DOCSLIB.ORG

Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security and Disgust for Their Consumption

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security and Disgust for Their Consumption 1.04cm spine for 208pg on 90g eco paper ISSN 0258-6150 FAO 171 FORESTRY 171 PAPER FAO FORESTRY PAPER 171 Edible insects Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security Future prospects for food and feed security Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock. To fully realize this potential, much work needs to be done by a wide range of stakeholders. This publication will boost awareness of the many valuable roles that insects play in sustaining nature and human life, and it will stimulate debate on the expansion of the use of insects as food and feed. ISBN 978-92-5-107595-1 ISSN 0258-6150 FAO 9 789251 075951 I3253E/1/04.13 1.04cm spine for 208pg on 90g eco paper Cover photos, clockwise from top left: Women selling caterpillars in Bangui, Central African Republic (P. Vantomme) Gold-painted crickets on top of Belgian chocolates (P. Vantomme) Black soldier fly in a mass-rearing unit (L. Heaton) Appetizers prepared with insects (T. Calame) Coleoptera species used as a food colorant (A. Halloran) Palm weevil larvae (O. Ndoye) FAO FORESTRY Edible insects: PAPER future prospects for 171 food and feed security by Arnold van Huis Joost Van Itterbeeck Harmke Klunder Esther Mertens Afton Halloran Giulia Muir and Paul Vantomme FOOD AND agRICULTURE ORgaNIZATION OF The UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2013 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107595-1 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-107596-8 (PDF) © FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence- request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. x Authors’ preface ....................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. xii Executive Summary ................................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Why eat insects? ............................................................................................... 2 1.2 Why FAO? .......................................................................................................... 2 2. The role of insects.......................................................................................... 5 2.1 Beneficial roles of insects for nature and humans ......................................... 5 2.2 Entomophagy around the world ..................................................................... 9 2.3 Examples of important insect species consumed ......................................... 20 2.4 Important insect products ............................................................................. 29 3. Culture, religion and the history of entomophagy ................................... 35 3.1 Why are insects not eaten in Western countries? ........................................ 35 3.2 Why were insects never domesticated for food? ......................................... 37 3.3 Negative attitudes towards insects ............................................................... 39 3.4 History of entomophagy ................................................................................ 40 4. Edible insects as a natural resource ........................................................... 45 4.1 Edible insect ecology ...................................................................................... 45 4.2 Collecting from the wild: potential threats and solutions ........................... 45 4.3 Conservation and management of edible insect resources ........................ 48 4.4 Semi-cultivation of edible insects .................................................................. 51 4.5 Pest management ........................................................................................... 55 5. Environmental opportunities of insect rearing for food and feed .......... 59 5.1 Feed conversion .............................................................................................. 60 5.2 Organic side streams ...................................................................................... 60 5.3 Greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions ..................................................... 62 5.4 Water use ........................................................................................................ 64 5.5 Life cycle analysis ............................................................................................ 64 5.6 Animal welfare ............................................................................................... 65 5.7 Risk of zoonotic infections ............................................................................. 65 5.8 “One Health” concept .................................................................................... 66 6. Nutritional value of insects for human consumption ................................67 6.1 Nutritional composition ................................................................................. 67 6.2 Beef versus insects: an example of the mealworm ...................................... 74 6.3 Insects as part of diets ................................................................................... 76 6.4 Sustainable diets ............................................................................................. 79 6.5 Edible insects in emergency relief programmes ........................................... 79 iv 7. Insects as animal feed .................................................................................. 89 7.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 89 7.2 Poultry and fish fed with insects ................................................................... 90 7.3 Key insect species used as feed ..................................................................... 93 8. Farming insects ............................................................................................ 99 8.1 Definitions and concepts ............................................................................... 99 8.2 Insect farming ................................................................................................. 99 8.3 Insect farming for human consumption ..................................................... 101 8.4 Insect farming for feed ................................................................................ 103 8.5
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toxic Effects of Virtako on the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata Lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
    Revista Colombiana de Entomología 39 (2): 197-200 (Julio - Diciembre 2013) 197 Toxic effects of virtako on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Efectos toxicos del virtako sobre el saltahojas marrón Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) YONG CHEN1, XIAOwa QING1, JIE LIU1, JIE ZHANG2 and RUNJIE ZHANG1,3 Abstract: Laboratory assays (Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China) were conducted to assess the potential of virtako, a mixture insecticide, which contains 20% chlorantraniliprole and 20% thiamethoxam, against the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). The toxic effects of virtako against the nymphal instars of N. lugens indicated that all instars were sensitive to the five concentrations (16, 8, 4, 2, 1 mg/L). The first-second instars were the most susceptible, and the median lethal concentrations [LC50] were 4.76, 1.96 and 0.85 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, respectively. Fifth-instars were the least susceptible with the LC50 values of 23.76, 7.25 and 3.95 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, respectively, and were significantly greater than those of the first - second instars. The LC50s of the third - fourth instars were 11.59, 5.72 and 2.17 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, respectively. These results indicate that virtako might be an effective alternative for the control of BPH N. lugens, by delaying the resistance levels of thiamethoxam. Key words: Brown planthopper. Toxicity. Laboratory assays. Lethal concentrations. Resumen: Ensayos de laboratorio (Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China) fueron lleva- dos a cabo con el objeto de determinar el potencial de virtako, una mezcla insecticida, que contiene 20% de clorantra- niliprole y 20% de tiametoxam, contra el saltahojas marrón, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Schedule – FINAL– Page 1 (All Times Listed in Eastern Time)
    2021 Schedule – FINAL– page 1 (all times listed in Eastern Time) MONDAY, July 5th (HOST: Maryanne Rhett – preview of opening Social and Keynote) 12 Noon WHA Business Meeting 1-4 pm Executive Board Meeting 5-6:00 pm Welcome from Laura Mitchell and Opening Social/Prize giveaway -- BOOK TUESDAY, July 6th (HOST: Rick Warner) 10-11:30 am Session A Noon-1:30 pm KEYNOTE PRESENTATION (INTRO by Tammy Proctor) Dr. Beatrix Hoffman, faculty member at Northern Illinois, is an expert on the history of health care and has authored several works on the topic. Her Keynote is entitled Migration and the Right to Health Care. 2-3:30 pm Session B 3:30-4:30 pm Wellness Session #1 4-6:00 pm Opening for publisher events 6-7:30 pm Food History Panel #1/Recipe Contest finalists announced/Prize giveaway – BOOK WEDNESDAY, July 7th (HOST: Tammy Proctor) 9-10:30 am Session C [Asian time zones] 11am-12:30 pm Session D 1-2 pm Opening for publisher events 2-3:30 pm Session E 3:30-4:30 pm Wellness Session #2 4:30-6 pm Session F THURSDAY, July 8th (HOST: Juan De Leon) 10-11 am Opening for publisher events 11am-12:30 pm Session G 1-2 pm Wellness Session #3 2-3:30 pm Session H 4-5:30 pm Session I [Pacific/Mountain + Hawaii tz] FRIDAY, July 9th (HOST: Cynthia Ross) 9-10:30 am Session J [Asian/West African time zones] 10:30-11:30 am Wellness Session #4 2021 Schedule – FINAL– page 2 (all times listed in Eastern Time) 11:30-1:00 pm Session K 1:00-2:30 pm Session L 3:00-4:30 pm Food History Panel #2 4:30-6 pm Closing Social and Awards Ceremony 2021 Schedule – FINAL– page 3 (all times listed in Eastern Time) DETAILS OF SESSIONS: Session A: July 6, 10-11:30 am A1.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptation of the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata Lugens (Stål), to Resistant Rice Varieties
    Adaptation of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), to resistant rice varieties Jedeliza B. Ferrater Promotor Prof.dr Marcel Dicke Professor of Entomology Wageningen University Co-promoters Dr Finbarr G. Horgan Senior Scientist International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines Dr Peter W. de Jong Assistant Professor at the Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr Jaap Bakker, Wageningen University Dr Ben Vosman, Plant Research International, Wageningen Dr Bart A. Pannebakker, Wageningen University Dr Orlando M.B. de Ponti, Wageningen This research was conducted under the auspices of the C.T de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation. Adaptation of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), to resistant rice varieties Jedeliza B. Ferrater Thesis Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 2 December 2015 at 11a.m. in the Aula Jedeliza B. Ferrater Adaptation of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), to resistant rice varieties 200 pages PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2015) With references, with summary in English ISBN 978-94-6257-559-2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It has been said that it‘s not the destination, but the journey that matters. This thesis is much like a journey with unexpected circumstances encountered along the way. Overall, my memories captured more the nice view and I have no regrets of passing some bumps along the way because these bumps have shaped my character and prepared myself to deal with the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education Edible Insects Consumption
    Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education Abbreviated key title: J. Adv. Sport. Phys. Edu. ISSN: 2616-8642 (Print) A Publication by “Scholars Middle East Publishers” ISSN: 2617-3905 (Online) Dubai, United Arab Emirates Edible Insects Consumption: A Veritable Option to Ameliorate the Deleterious Health Consequences of Kwashiorkor in Nigeria Adeleke Olasunkanmi R* Human Kinetics and Health Education Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria Abstract: All over the world particularly in the developing nations including Nigeria Original Research Article more than half of the population are suffering from a situation in which one problem causes another, this problems include ignorance, poverty, malnutrition, disease and early *Corresponding author death. Approximately, one third of a life is spent as a result of a struggle for food. A Adeleke Olasunkanmi R conservative estimate places the daily toll from kwashiorkor at 10,000. A figure indicates that between 800 million and one billion persons suffer from some degree of Protein- Article History Energy Malnutrition (PEM) alone. The resultant effect of protein deficiency kwashiorkor Received: 12.09.2018 which leads illness, stunted growth, among others. Kwashiorkor and its effect could be Accepted: 26.09.2018 mitigated in West African and Nigeria through insect’s consumption. Insects are the most Published: 30.09.2018 successful, biologically, of all the groups of arthropods, and they abound in great numbers in Nigeria because of the large forest and grass land areas, fresh water and wide coastal regions which supports the existence of insects. Insects supply high quality protein which are requiring in children nutrition and they are abundant, cheap, easy to harvest, and are available throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthoptera:Gryllidae) and Their Impact on Classification
    INT. J. BIOL. BIOTECH., 10 (4): 479-482, 2013. SOUND PRODUCING ORGANS OF BRACHYTRYPES PORTENTOSUS (LICHTEINTEN) (ORTHOPTERA:GRYLLIDAE) AND THEIR IMPACT ON CLASSIFICATION Imtiaz Ahmad1 and Nasreen Khan2* 1Department of Agriculture, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. *2Department of Zoology, Jinnah University for Woman, Karachi, Pakistan. ABSTRACT The specimens of Brachytrypes portentosus (Lichteinten) described on the basis of their sound producing structures i.e. tegmina, plectrum, stridulatory file and teeth for the first time in Pakistan. Specimens were collected from Quetta in Baluchistan was subjected to Scanning technique of Electron Microscopy following the techniques of David et al. (2003) to study these structures The pars stridulum pattern, the stridulatory file and the number of teeth on file appear as important characters to identify males of B. portentosus (Lichteinten) from other related taxa found in Pakistan. Key-words: Brachytrypes portentosus, sound producing organs, tegmina, plectrum, stridulatory file and teeth. INTRODUCTION Previously the Family Gryllidae was identified worldwide by their external morphological characters including those of their external male and female genitalia. Pars stridens is a complex sound producing apparatus in different species of Gryllidae. The morphology of teeth present there in also appear differentiating species. The structures of the tegmina of different species that produce and radiate the acoustic signals, have different structures (Walker and Carlysle, 1975), and later may be used as taxonomic character. Stridulation is a significant character for differentiating different species. Number of stridulatory pegs, length of file, size and distance between teeth of file appeared to be associated with stridulation. (Alexander and Thomas, 1959; Alexander and Bigelow, 1960; Walker, 1962; 1963).
    [Show full text]
  • Ainu Success: the Political and Cultural Achievements of Japan’S Indigenous Minority アイヌの成果−−日本先住少数民族の 政治的文化的業績
    Volume 9 | Issue 12 | Number 2 | Article ID 3500 | Mar 21, 2011 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Ainu Success: the Political and Cultural Achievements of Japan’s Indigenous Minority アイヌの成果−−日本先住少数民族の 政治的文化的業績 Simon Cotterill Ainu Success: the Political andwestern, and Ainu clothing. Cultural Achievements of Japan's Postcard, date unknown.From Picture Indigenous Minority Postcard Museum Ainu achievements have usually been Simon Cotterill ambiguous. None of their ‘successes' should be Discourse on indigenous peoples tends to be a considered unqualified. However, they need to discourse of unhappiness. Most groups have be considered in relation both to the Ainu's experienced distressing cruelty, and narrative relatively insignificant numbers and the accounts of their struggles tend to be elegiac in government's historical attempts to tone. Japan's Ainu people have undergone comprehensively eradicate Ainu culture. suppression of their culture and livelihood, and Cultural self-denial and assimilation brought on subsequent denial of their existence. However, by years of prejudice have made exact this article critically re-evaluates the Ainu's population figures impossible to obtain. A living recent history in terms of their considerable conditions survey of 2006 found the Ainu achievements, such as international recognition population on Hokkaido to be just 23,7821; and the Japanese government's 2008while 2699 Ainu were officially found in Tokyo declaration recognising their indigenous status. in 1988.2 Noting that many self-identifying Ainu In spite of and often in reaction to continuing have never been taken into account by official obstacles, the Ainu have successfully used surveys,3 some activists claim total numbers international fora to advance towards their across Japan in excess of 300,000.4 But even at domestic goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15. Central and Eastern Africa: Overview
    Chapter 15 Chapter 15 CENTRAL AND EASTERN AFRICA: OVERVIEW The region as treated here is comprised mainly of Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa) (formerly Zaire), Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. The wide variety of insects eaten includes at least 163 species, 121 genera, 34 families and 10 orders. Of this group the specific identity is known for 128 species, only the generic identity for another 21, only the family identity of another 12 and only the order identity of one. Gomez et al (1961) estimated that insects furnished 10% of the animal proteins produced annually in Congo (Kinshasa). Yet, in this region, as in others, insect use has been greatly under-reported and under-studied. Until recently, for example, the specific identity was known for fewer than twenty species of insects used in Congo (Kinshasa), but, in a careful study confined only to caterpillars and only to the southern part of the country, Malaisse and Parent (1980) distinguished 35 species of caterpillars used as food. The extent of insect use throughout the region is probably similar to that in Congo (Kinshasa) and Zambia, the best-studied countries. Research is needed. Caterpillars and termites are the most widely marketed insects in the region, but many others are also important from the food standpoint, nutritionally, economically or ecologically. As stated by this author (DeFoliart 1989): "One can't help but wonder what the ecological and nutritional maps of Africa might look like today if more effort had been directed toward developing some of these caterpillar, termite, and other food insect resources." The inclusion of food insects in the Africa-wide Exhibition on Indigenous Food Technologies held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1995 is indicative of the resurgence of interest in this resource by the scientific community of the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Senthil Kumar Orthopteran Diversity 1442A
    CATALOGUE ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 21(8): 2347-2349 Fauna of Protected Areas - 29: ORTHOPTERAN FAUNA OF THE GIBBON WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, ASSAM N. Senthilkumar, Nizara D. Barthakur and N.J. Borah Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam 785001, India ABSTRACT All the specimens were examined carefully and identified A checklist of 25 species of Orthoptera recorded from the specimens were labeled and preserved in insect boxes. A cotton Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary is presented here along with a wad immersed in preservative (Phenol, Naphthalene, and Para series of indices such as Simpson's, Hill's, Margalef's, Mehinick's and evenness. The order is comprised of 25 dichlorobenzene in equal ratio) was kept in the corner of the species of 21 genera and 12 families. This preliminary box to restrict ant and fungal attack. The specimens collected study indicates many more species yet to be recorded from were identified using various publications of Kirby (1914), Henry the area. (1932), Chopard (1969), Rentz (1979), Tanton and Shishodia (1972), Ingrisch (1990, 2002), Ingrisch and Shishodia (1997, 1998, KEYWORDS Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, northeastern India, Orthoptera 2000), Shishodia (2000a,b), Shishodia and Tandon (1990), Naskrecki (1994, 1996a,b, 2000), Naskrecki and Otte (1999), and Gibbon Wild Life Sanctuary is located in Jorhat district of Senthilkumar et al. (2001, 2002). Assam, India. The Sanctuary covers an area of 19.49km2 of tropical semi evergreen forest on the flat plains of Brahmaputra As a measure of á-diversity (diversity within a habitat), the river. It extends between 26040'-26045'N & 94020'-94025'E. The most popular and widely used Shannon’s diversity index (H') altitudinal range is 100-120m.
    [Show full text]
  • The Entomofauna on Eucalyptus in Israel: a Review
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGYENTOMOLOGY ISSN (online): 1802-8829 Eur. J. Entomol. 116: 450–460, 2019 http://www.eje.cz doi: 10.14411/eje.2019.046 REVIEW The entomofauna on Eucalyptus in Israel: A review ZVI MENDEL and ALEX PROTASOV Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeTzion 7528809, Israel; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Key words. Eucalyptus, Israel, invasive species, native species, insect pests, natural enemies Abstract. The fi rst successful Eucalyptus stands were planted in Israel in 1884. This tree genus, particularly E. camaldulensis, now covers approximately 11,000 ha and constitutes nearly 4% of all planted ornamental trees. Here we review and discuss the information available about indigenous and invasive species of insects that develop on Eucalyptus trees in Israel and the natural enemies of specifi c exotic insects of this tree. Sixty-two phytophagous species are recorded on this tree of which approximately 60% are indigenous. The largest group are the sap feeders, including both indigenous and invasive species, which are mostly found on irrigated trees, or in wetlands. The second largest group are wood feeders, polyphagous Coleoptera that form the dominant native group, developing in dying or dead wood. Most of the seventeen parasitoids associated with the ten invasive Eucalyptus-specifi c species were introduced as biocontrol agents in classical biological control projects. None of the polyphagous species recorded on Eucalyptus pose any threat to this tree. The most noxious invasive specifi c pests, the gall wasps (Eulophidae) and bronze bug (Thaumastocoris peregrinus), are well controlled by introduced parasitoids.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 13 SOUTHERN AFRICA
    Chapter 13 Zimbabwe Chapter 13 SOUTHERN AFRICA: ZIMBABWE Taxonomic Inventory Taxa and life stages consumed Coleoptera Buprestidae (metallic woodborers) Sternocera funebris (author?), adult Sternocera orissa Buquet, adult Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles) Lepidiota (= Eulepida) anatine (author?), adult Lepidiota (= Eulepida) masnona (author?), adult Lepidiota (= Eulepida)nitidicollis (author?), adult Miscellaneous Coleoptera Scientific name(s) unreported Hemiptera Pentatomidae (stink bugs) Euchosternum (= Haplosterna; = Encosternum) delegorguei (Spinola) (= delagorguei), adult Pentascelis remipes (author?), adult Pentascelis wahlbergi (author?), adult Miscellaneous Hemiptera Scientific name(s) unreported Homoptera Cicadidae (cicadas) Loba leopardina (author?) Hymenoptera Apidae (honey bees) Trigona spp., larvae Formicidae (ants) Carebara vidua Sm., winged adult Isoptera Termitidae Macrotermes falciger Gerstacker (= goliath), winged adult, soldier, queen Macrotermes natalensis Haviland Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae (eggar moths, lappets) Lasiocampid sp., larva Limacodidae (slug caterpillars) Limacodid sp. Notodontidae (prominents) Anaphe panda (Boisdv.), larva Saturniidae (giant silkworm moths) Bunaea (= Bunea) alcinoe (Stoll), larva Bunaea sp., larva Cirina forda (Westwood), larva 1 of 12 9/20/2012 2:02 PM Chapter 13 Zimbabwe Gonimbrasia belina Westwood, larva Goodia kuntzei Dewitz (?), larva Gynanisa sp. (?), larva Imbrasia epimethea Drury, larva Imbrasia ertli Rebel, larva Lobobunaea sp., larva Microgone sp., (?), larva Pseudobunaea sp. (?),
    [Show full text]
  • Bases Legales Del Intercambio De Los
    ETNOBIOLOGÍA es una publicación Nuestra portada: semestral de la Asociación Etnobiológica Mexicana, A. C. El título ETNOBIOLOGÍA, se refiere al Este número inicial, fue presentado de dominio de esta disciplina y al objeto de manera virtual, durante el Tercer Congreso su quehacer. Internacional de Etnobotánica en Nápoles, La imagen, muestra warís rarámuris Italia en septiembre de 2001, y durante el construidos a base de gu rú (palmilla, Cuarto Congreso Mexicano de Etno­ Sabal uresana); en el fondo de ellos esúín biología, en Huejutla, Hidalgo, en no­ depositados makwásari (coles o quelites viembre del mismo año. de agua), y sobre el margen de ellos, diversos píleos de wekogíkes (hongos de El contenido expresado en los artículos es las aguas, Amanita aff. caesarea), ambos responsabilidad de los autores. elementos comestibles y en proceso de deshidratación, sirven como reserva ali­ Es autorizada la reproducción total o menticia durante el invierno y primavera. parcial de las contribuciones siempre y La fotografía procede de los alrededores cuando se citen las fuentes y no tenga de Panalachi, en la Sierra Tarahumara, fines de lucro. Chih., México, y fue registrada por el editor durante el verano de 1997. La etnia rarámuri, también conocida como Dirigir correspondencia a : tarahumara, es una de las más resistentes y Laboratorio de Etnobotánica, Facultad de que menos transculturación ha sufrido a lo Ciencias, UNAM. Circuito Exterior, largo de su historia. Se caracteriza, entre Ciudad Universitaria. Delegación otros aspectos, por el adecuado aprove­ Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Apartado Postal chamiento y conservación de su diverso y 70296, México, D. F. vasto entorno natural.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 20. Northern and Western Africa
    Chapter 20 Chapter 20 NORTH AND WEST AFRICA Overview The region as treated here includes all countries in the bulge of West Africa (on the southern coast from Nigeria westward) and to the east Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and countries north. Insects of at least 25 species are eaten, belonging to at least 21 genera, 13 families and 7 orders (see the Regional Taxonomic Inventory below). Of this group, the specific identity is known for only 21 species, the generic identity for another 4, only the family identity for one and the order identity for one. Nigeria is the best-studied country in the region insofar as its food insect use is concerned, and it is presented first with others following alphabetically. Other countries on the southern coast of West Africa probably have edible insect use similar in variety to that of Nigeria, but less information is available. North of the coastal countries, the variety is greatly reduced, limited mainly to locusts, and primarily the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Regional Taxonomic Inventory Taxa and stages consumed Countries Coleoptera Beetles/beetle larvae Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Cerambycidae (long-horned beetles) Ancylonotus tribulus (Fabr.), larva Senegal Dorysthenes forficalus Fabr., larva Morocco Omacantha gigas Fabr., larva Senegal Curculionidae (weevils, snout beetles) Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Fabr.), larva Southern coastal countries Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles) Ateuches sacar Linn. Egypt Oryctes boas Fabr., larva Nigeria Oryctes owariensis Beauvois, larva, adult?
    [Show full text]