0.0 ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 147 3. Description of Stages.. • • • •• • •• ••• 151 4. The time of Occurrence of Adults and their Larvae... 151 5. The Number of Adults and their Larval Instars *0* 152 6. Reproductive Biology... • • • • • • • • • ••• 152 7. Sexual Maturation ... ... • • • • . • •• • 154 8. Fecundity and Longevity of P. bidens.. *00 0.41 157 Fecundity in the Field ... • • • • • • •• . 157 B1 Fecundity in the Laboratory. SOO • • • 00. 161 9. Rearing of P. bidens... • • • • • • • • . •• • 168 10. Number of Annual Generations... 0.0 • • 0 • • • 169 AGGREGATION IN PENTATOMOIDEA.. • • • •• • • • • .• • 170 MIGRATION BEHAVIOUR IN PENTATOMOIDEA.. 001 0.4 ... 171 Conclusions on migration • • • • . ... •• • 174 EFFECT OF SOME PARASITES AND PREDATORS ON PENTATOMOIDEA IN SOUTHERN ENGLAND •• • ••• • •• • • . • • • ••• 175 SECTION 2. BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF SOME PROOTOTRUPOIDEA INTRODUCTION ... •• • •• • • •• •• • • • • •• • 178 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 000 0.0 ... 000 .00 181 MATERIALS, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES • •• •• • ••• ••• 188 A) Material for Investigations 00. 000 000 0.* 188 B) Eggs of Pentatomoidea... ... • • • ... •• • 189 METHODS OF STUDYING THE PARASITES ... • • • 000 0.0 192 Method of Collecting the egg parasites in the field. 192 The Method of placing egg:batches in the field ... 193 Collecting the naturally parasitised egg batches ... 195 Method of finding the adult egg parasites ... 0.0 195 DISSECTION, PREPARATION, PRESERVATION AND DRAWING... ... 1. Dissection ... ... ... • • • • • • ... 198 2. Preparation of specimens • • • • • • ••• •• • 20(' 3. Preserving of the specimens • • • • • • •• • ••• 20',- 4. Drawing... •• • • •• • • • • .. — • •• • 202 TECHNIQUES OF REARING Asolcus AND Telenomus spp. 000 .** REARING OF PARASITES IN THE LABORATORY ... 010 000 204 FIELD REARING CAGES.. 00. • • • • • • 000 *60 214 7 Page THE TAXONOMY OF EGG PARASITES COMPLEX OF BRITISH PENTATOMOIDEA. • 0 • 0 • • • • • •• 04.0 217 I Genus Asolcus NAKAGAWA. 0•• ••• ••• ••• 219 Key to species.. • • .,•• •. • • • • 4o. 219 Asolcus waloffae sp.n.. .• • •• • •• • •,• 225 Asolcus davatchii sp.n. •• . .• • .• • •• • 231 Asolcus silwoodensis sp.n. ... ... •• • ... 238 Asolcus nixo—martini sp.n. •• . •• • •• • •• . 247 II Genus Telenomus Haliday ... ... ... ... 252 Telenomus truncatus Mayr ... 004 000 0*, 254 Telenomus sokolovi Mayr 261 Conclusions ... • • • •• • •• • ••4. ••• 266 THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF EGG PARASITES COMPLEX OF BRITISH PENTATOMOIDEA. ... ... ... *66 4410 268 Asolcus waloffae sij,,n. Morphology of the Immature Stages.... ese • • • 268 Reproductive Organs ... ... ... ... ... 270 Mating... • • • • • • .•. • • • •• • •• • 272 Oviposition ... • • • •• • ••• ••• ••• 276 Development ... • • • ••• •• • •• • •• • 285 The Emergence of the Adult Parasites. 000 00* 289 Occurrence in the Field ... 411O4 000 OlDe 291 Number of Annual Generations.. ... •.• 41111 292 •• • ••• Fecundity • .• • • • • • • .•• 293 Parthenogenesis. ... ... •. • 000 • 00 298 Sex Ratio • •• • • . •• • •• • •• • •• • 298 Host Specificity • • • •• • ••• •• • •• • 300 Distribution ... • • • . • • •• • •.. •• . 300 Asolcus davatchii sp.n. Morphology of Immature Stages. ... ... ... 301 Reproductive Organs ... • • • 440 ... ... 304 14641 Mating... ... ... ... 040 .O0 305 Oviposition
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    1 T.C. GAZİOSMANPAŞA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu Sonuç Raporu Proje No: 2008/26 Projenin Başlığı AMASYA, SİVAS VE TOKAT İLLERİNİN KELKİT HAVZASINDAKİ FARKLI BÖCEK TAKIMLARINDA BULUNAN TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDE ÇALIŞMALAR Proje Yöneticisi Prof.Dr. Kenan KARA Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Araştırmacı Turgut ATAY Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı (Kasım / 2011) 2 T.C. GAZİOSMANPAŞA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu Sonuç Raporu Proje No: 2008/26 Projenin Başlığı AMASYA, SİVAS VE TOKAT İLLERİNİN KELKİT HAVZASINDAKİ FARKLI BÖCEK TAKIMLARINDA BULUNAN TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDE ÇALIŞMALAR Proje Yöneticisi Prof.Dr. Kenan KARA Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Araştırmacı Turgut ATAY Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı (Kasım / 2011) ÖZET* 3 AMASYA, SİVAS VE TOKAT İLLERİNİN KELKİT HAVZASINDAKİ FARKLI BÖCEK TAKIMLARINDA BULUNAN TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDE ÇALIŞMALAR Yapılan bu çalışma ile Amasya, Sivas ve Tokat illerinin Kelkit havzasına ait kısımlarında bulunan ve farklı böcek takımlarında parazitoit olarak yaşayan Tachinidae (Diptera) türleri, bunların tanımları ve yayılışlarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için farklı böcek takımlarına ait türler laboratuvarda kültüre alınarak parazitoit olarak yaşayan Tachinidae türleri elde edilmiştir. Kültüre alınan Lepidoptera takımına ait türler içerisinden, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.), Lymantria dispar (L.), Malacosoma neustrium (L.), Smyra dentinosa Freyer, Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer, Thaumetopoea sp. ve Vanessa sp.,'den parazitoit elde edilmiş,
  • Identification, Biology, Impacts, and Management of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Soybean and Corn in the Midwestern United States

    Identification, Biology, Impacts, and Management of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Soybean and Corn in the Midwestern United States

    Journal of Integrated Pest Management (2017) 8(1):11; 1–14 doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmx004 Profile Identification, Biology, Impacts, and Management of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Soybean and Corn in the Midwestern United States Robert L. Koch,1,2 Daniela T. Pezzini,1 Andrew P. Michel,3 and Thomas E. Hunt4 1 Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., Saint Paul, MN 55108 ([email protected]; Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article-abstract/8/1/11/3745633 by guest on 08 January 2019 [email protected]), 2Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], 3Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 210 Thorne, 1680 Madison Ave. Wooster, OH 44691 ([email protected]), and 4Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, 57905 866 Rd., Concord, NE 68728 ([email protected]) Subject Editor: Jeffrey Davis Received 12 December 2016; Editorial decision 22 March 2017 Abstract Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) are an emerging threat to soybean and corn production in the midwestern United States. An invasive species, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Sta˚ l), is spreading through the region. However, little is known about the complex of stink bug species associ- ated with corn and soybean in the midwestern United States. In this region, particularly in the more northern states, stink bugs have historically caused only infrequent impacts to these crops. To prepare growers and agri- cultural professionals to contend with this new threat, we provide a review of stink bugs associated with soybean and corn in the midwestern United States.
  • A Short History Regarding the Taxonomy and Systematic Researches of Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera)

    A Short History Regarding the Taxonomy and Systematic Researches of Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera)

    Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXIV, 2011 BIOLOGY A SHORT HISTORY REGARDING THE TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES OF PLATYGASTROIDEA (HYMENOPTERA) O.A. POPOVICI1 and P.N. BUHL2 1 “Al.I.Cuza” University, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I, nr. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania. 2 Troldhøjvej 3, DK-3310 Ølsted, Denmark, e-mail: [email protected],dk Corresponding author: [email protected] This paper presents an overview of the most important and best-known works that were the subject of taxonomy or systematics Platygastroidea superfamily. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first part of the research surprised the early period can be placed throughout the XIXth century between Latreille and Dalla Torre. Before this period, references about platygastrids and scelionids were made by Linnaeus and Schrank, they are the ones who described the first platygastrid and scelionid respectively. In this the first period work entomologists as: Haliday, Westwood, Walker, Forster, Ashmead, Thomson, Howard, etc., the result of their work being the description of 699 scelionids species which are found quoted in Dalla Torre's catalogue. The second part of the paper is devoted to early 20th century. This vibrant work is marked by the work of two great entomologists: Kieffer and Dodd. In this period one publish the first and only global monograph of platygastrids and scelionids until now. In this monograph are twice the number of species than in Dalla Torre's catalogue which shows the magnitude of the systematic research of those moments. The third part of the paper refers to the late 20th and early 21st century.
  • Scope: Munis Entomology & Zoology Publishes a Wide Variety of Papers

    Scope: Munis Entomology & Zoology Publishes a Wide Variety of Papers

    _____________ Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2009___________ I MUNIS ENTOMOLOGY & ZOOLOGY Ankara / Turkey II _____________ Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2009___________ Scope: Munis Entomology & Zoology publishes a wide variety of papers on all aspects of Entomology and Zoology from all of the world, including mainly studies on systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, fauna, biogeography, biodiversity, ecology, morphology, behavior, conservation, paleobiology and other aspects are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Munis Entomology & Zoology. Submission of Manuscripts: Works published or under consideration elsewhere (including on the internet) will not be accepted. At first submission, one double spaced hard copy (text and tables) with figures (may not be original) must be sent to the Editors, Dr. Hüseyin Özdikmen for publication in MEZ. All manuscripts should be submitted as Word file or PDF file in an e-mail attachment. If electronic submission is not possible due to limitations of electronic space at the sending or receiving ends, unavailability of e-mail, etc., we will accept “hard” versions, in triplicate, accompanied by an electronic version stored in a floppy disk, a CD-ROM. Review Process: When submitting manuscripts, all authors provides the name, of at least three qualified experts (they also provide their address, subject fields and e-mails). Then, the editors send to experts to review the papers. The review process should normally be completed within 45-60 days. After reviewing papers by reviwers: Rejected papers are discarded. For accepted papers, authors are asked to modify their papers according to suggestions of the reviewers and editors. Final versions of manuscripts and figures are needed in a digital format.