Intervention Status Mapping of Churia Region: Concept and Scope

(Final Report)

Submitted to

Rastrapati Chure Conservation Programme Coordination Unit Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation Babarmahal, Kathmandu

Prepared By Dr. Anjana Giri Ms. Prabina Rana Dr. Bimala Devkota Mr. Bishwanath Yadav

Other team members Mr. Ishwor Prasad Khanal Dr. Jay Kant Raut Mr. Pradeep Bhattarai

Biological Resources Unit Faculty of Science Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Khumaltar, Kathmandu Nepal

August 2012 Table of Contents

Acronyms...... 3

1. Background ...... 6

2. Rationale...... 7

3. Methodology...... 7

4. Review of the major developmental/research activities of organizations...... 10

International organizations ...... 10 Practical Action, Nepal ...... 10 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ...... 11 Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) Nepal ...... 13 Enabling State Programme (ESP)...... 18 Satellite projects conducted by ESP ...... 19 Department for International Development (DFID)...... 21 United Nation Development Fund (UNDP) ...... 22 SNV-Netherlands Development Organisation, Nepal (SNV) ...... 26 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Nepal...... 28 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ...... 30 German Development Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) ...... 30 The International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)...... 31

National organizations...... 31 Environment and Public Health Organisation (ENPHO) ...... 31 Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation...... 33 Department of Forest (DoF)...... 33 Biodiversity Sector Programme for Siwaliks and (BISEP-ST)...... 33 Leasehold Forest and Livestock Program (LFLP)...... 34 Livelihood and Forestry Programme (LFP)...... 34 Community Forestry Programme ...... 35

1 Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP) ...... 35 Department of Forest Research and Survey...... 36 Department of Plant Resources...... 37 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wetlands in Nepal (CSUWN)...... 38 Biodiversity Profile Project...... 40 Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management (DSCWM)...... 40 Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) ...... 41 Ministry of Agriculture...... 42 Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)...... 43 Resources Himalaya Foundation ...... 44 Nepal Forum of Environment Journalist (NEFEJ) ...... 45 Alliance Nepal ...... 46 Forest Resource Studies and Action Team (Forest Action) Nepal...... 46 Community Self Reliance Centre ...... 47 Ministry of Local Developments ...... 48 National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC)...... 48 Tribhuvan University (TU)...... 50 The Federation of community Forestry Users, Nepal (FECOFUN)...... 50 Individual research works carried out in the Churia region...... 51

5. Overall Analysis of the activities ...... 53

6. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 54

7. Limitations...... 55

8. Publications ...... 60

ANNEX ...... 75

2 Acronyms ADB : Asian Development Bank AEPC : Alternative Energy Promotion Center AusAID : Australia Agency for International Development BBC : British Broadcasting Corporation BCN : Bird Conservation Nepal BISEP-ST : Biodiversity Sector Programme for Siwaliks and Terai BNP : Bardia National Park CARE : Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CDM : Clean Development Mechanism CRES : Churia Region Environmental Study CAPs : Churia Area Program Strategy CAWST : Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology CBOs : Community Based Organizations CDM : Clean Development Mechanism CEPA : Conservation, Education, Participation and Awareness CFM : Community Forest Management CFOPs : Community Forest Operational Plan CFUGs : Community forest User Groups ChFDP : Churia Forest Development Project CHULI : Churia Livelihood Improvement Program CHUNAUTI : Addressing Child Marriage in Nepal through Behavior Change Communication and Social Mobilization CNP : CSC : Community Self Reliance Centre CSRC : Community Self-Reliance Centre CSUWN : Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wetlands in Nepal DADO : District Agricultural Development Office DANIDA : Danish International Development Agency DDCs : District Development Committees DGIS : Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs DFID : Department for International Development DNF : Dalit NGO Federation DNPWC : Department of National Parks and Wild life Conservation DOA : Department of Agriculture DOF : Department of Forests DPR : Department of Plant Resources DSCWM : Department of Soil conservation and Watershed Management ECN : Election Commission of Nepal

3 ENPHO : Environment and Public Health Organization ENPROS : Environment Protection Society ESP : Enabling State Programme EU : European Union FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization FRA : Forest Resource Assessment FM : Frequency Modulation FECOFUN : Federation of community Forestry Users, Nepal GEF : Global Environment Facility GIS : Geographic Information System GIZ : Germany Development Agency for International Cooperation GLA : Lake Area GOF : Government of Finland GoN : Government of Nepal HHs : House Holds HLFFDP : Hills Leasehold Forest and Livestock Programme HUCODAN : Human Rights and Community Development Academy Nepal HUDEP : Human Development and Environment Protection Forum ICIMOD : International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development IEC : Informational, Educational and Communicational IEE : Initial Environment Examination IFAD : International Fund for Agriculture Development ILC : International Land Coalition INGOs : International Non Governmental Organizations IRD : Inland Revenue Department IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature JANSEEP : Janajatis Social and Economic Empowerment Project JIWAN : Jaladh Integrated Watershed and Natural Resource Management KTWR : Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve KTWRBZ : Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve Buffer Zone LFLP : Leasehold Forest and Livestock Programme LFP : Livlihood and Forest Programme LI-BIRD : Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development LIP : Livelihood Improvement Plan MAPs : Medicinal and aromatic plants MCTPM : The Madhesh/ Terai Community Mediation Project MoFSC : Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation MuAN : Municipal Association of Nepal NARC : National Agricultural Research Council NAST : Nepal Academy of Science and Technology

4 NCDC : Namsaling Committee Development Center NEDCO : Nepal Energy Development Company NEFEJ : Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalist NRs : Nepali Rupees NTFPs : Non Timber Forest Products NTNC : National Trust for Natural Conservation PES : Payment for Environmental System POU : Point of Use PVSE : Poor Vulnerable and Socially Excluded RDIF : Rights, Democracy and Inclusion Fund REDD : Reduction of Emission from degradation and deforestation REMREC : Resource Management and Rural Empowerment Centre RIMS : Resource Inventory and Management Society, Nepal RSBP : Royal Society for Protection of Birds, UK SAGA : Social and Geographical Audit SAEENO : Strengthening Action for Empowerment of Women through Economic SAGUN : Strengthened Action for Governance in Utilization of Natural Resources SAHAMATI : Institution Dedicated for Community plus Humane Development SAKCHAM : Women Empowerment for Transformation in the Churia Area Opportunities SANDEC : Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries SDC : Swiss Development Cooperation SGP : Small Grant Programme SNV : Netherlands Development Organization SPCBN : Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal STEN : Save the Environment of Nepal TA : Technical Assistance TAL : TOT : Training for Trainer TOR : Terms of References USAID : United States Agency for International Development US $ : United States Dollar UNDP : United Nation Development Project UN HABITAT: United Nation Human Settlements UNICEF : United Nation Children Fund VDCs : Village Development Committees VER : Voluntary Emissions Reduction WIAM : Wetlands Inventory, Assessment and Monitoring WIK : Wetlands Indigenous Knowledge WLTCP : Western Terai Landscape Complex Project

5 1. Background

The Churia (Siwalik) region is one of the major physiographic regions of Nepal (Figure 1 & 2). Churia landscape comprises 36 districts and extends from east to west coving 13.6. % of the total landscape of the country (Table 1) and is regarded as home to about 60% of the total population of the country. It has significant social, ecological environmental and palentological values as this region provides important source of biodiversity, fossils and a basis for knowledge on evolution of Asia fauna. Bhabar (footslope) is a unique ecological zone which recharges water for flat lands (Terai).

Despite its significant importance, the fragile landscape of Churia region is degrading at an alarming rate due to increased human pressure (livestock grazing, timber smuggling, illegal tree felling, etc). Consequently, these have accelerated the loss of soil and biodiversity, floods, riverbank cutting and decrease in farm land productivity and have left poverty and land degradation as a landmark.

Since late 1970s, government and non governmental organizations were actively engaged in various activates for the reduction of poverty and protection of landscape from further degradation. Government of Nepal realized the importance of Churia region and identified it as countries priority program in the tenth five years development plan (2002-2007). The alarming degradation of Churia region also drew attention of president of Nepal. To protect the Churia from further degradation and to rehabilitate the degraded land, Rastrapati Chure Conservation Coordination Unit was established under the MoFSC in 2009.

Despite the pain staking efforts, the problem is still there. The consequences might be due to lack of composite information of different intervention agencies and coordination among them. So, it is high time to find out the root causes which have created the knowledge gap. Rastrapati Chure Conservation Program Coordination Unit (RCCPCU) has taken initiation for this work. In this regard, RCCPCU identified Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) for the documentation of the major activities that was carried out by various organizations involved in the Churia region.The present work on intervention status mapping of Churia region is in dire need which will help to compile the comprehensive list of work carried out in the Churia region.

6 The mapping will be instrumental for the development of future plans, collaboration and coordination among institutions/organization to protect Churia landscape from further degradation.

2. Rationale

The intervention status mapping will support to make the scientific decision for the smooth inter- agency collaboration and coordination mechanisms. The identified appropriate model of various organizations can be scaled up by exchanging information. Presently, the RCCP program is planning to find ways of multi-sectoral intervention to address multiple issues for the restoration, rehabilitation and conservation of Churia region. Furthermore, the status mapping will guide to prepare sound planning, implementation, collaboration and coordination mechanism for the Rastrapati Chure Conservation Programme (RCCP).

3. Methodology

The Institutions involved in the Churia, Bhabar and Terai management program were identified. The prepared information data sheet was revised according to the terms of References (TOR) as provided by RCCP and was distributed to concerned organizations to collect information about the activities that have been carried out in the Churia region (Annex 1). Additionally, reports, books, booklets, brochure, etc were also collected. On the basis of the collected information, the report was prepared.

7 Table 1. List of districts which fall under the Churia region Area in hectare SN District Churia Total area Duns Tarai Middle mountains hills 1 Arghakhanchi 123907 45975 439 196 77297 2 Banke 188226 71082 117144 3 Bara 127261 15709 111552 4 Bardiya 200353 62494 137859 5 Bhojpur 152674 63 0 152612 6 Chitwan 223972 65920 122702 58 35292 7 Dadeldhura 150610 42485 0 108126 8 Dang 300341 145604 97080 0 57657 9 Dhankuta 90095 563 0 89532 10 Dhanusha 118965 30359 88606 11 Doti 205448 3801 0 201647 12 Ilam 16919 41019 4367 123734 13 Jhapa 160950 3576 157374 14 Kailali 329300 132267 195053 1980 15 Kanchanpur 162182 18979 143203 16 Kapilvastu 165116 18897 146219 17 Kavreplanchwok 139188 660 0 138528 18 Lalitpur 39576 588 0 13988 19 Mahottari 100136 14738 85398 20 Makawanpur 244967 112106 28520 0 104341 21 Morang 182734 16421 149992 16320 22 Nawalparasi 215193 66377 48326 58954 41536 23 Palpa 146190 25070 0 121120 24 Parsa 140648 28896 111735 16 25 Pyuthan 132090 3052 0 129038 26 Rautahat 103655 7918 95736 27 Rupandehi 130447 16248 114200 28 Salyan 193747 38334 0 155412 29 Saptari 128649 17240 613 110796 30 Sarlahi 126463 18971 107493 31 Sindhuli 248349 143401 0 104949 32 Siraha 114057 18599 95458 33 Sunsari 119457 9256 108471 1729 34 Surkhet 248852 110878 4964 0 133011 35 Tanahu 157184 123 439 0 156622 36 Udaypur 258079 90038 56084 16986 94971 Total 6038357 1437466 359267 2156998 2084625 Source: CRES, DSCWM proceeding 2010

8

Figure 1. Churia landscape extending East to West

Source: CRES, DSCWM proceeding 2010

Figure 2. Location of Churia in between Mahabharat range and Terai region.

Source: WWF Nepal.

9 4. Review of the major developmental/research activities of organizations

International organizations

Practical Action, Nepal Practical Action Nepal was established in 1998 however it worked in Nepal from 1979, in the micro-hydro sector. Subsequently, it expanded its working area from micro-hydro to other forms of renewable energy and new technology areas of agro-processing, rural transport and disaster management. Specifically, livestock, agriculture, natural resource management, health and sanitation, and energy are operational areas. The main partner includes local government, NGOs, CBOs and private organizations at all level. Out of 17 districts, 7 districts fall under the Churia region (Kailali, Banke, Bardiya, Rupedi, Nawalparsi and Chitwan and Tanahu). Practical action is working in the following themes (2007-2012), Securing food for the poor, reducing risk from disaster and climate change, minimizing impacts of conflict to improve access to market, increasing rural productivity, sustainable urban environment and healthy homes.

‘Securing food for the poor’ program aims to decrease the vulnerability of disadvantaged and marginalized communities by increasing the skills of the communities on improved natural resources management, water management, access to land etc. The program also addresses the income generation activities by promoting the local agro-products and optimizing marketing network. Further it promotes technologies such as wire-bridge, gravity goods ropeways, bicycle ambulance and trailer. The health conditions of women and children were upgraded by improving the indoor air quality, household sanitation, quality of drinking water, sustainable waste management and sanitation in urban areas. The livelihood of socially excluded communities of Churia was improved by facilitated by forming a lease hold farmers group and proving financial assistance.

Practical Action disseminates information on climate change issues, health, disaster risk management, water, solid waste management and energy through publications. The major published booklets are Inventory of innovative indoor air pollution alleviating technologies in Nepal, Temporal and spatial variability of climate change over Nepal (1976-2005), Impacts of Climate change: Voices of people. Jal wayu pariwartan jankari pustika, Gharbitra ko wayu pradushan ko manaw swasthama asar bare: abhimukhikaran pustika, Nepal ma prakop

10 byawasthapan: sudharko awasyakta, Samuhagat shallow tubewell nirman ra sancalan:jankari pustika, Best practices of solid waste management of Nepalese cities, poor people's energy outlook, 2010, understanding disaster management in practice with reference to Nepal.

Based on the lessons learnt from the past experiences, practical action is working in the field of climate change especially climate induced disaster risk reduction, increasing adaptive capacity of the communities to climate change through crop diversification, water resource and natural resource management.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) IUCN has been assisting conservation efforts in Nepal since late 1960s. IUCN works to enhance ecosystem conditions and the well-being of people. It aims to influence people’s attitudes and behaviours on how they interact with the natural environment. With strong support from civil society, government and donors, IUCN has been able to contribute greatly in linking conservation with better livelihoods, mobilizing local communities and generating tangible results to promote biodiversity conservation, environmental justice and sustainable livelihoods in Nepal. IUCN Nepal's overall approach is based on three strategies Knowledge, empowerment and governance.

The overall long term objectives of IUCN are biodiversity conservation, environmental justice and sustainable livelihood of the people. IUCN have identified major intervention areas (2006- 2020) such as landscape level biodiversity conservation, forest biodiversity conservation through community participation, eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, promotion of gender equality of women and environmental sustainability in Siwalik range of Doti and Ilam districts.

On benefit sharing issues, it provides incentives to poor and marginalized household for the management of MAPs and NTFPs to increase their economic status. The demonstration sites were established in Doti to teach farmers about the sustainable management of MAPs including plantation, harvesting and storing. Further, for the effective and equitable management of conservation of landscape, better governance system have also been formulated for local stakeholders. The economic valuation of Churia ecosystem was demonstrated by providing

11 information of ecosystem management and supporting decision making mechanism. This program is a joint project of IUCN, WWF and CARE, Nepal.

IUCN conducted studies in Chanju/ Bagdwar watershed in Illam district, Jalad watershed in , Banganga watershed in Arghakachi/ and Kandra watershed in . The focus of the study was on economic value of water and forest resources, and payment for environmental services (PES).

Conservation of critical ecosystem in Siwalik (Six VDC of Ilam namely Sakpara, Mahamai, Chulachuli, Danabari, Chasapani and Banjho) programme aims to build the capacity of community forest user group, women's group and flood control committees for the conservation of biodiversity, minimization of further ecological degradation, effective management of watershed, promotion of green income generation and alternative energy technologies. Further they are working for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands (Koshi Tappu wildlife reserve and Ghodaghodi lake complex, a joint venture with MFSC, GEF, US$4 million) by undertaking a combination of building institutional capacity, enhancing collaborative management and linking practices into policy. Rhino conservation project "Save Rhino"(Chitwan and Bardia National Park and Shuklaphanta Wild Life Reserve) a joint conservation program with DNPWC, NTNC, WWF and IUCN is a good example of sustainable long term program for the conservation of one horned Asian rhino and the grassland. Further, a consultative workshop was organized on January 6, 2012 to review the national conservation strategy 1988. IUCN, Nepal is generating awareness to the local communities and school children about conservation and natural resources management issues. Some of the published booklets are Ekikrit Jaladar samrachan tatha bewastapan yojana , Batawaran shrot sangalo: Churia samrahchan , Prakritik shrot bewastapan , etc.

A study on the Economic Evaluation of the Churia Region is a joint study of IUCN Nepal, WWF Nepal and CARE Nepal. The overall objectives of this project are to estimate the value of key goods and services provided in Churia hill regions to local actors (both upstream and downstream). The project further helped to explore the possibilities of developing mechanism to raise financial resources for the sustainable management of the region and to overcome the

12 current financial and economic constraints to conservation. The studies revealed that well of families are involved for the degradation of forest resources than the poor families. Forest resources constituted about 13 % of the total household income. Besides this a huge amount of timber is being extracted for commercial purposes by some local people as well as distant people through a well established mafia. To sustain livelihoods of local communities and for the benefit of downstream, illegal collection and over extraction of resources have to be controlled. The report also highlighted the issues regarding the handing over of national forest to community especially in those areas which are rich in NTFPs to provide incentives to the local communities. Even though there are an array of policies and regulations for the management of Churia area but still the conservation of Churia has not been achieved due to inadequate understanding of the inherent complex nature of its problem. Integrated approach is needed to address these issues.

Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) Nepal

Care Nepal has been working in Nepal since 2000, to deal with the primary causes of poverty, conflict and vulnerability through the promotion of gender and social inclusion, rights based approach and social mobilization. Different programmes are running in different localities of Nepal including Churia region in partnership with local NGOs, networks, federations and community groups. It executes various activities to increase rural communities' capacity to plan, manage and implement activities on their own through capacity building and places special emphasis on involving poor, vulnerable and socially excluded groups such as women, dalits and marginalized groups in local development processes.

Churia Livelihood Improvement Program (CHULI) (2007-2013), funded by CARE Denmark was established with the view to reduce the anthropogenic pressure on Churia by diversifying livelihood options, generating awareness, improvement of forest stocks and good governance among NRM groups, community land management and empowerment. The program aims to improve the livelihood security of poor vulnerable and socially excluded people in Salahi, Mahottari and Dhanusha districts. It also targets civil society organizations, district line agencies and political parties. The working partners are FECOFUN, CSRC and MTR. CHULI has worked to increase the livelihood options for poor, vulnerable and excluded people by improving their skills, providing income opportunities, equitable management and utilization of natural resources

13 and adaptation against disaster. Gender equality is the crosscutting issue of all CARE projects. The projects provide common platform for women to organize door to door campaign, training on leadership skills, women rights and land tenure. Disaster risk committee has been formed in 16 VDCs. The project also facilitated for the development and implementation of community based disaster risk management plan by constructing 13 safe shelters. It also facilitated the preparation of community based adaptation plans for 22 communities.

Churia Watershed Management Project has been designed jointly by CARE-Nepal and the Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management. The project (2001-2006) was carried out with the assistance of CARE Denmark and DANIDA. The local implementing agency was Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management and was carried out in Churia hills and downstream regions of Sarlahi and Mahottari. It aims to enhance the livelihood security of communities by improving forestry practices, soil and water conservation, sustainable management of the natural resources and agricultural production. The positive outputs were strengthening of institutional and local capacity for the improvement of the livelihood, sustainable resources management, promotion of farming practices and conservation of soil and water.

CARE Nepal is working to reduce child mortality and to improve maternal health. Till 2010, 1,500 men and women were trained on maternal and child health to create awareness among mothers and young girls through home visits. Likewise 4,328 individuals were made aware about HIV/AIDS and basic health services.

Women Empowerment for Transformation in the Churia Area (SAKCHAM)(2007-2009) was funded by CARE Osterreich and conducted in Chitwan (VDCs: Gardi, Baghauda, Kalyanpur and Ayodhyapuri) Makwanpur (VDCs: Chhatiwan, Phaparbari, Raigaun, and Dhiyal), Sarlahi (VDCs: Karmaiya, Atrauli, Saasapur, Naryankhola, Patharkot, Bhaktipur, Hariwon, Lalbandi, Parwanipur, Ranigunj, Netragunj, Kalinjor, Dhungrkhola) and Mahottari (VDCs:Badribas, Gauribas, Khayarmara and Maisthan). Local implementing partners were NGOs (Kalika Community Women Development Centre, Chitwan; Rural Women Service Centre, Makwanpur; Bal Samrachhana Sanstha, Alliances, Civil societies). SAKCHAM worked to enhance the skill

14 and capacities of PVSE women by empowering them to exercise their rights. The project empowered women basically on accessing social, political and legal rights related information, tools and techniques.

CARE Nepal supports the implementation of policy changes at the community level and monitors their impact. It gives suggestions to the Government for more pragmatic policies, strategies and practices for sustainable management of the Churia hill resources and the livelihood of the inhabitants.

The major components of Churia Area Program Strategy (CAPS) (2002-2008) were to formulate conservation strategies of Churia region, sharing of resources among the resource dependant people in an equitable way, support district forestry sector plan preparation (Mahottari and Sarlahi districts) and initiate pilot programs (Mahottari and Sarlahi) like degraded land rehabilitation, participatory forest management and support land rights. The strategy has enabled the establishment of local ownership and effective management over non-biological natural resources (water, sand, boulders), facilitated VDCs, DDCs, NGOs, private sector, government authorities for the effective protection of forests, development of comprehensive district level land use plan, on-farm participatory action research, river management policy and guidelines. Another key component of this strategy is to improve the social conditions by modifying farming practices, identifying appropriate technologies for the consumption of forest products, water, solar energy and biogas, etc. The strategy addressed the issues related to integrating potential business enterprises like floriculture, orchid farming, wild life farming, livestock, non timber forest product etc, in community forest, livelihood forest, private forest and buffer zone community forest. Additionally, CAPS identified incentive mechanisms for the local communities through biodiversity conservation and management of seasonal 'goths' in ecologically vulnerable areas (unstable slopes, active flood plains). These practices further helped to institutionalize the incentives to promote alternative energy, fodder and forest production, veterinary services and rangeland management. CAPS also dealt with the issues related to the regulation of wild life population, human wild life conflict mitigation and maintenance of biological corridors for wildlife. Under promoting ecosystem resilience, CAPS documented forest fire prevention and control mechanisms and promoted agro forestry and

15 sustainable use of land, water and forest resources. CAP was successful in achieving its objectives and expected results to a larger extent.

Strengthened Action for Governance in Utilization of Natural Resources (SAGUN) (2002-2006) was funded by USAID to foster grass root democracy through democratic and sustainable management of natural resources. This program was implemented by CARE Nepal in collaboration with WWF Nepal, RIMS Nepal and FECOFUN in Bardiya National Park buffer Zone community forest. The major component of this program was to strengthen biodiversity monitoring (quality of forest cover, incidence of encroachment, wild life movements, population group and wildlife induced social casualties) through community participatory approach. The study generated database of flora and fauna within the buffer zone community forest which assisted to control the consumption of fuel-wood, timber and NTFPs. Likewise, it helped to mitigate the issues related to agricultural crop damage, livestock depredation and injuries caused by wild life. The project also built the capacity of local communities to understand the wild life behaviors, movement and population trends. Further, it generated trust and cooperation between the park officials and buffer zone community users.

Addressing Child Marriage in Nepal through Behavior Change Communication and Social Mobilization (CHUNUATI) (2008-2011) was funded by USAID's women in development office. The project addresses child marriage through behavior change and communication. The project is concentrated in Dhanusha, Mahottari and Rupendehi districts and facilitated to form child marriage eradication committees, peer educators groups and girls club. These groups worked to bring an end to child marriage, dowry and gender based problems faced by women. Seventy schools based anti GBV forum and 210 ward level young girls club with 1050 members have been formed and trained. Presently, the project is working to eradicate child marriage by creating awareness about the adverse effects of child marriage and GBV.

Jalad Integrated Watershed and Natural Resources management (JIWAN) II contributes to natural resources management at household, community and watershed level encouraging sustainable management of upstream and downstream communities. Thirty three farmers have been oriented on agro-forestry practices, increased productivity of legume crops, river bank

16 conservation and plantation management. This has led to collaboration with District Soil Conservation Office for the preparation of 5 sub watershed management plan. Additionally, the project also contributed in preparation of policy and scientific studies on the vulnerability status of Jalad with the support of President's office and DSCWM. The project constructed 3,890 meter of dike along Jalad river to prevent erosion, 8,700 trees were planted in 35.5 hectare of private lands, around 9 ha of land were reclaimed through plantation. The project constructed girl's toilet in five schools of Jalad watershed in Dhanusa, leading to a significant increase in the enrollment of girl students.

Jalad Integrated Watershed and Natural Resources Management (JIWAN) (2007) was conducted with the help of three Danish alliance partners, CARE Denmark, Danish Forest Extension and Danish Folk High Schools Association. It is being implemented in the Jalad river in Dhanusha. The overall objectives of this program were to contribute towards sustainable livelihood of the local people, improved land use and policy dialogue for sustainable management of water resources at the community level. Hazard mapping of Jalad Khola basin was prepared which includes hazard caused by landslide, debris flow, gully erosion, land degradation, bank cutting, river shift and sheet flood. Likewise, the socioeconomic background of the watershed considering the human dimensions of hazard eg. resource management, livelihood vulnerability and impacts were also assessed. JIWAN identified gully erosion as one of the major problems in Jalad watershed area. Micro watershed conservation program was established to control gully erosion in Madhubasha but effectiveness of this program has not been assessed.

Janajatis Social and Economic Empowerment project (JANSEEP) strives to empower three highly marginalized janjatis (Thami, Surel and Dhanuk) by integrating right based advocacy with livelihood in Dhanusha. It further focused its activities on skill development and enterprise development. A number of scholarships were granted to Janjati students. Women's Savings and Cooperatives were established to ensure the long term sustainability of the micro-credits. Women have been receiving non formal education from established reflect centers.

Strengthening Actions for Empowerment of Women through Economic Opportunities (SAEENO) and SAMANTA worked in to form Madhesi Dalit women group

17 to advocate their rights. The objective of SAMANATA project was to make Madheshi dalit women aware about their rights. The project has been successful in generating awareness about their rights and boosting their confidences. European Union was the main funding agency and the project has already phased out. To continue similar activities, SAEENO project was established to empower Madhesi dalit women economically. The partner organization was Legal Aid and Research Centre, which facilitated the implementation of project in Nawalparasi. Till 2010, forty nine dalit women groups have been registered under district agricultural development office (DADO) and are benefited e.g. small water pumps were distributed to 13 women groups of 5 VDCs.

Education is a major cross cutting issue for CARE Nepal. The program conducted in Doti emphasized in creating enabling and encouraging learning environment for students that led to increase in school enrollments particularly for girls, upgraded physical facilities of schools (54 schools) by constructing new buildings, toilet, drinking water supplies and providing furniture.

Enabling State Programme (ESP) The Enabling State Programme (ESP) is a joint project of GoN and DFID and worked from 2001 to 2008. The project focuses on pro-poor governance. The project extracted wide ranges of innovative and endemic ideas from local agencies, governmental and non-governmental organizations, private sectors as well as individuals to support governance focused initiatives. The working partners are NGOs and their federations, government agencies and individual professional. ESP worked on four major themes namely state policies and systems, voice and accountability, strengthening the capacity of civil society organizations and state institutions and information and evidence for policy influence and accountability. Beside its own mandate ESP also looks after DFID's works at the central governmental level. Geographically ESP works on more than 800 Village Development Committees and municipalities covering all 75 districts.

ESP was successful in partnering with four government agencies, 77 national and local civil society organizations, five international development partners (INGOs and multilaterals) and 13 academicians, thematic experts, researchers, NGOs. ESP has supported more than 260 exploratory initiatives on major seven themes namely, access to justice, social inclusion and

18 gender equality, conflict management, service delivery, anti-corruption, civil society and media, issue based research and local governance.

About 16,000 women and men mostly from marginalized and excluded communities are now better organized, more able to raise their voices and are effective in engaging state agencies and political parties. Under the institutional strengthening programme, ESP facilitated to review some of the plan and policies such as policy against gender-based violence (Office of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers), voter registration (the Election Commission of Nepal), Treasury Single Account (the Ministry of Finance/the Financial Comptoller General’s Office), monitoring national plan (the National Planning Commission), strengthening the capacity of Nepal Administrative Staff College; review of judiciary (Nepal Judiciary Academy).

ESP has supported Madhesh/Terai Community Mediation Project which aimed to get accessible low-cost system for resolving local disputes. This project has been given high value by the local government and is also under the process of institutionalization. Additionally, this project laid out milestone by contributing on issues like women empowerment, social cohesiveness and peace building. The capacity development programme enhanced the majority of the Civil Society Organization partners to develop and manage their government related activities.

ESP provided funds to radio and television programmes such as for Sajha Sawal, mass gathering to discuss on fora. Regarding information dissemination, ESP/RDIF supports civil society organisation (HUDEP) to publish review of state policies on peace processes, national planning, the National Human Rights Commission, statelessness, land issues, human rights perspective of Dalits, and disable person. Likewise, to create awareness on government issues, ESP supports for the publication of booklets, manuals, IEC materials and audio-visual products.

Satellite projects conducted by ESP The Madhes/Terai Community Mediation Project (MCTMP) ESP granted the fund assistance of 593,853 Euros for the period of 2009-2012 to the local NGO, Human Rights and Community Development Academy, Nepal (HUCODAN) for the purpose of establishment of community mediations forums. These forums are used by women, poor and

19 marginalized people, at the local level to reduce the conflict. This project working areas are Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusha, Siraha and Saptari districts.

Support to UNDP for Establishing a Central Data Centre for the Election Commission of Nepal (ECN) ESP supported UNDP for a year (January 2011 to December 2012) with the amount of 808,703 euro budget to run a nationwide programme. The objectives of the programme are to reform the electoral system for voter registration and establishment of new Central Data Centre for ECN.

Improved Access to Socio-economic Opportunities for Dalits-Empowerment Project ESP funded Dalit NGO Federation (DNF) with the grant amount of 775,831 Euros from August 2009-July 2012. The project aims to improve the access of poor dalits to quality education, health services and economic opportunities. Similarly, this project has strengthened institutional capacity of DNF and its member organizations (MOs). The working areas include Siraha, Saptari, Rautahat, Mahottari, Baglung, Syangja, Surkhet, Baitadi, Kailali and Banke districts.

The Framework Agreement ESP provided funds for 'The Asia Foundation' to implement innovative pilot programmes cost- effectively and flexibly, create actionable knowledge products and provide continued support in i) Rule of law and public security ii) Federalism and local government iii) Knowledge products. This is one and half year project started from January 2012 and end on September 2013 with budget of 500,000 Pound Sterling. This project works on three approaches such as focus on local level; documentation and reporting; and Consultations and coordination.

Observing Peace Process, Constitution Drafting and Voter Registration Process in Nepal The Carter Center received fund from ESP to recommend political leaders, policy makers and international development partners about the constitution drafting and voter registration processes. The project was conducted from August 2011 to October 2012 and covered whole Nepal.

20 Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal (SPCBN) Phase II ESP with UNDP conducted SPCBN programme from January-June 2012 with the grant amount of GBP 500,000. The programme aims to support the Constituent Assembly, civil society, GoN, etc for restructuring the state and implementing the new constitution. The inclusion of Dalit community rights in the new constitution, public awareness were some expected outcomes of the project.

Encouraging Peace and Good Governance Project through the Media ESP has provided grant assistance of 504,969 Pound Sterling to BBC World Service Trust Nepal from March 2010 to May 2011. Transparency, accountability and participation are three elements of good governance where this project was primarily focused. The programme provided a platform ( Sajha Sawal ) for people to participate in dialogues with concerned officials on emerging issues. The programme is famous among people and is helping to make the office bearers accountable and transparent.

Rights, Democracy and Inclusion Fund (RDIF) ESP is working as the secretariat to provide funds for the management of Rights, Democracy and Inclusion in Nepal. RDIF is a joint project of the UK, Swiss, Australian and Danish governments for the sustainable reform of political governance. Its concept was initialized at the end of 2005 but came into force only from February 2006. The aim of RDIF was to bring about a sustainable democratic system including rights respect, democratic norms, and the political inclusion of all major population groups. It has 59 ongoing and 17 completed projects which are scattered in different parts of Nepal. Local partners are the main collaborators and address the issues related to the challenges faced by Nepalese democracy.

Department for International Development (DFID) DFID focused its work to alleviate poverty since April 1999. The programme covers work to support governance reforms; improve basic services for poor people (including basic education, health, water and sanitation, agriculture and rural infrastructure); and activities in support of peace building and conflict resolution. DFID has assisted Nepal in the areas of livelihoods e.g., agriculture, forestry, transport and communications, local development; basic services, e.g.,

21 education, health, water supply and sanitation; good governance, human rights and peace building efforts; and social inclusion.

DFID is working specially in four areas namely wealth creation, climate change disaster risk reduction, governance and security, human development and financial management in Dhankuta, Nawalparsi, Kapilvasti, Rupandehi, Pyuthan and Dang from 2011 to 2015. The Livelihoods and Forestry Programme (LFP) worked in 14 districts in Dhankuta, Terhathum, Sankhuwasabha, Baglung, Parbat, Myagdi, Nawalparasi, Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Rukum, Rolpa, Salyan, Pyuthan, and Dang. The local partners were Forest User Groups and Natural Resources Management groups. LFP worked under the theme Social and Geographical Audit (SAGA) (2005) in hilly regions which monitored its social and geographical coverage and effectiveness. Based on the SAGA report Hills Sustainability Plans were developed and are under implementation.

LFP also worked in western Terai districts (September 2001) and prepared a baseline District Forest Sector Plan. On the basis of which all Terai programmes have been concentrated on national, public and private lands. The cross-cutting issues focused on social mobilization and alternative energy. On the basis of 'Purpose Review outputs, 2009', most effective practices of LFP's are being implemented in three Chure districts (Sunsari, Arghakhanchi and Surkhet).

United Nation Development Fund (UNDP) UNDP is UN's global development network an organization advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experiences and resources to help built a better life. UNDP has been supporting the Nepalese people in their struggle against poverty since it opened an in- country office in 1963. Much of this support has gone to building up the capacity of government agencies, civil society and community groups to fight poverty, and to bringing these groups and Nepal's donors together to design and implement successful poverty alleviation projects. UNDP in Nepal concentrates its efforts for greater impact in the most remote, poor, and/or conflict- affected areas of the mid- and far-western development regions and the Terai, where its rights- based interventions are targeted towards the disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. The UNDP programme seeks opportunities for joint programming with other United Nations organizations and engages in joint planning and monitoring of development activities in selected districts.

22 Among the wide arrays of its programme some major programme/projects that cover the territories of Churia are listed here.

Livelihoods Recovery for Peace project (LRP) The project started in August 2009 ends in December 2012. The total budget for this programme is $18 million ($8.8million funded, $9.2million unfunded), out of which $4.5million is supported by UNDP, $4.2million by BCPR and $0.1million by Norway. The major objectives of this programme are mobilizing the poorest communities for peace and development, improving the local infrastructure, improving livelihood of the poorest and the most vulnerable groups and empowering women and strengthening local institutions of 271 VDCs of Saralahi, Mahottari and Rautahat districts.

Micro Enterprise Development Programme (Phase III) (MEDEP-III)

The main aim of this programme is to create employment and income opportunities for the rural people and was conducted from March 2008 to December 2012. The total fund for this project is $14.1million, in which UNDP ($7.3million) is the main donor followed by AusAID ($5.3million), CIDA ($1.2million) and Himal Power Ltd. ($0.3million). The programme works in Bardia, Baitadi, Banke, Dareldhura, Kailali, Surkhet, Pyuthan, Kapilvastu of the Churia region with an aim to provide skill and business trainings for women, poor and disadvantage groups to set up micro-enterprises. Further it helps to establish business support services and for the improvement of policies.

Public Private Partnership for Urban Environment (PPPUE) The main objective of this programme is to build an environment policy to implement public private partnership. The programme was carried out from March to December 2002 with the grant assistance of $ 4.4million. The activities carried out during the project period are solid waste management, mobile toilets, sewage-attached biogas, solar street lighting, management of recreational areas and a market, and for building and operating slaughter houses in 13 municipalities including Hetauda, Birjung, Biratnagar and Mechinagar, etc.

23 Conflict Prevention Project (CPP) CPP supports to prevent mitigate and manage conflicts levels in Morang, Dhanusha and Banke with the grant assistance of $2.2million. The programme is conducted from September 2010 to August 2015 with the aim to prevent conflict, building social cohesion, promote conflict sensitivity and implementation/monitoring of development intervention.

Global Environment Fund (GEF) programme Jakhera Wetland and Chure Conservation Project was initiated by Community Sustainable Development Organization and funded by GEF/UNDP (US$ 40,000,00) from 2001 to 2003. The project joined hands with the community members in conservation of the Jakhera wetland such as culvert and outlet construction, digging and cleaning of wetland, road maintenance and construction. It further worked for the management of the non timber forest, plantation of Napier, Eulaliopsis, Stylo to fulfill the demands of communities. Under the capacity building heading fish farming and NTFP conservation trainings were organized. The project also emphasized sustainable livelihood by facilitating the provision of loans for fish farming, agriculture, goat and buffalo rearing and biogas installation. Alternate energy saving technologies such as biogas and efficient cooking stove were promoted to increase the participation and improve the health conditions of women.

Churia Bio-diversity Conservation Planning Project under GEF (NEP/02/08) was implemented by Environment Protection Society- ENPROS in 2000 with grant assistance of US$1,800,00. The working partners were Namsaling Committee Development Center (NCDC), local line agencies and communities of Illam district. The project prepared a comprehensive Churia biodiversity conservation proposal considering the baseline scenarios. The phase II project was conducted from 2002 to 2005 with an amount of US$ 50,000,00 for ecosystem conservation and sustainable livelihood of the people. The major work under this project includes management of the community forests, revision of operational plan and conservation of biodiversity. Training on income generating activities such as extraction of essential oil, sericulture, bee keeping, bamboo craftsmanship were organized. The project has also been instrumental in developing the socio economic status of the local people by providing trainings on squash making, animal husbandry,

24 bee-keeping etc. During the project period support were provided for construction of road, school, drinking water and biogas etc.

Using Nature to Remove Arsenic Project (NEP/04/03) was awarded by UNDP/GEF to save the environment of Nepal-STEN in 2005 with a grant assistance of US$ 27,815,00. The project was conducted in Santapur VDC of Rautahat and Nadawa, VDCs of Nawalparasi. The local implementing partners were ecoclubs, farmer groups and forest users group. The project distributed 150 arsenic filters for clean arsenic free drinking water and arranged 35 village level awareness workshops. Further, it conserved the ponds by banning illegal fishing, restricting pumping water from the wetland. This led to the increase of numbers of Saras cranes (a water bird). In addition, research carried out on arsenic absorption potential of 88 native plants revealed that 98% of native plants were capable to absorb arsenic from the water.

Biogas and Livelihood Promotion Project (NEP/04/06) was conducted from 2005 to 2006 with grant fund of US$ 49,662,00. The project aims to install biogas plants in the buffer Zone area of Chitwan National Park, Nawalparasi. A total of 250 biogas plants were installed which reduced the pressure on forest resources and helped to conserve the forest. During the project period, biogas repair and maintenance and vermiculture trainings were organized etc.

Solar Energy and Economic Development Project (NEP/O4/05) was conducted by Nepal Energy Development Company (NEDCO) from 2005 to 2006 in 4 VDCs of Madi. The total budget of the project was US$ 49,865,00 and community based organizations(CBOs) were key local partners. The project installed 200 solar home systems and made provision of seed money for capacity building activities to uplift the socioeconomic status of communities. Further, locals were benefited through capacity building activities such as solar house system maintenance.

Community Managed Vulture Restaurant and Visitor Centre in the Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park (NEP/OP3/2/07/08) project was initiated by Bird Conservation Nepal with a total grant of US$ 37,375,00 from 2007 to 2008. The research identified the use of drug diclofenac as the major cause of decline in number of vulture species. Awareness on vulture conservation was also raised at the national and local levels by involving media persons, communities and

25 concerned persons. Moreover, a vulture restaurant (Jatau restaurant) was established in Pithauli of Nawalparasi to provide safe food for vulture as well as to improve the socio economic conditions of the local communities. Till 2009 February, number of vultures has been increased to the maximum numbers of 217.

Beeshazar Lake Conservation Project (NEP/SGP/OP4/CORE/08/04) was implemented by Mrigakunj Users Committee from 2008 to 2010 with the grant fund of US$ 50,000,00. The main objective of this program was to conserve the wetland by involving local communities and obtaining benefits from it.

Small Grant Programme (SGP) The SGP programme was initiated in Nepal in 1992 and came under UNDP management in late 1998. SGP aims to target issues such as biodiversity, climate change, land degradation and persistent organic pollution; promoting capacity building; facilitating resource mobilization and sustainability; fostering innovative interventions, including sustainable livelihoods and ensuring effective community participation and involvement. All together 102 projects were awarded grants (51% Biodiversity, 33 % Climate Change, 9% Land Degradation and 7% Capacity Building) from 1998 to 2008. The major projects were on sustainable harvest and production of non-timber forest products and organic farming in Dang, wetland conservation in Jagadishpur Reservoir, Lumbini wetland, Nararyani waterbody and Beesh Hazari Tal renewable energy in Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusha, Siraha and Saptari and Shifting Cultivation (or Khoriya or rotational agro-forestry) in Makwanpur, Chitwan, and Tanahu districts.

SNV-Netherlands Development Organisation, Nepal (SNV) Since 1980 SNV Nepal has been working in Nepal especially focusing on poor communities. It is one of the first organizations to reach out to for poor communities in far-western Nepal. SNV Nepal is expanding its area and reached in 37 districts. From the year of establishment to now SNV in Nepal has changed its strategy and way of work—from direct project implementation towards providing capacity building services. SNV believes that by supporting local organisations and governments; they can reach a broader group of audience and ensure that our

26 impact is more effective and sustainable. SNV Nepal works in four sectors; renewable energy, water, sanitation and hygiene, agricultural and forest products and pro-poor sustainable tourism.

SNV is working in Chitwan, Makwanpur, Parsa, Bara, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahottary and Dhanusha districts. Biodiversity Sector Programme in the Siwaliks and Terai (BISEP-ST) was conducted from 2002 to 2010. BISEP-ST program developed models for the management of productive forest. The major activities carried out were sustainable and equitable utilization of forest resources, decentralization of forest management activities, good forest governance, livelihoods programme, promotion of forest based enterprises, gender and social inclusion. Commercialization of the high value NTFPs, promotion of public land for agro forestry program and its economic development were other working areas. One of the major achievements was the handing over of the BISEP-ST program to GoN and continuation of this project under MOFSC.

Additionally, the forest management model developed for terai forest was handed over to nine CFM user groups, distant users were also benefited. Collaborative forest management policy guidelines were developed and DFCCs, a multi-stake holder forum for forest conservation and management were also established. Taking it as a good example, MoFSC has committed to replicate this institution in other districts for wider replication. Additional support was provided to the district forest coordination committee for the formulation of policy and operational guidelines.

Presently, SNV (2011-2012) is focusing its work particularly on NTFP value chain development, public land agro forestry and REDD+. The operating modalities of these projects are community based approach/contracts and are funded by Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS). Livelihood and economic opportunities were enhanced through promotion of high value NTFPs, Eucalyptus plantation and agro forestry crops in public lands. Essential oil based-enterprise in Murtiya (Sarlahi), Aloe vera enterprise in Sarlahi, Agro forestry seed and NTFPs cooperatives in Makwanpur, public land agro forestry programme in Shreepur (Mahottary) are successful and demonstrative sites. Almost all programs of SNV are focused in Chure area and there are many areas for possible collaboration and cooperation with SNV’s programs. For example: Alternative

27 livelihoods program for Churia dependent households, promotion of high value NTFP, Bamboo plantation programme on fragile ecosystem of Churia.

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Nepal Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) programme In order to double the number of tigers in the wild by 2022 TX2 campaign was organized. To create awareness among local communities on key conservation issues, tiger rhino conservation signature campaigns were organized in western Nepal. With the aim of forest restoration WWF Nepal program established forest nurseries in Dang and Kailali districts, Chitwan and Parsa wild life reserve buffer zone for the production of various timber and NTFPs seedlings (nos. 100,000). Participation of local people has increased significantly resulting in the increase in density and diversity of forests. The restoration of forest resources has benefited the local people by ensuring sustainable use of the natural resources. Lamahi once a degraded land has been transformed into a critical habitat and route for wildlife within 3-5 years. New water sources have started to immerge and wild life (Elephant, vultures, deers etc.) have been reported. Similarly, the grazed and barren grassland in Kata has been restored through sustainable management program. TAL program (WWF, Nepal) supported households in agriculture based income generating activities such as livestock rearing, horticulture and high value crop farming and of-farm activities (marmelos juice production and paper production from elephant dung). To compensate local people human wild life conflict relief fund was established.

WWF, Nepal program is working in climate change adaptation and REDD+ issues. TAL program aims to bring carbon financing to the local communities though an appropriate benefit sharing mechanism. As a result of carbon financing mechanism, a large number of biogas plants were constructed under the Gold Standard Voluntary Emissions Reduction (VER) project. The use of biogas and improved stove has contributed to reduce pressure on forest.

Key National documents such as Rhino Conservation Action Plan, Tiger Conservation Action Plan, and Elephant Conservation Action Plan have been developed to serve as a working guideline for the conservation of species. A comprehensive land use policy and plans of the

28 country has been developed. The Koshi river basin management strategic plan 2011-2021 was endorsed by the government of Nepal with the support of WWF.

In order to create awareness about conservation issues, ECO clubs were formed in schools and communities. Conservation curriculum was streamlined in schools eg Kalali. Various conservation scholarships were awarded to students on an annual basis for pursuing studies in forestry, biodiversity conservation and environment. In addition school level scholarships were granted to children of families who were victims of wild life conflict. Similarly, scholarships were awarded to staff of DNPWC and DOF. Trainings were organized to the communities to teach them about sustainable forest and grassland management activities.

Hariyo Ban Programme The program is designed to reduce adverse impacts of climate change and threat to biodiversity and was officially launched to work for 5 years. The main funding agency is USAID and the implementing partners are WWF, CARE Nepal, FECOFUN and NTNC. The project will also integrate local communities, civil societies, academia and media. The integrated objectives of this program is to reduce threat to biodiversity, build structural capacity for effective sustainable landscape management and to increase the ability of target human and ecological communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. It is planned to carry out activities for the improvement of biodiversity conservation, landscape sustainability and to increase adaptation to climate change. The overall expected outcomes of this program will enhance to reduce emissions and sequester over 1 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents in the target landscape. It further helps to provide capacity building and livelihood support to 1,80,000 people, bringing 50,000 hectare of forest area under improved management to generate revenue through environment payment services. Additionally, the program will help to reduce biodiversity threat, successful landscape management, reduction of emissions through avoidance of deforestation and forest degradation, to increase the ability of human and ecological communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change.

29 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Assessment Report Nepal The report was prepared under the funding of USAID in 2009. The overall objectives of this assessment were to determine the action necessary to conserve and manage the tropical forest, conserve biological diversity. The report highlighted about the status of tropical forest ecosystem biodiversity, livestock resources, wetland, lake and river biodiversity. The report also dealt with the effects and impacts of climate change in tropical forest biodiversity. It also pinpointed the social, economic and political scenarios which have contributed to the impacts on forest and biodiversity. Further, the report concluded that prompt action is necessary to conserve tropical forest and diversity.

Terai Arc Landscape Program The program was conducted from 2001 to 2006 with the funding of USAID, Directorate General International cooperation, Ministry of foreign affairs Netherlands, US Fish and Wildlife Services and Save the Tiger Fund. The objectives included forest ecosystem conservation and management, species conservation, sustainable development of livelihood, conservation education and capacity building, communications and marketing, policy and advocacy. The program helped to restore corridor forest of Basanta and Katarniaghat and to manage and strengthen protected areas (PWR, CNP, BNP and SWR). Furthermore, 200 ha of forest lands were protected by the community users group, conservation awareness programs were launched among communities and school children, biogas and improved stoves were promoted. Likewise, integrated conservation and development programs were implemented including income generation activities like agro forestry, eco-tourism etc., poaching and illegal trade of resources were reduced during the project duration. Additionally, twenty anti poaching operating units were established outside the TAL areas, nurseries were set up and plantation was carried out in 100 ha of forest land, 10 rhinos were translocated to BNP, GIS baseline and biological monitoring unit was developed.

German Development Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) Churia Forestry Development Project (ChFDP) was the longest project carried out in the eastern terai covering three districts viz: Siraha (Kushahalaximiniya VDC), Saptari (Bhangaha VDC)

30 and Udaypur (Hadiya VDC) from 1992 to 2004. The total budget was NRs 308,331,000 and the implementing partner was MoFSC. Local government (LGs), line agencies (Las), and CFUGs are the main working partners. The project opted Community forestry (CF) as an appropriate tool for improving ecological balance of Churia for the benefit of people. It further addresses to improve the livelihood of the local population through rehabilitation and sustainable management of resources by emphasizing off-forest income generation, soil conservation and promotion of alternative energy. It has achieved success in conserving community forestry and played a key role in poverty reduction by utilizing agro-forestry practices.

The International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) As a part of the disaster risk management programme, ICIMOD prepared a hazard map of the Ratu watershed in Mahottari and Dhanusha districts by the application of GIS and remote sensing technology. The programme was implemented by UNDP/Nepal (NEP/99/014) in 2002. The aim of this project was to map the harzard and risks in seven VDCs and one municipality in four districts (Chitwan, Bardia, Mahottari and Dhanusha). The project developed a community- base early warning system and identified safe evacuation route and safe shelter areas in order to manage the flood hazards and improve the capacity to respond to it. Besides these, trainings were conducted to read and record the precipitation and discharge in upstream areas. The benefit of this project is not yet realized though discussion and networking is essential to create awareness about the early warning system.

National organizations

Environment and Public Health Organisation (ENPHO) ENPHO, a national Non Governmental Organization, established in 1990 and envisages contributing in sustainable community development by combining research and actions through the integrated programs in the environment and public health areas. It runs as a government accredited laboratory for environmental monitoring and analysis and is actively involved in promoting eco-friendly technologies such as SODIS, Ecosan toilets and waste water treatment through reed bed systems. ENPHO is working in close partnership with government, non- government and community based organizations

31 ENPHO has worked for safe water campaign in Hetauda, Lalitpur, Bharatpur, and municipalities in partnership with UN HABITAT, EAWAG/ SANDEC and The Coca Cola Company from 2008 to 2010. The objective of the program was to promote POU by strengthening supply chain and creating POU demand. More than 20,000 stakeholders and community groups were oriented and trained on POU options. About 55 POU model schools have been established and 14 communities were declared as safe water zones. The outcome of this project showed reduction of water borne diseases and increment of demand of POU options in the above 5 places. In addition, more than 70% household are continuously using the POU options. Another successful program is arsenic mitigation. The program was conducted with the help of UN HABITAT, , Department of Water Supply and Sewage, UNICEF, CAWST in Sunsari, Saptari, Siraha, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Banke and Bardiya from 2008 to 2010. To minimize the effect of arsenic problems, a total of 5,305 KANCHAN arsenic filters have been distributed, 172 safe tube wells were installed, 32 existing traditional dug wells were improved and 1 rain water harvesting system was installed. ENPHO in collaboration with UNICEF has developed various IEC materials about safe water. ENPHO together with Practical action Nepal, EU, UN HABITAT, and MuAN is implementing SWASTHA project in Bharatpur, Ratnanagar, Butwal, Ramgram, , Gularia, Tikapur from 2009 to 2012. The program concentrated on the promotion and development of integrated community based approaches to address major environment problems like indoor air quality, sanitation facilities and hygiene behaviors to create healthy homes. Altogether 30,000 women and children were benefited from the above programs. Till date water and sanitation facilities have been improved in 35 schools and communities, under which 1,292 toilets, 4 biogas plants, 7 ecosan toilets, 113 Chang, 13 tubewells, 30 Juthelno were constructed.

Considering the environment health conditions of the Nepalese people, ENPHO in partnership with AEPC, CRT, NCDC, REMREC assessed the environmental health benefits and monitored the performance of improved cooked stove in Dang and Ilam from 2008 to 2009. The project monitored indoor air quality of households after installation of improved cooked stove. This project was awarded 2009 best achievement award for reducing the concentration of indoor air pollutants. Another important working area of ENPHO is to assist the vulnerability impact and adaptation to climate change in partnership with SAHAMATI, CDM Nepal, OXFAM, DCCAM

32 and Clean Energy Nepal in Nawalparsi district. This project is designed to understand the impacts of climate change and to build the local capacity for adaptation. Trainings were organized on climate change adaptation and mitigation. ENPHO has joined hands with several youth groups to conduct an awareness campaign "Pashim Paila". Under this program awareness campaign on diarrhea/ cholera epidemics was conducted in Surkhet with the involvement 63 volunteers.

Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation

Department of Forest (DoF) Department of Forest (DoF), under MoFSC is going to complete its 6o year's glorious history in 2012. Currently the DoF has 74 District Forest Offices headed by District Forest Officer and 92 Ilaka Forest Offices and 698 Rangeposts. To manage the country’s forest resources for the conservation of the natural environment and to supply the forest products to the people are foremost concerns of this governmental organization. It performs a series of functions including protection, management and utilization of forests and conservation of natural resources; planning, implementation and coordination of forestry development activities; increase people’s participation in forest management; particularly in plantation and resource conservation in forests; support and facilitate the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation on policy formulation; improve the livelihood of the community through implementation of effective forestry programs; and contribute to the economic development of the country through revenue generation from forest products. DoF supported for the preparation of conservation oriented forest management plans of Churia forest area and revision of CFOPs was also done to stop harvesting of green trees. Additional activities include regeneration protection in 405 ha, control of forest encroachment and plantation of 305 ha forest land. Likewise, for the rehabilitation of degraded land, 110 ha of the forest lands were planted, bamboo check-dam was constructed in 105 km to protect the river bank, 115 ha of forest land was planted and 45 small enterprises were supported.

Biodiversity Sector Programme for Siwaliks and Terai (BISEP-ST) Biodiversity Sector Programme for Siwaliks and Terai (BISEP-ST) was a joint initiation of MoFSC and SNV Nepal with a total budget of 13,115,247 Euro and conducted from May 1,

33 2001 to April 30, 2006. The objectives of BISEP-ST are to promote more participatory and decentralised forest management in the Terai and Siwaliks regions, aimed for a self-reliant and decentralized forestry, equitable economic development, poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation. It was implemented in eight districts, Chitwan, Makwanpur, Bara, Parsa, Rautahut, Sarlahi, Mahottari, and Dhanusha. This programme has directly benefited 44, 00,000 people with the management of 5, 00,000 ha Forest land in eight districts. Cultivation of NTFPs has been carried out in community forest, leasehold forest, public and private land. A successful example of BISEP-ST is goat farming, which helped to uplift the socioeconomic conditions of the marginalized and the poorest-of-the-poor in Shaktikhor VDC in Chitwan. Terai Arc Landscape Implementation Plan (2004-2014) was prepared under BISEP-ST and handed over to the MoFSC on 16 February 2006.

Leasehold Forest and Livestock Program (LFLP) LFLP is a continuation and extension of Hills Leasehold Forestry and Forage Development Project (HLFFDP) which was implemented in 10 hilly districts since 1992 with the assistance of International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Presently, it covers 22 hilly districts. LFLP has goals to achieve poverty reduction in sustainable manner for 44,300 poor households by increasing the production of forest and livestock products who were involved in leasehold forestry programme. The program covers three (Nawalparasi, Palpa, Arghakhanchi) districts which falls under the Churia region.

Livelihood and Forestry Programme (LFP) Livelihood and Forestry Programme (LFP) initiated its work from April 2001 with the grant amount of 18.67million Euro for ten years. The programme was a joint venture between DFID and MoFSC. The major goals were to reduce the vulnerability and improve the livelihoods of poor and excluded rural people. It provided the strategic support on the issues of livelihoods, governance and social inclusion to strengthen livelihoods and pro-poor forest sector policies and practices. LFP has coverage in 15 districts including eight Churia districts (Dhankuta, Bhojpur, Nawalparasi, Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Salyan, Pyuthan and Dang). LFP along with its partners worked with more than 5,400 Forest User Groups and natural resource management groups, covering more than 660,000 HHs. LFP has two projects as LFP-Terai and LFP-Hill. LFP worked on the basis of social mobilization, inclusive targeting, local capacity building, inclusive

34 decision-making, planning and monitoring, multi-stakeholder partnerships and micro-macro linkages.

LFP has prepared sustainable forest management strategy, Pro Poor and Social Inclusion (PPSI) Strategy and NTFPs and forest based enterprises support strategy to manage the forest resources sustainably and equitably. The programme also addressed the issues of social exclusion as well as poverty.

Community Forestry Programme Community Forestry (CF) programme was initiated in the late 1970s. Of the total budget, about 35% of the budget is supported by MoFSC budget while remaining 60% of the budget comes from different donor agencies like DFID, SDC, AusAID, USAID, and GIZ. The major objectives of this programme are to achieve the forest resources in the sustainable manner. According to DoF, 35% of the population of Nepal is involved in community forestry management program and 17,685 CFUGs have been formed. Altogether 2,177,858 HHs are benefited by the utilization of 1,652,654 ha of community forests.

Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP) The WTLC is the region which crosses districts boundaries and lies in Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur districts. The project was launched in 2006 and is implemented by Ministry of Soil Conservation under the financial and technical partnership of UNDP (US$ 1.73 million), GEF (US$3.31 million), SNV (US$2.45 million), WWF(US$ 1.55million), Nepal Biodiversity International, NARC( US$0.05million) and Li-bird(US$0.01 million) in 52 VDCs of Bardiya, Kailali and Kanchanpur. The main goal of this project is to prepare a national environment policy and legal framework to support integrated landscape planning in Western Terai. Further it helped to improve landscape complex, regional/district environment policy and regulatory frame for landscape management and biodiversity, information. During this program institutional capacities for integrated planning and management of biodiversity in targeted landscape and protected areas were strengthened. Additionally, local communities were empowered to practice sustainable, biodiversity friendly natural resources and land use management. Under this project biodiversity and socioeconomic indicators, local crop diversity and traditional genetic resources management and social seed network were developed. Best practices on-farm management of

35 local crops, corridor biodiversity conservation, mapping of productive landscape were identified. The integrated Churia management plan was prepared and implemented in 80% of the project areas of WLTCP. Buffer zone support units comprising of buffer zone groups and protected area staff were institutionalized. Presently 50% of the protected area buffer zone users groups are actively involved in conservation activities. Anti-poaching planning and operations in protected areas are fully functional and self sustained. Prevention on re-encroachment and restoration of habitat in evacuated areas (Basanta forest) of squatter is under implementation. Regarding, the effective management of protected areas infrastructure and facilities have been improved. Training programme was organized for the scientific management of biodiversity in protected areas. For, biodiversity friendly activities, three demonstration sites have been established in Government managed forest in which biodiversity hotspots were surveyed and demarcated. Some of the good practices such as on-farm agro-biodiversity conservation, plant breeding and participatory plant variety selection (seed of choice) were adopted by farmers group. Community seed network and nodal farmers, ex-situ preservation of endangered, threatened landraces were established. To improve the livelihood of local communities WTLCP together with stakeholders promoted menthe and chamomile as an alternative crop. Many farmers of Bardiya and Kanchanpur, Kailali districts were benefited by exporting the essential oil to India. The effort was well recognized and honored by BBC world in 2011.

Department of Forest Research and Survey Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Nepal Project (2010-2014) is a bilateral cooperation between Government of Finland (GoF) and Government of Nepal (GoN) for the conduction of national forest resource assessment. The total budget is 5.8 million Euros, in which, 4.7 million Euros and technical assistances were provided by the GoF. FRA has initiated its work from January 2010 covering all districts of Nepal including Churia districts (34 districts) with the objectives to strengthen forestry sector and its administration in order to play its corresponding role in Nepalese economy and society. Specifically it addresses to maintain the provision of adequate and reliable forestry data for national forest policy development, collect national level baseline information required for REDD+ and institutionalize the monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) System. Systematic cluster sampling methods were employed to conduct FRA inventory

36 activities. The working partners are Melta Finland for forest inventory work, Arbonaut Finland for Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR), Indufor Finland for Coordination and Genesis Nepal Pvt. Ltd a local partner for bidding. Satellite images, pre-processing and LiDAR scanning and field inventory in LiDAR has been completed.

Department of Plant Resources DPR has been conducting various management and research oriented activities under the Rastrapati Chure Conservation Programme (RCCP) since the fiscal year 2067/068 (2010/011). Makawanpur , Dhanusha and Mahottari districts have been selected to accomplish activities like river bank management, establishment of nursery and demonstration sites. Considering restoration of degraded sites of Chure region, nursery of medicinal plants were improved in the Brindavan of with the total budget of NRs.1,00,000. Ten thousand seedlings of different medicinal plants such as Jatopa curcas (Sajiwan) (5,000), Ci nnamomum glaucescens (Sugandhakokila) (1,900), Ci nnamomum camphora (Kapur) (1,000), Piper longum (Pipla) (800), Terminalia bellirica (Barro) (500), Aegle marmelos (Bel) (300), Acacia catechu (Khayer) (100), and Sapindus mukorossi (Rittha) (400) were produced. Of these, about 1,000 and 6,131 seedlings were planted in garden and Churia forests respectively. ‘Kukhareni Khola’ bank cutting at Brindavan was managed by constructing 33m long gabion wall resulting in the protection of about 5 ha land of DPR. The total budget for the construction was NRs.1, 00,000. Establishment, construction and protection of demonstration sites was another key programme that was carried out in the 'Aurahi Baba' community forests (Dhanusha) and Maisthan Community Forest (Mahottari) with the total budget of NRs. 3,00,000. The major medicinal plants were Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass), Citronella, Pamarosa, Vetiveria zizaniodes ( Khaskhas) , Asparagus racemosus (Satawari), Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarpagandha) , Jatopa curcas (Sajiwan), and Aloe vera (Ghiu kumari). Some key issues identified for the smooth operation of the programme were close coordination among line agencies like district forest office, district soil conservation and watershed management office, DNPWC, DADO, CFUGs, lease hold forestry group, etc and dissemination of information. For the fiscal year 2068/69, the programme conducted were establishment of four new permanent nursery (0.4 ha) in Ilam, Dhanusha, Makwanpur and Banke districts.

37 After the establishment of nursery, 1, 50,000 seedlings, medicinal plants [ Terminalia chebulla (Harro), Terminalia bellirica (Barro), Phyllanthus emblica (Amala), Kurilo, Piper longum (Pipla), Cammomile, Asparagus racemosus (Satawari), Ci nnamomum glaucescens (Sugandhakokila), Ci nnamomum tamala (Tejpat), Azadirachta indica (Nim), Curculigo orchioides (Musli), and Aegle marmelos (Bel)] were produced. The discussion/coordination with twenty poor groups about the medical plants farming benefited 443 (332 female and 111 male) people. The total budget allocated for this programme was. NRs. 3,690,000. The two years programme, helped to draw some recommendations, such as mass media (Radio, TV, FM, Group discussion) should be used for highlighting the best practices, transportation facilities should be incorporated to facilitate the planting programme otherwise despite of the willingness of the community the planting programme will not be fully successful. The best practices demonstration site is Kailashpuri CF of Piple VDC, Chitwan where people can observe bio- engineering application, water harvesting, vegetable farming, Aloe vera farming in the forest and forest management.

Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wetlands in Nepal (CSUWN) CSUWN is a five year (January 2008-December 2012) project implemented by MoFSC (DNPWC and DoF) with support from GEF and UNDP by mobilizing local institutions, supporting agencies and civil societies. The major objectives are to strengthen national and local capacity in ecosystem management and sustainable use of wetland biodiversity.

Two working Ramsar sites are KTWR which lies in and GLA lies in Kailali district. CSUWN has accomplished key achievements on policy and planning framework; institutional capacity and awareness; and collaborative management for wetland resources. Wetland Policy (NWP), 2003 were amended and revised NWP 2011 is being forwarded by MFSC to the cabinet for approval.

Under the theme of institutional capacity and awareness, CSUWN conducted baseline survey and livelihood need assessment and prepared Livelihood Improvement Plan (LIP). The LIP is already implemented by performing awareness and knowledge sharing programme (orientation, policy dialogue, media visits, exposure visits and capacity development) at local and national

38 level. 'Wetland Watch Group' at NEFEJ has been formed for the dissemination of the knowledge related to wetland issues and conservation using print and audio visual media. 'Simsar Sandesh' a weekly radio programme has been broadcasted from both the project sites through local FM stations in local languages.

Multi-Stakeholder Forum (MSF) at GLA and Buffer Zone KTWR has been formed as a result of CSUWN attempt. The positive outcome was that women have been chairing 40% of Community Forests (CFs) at GLA. Mallah-Majhi network was established at KTWR to empower and uplift the livelihood status of WDCs. KTWRBZ management plan was prepared which helped to secure 30-50% of the revenue to the community. GLA Catchment Level Management Plan (2011-2015) has been prepared to manage 9650 ha area.

Additional work carried out includes habitat management, biological monitoring, livelihood improvement, conservation, awareness, human-wildlife conflict resolution, eco-tourism promotion and cultural heritage. Ten hectare degraded forest sites in Saptari and Tapeshwori were restored by planting 10,000 seedlings. Fifteen percentage of the household who are dependent on wetlands were benefited by various trainings such as fishery, goat and pig farming, poultry, making leaf plates, vegetable farming, carpentry and radio/TV maintenance. More than 200 HHs were facilitated by renewable energy technologies like biogas plants, improved cooking stoves and bio-briquette. Different enterprises i.e. pater processing enterprise at KTWR and munj based enterprise at GLA have been established.

Apart from these activities, thirty school wetland clubs, two teachers' networks and two communities based anti-poaching networks have been established for effective conservation programme. A total of 9.2 km of solar fence was constructed between Prakashpur to Madhuban area at KTWR to minimize the human-wildlife conflicts. To promote tourism, trainings on hotel management & nature guide to 15 local youth at KTWR was organized. Bird watch towers and 1300 meter long foot trail was constructed around GLA.

Conservation education was disseminated, through published materials such as Wetlands Inventory, Assessment and Monitoring (WIAM) Tool; Conservation, Education, Participation

39 and Awareness (CEPA) Strategy, Monitoring Protocol of Indicator Species; Training of Trainers (ToT) manual, Wetlands Indigenous Knowledge (WIK): Documentation Methodology and Application Guidelines; Simsar Varnamala. Moreover, importance of wetlands and its conservation practices were provided to the concerned people through newsletters like 'SIMSAR'.

Biodiversity Profile Project Biodiversity profile of the terai and Siwalik physiographic zones was prepared by Government of Nepal (then His majesty's Government of Nepal) in partnership with Government of Netherlands . The implementing agencies were the DNPWC and MoSC. The main objectives were to assess the state of biodiversity conservation, identify gaps in the protected area in different ecological zones, prepare profile of biodiversity conservation of ecological zones and identify investment requirements for long and short term biodiversity management project. Linkages between biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic development, formulation of policies and identification of concerned authorities for the conservation and management of biodiversity and areas of cooperation were other additional aims. The project highlighted the faunal and floral species associated in the Siwalik, its distribution pattern, taxa and endemism. The profile also discussed about the economic importance of the various floral and faunal elements, its importance of preserving biodiversity in terms of value of threatened species. The policies and practices related to biodiversity were also amended and reviewed within the project period.

Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management (DSCWM) DSCWM had been assigned to prepare watershed management plan for the Churia region under Rastrapati Churia Conservation Program (RCCP). The main objective of the plan is to access and analyze the present situation and provide operational guidelines for sustainable uses of natural resources for enhancing environmental condition and strengthening social linkages in the region with improved livelihood. Initially, the program was implemented in 23 districts of Churia region from 2067/68 and has been extended to other districts. The total budget for the Fiscal year 2068/2069 was NRs. 14,28,25,000. Protection of water sources, irrigation channel improvement, and plantation of fruit, fodder trees and construction of ponds were some of the major activities carried out during the project period. Additionally, DSCWM mapped flood affected areas of

40 Dhanusha and Mahottari districts and carried out awareness programme on disaster risk management among local communities.

Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) The overall goal of the DNPWC is to work for wildlife conservation and outstanding landscape having ecological importance of the well being of the people. The major activities carried out so far is to manage park, reserve, conservation areas and buffer Zone. The total budget for the fiscal year 2067/2068 was 43,37,43,000 which include: NRs. 20,25,70,000 for park and conservation area management, NRs. 17,02,78,000 for wildlife reserve management and NRs. 6,08,95,000 for Buffer Zone area management. Special tiger monitoring programme was launched with the long term objective to double the tiger population by 2022. Sixty million NRs. is allocated for this programme and will be implemented jointly by DNPWC and DoF. Poaching and illegal trade control is another thrust area, to reduce the poaching activities DNPWC is preparing anti- poaching and illegal trade activities policy. DNPWC is successful to increase the revenue from NRs 61 million (fiscal year 2066/67) to NRs.83.1 million from Chitwan National Park. To update the number of species, monitoring campaign by direct count method was conducted for the species Blackbuck and one horned Rhino, Arna, Swamp deer in Chitwan National Park, Koshi tappu and Shuklaphanta respectively. The count result found that there was an increase in the number of Rhinos in Chitwan National Park (503).

Terai Lanscape project is another ambitious project of DNPWC. It covers approximately 23,199 sq km which stretches from Bagmati in the east to Mahakali in the west. This program is jointly implemented by DNPWC, DoF and WWF involving other governmental and non governmental organizers, local people, stakeholders etc. The major goal of TAL is to link 11 Nepalese and Indian transborders protected areas with biological corridors. Specific objectives under this project is to manage forest sustainably, species and ecosystem conservation, climate change and energy, livelihood improvement, to provide conservation education and capacity building and to work on policy matters and advocacy.

Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP) is another long term project which is designed for 8 years. The conducting partners UNDP/GEF, SNV, WWF and other partners are

41 different department of GoN. This project supports the conservation programs including restoration and conservation of biological corridor in Bardiya national, and Shuklaphanta.

Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands in Nepal (CSUWN). This project is jointly undertaken by MFSC, GEF and UNDP and executed by MoFSC. The project works in the Koshi Tappu wild life reserve and Ghodagodi lake area with the aim to build the capacity, legal and policy frameworks for the ecosystem management, wetland conservation and sustainable use. In short this project is widely known as wetland project and has 5 years duration.

Ministry of Agriculture Department of Agriculture (DoA) There were altogether 550 program/projects which had been run under the department in 2067/68. Among them crop diversification project (067/68-073/74) with 33.54 million US dollar budget of ADB & SNV, national IPM program (064/65-068/69) with 5 million US dollar budget of Norway government, integrated water resource management project (064/65-069/70) with 7.223 million US dollar budget of World Bank, Community managed irrigated agricultural sector project (064/65-068/69) with 1.46 million US dollar budget of ADB & OPEC and commercial agriculture development project (2064/65-2070/71) with Rs.193,083,000 budget of ADB, food security promotion project (067/68) are some major programs that were carried out in the Churia region. Agricultural production & service, agricultural infrastructure & human resource development are key objectives of these programs. World Bank, SNV, Asian Development Bank, USAID are the major collaborating partners of the DoA.

Commercial Agriculture Development project works for the commercialization and marketing of agricultural products. The collaborating partner is ADB and carried out from 2065 to 2071. The working areas are Dankuta, Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Udaypur, Saptari, Siraha districts. The project addresses the issues on support, investment and commercialization of agriculture products. National IPM programme is another major thrust area and worked in Ilam, Jhapa, Bara, Kapilvastu, Surkhet, Kailali and Dareldhura from 2064 to 2069. The IPM programme aimed to

42 increase the agricultural productivity, participation of women and poor people and monitor pesticides and insecticides. The project was supported by World Bank.

Crop diversification project is working in Banke, Bardia, Dang, Surkhet, Doti, Kailali districts with the grant fund of ADB and SNV from 2068 to 2074. The major objective is to enhance the production of high value agricultural products, promotion of agriculture business, mobilization of technical service provider and farmer groups, post harvest technology, market management, climate change, etc. Maintaining food security through sustainable production and marketing of food crops falls under food security promotion project. The project is funded by USAID and conducted in the fiscal year 2067 to 2068. IRD kit distribution, social mobilization of seed and source seed production were the major activities carried out during the project period.

Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) NAST carried out studies on lakes of Arghakanchi, Dhankuta, Makwanpur, Dhanusha, Mahottari, Sunsari, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sindhuli for the preparation of National Lakes Conservation and Development Strategic Plans. Three partners were assigned for the work. International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN) for the preparation of policy and management strategic plan, National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) for the preparation of social science strategic plan and Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) for the preparation of strategic plan on natural science sector.

Another work was carried out by NAST in collaboration with Nepal Sanskrit University in Dang (Beljundi) from 1999 to 2005 for the establishment of 'Conservation, Research and Development Center of Medicinal Plants'. The major objectives were to identify potent medicinal plants and its conservation, categorization of the endangered medicinal plants, development of ex-situ cultivation and technology transfer. The study documented 250 plants that are important ethobotanically, 75 economically important and ecologically threatened plants ( Rauwolfia serpentine , Oroxylum indicum , Pterocarpus marsupium , Asparagus racemosus , Tinospora cordifolia ) were collected and preserved as germplasm in the herbal garden. Cultivation trails were carried out for the domestication of Rauwolfia serpintina , Piper longum , Withania somnifera . Training programme was organized on identification, herbarium preparation, Nursury management and cultivation practices.

43 The most degraded forest sites were identified by discussing with the president of district level community forest user groups and visual estimation. The effectiveness of the green manure application in Emblica officinal plantation site was experimented at the Balajhar community forest at Dhanusha.

Regarding technology transfer NAST is working on Biofuel and bio briquetting. Palpa, Nawalparsi and Chitwan were identified as a potential site for the cultivation of Jatropa as bio- fuel. Similarly, seminar and demonstration on making bio-briquette was carried out in Nawalparasi and . The promotion division of NAST has been conducting science fairs in 27 districts to create awareness about climate change, conservations issues etc.

Resources Himalaya Foundation The team of scientists including Dr. Pralad Yonzon and Dr. Dinesh Bhuju from Resources Himalaya carried out research activities in five different themes namely, land use change based on three temporal maps of 1958, 1978 and 1991 using GIS, forest structure and regeneration pattern, tree species association at different altitudes, local knowledge on plant use and distribution of birds. The study was funded by Pro-natura fund Japan and was focused in eastern (Mechi-Koshi, length: 105 km) and central part (Bagmati-Kanchan River, Butwal, length: 235 km) of Churia range in 1999 and 2002. Likewise, the western (Butwal-Mahadevpuri, length: 200 km) and far-western part (Karnali-Mahakali, length: 125 km) were completed while preparing strategic planning to maintain the ecology of the western Terai-Chuirya forests for WWF Nepal Program in 2001. Thus, the Project has completed the survey study covering over 75% of the Chure in Nepal (total area: 1,886,000 ha, length: 840 km). The study showed that all forests in Chure are fragmented. For example, in its eastern part, the forest area has decreased by 11.7% while agricultural land has increased by 10.7% indicating the extent of human interference. In 1957, the forest coverage was 81%, in 1978 it decreased to 73%, and in 1992 it further decreased to 61%. The agriculture land, on the other hand, was merely 13% in 1957, it increased to 18% in 1978 and reached 29% in 1992 (Yonzon et al. 2000). Of structural parameters of Chure forests, midwest Nepal showed a greater degradation, with higher number of stem density and low basal area and tree diameter (Bhuju, 2006). Rare and protected birds like the giant hornbill ( Buceros bicornis ) and black stork ( Ciconia nigra ) were recorded but in low numbers (Khanal & Yonzon 2000). Chure is inhabited by various ethnic groups including the Chepang, an indigenous

44 community living in hills of central Nepal, who were found to use over 200 kinds of plant species for medicinal and other purposes such as food, fodder, timber, and cultural values. The plants have been used to cure more than 63 different diseases including fever, diarrhea/dysentery, diabetes, fractured bones, cough and cold, cuts and menstrual disorder. The most and frequently used medicinal plants for specific ailments were: Terminalia bellirica, T. chebula, Sikari lahara (Local name), Azadirachta indica, Pogostemon benghalensis, Phyllanthus emblica, Woodfordia fruticosa, Viscum album, Cuscuta reflexa and Asparagus racemosus .

According to the team members, the major tree species comprised in the range were , Terminalia alata , Lagerstroemia parviflora , Adina cordifolia , Acacia catechu , and Semecarpus anacardium . Two vulnerable species such as Dalbergia latifolia , and Alstonia sp. were also recorded. In the understory, the most common species were Woodfordia fruticosa, Mallotus philippensis , Murraya koenigii , Phoenix sylvestris , and Clerodendron viscosum . The ground coverage was minimal.

Some interesting aspects of tree species association include Pinus roxburghii , a species that occur above 900 m asl, were seen growing naturally below 500 m asl between Amlekhgunj and Hetauda (Bhuju & Yonzon 2004). Similarly, patches of Acacia catechu, a typical riverine species, were also found on the hill-top of 800 m asl in central Chure. Acacia made scrub type of forests in . Species of Mid-hills such as Castanopsis indica , Schima wallichii were found in some sampling sites. In the eastern part, Schima was recorded up to 300 m asl, the lowest altitude record for the species (Joshi & Bhuju 2003). In the far west, temperate species Quercus associated unusually with Shorea , a typical tropical species (Bhuju et al. 2002). Longitudinal variation of species association were also noted, such as in the eastern side of the study area where Lagerstroemia parviflora were associated with dominant species, mostly Shorea robusta while in the western part Anogeissus latifolia were mostly associated in the forests. Such observations reveal the ecotonal characteristics of Churia.

Nepal Forum of Environment Journalist (NEFEJ) NEFEJ is playing a key role since the last five years for the dissemination of information on burning issues such as environmental conservation, forestry, climate change, disasters, etc.

45 Presently, it is coordinating with the president's office to bring forth Chure issues. Beside these activities, NEFEJ is providing environmental information by highlighting success stories to the general people, journalist and policy makers through the television programme 'Aankhijhyal', radio broadcasting, wall newspaper 'Haka Haki" .

Alliance Nepal Alliance Nepal a consultant firm, prepared integrated watershed management plan for Churia region in mid-western and far-western development region (Dang, Surkhet, Dadeldhura, Kailali and Kanchanpur districts) and submitted to the Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management (DSCWM), Babarmahal, Kathmandu in 2011.

Forest Resource Studies and Action Team (Forest Action) Nepal Forest Resource Studies and Action Team (Forest Action) Nepal, was established in 2000 as an NGO with the vision to work on forest and natural resource management, agriculture and food security and climate change. It focuses on action research and policy dialogue for productive, equitable and sustainable forest and natural resource management. Forest Action is working in 50 districts covering all the ecological and development regions including 15 Chure districts.

The projects conducted between 2008-2011 were supported by DFID and IDRC. The projects were focused on food security, sustainable farming, corruption reduction in the community forestry sector, conflict management within REDD+, socio-ecological systems analysis of ecosystem services for poverty alleviation, conservation practices and their social impacts especially on the local communities, Payment on Ecosystem Services (PES), community-based forestry and livelihood in the context of climate change adaptation. Furthermore, in collaborating with FECOFUN the organization prepared a strategic policy document explaining the situation of security of community rights on forest, land and water resource management in 2009.

Community Forestry in Nepal: Promoting Livelihoods, Community Development and the Environment; Journal of Forest and Livelihood: Special Issue on Lessons from Livelihood and Forestry Programme; Hamro Ban Sampada (Nepali journal) focusing on Forestry Program for Livelihood; Exploring Local Knowledge of Climate Change: Some Reflections in Journal of Forest and Livelihood: Special Issue on Climate Change, Forestry and Local Livelihoods; policy

46 briefs (4 nos.) on various topics related to NRM and livelihoods; two policy briefs in Nepali entitled Challenges of Climate Change and Way are some of the major publications.

Community Self Reliance Centre CSC is a NGO working in the field of legal issues like land rights and advocacy in the Churia region. The major working themes include, land rights movement for sustainable livelihood of landless and tenant farmers (Sindhupalchowk, Chitwan, Mahottari and Siraha), land rights campaign for empowerment of tenants and landless farmers (Baitadi, Dadeldhura, Bardiya, Banke, Dang, Sunsari and Siraha), facilitating access of dalit people on Land resource (Baitadi, Dadeldhura, Siraha and Saptari), land rights advocacy campaign (Kanchanpur and Kailali).

1. Land Rights Movement for sustainable livelihood of landless and tenant farmers in Nepal facilitated to build the organization of the socially deprived people from land rights to strengthen them to develop sustainable land use policy. Action Aid Nepal is the main funding agency to conduct this activity.

2. Land Rights Campaign for Empowerment of Tenants and Landless Farmers project improved the capacity of tenants and landless farmers to assert their rights over land resource by influencing state policies and programs. The funding partner of this movement is Danida HUGOU.

3. Facilitating access of Dalit people on Land Resource focused its work on human rights of dalit and socially excluded people to facilitate their land resource right. The project was funded by SDC-NCCR.

4. Land Rights Advocacy Campaign basically focused on landless and tenants issues in organizing tenant, dalit and ethnic minorities for the enhancement of their capacity to claim their legitimate rights over land resources and wages. The funding partner of this movement is Canadian Cooperation Office.

47 5. Land Rights and Livelihood Security Initiative was the movement to enable tillers to live dignified lives with secured livelihood. The programme was funded by International Land Coalition (ILC).

Churia conservation, livelihood security and land ownership of Churia area inhabitants addressed to form strong inclusive and proactive people's organization for the conservation/management of the Churia. The programme further worked to pressurize the government for the formulation of Churia friendly policy on behalf of poor Churia inhabitants. The funding partner was CARE Nepal.

Ministry of Local Developments Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) was conducted to know the collection amount of sand, gravel and stone without hampering the environment of Churia Range. The IEE report was approved by the MoLD. Tribhuvan/Kathmandu University was recognized as a third party monitoring system. The report produced by the universities highlighted EIA should be adopted instead of IEE and effective monitoring is required for effective implementation of IEE. The revenue collected form the 22 districts during fiscal year 2066 July until 2068 December was NRs.47,85,32,343. The revenue increased by 42% in the fiscal year 2064 to 2065, while the revenues decreased to 23% during the fiscal year 2065 to 2066. 11% of the total revenues collected were invested for the environmental activities of the Churia region like stream bank protection, plantation, awareness raising, disaster reduction and climate change. MoLD felt the need to resolve the Prevailing policy conflicts over ownership of the sand, gravel and stone by adopting one door policy as per the guidance of natural resource committee. Cost effective and user friendly IEE/EIA study guidelines should be made available to DDCs and municipalities. Reinvestment of some parts of the revenues collected from stone, gravel and sand for Churia conservation programme by incorporating local bodies.

National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) New vulture breeding aviary was constructed in 2008-2009 to increase the number of vulture species. During the project period new white rumped vulture chicks were capture from Kapilvastu and Dang. Experts from different organizations like RSPB, BCN, NTNC and DNPWC were utilized for the collection vulture species. NTNC initiated its work from 1986 in

48 Bardia National Park but since 1994 the field office for Bardia conservation program (BCP) was established to work regularly. The main objective is to sustain and strengthen conservation endeavors through biodiversity research and monitoring and to enhance local livelihood through sustainable community development program. The key intervention areas are nature resource conservation, alternative energy, sustainable community development, conservation awareness, sustainable tourism development, gender development, agriculture and livestock development, community health services, biodiversity research and monitoring. The project is successful to establish 15 buffer zone community forests. Grants were provided for the establishment of religious forest at Thakurbaba temple and Bathanpur Phanta which helped to protect the degraded forest around that area. Similarly 2 forest nurseries were located in Thankurdwara and Pashupati Nagar and are producing seedlings (50,000 seedlings are produced in the fiscal 2008/2009) of multipurpose trees for distribution. BCP has provided a grant to Bindrapuri CFUGs for the plantation of lemon grass in the community forest and planted 30,000 seedlings. Likewise wild life crop depredation was minimized by installing the electric fence in Betani village. The installation proved successful in reducing crop raiding by rhinos, deer and elephants. The project supported for the installation of 500 biogas plants in the buffer Zone area resulted in the reduction of fuelwood consumption by 45-50%. To generate awareness and to disseminate information about conservation and wild life protection eco clubs were formed in every school of the buffer zone area. Sixteen Eco teachers were recruited to teach about environmental issues. The eco teachers were trained by providing workshop and training programs. Sustainable tourism development program was initiated by providing guide trainings to 250 local residents. The programme helped to institutionalize as well as conduct various activities in biodiversity conservation. To develop capacity of local communities through income generation, two tailoring centers were established and provided with sowing, interlock machines etc. The main focus of this program is to empower dalit and poor women economically. To enhance local communities with income generating activities, BCP project is providing seed money for the cultivation of mentha, supporting multipurpose distillation plant for extraction of aromatic oil. It is extending support to ‘Thakurdwara Krishak Bhauuddeshiya Cooperative limited’ to purchase hybrid seed, Karnali women saving and credit group for pig farming. Community health services were established to improve the health conditions of marginalized people through various activities through health and sanitation. With funding from Zoological Society of London and in

49 collaboration with BNP, ID based rhino monitoring work was initiated in 2007 with the objective to prepare individual rhino ID files. The ID file of all 19 Rhinos have been prepared.

Tribhuvan University (TU) Central departments of botany, zoology, environmental sciences and geology are conducting thesis work in the various parts of the Churia region. The mostly studied topics were paleontology, geology, mapping of the region, hydrology, sedimentology, structural characters of rivers, plants, animals, ecology, ethnobotany, soil, socioeconomic status and land use changes. The lists of thesis conducted in the Churia region are given in the reference list.

The Federation of community Forestry Users, Nepal (FECOFUN) FECOFUN is an umbrella organization of more than 15,000 community forests (CFs) and working primarily on their behalf through advocacy and empowerment of CFUGs. It was established on 1 June, 1995 (18 Jestha, 2052). FECOFUN works in all districts of Nepal including Churia region districts. The major supporting agencies are WWF, IUCN, ICIMOD, DFID, USAID and SDC and the collaborating partners are community forest users group, NGOs and local stake holders. During the time of establishment it had 3,000 CFs. The main aim of FECOFUN is to develop means of livelihoods and to generate opportunities to reduce poverty through sustainable forest management and utilization of resources, to emphasize the participation of all sections of community and ethnic groups in policy decisions and its implementation through CFUGs, to uphold the values of good governance, empowerment, self- respect, self-reliance and the approaches of consensus. The remarkable achievement of FECOFUN (based on the interview of secretariat member) is to keep the Forest Act, 2049 intact without amendment by pressuring the government as this Act is more inclusive and people oriented. FECOFUN along with the Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation prepared new regulations for the Gaurishankar Conservation Area. Ban Margadarsan 2065 was prepared which includes wide ranges of aspects about the CFUG including formation procedure. With support from different donor agencies FECOFUN runs various trainings, workshop, awareness campaigns and so forth. By running different programmes FECOFUN is capable to maintain the communities' right. Similarly, empowerment and community development are other achievements gained by this organization. FECOFUN is working by using two major

50 approaches. They are through policy advocacy ( Nitigat ) approach and functional ( Karyagat ) approach. Some of the recommendations drawn by FECOFUN are:

• Government should not take any steps which could hinder the local's right. • Should discourage research work in the CFs. • 'Rastrapati Chure Conservation Programme' should be stopped. • Not only CF but also the land should be given to the communities by adopting "Communities' Assets Principle" ( Samudayik Sampatiko abadharana ).

FECOFUN has published different books, booklets, brochures, pamphlets and many more to share their views as well as to aware the people. Community forest and law of Nepal: present state and challenges; smarika (2058 ), Samudayik banma mahila, Nepalko jadibuti abam gairkashtha ban udyogsambandhi kanuni srot pustika, Samudayik banko sangharshale jyuna sikayo, Chhapama samudayik ban ra sthaniya vikas, and Parishad as well as Mahadhibesan are some special publications.

Individual research works carried out in the Churia region Landscape processes in the Chure range, Central Nepal is a report prepared by Harka Gurung and Narendra Khanal and submitted to 'Man and Biosphere Committee Nepal' in 1987. The objectives include, geomorphology, hydrology and landscape dynamics of different localities (Harda, Churia basin, Bheraha basin and Chakrimakri). The outcome of the results proved that the Churia range is formed by material that was deposited from Pliocene to Miocene period. The study identified increasing population, migration from hills and mountains after malaria control was the reason behind land use changes. Among four study sites, stream frequency and relief ruggedness was higher in Harda and Bheraha than in Churia and Chakrimakri area.

A concept note on conservation and development of Churia and Terai landscape in Nepal was prepared by SN Rai and IC Dutta and submitted to FAO Nepal in 2010. In his report he identified some major issues that caused the severe degradation of Churia region. Loss of water holding capacity/reduction in off season flow in streams, depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity due to increasing settlements on forest land, land slides, accelerated erosion-loss of productive capacity of land, meandering of rivers/channel shifting-loss of forests and agricultural land, rising river beds–sand deposition–loss of land and flooding, deposition of sand and gavel

51 on agricultural and forest lands, widening of the river/ stream courses in Churia and Tarai and river bank cutting, decrease in extent of agricultural land and reduction in agricultural productivity, flooding in Tarai-leading to loss of agricultural crops, inundation of villages leading to loss of life & property and misery were major issues related to Churia degradation. He further emphasized the key problems associated for the failure of restoration of Churia range are lack of multi-sectoral interventions and support among stakeholders, local communities, VDCs, DDCs, etc. Promotion of alternative energy sources to fulfill the demands on the supply of fuelwood needs, support for the development of animal husbandry and promotion of animal feeds, replacement of traditional animals by improved variety of livestock. Spreading awareness about the ecological roles of forests, creating livelihood opportunities, restoring degraded ecosystem, equity in use of natural resources, enhancing productivity of land based systems and creating ecologically compatible infrastructure.

Social Inclusion and River- Affected Downstream People in Conservation and Management of Fragile Churia Hill: Linking Upstream and Downstream from the Perspective of Environmental Services is a doctoral thesis of Dr. Bijaya Singh. His study aimed to assess the positive and negative effects and impacts of river on people living in down stream and upstream areas and to find out their representation in the conservation and management of Churia region. His study reveals that the main reason behind the loss of fertility of downstream agricultural land is because of massive sediment flow from Churia hills to the downstream areas (Terai) which has made 1000 of terai people, landless, poor and marginal. He urged that none of the forestry, environment and other policies failed to address these downstream communities and so they are even excluded in conservation and management of Churia hill resources.

Itihara et al. (1972) stated that the Churia range is rich in paleontology and had provided evidence of evolution of Asian flora and fauna. Similarly, fossil parts of prehistoric elephant have also been unearthed from the Churia of central Nepal (Sah et al. 1993). A comparative study indicates that the animals of that period were the immediate ancestors of the present-day mammals.

52 5. Overall Analysis of the activities Strength • Multi-sectoral institutions (more than 35) have been involved in Churia management since a long time. • Different aspects like policy advocacy, gender issues, livelihood support, forest conservation, watershed management etc. are mostly covered activities. • Covered a wide range from east to west.

Weakness • Sporadic intervention (fail to address continuously throughout the Churia landscape) • No uniform approaches (various project wise models were implemented) • Sporadic intervention (no link) of the activities • Lack of viability and continuity of sustainable management programs • Utilization of the strength of other institutions is lacking.

Opportunities Various institutions are implementing the programs addressing forest management, erosion control, biodiversity, livelihood, advocacy, and others. There are many opportunities to link (best practices of the programme) the output of each institution to maximize the benefits.

Threat analysis Although there are many institutions involved for the management of Churia, still the environmental condition is deteriorating (forest degradation, river bed expansion, massive soil erosion). Mainstreaming the inter agency collaborative mechanism is requisite to gather the composite outcome/information for the management of the ecosystem. The multisectoral intervention has to be materialized, to prevent Churia from further degradation.

53 6. Conclusion and Recommendations

• The documentation of the work that was carried out in the Churia region is scattered. It is needed to collect the documents and to establish a knowledge management center for further references.

• Different documents have shown various demarcation of Churia region. So it is urgent to develop a well define map of Churia along with clear demarcation of the districts and VDCs.

• The programs should be carried out with an integrated approach by including all the concerned line agencies to prevent duplication of work. Further to ovoid duplication the role of different government organizations should be well defined.

• Various organizations are involved for the conservation of Churia region but it is still unclear whether expected outcomes provided by concerned organizations are valid or not. In this regard, regular monitoring of the Churia programs is mandatory. This will also facilitate the proper implementation of the programs.

• Regarding natural resource management most of the activities lack research inputs thus the efforts have not produced fruitful results. Most of the research works are targeted only for short term, just for the sake of carrying out the activities. Therefore, for the sustainable development and management of Churia region long term research work is required. This will help for the effective management and conservation of Churia region. In this regard research organizations like NAST, NARC etc. can play a leading role.

• The projects and programmes should address the interest of local communities rather the interest of donor. It is felt that inclusion of local communities is mandatory for sound and successful developmental programs.

54 • All the organization/ institutions are willing to work with RCCP and have stated that RCCP should approach them. They are even willing to share information they have regarding Churia region free of cost.

8. Limitations We could not incorporate information regarding all the organizations involved in the Churia region because of poor response from the organizations and difficulty in meeting the related person during the programme period.

55 Field experiences Site I Sisau Bagar Community forest situated in Chaupur VDC (Lamahi) of Dang District which occupies 48 ha is a good example of forest restoration. The community forest was completely destroyed in 2048 by diversion of river course and bank cutting of Arjun Khola. 1.5 km of checkdam constructed with the help of District Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Office resulted in the conservation of more than 500 m width of forest (Photo 1). Later TAL project (WWF) provided financial and technical support for the restoration of this forest. Additionally DSCWM constructed a water pond in 2067 to provide drinking water for wild animals.

Photo 1. Construction of gabion wall on the bank of Photo 2. Reforestation site, Sisau Ghari Community Arjun khola, Dang Forest, Dang

Site II Deuki Community Forest was completely degraded and was a famous desert site for film shooting (e.g. Movie Chahana). In 2052 this community forest was established and forest was restored. Presently, the forest covers an area of 1061.93 ha (Photo 2). To upgrade the livelihood of local communities Citronella, Lemon grass, Mentha, and Aloe vera have been planted (photo 5). Distillation plant was established to extract the essential oil of MAPs and they are exporting the extracted oils to India (photo 7). The project was supported by WWF Nepal programme.

56 Photo 3. Before restoration, Deuki Community Forest, Photo 4. After restoration, Deuki Community Forest, Dang Dang

Photo 5. Citronella cultivation in Deuki community Photo 6. Jatropa plantation in Deuki Community Forest, Forest, Dang Dang

Photo 7. Distillation plant for MAPs Photo 8. Metha drying after harvesting

57 Site III

Installation of biogas plants in Lalmatia, Dang have helped to reduce pressure on community forest, reduce indoor pollution, improve human health and environment of the village (photo 9). This had further led to conserve 4.5 metric ton of fuelwood per household annually.

Site IV Old age home for livestock has been established in Lalmatia, Dang for the conservation of endangered Vulture species (photo 10). In this home, old livestock of the village are left and after the death the skin and bones are separated and sold. The flesh is fed to Vultures. On one hand, the establishment of this home helped to increase the number of endangered vulture species in the vicinity. But on the other hand the livestock health was found in fragile condition due to the scarcity of food, lack of treatment for diseased livestock, lack of clean environment condition, etc.

Photo 9. Biogas Village in Lalmatia, Dang Photo 10. Old age home for livestock, Vulture conservation, Lalmatia, Dang

Site V

The water conservation pond was constructed in Jargaha of Nawalparashi, with the joint collaboration between Community and OXFAM (photo 11). The construction of the pond enabled them to do fish farming and provided irrigation facilities for off-season vegetables. This has led to increase the annual income of each household by NRs.30000 to 40000.

58 Site VI Trishul pond was constructed to provide continuous irrigation facilities to the villagers especially during dry season (photo 13). A water reservoir tank was constructed to supply drinking water to the villagers (photo 12). The programme was a joint venture between the community and OXFAM in Nawalparasi.

Site VII Pashupati Kailashpuri community forest once a degraded and eroded site was conserved by building gabion wall and bamboo plantation (photo 15 & 16). Likewise, the construction of rainwater harvesting pond and 150m long water recharge trench helped them to get continuous drinking water supply and irrigation facilities during dry season. Income generation activities, like plantation of broom grass and Aloe vera have been initiated. The programme was supported by DSCWM.

Photo 11. Water conservation pond, Jargaha, Photo 12. Drinking water storage from conserved water Nawalparasi source, Nawalparasi

Photo 13. Trishul Pokhari, Nawalparasi Photo 14. Stream bank protection, Nawalparasi

59

Photo 15. Water conservation pond, Piple, Chitwan Photo 16. Gabion wall with bamboo plantation for erosion control, Piple, Chitwan

8. Published materials Bhandari, D., Malakar, Y. & Murphy, B. (2010). Understanding disaster management in practice: with reference to Nepal . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Care Nepal. (2008). Impact of hydro-geological processes and land degradation on livelihood strategy in the churia and terai region of Nepal- A study report on hazard mapping and land resources management of the Jalad Khola under the Jalad integrated watershed and natural resources management (JIWAN) program . Care Nepal.Kathmandu; Nepal.

ENPHO. (brochure). Eco-friendly living for sustainable planet . Environment and Public Health Organization. New Baneshwor; Kathmandu, Nepal.

ENPHO. (2011). Eco-friendly living for sustainable planet . Environment and Public Health Organization- Annual report. New Baneshwor; Kathmandu, Nepal.

ESAP, & GoN. (2010). Status of solar photovoltaic sector in Nepal: 2010. Energy sector Assistance Programme. Khumaltar; Lalitpur, Nepal.

60 Europian Union,. SEBAC-Nepal,. & Practical Action. (brochure). Raising Opportunities for jobs in Gramin areas for rural incomes- ROJGARI . Kathmandu, Nepal.

FRA, (2011). Forest Resource Assessment- Nepal newsletter, Vol. (1), Issue. (1) . Department of Forest Research and Survey. Babarmahal; Kathmandu, Nepal.

GoN, & Dorpatan Hunting Reserve. (brochure, 2009). Dhorpatan hunting reserve . Department of National Parks and Wildlife conservation. Babarmahal; Kathmandu, Nepal.

GoN, . JICA,. & GEMSIP. (2011). Gemsip update, Vol. (7) .GEMSIP Office & Ministry of Local Development. Pulchowk; Lalitpur, Nepal.

GON, (2012). Swashasan-The journal of self- governance and rural development ,Vol. 37 . Local Development Ofice. Pulchowk; Lalitpur, Nepal.

GoN, & IUCN. (2012 ). Proceedings of consultative workshop on –A review of the National Coservation Strategy, 1988 . National Planning Commision & IUCN Nepal. Kathmandu; Nepal.

Gurung, G. B., et. al.(2010). Impacts of climate change: Voices of the people . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

ICIMOD, (brochure, 2010). Space-based information for disaster preparedness and risk management . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

ICIMOD, (brochure, 2010). Implementing the male declaration on air pollution in South Asia . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

ICIMOD, (brochure, 2010). ICIMOD Geospatial and remote sensing resources . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

61 ICIMOD, (brochure, 2010). Remote sensing of snow cover . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

ICIMOD, (brochure, 2010). Land cover mapping- Case studies in three protected areas . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

ICIMOD, (brochure, 2010). Decision support toolbox for mountain protected area management . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

ICIMOD, (brochure, 2010). Atmospheric brown cloud- Regional monitoring and assessment . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

ICIMOD. (2011). Connecting from spae to village- Enabling climate policy and actions in the Himalayas . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu,Nepal.

ICIMOD, (brochure, 2011). Regional monitoring scheme for snow cover of the Hindu Kush- Himalayas . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

ICIMOD, (brochure, 2011). Space-based information and rapid mapping for emergency response . ICIMOD Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

IUCN. (2008). Conservation newsletter, Vol. 8 (4) . IUCN Nepal. Kathmandu; Nepal. cfO{=o"=;L=Pg= @)^^M jftfj/0fLo ;|f}t ;+ufnf]M r'/] ;+/If0f, cGt/fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;+3,sf7df08f}+,g]kfn . cfO{=o"=;L=Pg= @)^^M k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg — n}+lËs, ul/aL / ;fdflhs ;dGofosf] cg'udg ;"rsx? tyf dfu{lgb{]lzsf, cGt/fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;+3,sf7df08f}+,g]kfn . cfO{=o"=;L=Pg= @)^*M Plss[t hnfwf/ ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg of]hgfM ;b'{ hnfwf/, w/fg, ;'g;/L, g]kfn, cGt/fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;+3,sf7df08f}+,g]kfn .

62 cfO{=o"=;L=Pg=, o"=Pg=8L=kL=, o"=Pg=O{=kL -a|f];/_M kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ng—lxdfnL tyf kxf8L kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?df x'g} hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf cg's"ng.

JICA, (brochure). Improvement of rural living standard . JICA Nepal. Hariharbhawan; Lalitpur, Nepal.

JICA, (brochure). Democratization and peace- building . JICA Nepal. Hariharbhawan; Lalitpur, Nepal.

JICA, (brochure). JICA’s co-operation strategy in Nepal . JICA Nepal. Hariharbhawan; Lalitpur, Nepal.

JICA, (brochure). JICA project location map . JICA Nepal. Hariharbhawan; Lalitpur, Nepal.

JICA, (brochure). Training and dialogue program . JICA Nepal. Hariharbhawan; Lalitpur, Nepal.

JICA, & GoN. (brochure). The project on strengthening the monitoring and evaluation system in Nepal-Phase II .National Planning Commission Secretariat. Singh Durbar; Kathmandu, Nepal.

JICA, (2010). JICA volunteer program in Nepal . JICA Nepal. Hariharbhawan; Lalitpur, Nepal.

JICA, (2010). JICA Nepal Office- Quaterly Newsletter, Vol.64 . JICA Nepal. Hariharbhawan; Lalitpur, Nepal.

JICA, & GON,. (2012). Project for the operation and maintenance of Sindhuli road, Issue (1) . Sindhuli Road Mangement Unit.Nepal.

JICA, & GoN. (brochure, 2012). The project on strengthening the monitoring and evaluation system in Nepal-Phase II, Newsletter, Vol. (1), Issiue. (1) .National Planning Commission Secretariat. Singh Durbar; Kathmandu, Nepal.

63

LFP, (2008). An assessment of opportunities, challenges and possible actions- Can Nepal benefit from forest carbon financing? . Livelihood and Forestry Programme,& DFID. Kathmandu; Nepal.

LFP, (2009). Impact of climate change on forests and livelihoods: Issues and options for Nepal . Livelihood and Forestry Programme,& DFID. Kathmandu; Nepal.

LFP, & UKAID, (2010). Mainstreaming climate change adaptation through community based planning- Concept, process and tools . Livelihood and Forestry Programme,& DFID. Kathmandu; Nepal.

LFP, & UKAID, (2010). Participatory tools and techniques for assessing climate change impact and exploring adaptation options- A community based tool kit for practitioners . Livelihood and Forestry Programme,& DFID. Kathmandu; Nepal.

Marahatta, S.,Dangol, B. S. & Gurung, G. B. (2009). Temporal and spatial variability of climate change over Nepal (1976-2005) . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

NAST, & NSU. (2008). Consevation and management of selected medicinal and aromatic plants in Dang . Kathmandu; Nepal.

Practical Action. (2008). Early warning saving lives- Establishing community based early warning systems in Nepal: Learning and experience 2002-2008 . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Practical Action, & Europeaid. (2008). Best practices on solid waste management of Nepalese cities . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal. k|flS6sn PSzg g]kfn, g]kfn ;/sf/, d]8 g]kfn, @)^^M ;d"xut :ofnf] 6\o"jj]n lgdf{0f / ;~rfng, hfgsf/L k'l:tsf, k|flS6sn PSzg g]kfn, sf7df08f}+,g]kfn .

64 k|flS6sn PSzg g]kfn, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^&M cled'lvs/0f k'l:tsf — 3/leqsf] jfo' k|b'if0fsf] dfgj :jf:Yodf c;/af/] dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfsf nflu, k|flS6sn PSzg g]kfn / :jf:Yo tyf hg;+\Vof dGqfno, sf7df08f}+,g]kfn .

Practical Action. (2009). Policy research on household energy and indoor air pollution in South Asia . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal. k|flS6sn PSzg g]kfn, @)^&M g]kfndf k|sf]k Joj:yfkgM ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf — ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf l;sfO{x?, k|flS6sn PSzg g]kfn,sf7df08f}+,g]kfn .

Practical Action. (2009). Inventory of innovative indoor air pollution alleviating technologies in Nepal . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Practical Action. (2010). Impacts of climate change: Voices of the people . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu Nepal.

Practical Action.(2010). Poor people’s energy outlook 2010 . Rugby, UK.

Practical Action. (2010). Understanding disaster management in practice with reference to Nepal . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Practical Action. (2011). Strengthening livelihood capacities to disaster risk reduction in Nepal- Compilation of change studies . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Practical Action. (2011). Technical brief- Gravity goods ropeway . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Practical Action, &European Union. (2011). Technical brief: Gravity goods ropeway . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

65 Practical Action. (2011). Strengthening livelihood capacities to disaster risk reduction- Compilation of change studies . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Practical Action. (brochure). Practical Action in Nepal . Practical Action. Lazimpat; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Prism, (brochure). Poverty reduction of informal workers in solid waste management sector . Practical Action, Europian Union & IUCD. Kathmandu; Nepal.

SIRF, (2009). Social inclusion nation building in Nepal- Abstracts of researches . Social Inclusion Research Fund. Bakhundole; Lalitpur, Nepal.

TU. (compiled). Abstracts –M.Sc and Ph. D. Dissertations in Botany . Central Department of Botany. Tribhuvan University. Kathmandu; Nepal. tfdfª, k"mkf{ @)^*M h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f — ko{6g ljsf;df wd{—;+:s[lt, kljq lxdfno e"—kl/lw sfo{qmd / nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf dWojtL{ If}q ;xof]u cfof]hgf, sf7df08f}+,g]kfn .

WaterAid. (2011). People’s perception on sanitation: Findings from Nepal . WaterAid in Nepal. Kupondole; lalitpur, Nepal.

WaterAid. . Nepal- Country Strategy (2010-2015) . WaterAid in Nepal. Kupondole; lalitpur, Nepal. WTLCP. (brochure). Western terai landscape complex project . Forestry Complex. Babarmahal; Kathmandu, Nepal.

WTLCP. (brochure). Overview of Mentha and Camomile cultivation in western terai . Babarmahal; Kathmandu, Nepal

WTLCP. (brochure). Integrated landscape planning process and mechanism. Babarmahal; Kathmandu, Nepal.

66

WTLCP. (brochure). Is current level of financing sufficient for conserving Bardia National Park? A case study of economic valuation of Bardia National Park, Nepal . Babarmahal; Kathmandu, Nepal.

WTLCP. (2012). Glimpses of biodiversity and conservation in Western terai landscape complex . Western terai landscape complex project. Babarmahal; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Western Terai Landscape.(2012). Conservation Communicator . Western Terai Landscape complex project. Babarmahal; Kathmandu, Nepal.

WWF. (2011). Terai arc reloaded- The future of conservation . WWF Nepal.Baluwatar; Kathmandu, Nepal.

WWF. (2011). WWF Nepal annual report . WWF Nepal.Baluwatar; Kathmandu, Nepal.

WWF. (2012). Biogas comes to Madhuban- Astory of change . WWF Nepal.Baluwatar; Kathmandu, Nepal.

Thesis Bajracharya, L. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Buffer zone vegetation, socioeconomic status and land use change study in Pithauli buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Bartuala, I. R. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Socio-economic status and vegetation analysis of Dibyanagar buffer zone VDC, CNP . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Basnet, P. & Yonzon,P. B. (2060). Vegetation, land use change and livelihood pattern of Dibyapuri buffer zone (VDC) of Chitwan National Park, Central Nepal . Master's thesis

67 submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Bhatt, P. & Pradhan, N. M. B. (2063). Role of Asian Elephant (Elephus maximus) in dispersing Mallotus phillipinensis in Bardia National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Chettri, A. K.& Yonzon, P. B. (2060). Understanding biodiversity conservation and buffer zone vegetation, Manahari VDC in the buffer zone, Chitwan National Park (CNP) . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Dhakal, A. & Yonzon,P. B. (2060). Status of biodiversity conservation and vegetation in Kather buffer zone Village Development Committee, Chitwan National Park . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Dhakal, B. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Study of Kolhuwa buffer zone VDC of Chitwan National Park in relation to the livelihood needs and available natural resources. Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Ghimire, B. P. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Socioeconomic status and understanding biodiversity conservation in Bhandara buffer zone VDC, Chitwan National Park. Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Joshi, H. D. & Joshi, C.(2062). Assessment on resettled wellbeing and biological impact analysis: New Padampur VDC, Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

68 Joshi, R. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Knowing buffer zone livelihood of locals and conservation of nature: a case study on Kumarworti buffer zone VDC of Chitwan National Park . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Khadka, K. K. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Understanding biodiversity conservation, social structure and buffer zone vegetation in Mukundapur buffer zone, VDC, Chitwan National Park. Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Lamsal, S. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Socio-economic status, vegetation analysis, rhino conservation and land use change in Amarapuri buffer zone VDC of Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Lohani, S. & Yonzon,P. B. (2060). Understanding biodiversity conservation and vegetation ecology of Jagatpur buffer zone, VDC of Chitwan National Park . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Maharjan, B. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Analysis of vegetation, landuse lhange and socioeconomic status of people in the Rajahar VDC and their impact on biodiversity conservation in Chitwan National Park. Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Mulepati, A. & Bhatt, S. R. (2062). Investigating buffer zone issues in Banghauda Village Development Committee, buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

69 Neupane, D. & Yonzon,P. B. (2060). A study on rhino conservation, buffer zone households and vegetation analysis in Sukranagar VDC of Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Pandeya, R. & Bhuju, D.R.(2062). Buffer zone resources and socioeconomic perspective of conservation in Tribeni buffer zone VDC, Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Pant, A & Bhatta, S. R. (2062). Socio-economic status, vegetation analysis and park-people interface: A case study of Ayodhyapuri VDC of the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Paudyal, R. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Buffer zone resources and socioeconomic status in Meghauli Village Development Committee, Chitwan National Park of Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Pokhrel, B. M. & Singh, N. B. (2059). Ethno biology of vanishing indigenous group: The BanKariya. Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Pokharel, R. & Bhatt, S. R. (2062). People, pressure and conservation issues of Bandevi Barandavar community forest, Bharatpur, Chitwan National Park . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Poudel, J. & Kandel, P. (2062). Role of buffer zone community forestin carbon sequestration and livelihood enhancement, a case study of Ratnanagar municipality, Chitwan National

70 Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Rajaure, N. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). A study on land use change, vegetation analysis and buffer zone households in Argayuli VDC Chitwan . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Sharma, A.P. & Bhuju, D.R. (2062). Buffer zone programme; Biodiversity and livelihood issues: A case study in Nirmalbasti VDC, Buffer zone, Chitwan National Park . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Subba, I. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Understanding biodiversity conservation and VDC buffer zone vegetation of Dumkibas buffer zone VDC, Chitwan National Park. Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Subedi, A. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Participatory conservation and community resources in Narayani buffer zone Village Development Committee, Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Tandan, P. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Natural resource conservation and sustainable livelihood: A case study from Parsauni buffer zone VDC, Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

Tiwari, N. & Yonzon,P. B. (2061). Buffer zone, biodiversity and livelihood, "an analysis of self sustainability of Pragatinagar buffer zone VDC, Chitwan National Park for biodiversity conservation" . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

71

Upadhyay, S.& Bhatt, S. R. (2062). Socioeconomic indicators, wildlife depredation and buffer zone management issues in Madi Kalyanpur VDC buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal . Master's thesis submitted to Central Department of Environmental Science. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.

72 ANNEX 1 Information collection sheet Name of the institution:

Working area, Profile Progress and Other agencies can be involved (History, activities, achievements to with other agencies? if yes, Total budget supported by) date suggest partnership approach

Districts: Started date:

VDCs: *Major activities:

Total annual budget and source (foreign/govt.) District wise Supporting agencies: breakdown: District 1: District 2: ……. Operating modalities:(e.g. community approach, contract, NGOs, etc)

* Indicate sector e.g. livelihood, water resources, conservation and management, etc.

73 Publications (nos): (1) Title: Date: Authors: Availability for distribution: (If available can we get or photocopy, purchase):

Discussion on 1. What are the best achievements of your programs?

2. How can it be scaled up?

3. Integration, collaboration approach with any organizations/Institution.

4. Effectiveness or impacts of the programs?

5. Can you suggest any site for site visit so that programs can be a demonstrative for advocacy?

6. Possible areas of cooperation and collaborations with Rastrapati Churia Conservation Programme?

74 ANNEX 2 UNDP

Program/Projects Major objective Duration Donor agencies Budget Working areas Major activities Livelihoods Poverty reduction August 2009 to UNDP $4.5m, BCPR $18 million ($8.8m All 271 Village Mobilizing the Recovery for Peace December 2014 $4.2, Norway $0.1m funded, $9.2m Development poorest project (LRP) unfunded) Committees in communities for Sarlahi, Mahottari peace and and Rautahat development districts Improving the local infrastructure

Improving livelihood of the poorest and most vulnerable

Empowering women Strengthening local institutions creating March 2008 to UNDP ($7.3m), $14.1 million Baitadi, Bardia, Micro Enterprise Providing skill and employment and December 2012 AusAID ($5.3m), Banke, Dadeldhura, Development business training, Programme (Phase income CIDA ($1.2m), Kailali, for women, poor III) (MEDEP-III) opportunities for the Himal Power Ltd Nawalparasi, and disadvantaged rural poor ($0.3m) Kapilvastu, Surkhet, people Pyuthan, Dang Business support services for micro- entrepreneurs Improvement of policy environment

75 to build an enabling March 2002 to UNDP ($2.4m), $ 4.4 million 13 municipalities Public Private Solid waste Partnership for policy environment December 2012 Asian Development ($3.1m funded) management, Urban and the human Bank ($0.5m), Butwal, Birgunj, mobile toilets, resources to Netherlands Dhangadi, Dharan, Environment sewage-attached implement public ($0.15m), UNOPS Nepalgunj, Pokhara, (PPPUE) biogas, solar street private partnerships ($0.03m) Sidharthanagar, lighting, Hetauda, Bharatpur, Kathmandu, Management of Dhulikhel, recreational areas Mechinagar, and a market, and Biratnagar for building and operating slaughter houses GEF Small Grant Support the 1996 to 30th June The Global $4.2 million Kavre, Dang Controlling Programme (SGP) conservation 2014 Environment Facility Kapilbastu, unsustainable activities with with (GEF) Rupendehi, harvesting” of an additional focus Nawalparasi, NTFPs on poverty Chitwan, Rautahat, alleviation & good Sarlahi, Mahottari, Reduce governance Dhanusha, Siraha, unsustainable Saptari, Makwanpur firewood use and and some others preserve forest (102 projects of 47 cover and reducing districts) carbon emissions

Shifting cultivation (or rotational agro forestry) Wetland conservation Western Terai to establish a January 2006 to GEF ($3.3m), UNDP $5.0 million and Kanchanpur, Kailali Conservation Landscape landscape-level 31st July 2012 ($1.7m). Bioversity $3.9 million parallel and Bardiya Reducing crop Complex Project management model International, NARC, funding damage, (WTLCP) to safeguard the LI-BIRD, GoN, SNV Afforestation area's biological ($2.4m), WWF wealth and its vital ($1.5m) ecological functions

76 Conservation and to strengthen March 2007 – 31st GEF $1.96 million $ 2.4 million Koshi Tappu Policy development Sustainable Use of national and local March 2012 UNDP $ 0.53 million (Sunsari, Saptari Wetlands in Nepal capacity in Govt. in kind: $ 1.14 and Udayapur) and Sustainable (CSUWN) ecosystem million Ghodagodhi Lake livelihood for local management and (Kailali) people sustainable use of wetland biodiversity Identify and protect in Nepal wetlands

Protect globally threatened species Conflict to support the September 2010- UNDP $2.2 million Central level, Promotion of Prevention Project prevention, August 2015 (funded) Dhanusha, Banke dialogue culture for (CPP) mitigation and (First 2 years) and probably conflict prevention management of Morang and building social conflicts at central cohesion and local levels Promotion of conflict sensitivity

Implementation and monitoring of development interventions to reduce poverty by April 2009 to 31 $575m from GoN, $ 762 million Nationwide in Local Governance Empowering supporting December 2012 $161 m from ADB Nepal's 75 district and Community citizens and Development inclusive , effective and 5 bilateral donors (DDC), 3,915 communities Programme and accountable and $ 25.7 m from villages (VDCs), (LGCDP) local governance UNJP and 58 Municipal Funding DDC, and participatory government bodies municipality and community-led VDC development Developing the capacity of local governments for effective deliver of services

77 Policy support for decentralisation and local governance Gender equality and social inclusion To provide valuable May 2008 to Dec UNDP ($7.2m), $17.4m Constituent Support to Supporting support for 2012 DFID ($3.5m), Assembly and all Participatory Constituent inclusive and Denmark ($2.6m), 240 constituencies Constitution Assembly (CA) participatory Norway ($1.8m), across Nepal Building in Nepal constitution British Embassy Increasing (SPCBN) building ($1m), BCPR knowledge about ($0.8m), Austria constitutional issues ($0.3m) Supporting political dialogue Advocating for preparations of new constitution

78 WTLCP Program/Projects Major objective Duration Donor/implementing Budget Working areas Major activities agencies Western Terai Conservation and August 2005-July Ministry of Forests and US$ 13.1 million 52 VDCs of 3 Landscape Complex sustainable use of 2012 Soil conservation (NARC$.05million Districts viz. Project biodiversity Partners ( Financial Li-Bird$.01million Bardia, Kailali and and Technical support) WWF Nepal $1.55 Kanchanpur MFSC SNV Nepal$2.45 UNDP UNDP $1.73 GEF GEF$3.31) SNV WWF, Nepal Biodiversity International NARC Li-BIRD

79 DSCWM Projects/Programs Major Duration Collaborating Budget Working areas Major activities objectives Partners Watershed To maintain 2067/68~ GoN NRs. 7,50,00,000 Ilam, Jhapa, Water source management ecological (for067/68) Sunsari, Saptari, protection & program balance of NRs. 14,28, 25,000 Siraha, Udaypur distribution Churia region (for 068/069) Dhanusha, Irrigation channel Mahottari, Sarlahi, improvement Bara, Parsa, Watershed To increase land Rautahat Plantation (Fruit, management productivity and fodder trees etc.) program improve Rupandehi, livelihood Kapilvastu, Conservation pond Makwanpur, construction Chitwan,Nawalpar asi, Arghakhanchi

Dadeldhura, Kanchanpur, Kailali, Surkhet, and Dang

Practical action

Projects/ProgramsScaling up early Majorstrength capacity DurationJune 2009-Dec Budget Donor/implementiEU (Co funded) WorkingBanke, Bardia, areas Majorestablishment activities of warming system objectivesof flood prone 2010 ngCSDR, agencies RKJS, Chitwan and early warning Help food Security increasecommunities farm Jan 2010-Nov 2011 NA EUSAHAMATI (Co funded) 30Nawalparasi VDCs in Doti, Incomeservices generation (Securing food for productivity EDC, SAC, Dailekhdistricts and theCommunity poor) based throughdevelop tools May 2010-May KIRDARCADB (Funded) KalikotDhankuta, Optimizationdesign of tools of and vulnerability increasedand access 2011 CECI Nawalparasi, marketmethodologies network assessment tools tomethodologies agricultural Dhanusha technologies Increase productivity of agricultural land

80 IUCN

Projects/Programs Major objectives Duration Budget Donor/implementing Working areas Major activities agencies Management of increase incentives to IUCN, WWF, CARE Doti Increase economic MAPs and NTFP poor and Nepal status of the people marginalized people Economic value of conservation and US$ 4million MFSC, GEF Koshi tappu, Ghoda Payment for water and forests sustainable use of Ghodi lake environmental services wetlands Save Rhino conservation of one DNPWC, NTNC, Conservation of Rhino horned Rhino WWF, IUCN

Conservation of build capacities of IUCN 6 VDCs of Ilam Conservation of critical ecosystem CFUGs, WGs and biodiversity flood control committee Minimization of ecological degradation

Promotion of green income

Alternative energy Economic valuation to estimate the value IUCN, WWF and Local partners Development for of Churia region of key goods and CARE Nepal financial resources service provided by Churia Sustainable management and conservation

81 DNPWC

Projects/Programs Major objectives Duration Budget Donor/implementing Working Major activities agencies areas Terai Landscape work for wildlife NRs.43,37,43, DNPWC,DoF &WWF( donor Bagmati & Sustainable Project conservation & 000 & implementing partners) Mahakali management and outstanding zones Conservation of forest, landscape Local partners: ecosystem and species Other GOs& NGOs,local people & stakeholders Climate change

Energy,

Livelihood improvement

Education & capacity building

Policy matter& advocacy Western Terai support the 2004- 2012 UNDP/GEF,SNV&WWF Bardiya,Banke Conservation & Restore Landscape Complex conservation program and of biological corridors Project (WTLCP) Local partners: Sukhalaphat restore & conserve Different departments of GoN biological corridor Conservation and build the capacity 2005-2007 MFSC,GEF & UNDP(donor & Koshi tappu & Capacity building Sustainable use of legal & policy implementing Partners) Godhgodi lake Legal & policy Wetlands in frameworks for the framework Nepal(CSUWN) ecosystem management

82 Special tiger double the tiger By 2020 NRs.60,00,000 DNPWC &DoF Tiger monitoring monitoring population (Implementing parterners) programme

Poaching and illegal reduce the poaching Revenue(NRs. DNPWC(implementing Anti-poaching & trade control activities 61 million for partner) illegal tade activities programme FY 2066/67 to NRs. 83.1 Policy million from Chitwan National Park in coming years

Ministry of Agriculture

Projects/Programs Major objectives Duration Budget Donor/implementing Working Major activities agencies areas Commercial commercialize 2065-2071 Commercial ADB Dhankuta,Jhap Investment& Agriculture agricultural products Agricultural a,Morang, commercialization of Development in markets Development Sunsari, agriculture products Project(CADP) Project(NRs.1 Udaypur, 93,083,000 Saptari funded by &Siraha ADB) districts National IPM Increase agricultural 2064-2069 National IPM Norway (donor),World Bank Illam,Jhapa,Ba Participation of women Programme productivity by use of Program(5 ra,Kapilvastu, & poor people in less pesticides with million US Surkhet,Kailal IPM/FFS other agricultural dollar funded i&Dadeldhura practices by Norway Monitoring of pesticide government use on different commodities in IPM/FFS

83 JICA

Projects/Programs Major objectives Duration Budget Donor/ Implementing Working areas Major Partners activities Capacity Development To supply safe drinking March 2009 － Morang & Jhapa on Water Supply in water stably in Semi- December 2012 Semi-urban Areas in urban areas in Nepal Nepal

Strengthening To disseminate January 2010 to Ministry of Local Sindhuli & Mahottari Community Mediation knowledge on dispute September 2013 Development, DDC and districts Capacity for Peaceful management mainly VDCs/Municipalities and Harmonious through community Society mediation for peaceful and harmonious community December 20, Nawalparasi district Local Capacity To provide information Environment and Public Building for Arsenic and technology to the 2010 to June 16, Health Organization Mitigation in local people to make 2013 (ENPHO) Nawalparasi them aware of arsenic risks and cope with arsenic contamination.

November 26, Promoting Quality To strengthen AASAMAN Nepal Dhanusha district (19 Education through participatory planning 2009 to March VDCs) and Mahottari 31, 2012 Community based and management in District (11 VDCs) School Management schools; promote inclusive quality education for all children; and promote social norms to protect all children from all forms of violence

84 July 2010 to Promotion of To improve the AMDA Nepal Nawalparasi district Maternal and Child community environment December 2012 and Health through and facilitate Community empowerment for better Empowerment maternal and child health

Gender To strengthen functions February 2009 to Ministry of Local Central Morang, Mainstreaming and of Nepal's existing January 2014 Development (MoLD); Syangja Districts Social Inclusion frameworks, policy and Department of Women Project (GeMSIP) guidelines on Gender Development (DWD), Mainstreaming and Social Ministry of Women, Children and Social Inclusion responsive programs at national, Welfare (MoWCSW) district and local levels January 2004 to Agricultural Training To disseminate the new Department of Dhading, Rasuwa, January 2009 and Extension concepts gained from the Agriculture, Ministry of Makwanpur, Improvement Project project among JT/JTAs Agriculture and Nuwakot, (ATEIP) outside the target area Cooperatives Sindhupalchowk

Since 1970s till Grant Assistance for To enhance food Ministry of Agriculture Nationwide date the Underprivileged production in Nepal and Cooperatives, Farmers (2KR) Agriculture Inputs Company Limited

The Village Development of Love Green Japan Kavrepalanchowk Development for sustainable livelihoods (LGN) (Devitar village), Kavrepalanchowk, for economically Sindhupalchowk Sindhupalchowk and disadvantaged people in (Kubhinde village) Makwanpur Districts marginalized and Makwanpur (Love Green Japan) communities and to uplift (Bajrabarahi village) the rural communities

85 Agricultural Training To improve the January 2004 to Department of Dhading, Rasuwa, and Extension agriculture service January 2009 Agriculture, Ministry of Makwanpur, Agriculture and Nuwakot, Improvement Project delivery system training (ATEIP) and extension, where the Cooperatives Sindhupalchowk delivery "system" incorporates agriculture technology, group organization, facilitation, M&E, documentation, coordination, and so on

Community Access To prevent conflict and Since Dec. Department of Local Mahottari, Sindhuli, Improvement Project promote peace 2010 (24 Infrastructure Ramechhap, Months) Development and Kavrepalanchowk and Agriculture Roads Sindhupalchowk

(DOLIDAR), Ministry

of Local Development

Promoting Peace To establish a model of November 2010 Ministry of Information Targeted all across Building and accurate, impartial and to October and Communications Nepal Democratization fair media in the 2013 (MoIC) and Radio Nepal through the Capacity democratization process Development of Media through revision of media Sector in Nepal policy, acts, regulations and guidelines and reform Radio Nepal

Project for the To construct a new 1996 – till date Department of Roads, Bardibas - Dhulikhel construction of alternate route which Ministry of Physical Sindhuli Road connects the capital city Planning & Works Kathmandu to Terai

86 SNV

Projects/Programs Major objectives Duration Budget Donor/Implementing Working areas Major agency activities Biodiversity Sector Development of 2002-2010 11,666, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Chitwan, Makwanpur, Programme in the productive forest 872 Affairs (DGIS) Parsa, Bara, Rautahat, Siwaliks and Terai management Euro Sarlahi, Mahottary, (BISEP-ST) sustainable and equitable Dhanusha utilization of forest Dadeldhura, resources Kanchanpur, Kailali, Surkhet, and Dang NTFP value chain Commercial promotion of 2010 onwards development project high value NTFPs through value chain development approach Public Land Agro poverty reduction and 2010 onwards Forestry project and economic development REDD+ Pilot project

87