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A Systematic Literature Review to Determine the Web Accessibility Issues in Saudi Arabian University and Government Websites for Disable People

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A Systematic Literature Review to Determine the Web Accessibility Issues in Saudi Arabian University and Government Websites for Disable People (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2017 A Systematic Literature Review to Determine the Web Accessibility Issues in Saudi Arabian University and Government Websites for Disable People Muhammad Akram Rosnafisah Bt Sulaiman College of Graduate Studies College of Information Technology Universiti Tenaga Nasional Universiti Tenaga Nasional Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia Malaysia Abstract—Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has shown great participate in all society activities as other people [2]. Like commitment and support in past 10 years towards the higher other countries, Saudi Arabia also have reasonable number of education and transformation of manual governmental services disable person. According to the news published on Saudi to online through web. As a result number of university and e- national newspaper, there are almost 720,000 Saudi nationals government websites increased but without following the proper are disable. It is around 4% of total Saudi population [3]. accessibility guidelines. Due to this many disable peoples may not be fully benefited the contents available on university and In 2006 [2], UN assembly passed a treaty for disable government websites. According to the World Health people‟s rights which aims to promote and protect their rights. Organization (WHO) report, there are more than one billion It covers a number of key areas such as employment, people all over the world facing different kind of disabilities. education, health and accessibility. The elementary issue of Almost 720,000 Saudi nationals are disable which is about 4% of article 9 of the convention entails countries to determine and total Saudi population. The objective of this study is to review the eradicate obstacles and barriers that hinder disabled people existing literature to identify the web accessibility issues in Saudi from accessing their environment, transportation, public Arabian university and government websites through a facilities, services and information technologies (ICT). The systematic literature review. Several scholarly databases were United Nations have recently extended these efforts to include searched for the research studies published on web accessibility web accessibility in Article 9, Section-2, paragraph-h. evaluation globally and in Saudi Arabia from 2009 to 2017. Only According to United Nation treaty collection [4], about 187 15 (6 based on Saudi Arabia and 9 global) research articles out of countries already signed the treaty and Saudi Arabia signed this 123 articles fulfilled the selection criteria. Literature review reveals that web accessibility is a global issue and many countries treaty in June 2008 and makes the legislation which addresses around the world including Saudi Arabia are facing web the disability issues. This law was mainly addressing the accessibility challenges. Moreover web accessibility guidelines employment and skills development which did not clearly WCAG 1.0 and WCAG 2.0 are not addressing many problems contain the rules for web accessibility. which are faced by user and some guidelines were not effective to Study which was conducted by the UK office for disability avoid the user problems. However, findings in this study open a studies noted that the main reason of using Internet by disable new dimension in web accessibility to do extensive research to people was to use the services provided by the government determine the web accessibility criterions/standards in context of web sites [5]. Saudi Arabia. It is very important to design and implement governmental Keywords—Web accessibility; disability; e-government; web and university websites by following the web accessibility contents accessibility guidelines; WCAG 1.0; WCAG 2.0; guidelines. It will ensure that disable people can also benefit accessibility evaluation from services provided by governmental website. Therefore, in this paper we have reviewed the existing research studies I. INTRODUCTION conducted in Saudi Arabia and globally to identify the web Websites play a vital role to get the information in different accessibility issues in both university and governmental fields of life such as, education, employment, government, websites. Accessibility issues are highlighted and proposed the commerce, health care etc. These websites should be accessible further need of in-depth research to design the web for all users including disable people so that they can utilize all accessibility guide lines in context of Saudi Arabia. The rest of provided services. According to the report published on research paper is organized into seven sections: Section 2 disability by the WHO, there are more than one billion people briefly explains the web accessibility and principles of web worldwide live with different kinds of disabilities [1]. These content accessibility guidelines 2.0. Section 3 describes about disable persons are considered as people who have long term the legislation on web accessibility. Section 4 discuss about the or permanent physical, cognitive, mental, intellectual, e-services provided by the Saudi government and universities. psychological or sensory impairments which constitute a Section 5 discuss about existing research studies conducted on barrier or obstacle for them to fully, equally, and effectively web accessibility. Section 6 talk about the research 321 | P a g e www.ijacsa.thesai.org (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2017 methodology which is adopted to complete this study. WCAG 2.0 encompasses a series of checkpoints under 12 Section 7 presents the discussion and recommendation. guidelines. W3C working group assigned priority levels to Section 8 gives the conclusion and future work. each checkpoint on bases of its impact on accessibility. Total three priority level was defined and for each there are numbers II. WEB ACCESSIBLITY AND PRINCIPLES OF WEB CONTENT of checkpoints those need to be satisfied to achieve ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINE 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) corresponding conformance level [8] which are listed in the According to the Information Resources Management following Table 2: Association (IRMA) web accessibility is “making web content available to all individuals, regardless of any disabilities or TABLE. II. CONFORMANCE LEVEL AND CHECKPOINTS environmental constraints they experience” [6]. Conformance level Total number of checkpoints World Wide Web Consortium establishes the Web "Single-A": Satisfied all checkpoints of 25 Accessibility Initiative (WAI) in 1997 to design web Priority1. accessibility guidelines. In 1999, they finalized and "Double-A": Satisfied all checkpoints recommended to use Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 25 + 13 = 38 (WCAG 1.0) to design websites [7]. At the end of 2008, of Priority 1 and 2. WCAG-2.0 was published that applies broadly to more "Triple-A": Satisfied all checkpoints of 38 + 24 = 62 advance technologies [8]. WCAG 2.0 contains 12 guide lines Priority 1, 2, and 3. which are based on four main principles; 1) perceivable 2) operable 3) understandable and 4) robust. These guidelines are III. LEGISLATION ON WEB ACCESSIBILITY shown in Table 1 below: Strong legislation can surely produce the better web TABLE. I. PRINCIPLES OF WEB CONTENT ACCESSIBILITY accessibility results and countries those have strict laws or GUIDELINE 2.0 policies on web accessibility with actual execution of law Principles Guidelines provides the more protection to disable people [5]. Many countries worldwide are continuously working to set up the legislation that all governmental websites should be accessible Website should provide the alternative text for all non-text contents. for all citizens including the people with disability. According If there is any multimedia file in web site to W3C [9], 19 countries already have done their national then web designer must include the caption legislation on web accessibility, Table 3 shows the web Principle 1: Perceivable for those files. accessibility legislation for some of them. Website contents should be presented in such a way that if someone use assistive TABLE. III. LEGISLATION ON DISABILITY technology then meaning of contents not loose. County Legislation All the information which is available on website should be very easy to read and hear. The disability discrimination act 1995 United Kingdom Special educational needs and disability act It should be possible that user can perform all 2001 available operations in website using United States of Americans with disabilities act (ADA) keyboard. America Principle 2: Operable Website did not have any data or contents which can be the reason of seizures. Australia Disability discrimination act 1992 Help should be available for users to search Canada Canadian human rights act of 1977 different contents in website and to navigate different available pages in website. Germany Act on Equal Opportunities for Disabled Persons of 27 April 2002 All available contents in website must be Ireland The Disability Act, 2005 readable and easily understandable for all Israel The Equal Rights for People with Disabilities different type of users. Principle 3: Law 5758-1998 All website contents should appear and Italy Provisions to support the access to Understandable operate in predictable way. information technologies for the disabled Support should be available for users to New Zealand avoid making mistakes and if mistakes are Human
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