Crash Warning System Interfaces: Human Factors Insights and Lessons Learned
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DOT HS 810 697 January 2007 Crash Warning System Interfaces: Human Factors Insights and Lessons Learned Final Report This document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. HS 810 697 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date January 2007 Crash Warning System Interfaces: Human Factors Insights and Lessons Learned 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. John L. Campbell, Christian M. Richard, James L. Brown, Marvin McCallum 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Battelle Center for Human Performance and Safety 1100 Dexter Avenue N., Suite 1000 11. Contract or Grant No. Seattle, WA 98109 TNH22-02-D-02104 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NVS-331 400 Seventh Street SW. Washington, DC 20590 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The goal of this project has been to develop human factors insights and lessons learned for crash warning devices that emphasize driver performance and safety. The project reflects an important review of the human factors literature associated with the effective implementation of crash warning system interfaces; the lessons learned from this literature were characterized in terms of guidelines for interface design and driver performance. This document is intended to highlight issues to be addressed and provide guidance in the development of Collision Warning Systems (CWSs); the guidelines presented here reflect the best-available human factors information, and are neither requirements nor mandates. Information is presented on a variety of topics relevant to the driver-vehicle interface (DVI) of CWS devices. Chapters 2 through 11 contain the design guidelines produced through this effort. Chapter 2 provides general guidelines for CWS design, and focuses on issues associated with levels of warning and the prioritization of warnings, as well as recommendations for preventing false and nuisance alarms. Chapter 3 provides guidelines for presenting auditory warnings and focuses on the selection and design of various options for auditory warnings, including simple tones, earcons, auditory icons, and speech messages. Chapter 4 provides guidelines for visual warnings, focusing on recommendations for using visual displays and on determining the most appropriate visual display. Chapter 5 provides guidelines for haptic warnings, focusing on recommendations for using haptic displays and on determining the most appropriate haptic warnings. Chapter 6 provides a set of guidelines for selecting and designing user controls for CWS devices. Chapters 7, 8, and 9 provide–respectively–guidelines for forward collision (headway warning), lane change (blind spot warning) and road departure warnings; each of these chapters provides guidance on developing both cautionary and imminent warnings, as well as device-specific guidance for visual, auditory, and haptic warnings. Chapter 10 provides a series of guidelines specific to heavy truck and bus applications. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Human Factors, Collision Warning Systems, Driver- Vehicle Interface 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 179 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Table of Contents Page CHAPTER 1. HOW TO USE THESE DESIGN GUIDELINES................................................1-1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1-1 THE TWO-PAGE FORMAT ..................................................................................................1-2 THE LEFT-HAND PAGE.......................................................................................................1-3 THE RIGHT-HAND PAGE ....................................................................................................1-5 OTHER FEATURES...............................................................................................................1-6 APPLICATION OF THESE GUIDELINES TO HEAVY TRUCKS AND BUSES..............1-6 CHAPTER 2. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CWS DESIGN.................................................2-1 How to Select the Number of Warning Stages........................................................................2-2 How to Prioritize Multiple Warnings ......................................................................................2-4 How to Integrate Warning Systems .........................................................................................2-6 How to Make Warnings Compatible with Driver Responses..................................................2-8 How to Prevent False or Nuisance Warnings ........................................................................2-10 Warning Timing.....................................................................................................................2-12 CHAPTER 3. AUDITORY WARNINGS...................................................................................3-1 When to Use Auditory Warnings.............................................................................................3-2 Determining the Appropriate Auditory Signal ........................................................................3-4 Desired Characteristics of Auditory ICWs ..............................................................................3-6 Desired Characteristics of Auditory CCWs.............................................................................3-8 Desired Characteristics of Speech-Based Warnings..............................................................3-10 Perceived Urgency and Annoyance of Auditory Warnings...................................................3-12 CHAPTER 4. VISUAL WARNINGS .........................................................................................4-1 When to Use Visual Warnings.................................................................................................4-2 Determining the Appropriate Type of Visual Display.............................................................4-4 Desired Characteristics of Visual ICWs ..................................................................................4-6 Desired Characteristics of Visual CCWs.................................................................................4-8 General Characteristics of Visual ICWs and CCWs .............................................................4-10 CHAPTER 5. HAPTIC WARNINGS .........................................................................................5-1 When to Use Haptic Warnings ................................................................................................5-2 Determining the Appropriate Display Type for Haptic ICWs.................................................5-4 Desired Characteristics of Haptic ICWs..................................................................................5-6 iii CHAPTER 6. CONTROLS USED IN CWS DEVICES.............................................................6-1 Selection of Control Type........................................................................................................6-2 Control Movement Compatibility............................................................................................6-4 Control Coding ........................................................................................................................6-6 Labels for Controls ..................................................................................................................6-8 Specific Guidelines for Design of CWS Controls .................................................................6-10 CHAPTER 7. FORWARD COLLISION WARNING SYSTEMS.............................................7-1 Design of ICWs for FCW Systems..........................................................................................7-2 Design of CCWs for FCW Systems ........................................................................................7-4 Design of Visual, Auditory, and Haptic Warnings for ICWs..................................................7-6 CHAPTER 8. LANE CHANGE WARNING SYSTEMS...........................................................8-1 Design of ICWs for LCW Systems..........................................................................................8-2 Design of CCWs for LCW Systems ........................................................................................8-4 Design of Visual, Auditory, and Haptic Warnings for LCW systems.....................................8-6 CHAPTER 9. ROAD DEPARTURE WARNING SYSTEMS ...................................................9-1 Design of Lane Drift Warning ICWs for RDCW Systems......................................................9-2 Design of Lane Drift Warning CCWs for RDCW Systems ....................................................9-4 Design of Curve Speed Warning ICWs for RDCW Systems..................................................9-6 Design of Curve Speed Warning CCWs for RDCW Systems.................................................9-9 CHAPTER 10. APPLICATION TO HEAVY TRUCKS AND BUSES...................................10-1 Large Vehicle CWS Display and Enunciator Location.........................................................10-2