Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Analysis of Iberian Lynx Populations

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Analysis of Iberian Lynx Populations Journal of Heredity 2004:95(1):19–28 ª 2004 The American Genetic Association DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esh006 Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Analysis of Iberian Lynx Populations W. E. JOHNSON,J.A.GODOY,F.PALOMARES,M.DELIBES,M.FERNANDES,E.REVILLA, AND S. J. O’BRIEN From the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-FCRDC, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (Johnson and O’Brien), Department of Applied Biology, Estacio´ n Biolo´ gica de Don˜ana, CSIC, Avda. Marı´a Luisa s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain (Godoy, Palomares, Delibes, and Revilla), and Instituto da Conservac¸a˜o da Natureza, Rua Filipe Folque, 46, 28, 1050-114 Lisboa, Portugal (Fernandes). E. Revilla is currently at the Department of Ecological Modeling, UFZ-Center for Environmental Research, PF 2, D-04301 Leipzig, Germany. The research was supported by DGICYT and DGES (projects PB90-1018, PB94-0480, and PB97-1163), Consejerı´a de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucı´a, Instituto Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza, and US-Spain Joint Commission for Scientific and Technological Cooperation. We thank A. E. Pires, A. Piriz, S. Cevario, V. David, M. Menotti-Raymond, E. Eizirik, J. Martenson, J. H. Kim, A. Garfinkel, J. Page, C. Ferris, and E. Carney for advice and support in the laboratory and J. Calzada, J. M. Fedriani, P. Ferreras, and J. C. Rivilla for assistance in the capture of lynx. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Don˜ana Biological Station scientific collection, Don˜ana National Park, and Instituto da Conservac¸a˜o da Natureza of Portugal provided samples of museum specimens. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. government. Address correspondence to W. E. Johnson at the address above. Abstract The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), one of the world’s most endangered cat species, is vulnerable due to habitat loss, increased fragmentation of populations, and precipitous demographic reductions. An understanding of Iberian lynx evolutionary history is necessary to develop rational management plans for the species. Our objectives were to assess Iberian lynx genetic diversity at three evolutionary timescales. First we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation to position the Iberian lynx relative to other species of the genus Lynx. We then assessed the pattern of mtDNA variation of isolated populations across the Iberian Peninsula. Finally we estimated levels of gene flow between two of the most important remaining lynx populations (Don˜ana National Park and the Sierra Morena Mountains) and characterized the extent of microsatellite locus variation in these populations. Phylogenetic analyses of 1613 bp of mtDNA sequence variation supports the hypothesis that the Iberian lynx, Eurasian lynx, and Canadian lynx diverged within a short time period around 1.53–1.68 million years ago, and that the Iberian lynx and Eurasian lynx are sister taxa. Relative to most other felid species, genetic variation in mtDNA genes and nuclear microsatellites were reduced in Iberian lynx, suggesting that they experienced a fairly severe demographic bottleneck. In addition, the effects of more recent reductions in gene flow and population size are being manifested in local patterns of molecular genetic variation. These data, combined with recent studies modeling the viability of Iberian lynx populations, should provide greater urgency for the development and implementation of rational in situ and ex situ conservation plans. The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), the largest remaining cat teristics and are distinguished primarily by their relative species in southwestern Europe, is one of the world’s sizes (Nowell and Jackson 1996) and a few cranial or most endangered felids (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The postcranial skeletal measurements (Garcia-Perea 1992). genus Lynx, including the Iberian lynx, bobcat (L. rufus), There has been consistent support for a monophyletic Canadian lynx (L. canadensis), and Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) ancestry for the four species from morphological (Nowak descend from a common ancestor that diverged from 1999) and DNA-based analyses ( Janczewski et al. 1995; other cat species more than 6 million years ago ( Johnson Johnson et al. 1996; Johnson and O’Brien 1997; Pecon- and O’Brien 1997). These four Lynx species have almost Slattery and O’Brien 1998). However, the hierarchical completely disjunctive distributions and occupy different relationships among lynx species and their recognition as habitats. However, they share numerous physical charac- unique species have been debated. 19 Journal of Heredity 2004:95(1) Fossil records suggest that lynx species originated in the west (Rodriguez and Delibes 1992). The nearest lynx North America (MacFadden and Galiano 1981; Martin populations are found in the Sierra Morena Mountains 1989). The bobcat appears to represent the earliest lineage to (Figure 1), where several of the largest remaining lynx diverge (Johnson and O’Brien 1997), but subsequent metapopulations are suspected to still exist. This mountain evolutionary history is less clear. The Iberian lynx and range, perhaps one of the keys to the future preservation of Eurasian lynx may be derived from an ancestral lynx species the Iberian lynx, has received increasing attention by (Lynx issiodorensis) whose remains have been found in China conservationist and resource managers. (Wederlin 1981). The Canadian and Eurasian lynx have been The objectives of this study were to quantify the hypothesized to be sister taxa (Wederlin 1981). The Iberian evolutionary relationship of the Iberian lynx with the other lynx and Eurasian lynx were both found in central Europe Lynx species using mtDNA sequence variation, describe during the Pleistocene (Kurten 1968; Kurten and Grandqvist patterns of lynx mtDNA variation across the Iberian 1987), but may never have had significantly overlapping peninsula, and compare patterns of microsatellite size geographic ranges. variation and estimate gene flow between the important The distribution and population sizes of the Eurasian and lynx populations of Don˜ana and Sierra Morena. An Iberian lynx have been reduced significantly during the last improved understanding of patterns of Iberian lynx two centuries. The Eurasian lynx was extirpated from most molecular genetic variation and recent evolutionary history of central and southern Europe during the 19th century is necessary to develop rational management plans for the (Breitenmoser and Breitenmoser-Wursten 1990). Similarly, species (Vargas 2000) and provide further insights into the by the beginning of the 20th century the Iberian lynx was rare biogeographical history of the Iberian peninsula. in northern Spain and by the 1960s its range was essentially limited to isolated populations in the southwestern portion of the peninsula (Rodriguez and Delibes 1990). By the 1990s, Methods it was estimated that no more than 1000 lynx were restricted DNA Extraction to fewer than 50 disjunct breeding areas that could be grouped into less than 10 distinct subpopulations (Castro Lynx DNA was extracted from blood and tissue samples and Palma 1996; Rodriguez and Delibes 1992). Only two of from 20 wild animals captured or found dead during these subpopulations, Sierra Morena and Montes de Toledo capturing and radio-tracking of lynx from 1985 to 2000, (Figure 1) inhabit areas larger than 2000 km2, which is of and from 35 tissue and skin samples in scientific collections major concern since between 1960 and 1988 Iberian lynx are from seven metapopulations throughout the range of the presumed to have disappeared from most of the remaining Iberian lynx (Table 1). Blood samples were stored in four small habitat patches (from 91% of the areas smaller than volumes of lysis buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0; 0.1 M Na- 1000 km2). This corresponds to an 80% reduction in EDTA; 0.01 M NaCl, 0.5% SDS) and tissue samples were occupied range (Rodriguez and Delibes 1990). However, kept frozen or at room temperature in a dimethyl sulfoxide current geographical limits and population sizes are not well (DMSO)-salt solution (20% DMSO, 0.25M Na-EDTA, and known and continued loss of habitat and the disappearance NaCl to saturation, pH 8.0). From museums specimens, of lynx from previously occupied areas suggests that fewer approximately 1 cm2 of skin was cut with a sterile scalpel than 500 individuals may now remain (Beltra´n and Delibes after superficial cleaning with 10% commercial bleach, 1994; Palomares et al. 2000; Pires and Fernandes 2003). distilled water, and 70% ethanol. DNA extractions of The best known of the Iberian lynx populations inhabits museum materials were conducted in a dedicated room Don˜ana National Park, Andalusia, where field data on the along with extraction blanks to monitor for contamination. species have been collected since the 1950s and radio- DNA was extracted following standard proteinase K/phenol tracking studies have been conducted for more than 15 years chloroform protocols (Sambrook et al. 1989); for museum (e.g., Ferreras et al. 1997; Gaona et al. 1998; Palomares et al. skin extractions, several prewashes with NTE pH 9.0 (NaCl 1991, 2001). The Don˜ana metapopulation (1500 km2)of 10 mM; Tris base 50 mM; EDTA 20 mM) were included to approximately 40–50 individuals currently is distributed in at remove possible enzyme inhibitors. For comparative least four distinct areas that were last completely connected purposes we used DNA extracted using similar techniques during the middle of the last century. Within the Don˜ana in previous studies from three European lynx (Lly 12, 15, and metapopulation, the population occupying the protected 16), two Canadian lynx (Lca 3 and 7), five bobcat (Lru 6, 26, parkland areas is relatively stable, while mortality in the less- 48, 68, and 73), two marbled cats (Pardofelis marmorata) (Pma 4 protected areas is higher, especially among dispersing and 5), and one clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) (Nne 80) animals (70–85% mortality rate) (Ferreras et al.
Recommended publications
  • Sierra Morena De Córdoba Morena Sierra 23 1
    Sierra Morena de Córdoba Morena Sierra 23 1. Identificación y localización La Sierra Morena cordobesa es un territorio serrano con Los pueblos se integran adecuadamente en el paisaje, paisajes naturales muy antropizados para actividades de con sus ruedos, caseríos tradicionales e hitos religiosos agrosilvicultura, sobre todo ganaderas y forestales. La que dan jerarquía a la mirada sobre ellos. No existe una dehesa es el elemento paisajístico más significativo y tal capital de todo el ámbito, si bien hay numerosas pobla- vez el mejor ejemplo en el territorio andaluz del aprove- ciones que ejercen el papel de cabeza comarcal (Villanue- chamiento y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. Las va del Rey, Villaviciosa de Córdoba, Fuente Obejuna). La sierras atraviesan la provincia de este a oeste, separando minería también ha dado centralidad y dejado paisajes la vega de Los Pedroches en un la zona oriental y cen- de gran interés en Peñarroya-Pueblonuevo. tral y prolongándose hacia el noroeste en el valle del alto Guadiato. Las formas suaves y acolinadas conforman el Esta demarcación se encuadra dentro de las áreas pai- paisaje del bosque aclarado y explotado de la encina y el sajísticas de Sierras de baja montaña y Campiñas de lla- alcornoque. nuras interiores. Reseñas patrimoniales en el Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de Andalucía (pota) Zonificación del POTA: valle del Guadiato-Los Pedroches, vega del Guadalquivir, centro regional de Córdoba y Montoro (dominio territorial del valle del Guadalquivir) Referentes territoriales para la
    [Show full text]
  • Capítulo 7 LIBRO GEOLOGÍA DE ESPAÑA Sociedad Geológica De España Instituto Geológico Y Minero De España
    Capítulo 7 LIBRO GEOLOGÍA DE ESPAÑA Sociedad Geológica de España Instituto Geológico y Minero de España 1 Índice Capítulo 7 7- Estructura Alpina del Antepaís Ibérico. Editor: G. De Vicente(1). 7.1 Rasgos generales. G. De Vicente, R. Vegas(1), J. Guimerá(2) y S. Cloetingh(3). 7.1.1 Estilos de deformación y subdivisiones de las Cadenas cenozoicas de Antepaís. G. De Vicente, R. Vegas, J. Guimerà, A. Muñoz Martín(1), A. Casas(4), N. Heredia(5), R. Rodríguez(5), J. M. González Casado(6), S. Cloetingh y J. Álvarez(1). 7.1.2 La estructura de la corteza del Antepaís Ibérico. Coordinador: A. Muñoz Martín. A. Muñoz-Martín, J. Álvarez, A. Carbó(1), G. de Vicente, R. Vegas y S. Cloetingh. 7.2 Evolución geodinámica cenozoica de la Placa Ibérica y su registro en el Antepaís. G. De Vicente, R. Vegas, J. Guimerà, A. Muñoz Martín, A. Casas, S. Martín Velázquez(7), N. Heredia, R. Rodríguez, J. M. González Casado, S. Cloetingh, B. Andeweg(3), J. Álvarez y A. Oláiz (1). 7.2.1 La geometría del límite occidental entre África y Eurasia. 7.2.2 La colisión Iberia-Eurasia. Deformaciones “Pirenaica” e “Ibérica”. 7.2.3 El acercamiento entre Iberia y África. Deformación “Bética”. 7.3 Cadenas con cobertera: Las Cadenas Ibérica y Costera Catalana. Coordinador: J. Guimerá. 7.3.1 La Cadena Costera Catalana. J. Guimerà. 7.3.2 La Zona de Enlace. J. Guimerà. 7.3.3 La unidad de Cameros. J. Guimerà. 7.3.4 La Rama Aragonesa. J. Guimerà. 7.3.5 La Cuenca de Almazán.
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Morena De Córdoba
    23 Castillo de los Blázquez Castillo de Ducado #0%2 %2 BLAZQUEZ VALSEQUILLO N-502 %2Castillo Junquilla PEÑARROYA-PUEBLONUEVO A-342 Cerro del Castillo#%20Castillo FUENTE OBEJUNA#0 BELMEZ %2Castillo de Viandar en el Hoyo Río Guadiato VILLANUEVA DEL REY Cerro del Castillo%2 ESPIEL %2#0Castillo de Sierra del Castillo N-432 %2Obejo#0 CENTRAL TERMICA Atalaya de Lara Castillo Vacar %2 %2 VILLAVICIOSA%2 DE CORDOBA Río Guadalmellato Castillo Nevalo ADAMUZ #0 Río Bembézar CERRO MURIANO JARAS (LAS) #0 SOL (EL) LAS ERMITAS Río Retortillo SANTA MARIA DE TRASSIERRA DÑA.MANUELA SERRANÍA DEL SOL Torre del Ochavo !. BRILLANTE (EL) Cigarra Baja CÓRDOBA !. CÓRDOBA HORNACHUELOS INJERTO (EL) #%20Castillo Castillo POSADAS %2ALMODOVAR DEL RÍO A-342 Río Guadalquivir ERMITAS CASTILLOS N ESCALA 1:500.000 TORRES - REFERENTES VISUALES RED FERROVIARIA RÍOS La Sierra Morena Cordobesa es un territorio serrano con paisajes naturales muy EJES PRINCIPALES antropizados para actividades de agrosilvicultura, sobre todo ganaderas y forestales. La dehesa es el elemento paisajístico más significativo y tal vez el mejor DEMARCACIÓN ejemplo en el territorio andaluz del aprovechamiento y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. Las sierras atraviesan la provincia de este a oeste, separando la vega de Los Pedroches en un la zona oriental y central y prolongándose hacia el MEGALITISMO noroeste en el valle del Alto Guadiato. Las formas suaves y acolinadas conforman el paisaje del bosque aclarado y explotado de la encina y el alcornoque. MINERÍA Los pueblos se integran adecuadamente en el paisaje, con sus ruedos, caseríos ELEMENTOS DEFENSIVOS tradicionales e hitos religiosos que dan jerarquía a la mirada sobre ellos.
    [Show full text]
  • Glenda Y. Nieto-Cuebas ISSN 1540 5877 Ehumanista/Cervantes 8
    Glenda Y. Nieto-Cuebas 215 The Sierra Morena Episodes in Don Quixote, from Prose to Visual Narrative Glenda Y. Nieto-Cuebas (Ohio Wesleyan University) The Sierra Morena episodes in Part One of Don Quixote have been deemed some of the most fascinating and experimental narratives in Early Modern Spanish prose due to their multiple narrators and the manner in which these narrative voices are integrated flawlessly into the main story (Mancing, 118). Frederick A. de Armas states that, with the transition into the Sierra Morena episodes, a drastic transformation takes place as Cervantes’s “narrative moves from a linear tale into a labyrinth where many mysteries and narrative threads appear” (96). Unfortunately, this labyrinthine quality makes it very difficult to represent this section of Don Quixote in alternative media, especially in visual narratives. As we know, there have been endless attempts to render parts of the Quixote in film, music, poetry, theater, illustrations, cartoons, comics, graphic novels, and more.1 While some have been more successful than others, few have captured the ingenuity and intricacy of Cervantes’s prose, nor its ability to actively engage its audience. This article focuses on how the narrative intricacies of these episodes have been successfully addressed in The Complete Don Quixote (2013), a graphic novel illustrated by Rob Davis. I analyze how its structural and compositional elements meet the demands of the original text, which compels readers to actively follow the characters along the bumpy roads of Sierra Morena. I begin by briefly outlining what the comic and graphic novel art forms involve, and how the academic community has received Davis’s work.
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Morena De Huelva Y Riveras De Huelva Y Cala
    24 Sierra Morena de Huelva y riveras de Huelva y Cala 1. Identificación y localización El extremo occidental de Sierra Morena es un ámbito La condición fronteriza de esta demarcación ha añadido encuadrado dentro del área paisajística de las serranías dos componentes básicos: la escasa ocupación y la pre- de Baja Montaña, en la que predominan los relieves sencia de elementos defensivos de interés. Esto se apre- acolinados ocupados por dehesas dedicadas a la cría cia especialmente en la mitad occidental, dado que la del ganado porcino (verdadera marca de clase de este oriental posee una red de asentamientos más densa. sector). Esta vocación por las actividades agrosilvícolas, especialmente ganaderas y forestales, confiere un ca- La cercanía y mejora de las comunicaciones con Huelva rácter y personalidad fuertes a este ámbito de peque- y, sobre todo, Sevilla, ha provocado una demanda de se- ños pueblos bien integrados en el paisaje y cabeceras gundas residencias en este espacio que está empezando comarcales con grandes hitos paisajísticos (Aracena, a afectar los frágiles equilibrios sociales, culturales y pai- Cortegana, Aroche, etcétera). sajísticos de muchos municipios, sobre todo de los más cercanos a la carretera que enlaza Sevilla con Portugal. Reseñas patrimoniales en el Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de Andalucía (pota) Zonificación del POTA: Sierra de Aracena (dominio territorial de Sierra Morena-Los Pedroches) Referentes territoriales para la planificación y gestión de los bienes patrimoniales: red de centros históricos rurales
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Morena Path
    PROVINCE OF HUELVA ANDALUCÍA SIERRA MORENA PATH 1 Huelva -48 GR 8 Trail maps Scale 1:30000 and 1:50000 2 Huelva -48 Commissioned by and Copyright: GR ADIT Sierra Morena Calle Retama, 1 14350 Cerro Muriano-Obejo (Córdoba) 957350273 www.senderogr48.com [email protected] Produced by: Zumaya Ambiente Creativo Juan Relaño Moyano Gloria Pareja Cano Stela María Alcántara Guerrero (cartography) Pedro Peinado (graphic design & ilustration) Karmen Domínguez (translation) Illustrations: Zumaya Ambiente Creativo Abén Aljama pages 2, 17, 31 and 60 Aurora José Gallego page 13 GDR Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche pages 18, 24, 28, 29 and 68 Iván Gómez pages 36, 43 and 98 Nuria Cubas page 89 Reda Choho page 33 Juan Manuel Delgado Marzo pages 15, 34, 48, 49, 61, 62, 71, 72, 87 and 88 Rafael Romero Porrino pages 97 and 101 National Book Catalogue Number: XXXXXXXX PROVINCE OF HUELVA ANDALUCÍA SIERRA MORENA PATH LIST OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................... 4 3 Presentation .......................................................................... 6 Towns and Villages ...........................................................17 Stage 1. Barrancos-Encinasola ......................................... 31 Huelva Stage 2. Encinasola-Cumbres de San Bartolomé ..........40 -48 Stage 3. Cumbres de San Bartolomé -Cumbres Mayores...... 49 GR Stage 4. Cumbres Mayores-Hinojales ............................ 56 Stage 5. Hinojales-Arroyomolinos de León .................. 63 Stage 6. Arroyomolinos de León-Cala
    [Show full text]
  • The Iberian Variscan Orogen
    CHAPTER 1 THE IBERIAN VARISCAN OROGEN Aerial view of the tectonic repetition of limestone beds in the Láncara Formation, Primajas duplex structure of the Esla thrust (photo by J.L. Alonso) Martínez Catalán, J.R. Aller, J. Alonso, J.L. Bastida, F. Rocks of Upper Proterozoic to Carboniferous age - forming the Variscan or Hercynian orogen - crop out widely in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, in what is called the Iberian or Hesperian Massif. These deformed rocks, often metamorphosed and intruded by different types of granitoids, were witness to the great mountain range formed in the late Paleozoic, basically in the Late Devonian and Carboniferous (between 370 and 290 million years ago), by the convergence and collision of two major continents: Laurasia and Gondwana. The Iberian Massif constitutes a geological framework of global interest. It is unique due to the continuity of its exposures and because it displays excellent records allowing the analysis of continental crust features, the tectonic, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of orogens, and therefore provides enormously relevant data about the lithospheric dynamics during the latest Precambrian and the Paleozoic. The Variscan orogen forms the basement of the Figure 1. Scheme showing the position of the Iberian Iberian Peninsula and of most of western and central Peninsula in relation to the Appalachians and the Europe. A crustal basement is the result of an orog- Caledonian and Variscan belts. Modified from eny, that is, the consequence of a deep remobilization Neuman and Max (1989). of the continental crust caused by the convergence of plates, and is associated to uplift and the creation of relief.
    [Show full text]
  • PAISAJE DEL PASO DE DESPEÑAPERROS (Jaén) © IAPH
    PAISAJE DEL PASO DE DESPEÑAPERROS (Jaén) © IAPH Fecha de actualización: Diciembre, 2017 IDENTIFICACIÓN Y LOCALIZACIÓN Paisaje del Paso de Despeñaperros Santa Elena (Jaén) Siendo uno de los accesos naturales con mejores condi- ciones para su travesía entre Castilla-La Mancha y An- 21 dalucía, el paso de Despeñaperros describe un trayecto al 25 norte de la provincia de Jaén que ha sido intensamente 23 28 Córdoba 24 26 !P 7 Jaén utilizado desde época prehistórica. Localizado como un !P 3 6 gran eje norte-sur en el centro del actual parque natural 16 Sevilla 20 14 !P del mismo nombre, el ámbito del paisaje cultural queda Huelva 22 29 17 !P 8 Granada comprendido en el territorio montañoso de la Sierra Mo- !P 13 30 31 2 rena oriental que se extiende a este y oeste del camino, 1 Almería !P 11 4 15 27 !P entre el poblado de Venta de Cárdenas, al norte, y la 19 Málaga Cádiz !P 9 localidad de Santa Elena, al sur. 5 10 Z 18 Km El límite septentrional queda marcado por el curso de 0 50 100 !P los arroyos de Valdeazores y Cuchareros hasta llegar al Capitales de provincia Demarcaciones de Paisaje Cultural Localización del Paisaje de Interés Cultural sitio de Umbría Grande, desde donde sube por la ladera norte del monte Collado de los Jardines hasta alcanzar el cerro de Las Lagunillas. Desde este punto baja hacia el sur por la ladera oeste del cerro del Santo, des- cendiendo hasta tocar la conexión de los arroyos de la Hoz del Ramal y de La Oruga.
    [Show full text]
  • New Data on the Early Villafranchian Fauna from Vialette (Haute-Loire, France) Based on the Collection of the Crozatier Museum (Le Puy-En-Velay, Haute-Loire, France)
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary International 179 (2008) 64–71 New data on the Early Villafranchian fauna from Vialette (Haute-Loire, France) based on the collection of the Crozatier Museum (Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, France) Fre´de´ric Lacombata,Ã, Laura Abbazzib, Marco P. Ferrettib, Bienvenido Martı´nez-Navarroc, Pierre-Elie Moulle´d, Maria-Rita Palomboe, Lorenzo Rookb, Alan Turnerf, Andrea M.-F. Vallig aForschungsstation fu¨r Quata¨rpala¨ontologie Senckenberg, Weimar, Am Jakobskirchhof 4, D-99423 Weimar, Germany bDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita` di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy cICREA, A`rea de Prehisto`ria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili-IPHES, Plac-a Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain dMuse´e de Pre´histoire Re´gionale de Menton, Rue Lore´dan Larchey, 06500 Menton, France eDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita` degli Studi di Roma ‘‘La Sapienza’’, CNR, Ple. Aldo Moro, 500185 Roma, Italy fSchool of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moore University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK g78 rue du pont Guinguet, 03000 Moulins, France Available online 7 September 2007 Abstract Vialette (3.14 Ma), like Sene` ze, Chilhac, Sainzelles, Ceyssaguet or Soleilhac, is one of the historical sites located in Haute-Loire (France). The lacustrine sediments of Vialette are the result of a dammed lake formed by a basalt flow above Oligocene layers, and show a geological setting typical for this area, where many localities are connected with maar structures that have allowed intra-crateric lacustrine deposits to accumulate. Based on previous studies and this work, a faunal list of 17 species of large mammals has been established.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Notes on Carnivore Fossils from the Pliocene Udunga Fauna
    Notes on carnivore fossils from the Pliocene Udunga fauna, Title Transbaikal area, Russia Ogino, Shintaro; Nakaya, Hideo; Takai, Masanaru; Fukuchi, Author(s) Akira Citation Asian paleoprimatology (2009), 5: 45-60 Issue Date 2009 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199776 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Asian Paleoprimatology, vol. 5: 45-60 (2008) Kyoto University Primate Research Institute Notes on carnivore fossils from the Pliocene Udunga fauna, Transbaikal area, Russia Shintaro Ogino1*, Hideo Nakaya2, Masanaru Takai1, Akira Fukuchi2, 3 1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. Inuyama 484-8506, Japan 2Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan 3Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan *Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] Abstract We provide notes of carnivore fossils from the middle Pliocene Udunga fauna, Transbaikal area, Russia. The fossil carnivore assemblage consists of more than 200 specimens including eleven genera. Ursus, Parailurus, Parameles, and Ferinestrix are representative of the animals of thermophilic forest biotopes. On the other hand, Chasmaporthetes and Pliocrocuta are probably specialized in open environment. The prosperity both in foresal and semiarid carnivores indicate that the Udunga fauna is comprised of mosaic elements. Introduction The fauna dating back to the Pliocene in Udunga, Transbaikalia, Russia, comprises eleven species of mammals, such as rodents, lagomorphs, carnivores, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, and elephants (Kalmykov, 1989, 1992, 2003; Kalmykov and Maschenko, 1992, 1995 Vislobokova et al., 1993, 1995;; Erbajeva et al., 2003). The Udunga site is located on the left bank of the Temnik River, the tributary of the Selenga River in the vicinity of Udunga village (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • The Iron-Ore Resources of Europe
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 706 THE IRON-ORE RESOURCES OF EUROPE BY MAX ROESLER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 CONTENTS. Page. Preface, by J. B. Umpleby................................................. 9 Introduction.............................................................. 11 Object and scope of report............................................. 11 Limitations of the work............................................... 11 Definitions.........................:................................. 12 Geology of iron-ore deposits............................................ 13 The utilization of iron ores............................................ 15 Acknowledgments...................................................... 16 Summary................................................................ 17 Geographic distribution of iron-ore deposits within the countries of new E urope............................................................. 17 Geologic distribution................................................... 22 Production and consumption.......................................... 25 Comparison of continents.............................................. 29 Spain..................................................................... 31 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 31 Cantabrian Cordillera............................................. 31 The Pyrenees....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Los Rasgos Fundamentales Del Relieve Peninsular
    Tema 1: Los rasgos fundamentales del relieve peninsular: - Las grandes unidades morfoestructurales - Los tipos y formas de relieve dominantes Geografía de España, 2º de Bachillerato Maite Echeverría y Paloma Ibarra Orientación de contenidos Índice 0.- Introducción: ideas básicas. Anexo 1 1.- Características de la topografía peninsular (rasgo del relieve) 2.- Evolución tectónica de “lo que será la España Peninsular”. Anexo 2 3.- Litología. Anexo 3 4.- Dispositivo tectónico del relieve 5.- Tipos de formas de relieve dominantes: 5.1. Relieves estructurales en relación con el dispositivo tectónico 5.2. Relieves en función del tipo de modelado 6.- Grandes unidades morfoestructurales 0.- Introducción: ideas básicas El relieve habitualmente es el primer tema de cualquier Geografía de… ¿cuál es la razón?. El relieve es el escenario de la actividad del hombre y del resto de los elementos geográficos. Sus características condicionan las relaciones territoriales y, a su vez, están ligadas al resto de los componentes territoriales como el clima, la vegetación, las aguas, los usos del suelo… y esto se aborda bajo un punto de vista geográfico, de interconexión espacial. El relieve es el conjunto de formas que presenta un determinado territorio (planeta, continente, país, región,…). El relieve agrupa las formas destacadas y las formas deprimidas, las formas abruptas y las formas llanas, TODO ES RELIEVE. La ciencia que estudia el relieve es la Geomorfología (análisis de las formas de la Tierra). Cualquier relieve es el resultado del esculpido del sustrato
    [Show full text]