CENSUS OF INDIA, 1981
SERIES 16 ORISSA
PART XIII
DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK
PART A-VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY
KALAHANDI
A. A.NANDA OF THf INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE Director of Census Operations, Orissa. CENSUS OF INDIA, 198. DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK
PART A-VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTOR~ KALAHANDI
fOREWORD
The District Census Handbook (DCH), compiled by the Census Organisation on behalf of the State Governments, is one of the most valuable products of the Census. The DCH is constantly referred to by planners, administrators, academi cians and researchers. It is inter alia used for delimitation of constituencies, formulation of local level and regional plans and as an aid to District administration. The District Census Handbook is the only publication which provides Primary Census Abstract (PCA) data upto village level for the rural 4reas and wardwise for each city or town. It also provides data on if'lfrastructure and amenities in villages and towns etc.
The District Census Handbook series was initiated during the 1951 Census. It contained important census tables and PCA for each village and town of the district. During 1961 Census the scope of the DCH was enlarged and it contained d descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census table 5 and a. village and town directory, inc luding PCA. The 1971 DCH series was planned in, three parts. Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. However, in some States it was confined to district censuS tables and in a few cases altogether given up due to delay in compilation and printing.
While designing the format of 1981 DCH series some new features alongwith the restructuring of the formats of village and town directory havt! been attempted. At the same time, comparability with the 1971 data has also been kept in views. All the amenities except power supply in the village have been brought together in the village directory with the instruction that in case an amenity is not available in the referrent village the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place where the amenity is available may be given. The restructuring of the format of the village directory and incorporating more exhaustive data on infrastructure aspect parti cularly in relation to amenities and land-use pattern is expected to further meet rhe need of micro level planning for rural areas. It is expected to help not only ill local area planning but regulating the proviSion of goods and services as well 50 as to minimise the regional imbalances in the process of development. A few new items of information have also been introduced to meet some of the requirements. of the Revised Minimum Needs Programme. Such new items of, information dS adult literacy centres, primary health sub-centres and community health workers in the village have been introduced in the village dire<:tory with this objective in mind. The new item on approach to the village is to have an idea about the villages in the district which are inaccessible. A new column, /ltotai population and number of households" has been introduced to examine the corelation of t~ am~nitje, [vi] with the population and number of households they serve. Addition of two more appendices listing the villages where no amenities are available and accordingly to the proportion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population to the total population has also been made with· this view in mind. The formats of the town directory have also been modified to meet the requirement of the Minimum Needs Programme by providing information on a few new items. A new statement on civic and other amenities in slums in Class-I and Class-II towns (Statement IV-A) has been introduced with this objective in mind· It is expected that this will help the planners to chalk out programmes on provision of civic amenities for the improvement of slums. The columns on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population in Statement-IV relating to civic and other ameni ties and adult literacy classes/centres under educational facilities in Statement-V are also added inter alia with this view. A significant addition is class of town in all the seven statements of the town directory. The infrastructure of amenities in urban areas of the country can be best analysed by taking the class of towns into consideration. The addition of the column on civic administration status and p.:>pulation in a few statements also serves this purpose. The format of the primary census abstract for the villages and towns has been for·l1ulated in the light of changes in the economic and other questions canvassed through ·the individual slip of 1981 Census. In order to avoid delay in publication of 1981 DCH series it has been so designed that Part-A of the volume contains village and town directory and Part B the PCA of villages and towns including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PCA upto Tahasil/Town levels. At the beginning of the DCH a detailed analytical note supported by a number of inset tables based on PCA and non-census data in relation to the infrastructure has been introduced to enhance its value. The district and Tahasil/Police station/C. D.Block etc., level maps depicting the bounda ries and other important features have been inserted at appropriate places, to further enhance the value of the publication. This publication is a joint venture of the State Government and the Census Organisation. The data have been collected and compiled in the State under the direction of Shri A. R. Nanda, I. A. S., the Director of Census Operations, Orissa on behalf of the State Government which has borne the cost of printing. The task of planning, designing and co-ordination of this publication was carried out oy 5hri N. G. Nag, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies) of my office. Dr. B. K. Roy Deputy Registrar General (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of the maps. Data received from Census Directorates have been scrutinised in the Social Studies Division at the headquarters under the guidance of Shri M. M. Dua, Senior Research Officer. I am thankful to all who have contributed in this project.
P. PADMANABHA Reg istrar General, India New Delhi The 26th April, 1982 PREfACE
It has been the tradition of Indian Census to present demographic data in as detailed a manner as possible so as to serve effectively the interests of the users of Census data. 1981 Census has been completed lea ving behind a vast mass of da ta collected carefu lIy and meticulously on a country-wide basis by an army of trained. enumerators. It is need less to mention that modern Census is no more confined to mere counting of heads. It is!' a kind of stock-taking, as it were, of the nation's human we,dth. It has collected infor mation of -every individual, besides a host of other activities, institutions, establishments services and so on. Thus, it has become an indispensable instrument of policy for development planning-referred to by planners, data users, scholars and people. from different diSciplines and aims at presenting a complete picture of man in socio-economic and cultural settings. District Census Handbook was first introduce d as an auxilJiary to 1951 Census and appeared as a 5 tate Government publica tion in more comprehensive and ambitious form in subsequent censuses. Under the existing instruction, the Director of Census has the responsibility of providing the Census data as well as non-census socio-economic and administrative statistics for this publicatiun which is the responsibility of the State Govern ment. In 1951 and 1961, it WlS published in one volume. During 1971, this publication was proposed to be presented in three parts. Part-A incorporated the Town and Village Directories, Part-B incorporated the PrimlrY Census Abstract and provided data upto village level for the rural area and upto enumeration block level for the urban area. Part-C incorporated other Census tables and administrative statistics.
According to the publication programme of 1981 Census, it has to be pubilshed in two parts. Part-A will comprise the Village and Town Directory whereas Part-B will contain Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract. The first Part_ Part-A consists of important statistical inforrl'lation relating to each town besides an array of statistical data relating to land use and various other amenities available in each village. Part-B of the present publication contains the essential census data known as Primary Census Abstract which provides demographic det3.ils of elch district, tlhasil, police station and down to each village and town and within the town, each ward. The afon~said statistical information is enriched by the administrative map of the administrative units viz., district, tahasil and police station, avaiflbe in the publicHion. These maps h].ve been prepared in the Directorate of Census on the basis ot maps obtained from the competent 10ca\ authorities. In the Police Station maps, Villages have been presented by their location code number for want of space. For the names of villages, one would have to refer to the alphabetical list of vilhge of e.lch tahasil, which are available both in Part-A and Part-B for facility of the readers.
With the object of avoiding delay and also to make each volume handy and not-too bulky, it has been ~ecided to bring out 1981 District Census Handbook in two part5.
In pursuance of the scheme for publication of the District Census Handbook, an analyti~aJ note has been provided explaining the census concepts ildopted in the opera tioo for euy appreciation.of the subjects covered io the directory. An administrative map af the district is given at the beginning of the volume. Brief histciry of the district ha5 [viiil been provided for introducing the district to the reader. The scope of Village Directory, Town Directory, Statements and Primary Census Abstract has been explained with reference to the contents of statements available in the publication.
The geographical aspect of the district including decadal jurisdictional changes aV:lillble in the publication is intended to make it more informative. Another venture of 1981 is presentation of major chuacteristics of the district particularly in relation to the economic reSQurces as furnished by the district authorities in the various fields of admini stration. This is directed to provide an interesting profile of the district to the reader as well as apprechtion of developmental activity in the district during the decade. Notes on differenf codes used in this directory have been provided for the convenience of the read~r in und~rstanding the data. Note on places of religious/historical interE'st has been provided to mlke the publio.tion more interesting. T he analysis of census results of the district at the end will be of some interest to the readers and data users.
Information on amenities in the Village Directory has been collected from the Tahasildars and Btock Development Officers. A very few selected items were collected through the census enumerator during his door-to-door visit. The Executive Officers of Municip.ilities and Notified Area Councils. provided such data on tQ.wns. The collection and compilJ.tion of such massive data of each village and town was a stupendous task. Oespite all possible cue taken through intensive check and re-check to remove dis crepancies in facts and figures, possibility of errors still creeping in can not be altogether ruled out.
I must express my deep gratitude to Shri P. Padmanabha, I. A. S., Registrar General . I must place on record my deep appreciation and, thanks to the Departments 0 f Government of Orissa, Heads of Departments, local bodies, District Officers, Tahasildars, Block Development Officers, Executive Officers of Municipalities and Notified Area Councils for whose active co-operation and help the voluminous compilation has been possible. For providing additional inform-:ltion on general characteristics of the district as -economic activitYI decadil chlnges (1971-81)"of special note, I am grateful to Shri L. Kindo, I. A. S., District Magistrate and Shri B. N. Bisol, O. A: S. (I), &. Shri P. R. Negi, O. A. S. (I), Additional District Magistrate-cum-District Census' Officers, Kalahandi who had taken keen interest in making this compilation more informative. For timely sCflJtiny, compilation and tabulation of District Census Handbook data, the supervlslnn and assistance' rendered by' Shrj B. Sahu/ o."A. S (I), N. C. Dueta, O. A. S. (I), J. Panda, O. A. S. (I), P. C. Roy, O. A.5.·{I), and P. K. Mohapatra~ '0. A. S. (IH Deputy Directors~in-charge of Regional Tabulc1tiGn Offlces and their· staff are wotrta l' mentioning. Th~ job would hlve been diffictJ.t'but for their 'ditigent and tireless efforf:' l'-ix] . In my office, I am spec.ially thankful to Shri S. K. Swain, Deputy Director, Shri Madan Mohan Das, O. A. S., Deputy Director, Shri C. R. Mohanty, Asst. Director and the staff of District Census Handbook, Map and Printing branches of the Census Directorate for diligence and ze:ll sh::>wn in this important assignment. Its expeditious preparation has placed a heavy burden on all officers and staff of this office. To each of them I am deeply obliged. The Deputy Director of Survey & Map Publication, Orissa, Cut tack has ensured printing and to him I offer my thanks. BhubaneSW(JT, A. R. NANDA SeptemberI 1982. IMPORTANT STATISTICS ORISSA KALAHANDI STATE DISTRICT POPULATJON Total Persons 2,63,70,271 13,39,192 Males 1~33,O9.786 666,163 Females 1,30,60,485 6,73,029 Rural Persons 2,32,59,984 12,58,651 Males 1,16.36,404 6,24570 Females 1,16,23,580 6,34,081 Urban Persons 31,10,287 80,541 Males 16,73,382 41,593 Females 14.36,905 38,948 DECENNIAL POPULATION +20-17 +15'06 GROWTH RATE 1971-81 AREA (Sq. Kms.) 1,55.707-0 11,7720 DENSITY OF POPULATION 169 114 (Per Sq. Km.) SEX RATIO (Number of 981 1,010 Females per 1,000 Males) LITERACY RATE Persons 34'23 19-42 Males 47'10 31-28 Females 21'12 7'68 PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPU- 11'79 6'01 LATION TO TOTAL POPULATION PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION: [i] Main workers Persons 32'75 35'94 Males 54'38 60'29 Females 10'70 11 85 [ii] Marginal workers Persons 5'26 5'93 Males 1'48 1 26 Females 9'11 10'54 [iii] Non-workers Persons 61'99 58'13 Mares 44-14 3845 Fomal•• 90'19 77'61 LXii] ORISSA KALAHANDI STATE DISTRICT 'Break-up of Main workers: PERCENTAGE AMONG MAIN WORKERS: [ i ] Cultivators Persons 46'94 50'74 Males 51'27 56'36 Females 24'50 22'43 [ i i ] Agricultural Labourers Persons 27'76 35'59 Males 22-65 3052 Females 54'24 61'16 [ iii] Household Industry Persons 3'30 2'55 Males 2'84 2'05 Females 5'69 5-05 [ iv ] Other workers Persons 22'00 11'12 Males 2324 11-07 Females 15'57 11'36 PERCENTAGE OF'SCHEDULED Persons 14-66 15'76 CASTES POPULATION TO Males 14'60 1582 TOTAL POPULATION Females 14-71 15'71 PERCENTAGE OF SCHEDULED Persons 22'43 31·28 TRIBES POPULATION TO Males 22'09 30-93 TOTAL POPULATION Females 22'78 31-62 NUMBER OF OCCUPIED 46.07,626 2,66,849 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES NUMBER OF VILLAGES Total 50,887 2,840 Inhabited 46,553 2.695 Uninhabited 4,334 145 NUMBER OF TOWNS 108 5 CONTENTS PAOB Foreword Preface Important Statistics Analytical Notes: (i) Census Concepts 1: (ii) Briel History of the District 11 (iii) District Census Handbooks 12 (iv) Scope of Village Directory ... 14 (v) Scope of Town Directory 16· (vi) Physical aspects of the District 18 (vii) Maior characteristics of the District " . 20 (viii) Places of Tourist interest 29 (ix) Analysis of Village and Town Directory Data 31 SECTION I_VILLAGE DIRECTOR'" Codes used in the Village Directory 41 Nuapada Tahasil 1. Jvnk P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 49' (b) Amenities and land use ... 50 2. Nuapada P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 58 (b) Amenities and land use 60 3. Komana P S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 72: (b) Amenities and land use 74 Khariar Tahasil 1. Khariar P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages ... (b) Amenities and Land lise 2. Sinapali P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 106- (b) Amenhies and Land use 1050 [xiv] PAGB Dharmgarh Tahasif 1. Dharmgarh P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 123 (b) Amenities and land use 124 2. Kegan P. S. (Portion) Ca) Alphabetical list of villages 133 (b) Amenities and land use 134 3. Junagarh P. S. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical list of villages 140 (b) Amenities and land use 142 4. Kokasara P. S. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical list of villages 155 (b) Amenities and land use 156 ,Jayapatna Tahasif 1. Kokasara P. S. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical list of villages 163 (b) Amenities and Land use 164 2. Jayapatna P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 172 (b) Amenities and Land use 174 3. Junagarh P. S. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical Jist of villages 187 (b) Amenities and Land use 188 Malahandi Tahasil 1. 1 huamul Rampur P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 198 (b) Amenities and land use 202 2. Lanjigarh P. S. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical list of villages 224 Amenities and land use (b) 226 3. Sadar P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 236 (b) Amenities and land use 240 4. Kegan P. 5. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical list of villages 265 Amenities and Land use (b) ... 266 PAGB 5. Kesinga P. S. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical list of villages 273 (b) Amenities and Land use 274 Lanjigarh TahasH 1. Kesinga P. S. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical list of villages 285 (b) Amenities and Land use 286 2. Madanpur-Rampur P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 292 (b) Amenities and land use 296 3. Narala P. S. (a) Alphabetical list of villages 321 (b) Amenities and Land use 324 4. Lanjigarh P. S. (Portion) (a) Alphabetical List of villages 342 (b) Amenities and Land use 344 Appendices Appendix 1_Tahasilwise abstract of Educational, Medical and other Amenities 358 Appendix II-Land utilisation data in respect of non-municipal towns (Cencus Towns) 362 Appendix 111-TahasilfPolice Stationwise list of villages where no amenity other than the drinking water facility is available 363 Appendix IV-List of villages according to the' proportion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to the total population by ranges ... 372 SECTION If_TOWN DIRECTORY Codes used in the Town Dir@ctory 417 Sta tement_l 432 Statement_II ••• 434 S ta c@ment_1II 435 Sta tement_1V ... 436 Statem@nt_V 438 Statement_ vr ... 340 Annexure 443 LIST Of' MAPS Page 1 Kalahandi District Facing 1 2 Nuapada Tahasil 45 " 3 Jonk P. S. 47 " 4 Nuapada P.S. 57 " 5 Komana P.S. 71 " 6 Khariar T ahasiJ 85 " 7 Khariar P.S. 87 " B Sinapali P.S. 105 " 9 Dharmgarh TahasH 119 " 10 Dharmgarh P.S. 121 " 11 Kegan P.S. (Portion) 131 " 12 Junagarh P .5. (Portion) 139 " 13 Kokasara P.S. (Portion) 153 " 14 Jayapatna Tahasil 159 " 15 Kokasara P.S. (Portion) 161 " 171 16 Jayapatna P.S. " Junagarh P S. (Portion) 185 17 " Kalahandi TahasiJ 195 18 " 197 19 Thuamul-Rampur P.S. " 20 Lanjigarh P.S. (Portion) 223 " 21 Sadar P.S. 237 , I' 22 K~gan P.S. (Portion) 263 " 23 Kesinga P.S. (Portion) 271 " 24 lanjigarh Tahasil 281 " 25 Kesinga P.S. (Portion) 283 " 26 Mada~pur-Rampur P.S. II 291 27 Narala P.S. I, 319 28 Lanjigarh P.S. (Portion) 341 " _0_ ER RATA KAlAHANDI_A Page Line No·1 Col· No' For Read Page UneNo.( Col No· For Read No. L. C. No.' No· L· C· No·, SI· No. 51. No· 1 2 3 1 "i 1 2 3 4 5 76 L·e· No. 38 3 Not clear 252.12 243 Line 12 18 49.20 42.90 78 L.C· No· 62 8 PC PO 248 L.C No. 137 6 -(5-10) -(10+) 83 Line 16 18 405.94 405.90 249 Line 7 15 010 0.40 90 L·e No.9 3 17337 170.37 266 L C· No 24 6 CHW ewe 93 Line 2 18 13060 103.60 267 Line 6 17 406.13 460.13 102 L. e. No. 177 4 2,158 (231) 1,158 (231) Line 17 17 303.06 333.06 103 Line 8 15 8216 82.15 293 51. No. 134 2 KaJsur KaJesur 106 51· No. 12 2 Bhatapan Bhatapanl 301 Line 8 18 Not clear 65.96 124 L. C. NlJ. 23 7 W,Tk,TW,O Tk,TW,O Line 24 18 Not clear 8.10 134 L.C No.2 4 201 (01) 201(41) 307 line 5 17 203 202 L·C 1\10.51 4 1,264 (265) 1,264 (266) 310 L·e. No. 237 2 Paikadal Palksadal 13, 5th &. 6th line 12 Junagarh (76) Junagarh(46) 4 75 (14) 74 (14) from below 314 L.c. No. 284 3 111.20 111.29 140 51. No. 59 2 (Jamydnabahal) (Jamudna- 322 51. No. 147 3 246 216 bahal) 327 Line 14 19 13.37 13.35 141 51 No 95 2 Not clear Mahibhar 329 Line 20 16 188.17 118.17 147 5th line from 17 235.23 235.93 331 Line 25 17 97.37 97.93 below 333 Line 16 12 B. Patna(41) B. Patna(4'3) 164 L.e· No.8 3 1,089.48 1,089 41 335 Line 4 18 Not clear 227.43 L· e. No· 10 3 481.91 481.98 347 Line 17 15 3.35 30.35 167 Line 22 12 Junagarh (30) Junagarh (39) 349 Line 3 18 34.35 30.35 182 L.C. No. 123 4 1,136 (267) 1,136 (257) 3';1 Line 13 &. 14 12 B· Patna(83) B. Patna(85) 183 Line 2 17 765.62 76<;·67 3S3 Line 12 19 9.91 9·31 200 51. N0. 229 2 5apamundia Sapamundl 354 L·C No 211 3 123.74 132.74 202 L e· No·7 9 -(10-) -(10+) 3n L. c. 87 (0-5) 3 Satepara 5alepua L.C. No. 29 3 Not clear 12505 376 L.eNo. 176(11-15) 3 Sikuankala Sikuan 218 LC. No· 264 3 313 39 310·39 383 L.c. No. 94 (21-30) 2 Not clear 94 226 L C. No· 65 8 Not clear - (-5) 404 l·C- No 88 3 Hinll Alnll 228 L·e. No. 216 4 142 (3) 143 (33) [36-50 of Kega n 231 2nd line from "Ii 3.68 3.64 P.S· (Portion)] below ORISSA DISTRICT KALAHANDI ., I I --=:=1 -- O"'pu, :::r:;-:;:3l ••• m ... p wIth thO!" ANALYTICAL NOTE Census Concepts Some of the important concepts and defi try to country and it has not been possible tD nitions used in 1981 Census and frequently formulat.e a uniform definition which can be rnentioned in this publication are briefly applicable to all places. explained below: Village For the purpose of 1981 Census in India, an urban area has been defined as : It has been the Census tradition to present statistics by rural-urban break-up. Villages and (a) all places with a Municipality, Corpo Towns are universally accepted as the basic ration or Cantonment Board or Notified units of human habitation. A IIVillage" refers Town Area, and to any tract of land recognised as a village by the local administration in the revenue record. (b) all other places satisfying the follow The revenue village may have a definite surveyed ing criteria: boundary or not. The revenue village may (i) a minimum population of 5,000, comprise several hamlets which do not have definite boundary or areas distinctly marked. The (ii) atleast 75 per cent of the male working revenue village is inclusive of the sites ot population engaged in non-agricultural residence of the inhabitants and the entire area (and allied) activity, including hills, nalas, cultivable land and village (iii) a population density of atleast 400 per forest, but excluding reserve forest. An un Sq. Km. (or 1, 000 per Sq. Mile). inhabited village is one which does not have any residential population in the entire tract. A Similar criteria were also adopted during 1971 revenue village may comprise several hamlets Census. with a boundary in case of a surveyed village or a notional boundary in case of unsurveyed village; Thus the area ~tatutorily notified by the State but the entire village is one unit for presenta ~ion Government as "Municipalities" and "Notified of census data. Area Councilsll have been brought under the There are some forest villages located inside urban frame of Census. Besides, there are some reserve forests and recognised by the State marginal cases having distinct urban chare(;teri Government, which have been taken as villages stic which as such do not qualify to be town by for the purpose of census. SimUarly,- inside the the State Government. Such cases-13 in number reserve forest, some clusters of habitation were throughout the State were final ised by the Dire located, which are sometimes unauthorised in the ctor of Census in consultation with the District eye of Jaw. Such cases were also recognised as Magistrates} which have been presented under villages by way of treating clusters inside the the nomenclature of non-statutory census town} jurisdiction of a forester's beat as one village. sa tisfying the following conditions : In course of the decade, several areas in the Sta te remilining unsurveyed upto the previous Ca) a minimum population of 5, 000 as projected .census, have been surveyed in the meanwhile and in 1981 ; su~h viUilge~ were included in the frame of current census. (b) atleast 75 per cent of the male workiog population eniaged in non-agricultural: Town pursuits; _No society can be $trictiy termed as fulfy urban Or completely rural. The dividing line is a (c) a denSity of population of at least 400 peJ far from sharp, since conditkm varies from coun- Sq. Km. (or 1} 000 per Sq. Mile} 2 Classification of Towns Standard Urban Area It has been customary for the census to elassify During the 1971 Census, a new concept of the towns according to the size of their popu "Standard Urban Area" was introduced in the lation. For 1981 operation, the'classification was context of urban classification. The Standard as follows: Urban Area is defined as the projected growth area of a city or town having a population of CLASS POPULATION 50, 000 or more during a period of two or three 1,00,000 and above decades. While delineating Standard Urban Area II 50,000_99,999 it is not only necessary to take into account the towns and villages which will get merged into It, III 20,000_49,999 but also the intervening areas which are poten lV 10,000_19,999 tially urban. The Standard Urban Area is a v 5,000_ 9,999 long-term planning area having a growth poten VI less than 5,000 tial in a longer time span. In the context of developmental planning for urban areas, it is Urban Agglomeration desirable to fix the Standard Urban Area beyond the boundary of large town having growth The concept of "Urban Agglomeration" potential over a period of 20 years or so. introduced during 1971 Census has also been adopted during 1981 to take care of the conti The standard urban area includes all areas nuous urban spread of a recognised urban area. which have any or all of the follOWing characteri Very often, large railway colonies, university stics (b) to (e), while characteristic (a) should be campuses, port areas and military camps etc. the basic minimum: come up around the s ta tutory boundary limit of the city or town having distinct urban chara (a) Core town having minimum population of cteristics. Such areas may not by themselves 50,000; qualify to be treated as towns, but form a continuous spread with the town as 'out-growths' Cb) Predominent urban land use; of the town and deserve to be treated as urban. (c) Intensive interaction with urban Such town{s) together with their out-growths centres as reflected in communica tion have been treated as urban units and are called for the purposes of work and secondary "Urban Agglomerat;ons". Thus an Urban educational facilities; extension of city Agglomeration may comprise: bus servic-e, sale of commodities like milk, dairy products, vegetables (other Ca) a city with continuous urban out-growth, than those transported by rail or truck (the part of the out-growth being outside haul, and purchase of food grains, clothes, the statutory limits but falling within the general provisicns etc. by the consumers boundaries of the adjoining village or directly; villages) or (d) Anticipated urban growth as a result of (b) one town with similar out-growth or two future location of industrYI market, transport or more adjoining towns with their out and communication, administrative and growths as in (a) or servicing facilities; (c) a city and one or more adjoining towns. (e) Existence of big villages with large popu with their out-growths all of which form a lation of working force engaged in non continuous spread. agricultural and industrial categories. Accordingly, eight Urban Agglomerations Taking these factors into account - the have been formed in the 1981 Census throughout 'following standard urban areas were formed the State. during the 1971 Census; 1. Sambi~.Ipur 3 2. Raurkela, 3. Baleshwar, 4. Cuttack, Household 5 Jeypur, 6. Brahmapur, 7. Bhubaneswar A 'Household' is· a group of persons who and 8. Puri. The standard urban areas of commonly live together and would take their these towns were finalised in consultation with meals from a common kitchen unless the exi the Town and Country Planning Organisation of gencies of work prevented any of them from Government of India and Town Planning doing so. There may be a household of persons Organisa tion of Government of Orissa and are related by blood or a household of un-related continued in 1981 Census. persons or having a mix of both. Example of There is subtle difference between the stan unrelated households are boarding houses, 58 Mangan SCHEDULED TRIBES LIST FOR ORISSA 59 Mehra~ Mahar 1 Ba.gata 60 Mentar, Bhangi 2 Baiga 61 Mewar 3 Banjara, Banjari 62 Mundapotta 4 Bathudi 63 Musahar S Bhottada, Dhotada 64 Nagarchi 6 Bhuiya, Bhuyan 65 Namasudra 7 Bhumia 66 Paidi 8 Bhumij 67 Painda 9 Bhunjia 68 Pamidi 10 Binihal 69 Pan, Paono 11 Binjhia, Binjhoa 70 Panchama 12 Birhor 71 Panika 13 Banda Poraja 72 Panka 14 Chenchu 73 Pantanti 15 Dal 74 Pap 16 Desua Bhumij 75 Pasi 17 Dharua 76 Patial, Patikar, Patratanti, Patua. 18 Didayi 77 Rajna 19 Gadaba 78 Relli 20 Candia 79 Sabakhia 21 Ghara ao Samasi 22 Cond, Condo 81 Sanei 23 Ho 82 Sapari 24 Holva 63 Sauntfa, Santia_ 25 Jatapu 84 Sidhria 26 Juang 85 Sinduria 27 Kandha Gauda 86 Siyal 28 Kawar 87 Tamadia 29 Kharia, Kharian 88 Tamudia 30 Kharwar 89 TanIa 31 Khond, Kend,.: Kandha, Nanguli Kandful, 90 Tiar Si'tha Kandl1a 91 Turi 32 Kisan 92 Ujia 33 Kol 93 Valamiki, Valmiki 34 Karah lahar a:;, Kolloharas Scheduled Tribe 35 Kolha 36 KOIi, Malhar A person is ·taken as a'Scheduled Tribe, If he belongs to anyone of the tribes specified in the 37 Kondadora SchC!duled Caste and Scheduled Tribe LIst (MO(n. 38 Kora fkation)J Order, 1956. 39 \(orua 6 4G Kotia the expressions used were "Workers" and 41 Koya "Dependents". In 1931, the concepts used were 42 Kulis 'earner', "working dependent" and "non-working dependent". In 1951, the categories were 43 lodha "self supporting pers~n$", "earning dependents" 44 Madia and "non-earning dependents". In 1961 and 1971, 45 Mahali however, there was a shift to the labour-force 46 Mankidi approach, according to which a person was tre.. ated as "worker" if his activity during the refer 47 Mankirdia ence period was productive one. Thus, from 1961 48 Matya the concept of worker and non-worker came into 49 Mirdhas being. The difference in the concepts in 1961, 50 Munda, Munda lohara, Munda Mahalis 1971 and 1981 Censuses is summarise<;J below: 51 Mundari (a) 1961 CENSUS· 52 Omanatya "Workers" = main workers + marginal 53 Oraon workers of 1981 54 Parenga "Non-workers" = non-workers of 1981 55 Paroja (b) 1971 CENSUS Pentia 56 "Workers" = main workers of 1981. 57 Rajuar "Non-workers" = marginal workers + 58 Santal non-workers of 1981. 59 Sacra, Savar, Saura, Sahara The questions which were canvassed in the 60 Shabar, lodha individual slips during 1981 Census to elicit 61 Sounti informa tion on the characteristics of the 62 Tharua popula tion were as fol lows: J. Q. 14A Work~d any time at all last year? V\lorker and Working Population Yes Th~ population ot a country can be divided No (HjSTjD/R/B/IIO) into economically active and inactive. The econo II. Q. 14B If yes in 14A, did you work mical active group is generally referred to as the for major part of last year? working population. What proportion of our Yes (l)/No. (2) population are engaged in work or are economi cally active and what job they do for their living, III. Q. 15A Main activity last year? these are the issues which the Census proposed Yes in 14B (CfAljHHIIOW) to obtain through its massive opera tion in order No in 14B (H/ST/DjRjBjljO) to provide a broad dimensional picture of the IV. Q. 15B 14B Yes_Any other work any time labour-force. The Censuses conducted so far last year? Yes (CjAL/HHI{OW)/No contain a wealth of economic data. There have 14B No_Work done any time last been experimentations with the definitions from year? (CfAl/HHIJOW) Census to Census and as a result, the definition of working force has rarely remained unchanged v. Q. 16 If no in 14A or 148, seeking! between two Censuses as would be evident from available for work? Yes (l)/No (2) the paragraphs to follow. Basically, during 1981 Census the questions "The means of livelihood' approach was have be€n formulated so as to divide the popu adobted from 1901 upto 1951. From 1901 to 1921 lation into those who have worked any time at 7 all during the last year and those who have not If the number of main workers, marginal worked at aU. Having classified the population workers and non-workers are added up, one into these two broad' streams, the next attempt would arrive at the total population itself. In was to divide those who have worked any time other words, these are exclusive ca tegories. into two sub-streams viz., those who have Main activity of workers has been classified worked in some economic activity over a period into the following four broad categories: of 6 months or more or in both the agricultural seasons and those whose work can be considered (iJ Cultivator as marginal or secondary (i.e. I~ss than 6 months). A person i s regarded as cultivator if he or she Finally an attempt has also been made to deter is engaged either as employer, single worker or mine whether those who are non-workers or family worker in cultivation of land owned or . those who are marginal workers are either held from Government or held from private seeking or are available for work. persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes supervision or direction of cultivation. Cultivation involvas IIWork" has been defined as participation in ploughing, sowing, harvesting and production of any economically productive activity. Such cereals and millet crops viz., whea t, paddy, participation may be physical or mental in nature. Jawar, bajra and other crops, such as sugarcane, Work involves not only actual work but also groundnut etc. and pulses, raw jute and kindred effective supervision and direction of work. In all fibre crops, cotton, etc. and does not include these questions the reference period is one year fruit, growing of vegetables or keeping orchard preceding the da te of enumera tion. Some work or groves or working of plantation like tea, viz., agriculture and household industry are carried coffee, rubber etc. on either throughout the year or during a parti cular season or part of the year depending on (iiJ Agricultural Labourer local circumstances. In such cases the reference A person who works in anoth~r person's land period has been the broad time span of the for wages in money, kind or share is regarded as agricultural season preceding the enumeration an agricultural labourer. He or she has no risk in has been kept. the cultivation, but merely works in another person's land for wages. An agricuJural labourer An attempt has been made in this publication has no right of lease or contract on land 0 n to present data relating to "main workers", which he/she works. "marginal workers" and "non-workers" separa tely. rn case of main workers the distribution of (iii) Household Industry such workers among cultiva tors and agricultural "Household Industry" is defined as an industry tabourers, those engaged i n household industry conducted by the head of household himself/her and otner workers have also been given. The self and/or by the members of the household at main workers are those who have worked for a home or within the village in rural areas and only major part of the year preceding the within the precincts of the house where the enum~ration. household lives in urban areas. It should involv~ production, processing, servicing or repair uf "Marginal workers" are those who have articles or goods, not on the scale of a registered worked any time at all in the year preceding the factory. The larger proportion of workers in a _ e"umeration but have not worked for a major household industry should consist of members part of the year. The type of work in which of the household including the head. marginaJ worker were engaged have been elicited through question 15B. The main characteristics of the "Household industries" are the following: "Non-workers" are those who have not a) One <,r more members of the household worked any time at aJl in the vear preceding the must participate. Participation by hire" ~mumera tion. labour must be minimum. 8 b) The activity should relate to some iii) Dependents prDductiDn, prDcessing, servicing, repairing iv) Retired persons or rentiers or makinR and selling of goods. v) Beggars etc. c) The goods produced should not be for vi) Inmates of institutions consumption by the household itself but vii) Other non-workers should be wholly or partly for sell. d) In an urban area the industry must be (i) Household duties carried on in the precincts of the house in This covers all persons who are engaged in which the household lives. In the rural un-paid home duties and who do no od.er work, areas, the industry may be anywhere or have not done any work at all during the last within the limits of the village. one year. If a person who normatly attends to e) The activity should not be on the scale of household duties is also engaged in some econo a registered factory. mic activity, then he Dr she is a wDrker. For example, a housewife may help in family culti f) Professions such as thDse practised by vatiDn or agriculture or make and sell cowdung Pleader, Doctor, Sarbar, Musician, Dancer, c;).kes etc. at odd times. She is treated as worker. Dhobi, Astrologer etc. will not be House hold Industry. (ii) Students This wiJ) cover all full-time students and (iv) Other Workers children attending school. If a student partici All workers i.e. thDse whD have been engaged pates in SDme econDmically productive wDrk, like in some economic activity during the last one helping sometimes as an un-paid famil¥ worker year, but are nDt cultivators or agricultural in family cultivation etc. such students shDuld be labDurers or eng:lged in household industry are treated as a worker and not as student. Very "Other Workers". This includes factory workers, often the daughter in the family Jielps in the plantation workers, those in trade, commerce, household work though she is studying full time, business, transport, mining, construction, political in which case she is treated as student. or s::>cial w.)r k, all Government servants, teachers, priests and artists etc. In effect, all those who (iii) Dependent work in any field of economic activity _other than This includes all dependents such as infants ·cul tiva tor, agricul tural labourer or household or children not attending school Dr a person .industry are other workers. permanently disabled from work because of ill ness or Did age. Dependents incJude even able Other particulars, viz., name of the establish bodied persons whD can not be categorised in ment, description of work, nature of industry, any other category of non-worker but are trade br service and class of worker were also dependent on others. ·obtained in respect of th;) se who retu rned ~'household industry" or "Other work" as their (iv) Retired persons or rentiers activity. A person who has retired from service and is doing no other work and is hot employed again Non-worker in ~ome full time work or engaged in some other In case of per'nns wh::> are non-wor' (0) Beggar police station, town!. have been given in sq. km. This covers beggars, vagrants or persons The Tahasildars had reported the area figures in without indic,ation of source of income and those acres in respect of the units in the rural area, without specified source of subsistence, who are whereas the Executive Officers of the urban not engaged in economica lIy pruductive work. bodies have reported the area figuers for the urban units. The area report in acres by such function (vi) Inmates of institutions aries were converted into sq. km. Regarding the area of the villages, the same were also furnished This covers convicts in Jails or inmates of a by the Tahasildars. The total area of alf tahasils penal, mental or charitable institution, ev~n of the district does not add upto the area of the if such persons are compelled to do some work district because the former represents the land such as carpentry, carpet weaving, vegetable use area and is derived from the figures supplied growing etc. in such institution. However, an by the local revenue authorities. Similarly the under-trial prisoner enumerated in a jail is reco total of the village are;} may not tally with the rded for the work he/she was doing before he/she rural areas of the tahasil. The difference may be was apprehended. Similarly a person temporarily due to the fact that the vililge area may not in a hospital or similar institution is recorded necessarily include the area under hills and rivers for the kind of work he/she was doing before etc. which are included in the tahasil area being admitted into the hospital or institution. besidesJ there are also varying methods on compu However, the previous work is not recorded in tation adopted at different levels. Area figures respect of long term under trial prisoner or for the unsurveyed revenue villages have been convict or for long term inmates of penal, men'tal left blank like the forest villages and are indicated or charitable institutions. A person is considered as "Not available". as 'long term' ,if he or she is in such an institution for 6 months or more. Though there h3.s been no change in the boundary of the St.lte between 1971-81, the (vii) Uther non-workers revised computation in the ared of some districts This includes all non-workers who do not h.ls resulted in marginal decreJse of 135 sq. kms'. come under any of the above six categories, but are looking for work. A boy or girl who has Density completed education or has stopped studying and The density (population per sq. km.) shown for is looking for work comes under this category. the State/District/Tahasil/Police Station/Town have Alternatively a person who is merely spending been worked out using the area figure corrected time at home as a dependent and is not doing 'upto two places of decimals. any work and not seeking any work is not coming under this category. In case of students who Spelling of administrative unit may be seeking work and are quite prepared to As explained above, the spellings of district give up studies, if they get a job they are to be have been adopted from the Survey of India to recorded as 'Students'. maintain uniformity at all-India level. However, the spellings of lower units, viz., tahasils, police Area figure stations, village, town are in confirmity with the In Iceeping with the "ensus tradition, the spellings available in the State Government Surveyor Ceneral of India provides the area records. figures for the State and district level. Hence the area figures of the district along with the spelling Physically hlindiGapped persons at the district name as adopted by the Surveyor I t is customary for the Census to introduce General, India hu been adopted in the publi new concepts in every Census. Accordingly an cation, with a view to maintaining uniformity of attempt was made during the houselisting opera data at the national level. The iuea fis~res of the tion conducted' in April-May, 1960 to frnd ou! units down below the district level, viz, tahasil, the statistics regarding the phySically handicapped 10 persons all ·over the country. Physically handi either one arm!and/or'teg did not classify a person capped persons were broadly recorded under as totally crippled.· There) are other sItUations three categgries, viz., totally bltnd, totally cripp where a person unfortunately suffers from more led arid tota:lly dumb. than one of the aforesaid'disabilities. In such cases, the intention was to record the persons by greater disability. For example, a person may The term "Totally crippled" refers to such be both blind and dumb or blind and crippled. In persons who have not lost their arms or limbs. such cases the intention was to find out the The loss of arms or legs or alJ the 4 limbs refers greater disability, whether blindness is considered to loss of both the arms or loss of both the legs. as greater disability than either dumbness or It is not necessary that the disabled should have being crippled. Similarly being crippled is greater lost both arms and legs. The loss of either of disability than being dumb. In the extreme these i.e., both arms or both legs would be suffi cases, where a person suffered from all the 3 cient for classification as totally crippled. The disabilities, it was recorded under the category loss here" refers to the inability to use and not 'blind' which is certainly the most unfortunate necessarily physical absence. Thus a paralytic disability. It was usual to find a person blind or who has lost use of both the legs or both the crippled due to old age and such cases were also arms was taken as totally crippled, though the taken note of and categorised under appropriate limbs are physically available. However, the loss of classification Since he suffered from disabilities. Brief History of the District The traditional records preserved by the 1.1.,:1948. Patna and Sonapur ex-State a{eas Durbar assert that the ex-Srate of Kalahandi were separa ted to form the district of Batangir I was ruled by the Naga Rulers from .1005 A. D. Patna (Later Balangir) and the ex-State of The State was practically independent which Kalahandi tbgether with Nuapada Sub-division (.ontinued till occupation by the Bh.)nsaJa I Raja which formed a part of Sambalpur district since of Nagpur. This kingdom was occupied by the 1.4. 1936 was re-constituted a separate Marathas some time between 1766 and 1788AD. district as' Kalahandi with headquartres at After the 3rd Anglo Maratha war, Kalahandi Bhawanipatna. came directly under the British Rule in 1863. It was finally merged alongwith other ex-States The district has six Tahasils, viz., Kalahandi, with-t~e State of Orissa on 1.1.1948. The other Lanjigarh (in Kalahandi Sub-division), Dharmgarh State of Khariar, (Part of the present district) and Jayapatna (in Dharmgarh Sub-division), came into origin from the last quarter of 15th Nuapada and Khariar (in Nuapada Sub-division). Century AD. till 1821, it was considered to be The Tahasils are kept in charge of Tahasildars in the Patna Group of esta tes (Zamidariesh The for revenue administration. For administration British Government in 1674 granted a Sanand convenience, the district has been sub-divided to the-then chief calling-him the Non-Feudatory into 62 number of Revenue Inspector Circles, Zamindar. No record is available to show how each circle comprising a group of villages kept the name of Kalahandi originated. Junagarh under the Revenue Inspector, under the overall was the headquarters of Kalahandi until 1849. supervision of the Tahasildar. The developmental administration is carried The District Magistrate and Collector is in through the District Magistrate and Collector charge of the General Administration of the with the help of three Sub-divisional officers District. The district has been Sub.divided and 16 number of IHock Development Officers. into three Sub-divisions, viz., Kalahandi For administration convenience, the district has Sadar, Dharmgarh and Nuapada. The been divided' into 234 number of Gram first two Sub-divisions were carved out of panchayats•. The district hit!> been further, sub the ex-State. areas of Kalahandi which merged 'divided into 16' Police Stations to manage' the, with Orissa State in January, 1948. The ex-State taw and order situation and to help the after integration together with the ex-Sta te , general .administration. There are 5 number of Patna and Sonapur formed the district of of statutory local bOdies in the district known Kalahandi with headquarters at Salangir on as Municipality'and N;otified Area Council. District Census Hand Books Among the traditional documentation of the According to the 1951 publication programme Census, the fairly comprehensive and uniform the District Census Handbook was published in publication of District Census Handbook (D. C. H.) one volume and did not contain information consisting of town and village directory and given in the village and town directory. Apart town and viflagewise Primary Census Abstract from this the brief introduction of the district, (P.C.A.) has been found to be very useful and are general features, density map, prescribed tables constantly referred to by the planners and data for general population, economic tables, social ,users. The District Census Handbook is the only and cultura! tables and village statistics were publication that incorporates the data down to a provided in the Di.strict Census Handbook. The village level in rural area and upto ward level in Primary Census Abstract was given under the the urban area. The data published in these heading "village statistics". However, the infor volumes are ot immense value to the planners, mation on villagewise (ist of displacea persons, scholars and administrators for the purpose of and information on small scale industries were village level, block level and district level presented in the 1951 District Census Handbook planning and studies. It is a publication of the volume. State Government. The cost thereof is borne by the State Government. Howeverl the Director of Census of the State is responsible to the Similarly, 1961 Census publication was extent of providing necessallY data which -are presented in one volume. This volume was -obtained through Census. divided into 3 parts. First part contained the introduction of the' district, second part This document was first published as an contained the census tables and the official auxiliary to 1951 Census, consequent upon. the statistics was given in the third part. The informa request of the Government of India to State tion given in the Village Directory and Town Government to publish District Census Hand Directory for 1981 Census was not given in the books containing statistical information relating 1961 District Census Handbook. The villagewise to villages, towns and police stations etc. of the Primary Census Abstract was given in the second districts. The State Government agreed to this part under the heading of IIVillage Directory", and decided to bring out District Census Handbook The information on vilfagewise list. of as a priced publication to be published in the industries and tables on fairs and festivals were State Government Press, This publication since presented in .1961 District Census Handbook then is continuing with unbroken chain. Apart publication. from giving the rural statistical information, it readily gives a complete list of villages contained within a Police Station and District. It will not, According to the 1971 Census publication however, be out of place to mention here that programme, the District Census Handbooks were in many districts, complete list of villages is not to be published in 3 volumes; Part-A containing maintained properly and the present list is the the data on amenities, Part-B incorporating result of extensive enquiries and contacts with Primary Census Abstract (P. C. A.) and Part-C different agencies and can be regarded as giving administrative statistics and census tables. exhaustive. District Census Handbooks, part-A and part-B for the 1971 Census could be published qUickly. To make the data component more illustrative Both these volumes were in great demand by the maps of the district, tahasil and police station data users, as they contained a vast mass of are arso published in the publication. The Police data on amenities available in the Village/Town Station mlps showing the villages as per the a[ongwith demographic features. In regard to population size, having different amenities the District Census Handbook Part-C, we faced represented in approved legend will help the difficulties in collecting administrative statistics readers in easy appreciation. from varivus Offices and our progress ip 13 publishing the report was considerabl) delayed. The new feature of 1981 format is haVing. After obtaining. necessary statistics, much provision of the distance range of the particular difficulty had to be encountered in printing of amenities to a village where it is not present. A the part-C, which was pending in the State few items of Information like adult litera_cy Government Press at Cuttack for a pretty long centres· have been introduced in the village time. Under compelling circumstances the directory to meet some requirement of the manuscript could be printed in the Private Minimum Needs Programme. Presses located at· Cuttack and elsewhere. In Another introduction viz., "total population view of the inordinate delay in collecting and number of households" for each village has administrative statistics which would in any case been shown in the village directory to ascertain be available to the data users in the publications the co-relation of the amenities with population of the respective Statistical bureaus{departments a nd number of household they serve. Since of the State Government there was re-thinking current day planning has been initiated from the in the ma tter to drop the publication of part-C Community Development Bleck level, v:llages of the District Census Handbook for the 1981 coming under each Community Development Census. Block has been, furnished in th~ annexure of the village directory for the facility of the admini- However, it has been decided to publish the stratcrs and pJanners, which is a departure, 1981 District Census Handbook in two parts. from the earlier Censuses. Part' A' would be confined to village and town directory, whereas part 'B' would be confined Similarly in the Town Directory, information' to village and town wise Primary Census Abstract on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. including Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population in statement-IV and availability of Primary Census Abstract upto Police Station! adult literacy centres in statement-V are innova rown levers. Despite the fact that pubrication tions keeping in view the requirement of of both the parts in one volume would have Minimum Needs Prosramme. enhanced the vatue, it could not be helped in respect of the bigger districts comprising large The significant change in the Town Directory number of villages and towns. Therefore, the is the provision of class of town in all state publicatfon has been broken up into two volumes ments for analysis of the infrastructure of (Part' A' and 'B'). amenities. By and large, the contents of the Village and Both the Village and Town Directory and Town Directory are almost similar to those objectives of various columns thereunde.r along adopted for 1971 Census, barring a few changes with the connotation of various abbreviations necessitated by the requirements of the used therein have been explained in the phnners and data users. relevant sections. Scope of Village Directory The data on village directory have been important institutions such as High Schools, ;presented Tahasil/P.S.-wise and Village-wise. Colleges, Medical Institutions, Post..& Telegraph The village includes revenue village and the Offices ett:. have been shown in the'lahasil The town directory is intended to cover all The number of households including the house the towns in the district statutorily notified less household h=is been shown in column 6. .as such a·s also the non-municipal cens~s towns. In columns 7 to 15 the population along with The towns have been arranged in the town the growth rate of town from 1901 to 1981 directory in the alphabetical order and do not have been shown, for easy comparability. In cover strictly the military areas. The data column 16 density i.e. population per sq. km. 'on amenities and other aspects presented in has been furnished. In columns 17 to 19 the codes has been explained in detail in separa te sex ratios (females for 1,000 males) as recorded chapters. Regarding the urban agglompration from the 1961 census onwards have been the conventional creation of census the names furnished. of such agglomerations have been indicated which is similar to the name of the main town Statement II-It provides the physical aspects -of the agglomeration. The particulars for such and location of the town. In columns 3 to 5 constituents of the agglomeration have been the average rainfall and temperature have been furnished. Distance of the town in kilometers furnished separately. Such presentation was from the State Headquartersl District Head -opera tionally found to be convenient to have quarters/ Sub-divi~ional Headquar ters/Tahasil an idea ('If the particulars of the city or town Headquarters, the nearest city with population agglomeratioll in toto and also severally. of one lakh or more, railway station, In the instant case, there is no such bus route, navigable. rivers/canals within .aggl )meration at all in Kalahandi district. 10 kms. It have also been indicated in column 6 to 12 re~pectively. To sum up the earlier format of 1971 D.C.H. ;Part-A has bf'eri restructured for 1981 census, Statel"!'ent III_The statement reveals a keeping in view the objectives of the Planning picture of the municipal finance for the year Commission for the Minimum Needs Programme 1978-79. The receipts of the urban local body and the revised 6th Five '(-ears Plan. More from various sources have been provided interest has been taken to know the over-all under columns 4 to 10 whereas the expendi ·infrastructure in terms of amenities, however, ture under various items have been disclosed modest or from whatever source it may have under columns 11 to 17. been provided. Statement IV_It gives information relatin~ to Information on town directory has been civic and other amenities as it stood in 1979. furnished in 6 separate.Statements. The scope Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have and the content of the statement adopted been given under columns Sea) and 5(b) for the towns is briefly explained!.below: of the statement. The road length in kms. has been shown under column 6. The system of Statement I-This statement gives the status sewerage, number and type of la trines and growth history of the town. In columns 1 available in the town in addition to the method and 2, serial No. of the towns in alphabetical of disposal of night soil have been shown under ()rder and names of the towns with class and columns 7 to 11. Columns 12 and 13 of the civic administrative status nave been furnished. statement deals with the source of water in columns 3 and 4 location code of the town supply and system of storage of the town. has been indica ted giving the names of the ~olumn 14 of the statement provides the tahasil under which it is located. Column 5 availability of fire service if any in the town. In ,gives the area figures of the town in sq. kms. case, such service is not available in the town, 11 the name of the nearest place where available along with the distance \:Yhere the ficllity 15 bas been shown alongwith the distance from available has been given. town. Electrification with number of ,connections for different uses has been shown Statement VI_This represents the tn columns 1S to 19 of the statement. information on Tliade, Commerce, Industry and Banking as it stood in 1979. In columns 3 to 5, important commodities as imported into Statement V_ln this statement information the town have been mentioned as against the rela ting to medical, educational, recreational exported items out of the town shown under and cultural facilities in the town has been columns 6 to 8. The names of the three shown. Medical facility available in the town important commodities manufactured in the has been shown in columns 4 and 5. town have been shown in columns 9 to 11. Educational facilites, viz., number of different Number of banks, number of agricultural credit types of Colleges. Technical Schools, recognised soeities and number of non-agricultural commercial and vocational institutions, Higher credit societies available in the town have been Secondary Schools, Secondary Schools, M. E. furnished in columns 12 to 14 respectively in Schools, Primary Schools and Adult literacy the sta temen t. Centres have been indicated in columns 6 to 15. There is no notified slum area in any of the Column16 shows the Working Women's Hostel towns of the State. Hence, the prescribed with the number of seats. Columns 17 to 20 of statement IV-A has not been provided in the the statement discloses recreational and Town Directory. cultural facilities like Stadia and Cinema hall~ etc. available in town. In case of non~ The towns having out growths have been availability of medical and educational facilities provided in an Appendix to the Town Directory in the town the name of the nearest place showing their population separately. Physical Aspect The areas in the district according to the The principal hill ranges belong to the Eastern Surveyor General of India is 11,772 Sq. Kms. and Ghats. The main peaks in these ranges are the district ranks 4th in the State area wise. Tangridongar (1,229 M), Kattighara (953 M) and 1981 Census has recorded the district population Kalarapat (1213 M). The highest peak as 13,39,192 as against the State population of Tangridongar is situated in Thuamur-Rampur 2,63,70,271. According to the population, Police Station. TiU a few years ago a district district ranks 10th in the State. This population had the reputation of being the home of man includes 2.,11,069 'Scheduled Caste and 4,18,871 eating tigers. The forests in Nuapada abound in Scheduled Tribe popula tion, which works out to Teak and the district has a vast forest 15'76 and 31'28 per cent of the population of potential. district. The district is broadly divided into two district natural divisions, the hill tracts and the plain country. The former chiefly comprises ThQ district has mainly three types of soil, the ranges of hills which run from the north Red laterite, Black soil and Sadyloam. The Red east to the south-west of the district and the laterite soil is found all over the district. It is western portion of the Nawrpara Sub-division, deficient in Phosphorus and Nitrogen. The Black the later consitutes the river vaJleys of the Tel soil is found mostly in Bhawanipatna, Nuapada and its tributaries and the Jonk. About eight and Dnarmgarh Tahasils. It is rich in potassium Kilometers scuth east of Bhawanipa tna, and Magnesium and is best suited for commences the mountain tracts called the cultivation on paddy, cotton, chilly, tobacco Dongarla which cover a vast area of about 3,665 and Rabi crops like pulses and wheat. Sq. Kms on the eastern side of the district and Sandyloam soil is found in lanjigarh, extends south-wHds to the Koraput boarder. Bhawanipatna and Nuapada tahasils and are These tracts rise in a series of prE'cipitous hill SUitable for cultivation of oilseeds and root ranges from the plains. crops. The river side areas are alluvial, sandy and sandyloam soil. The principal plateau lands are Karlapat, Thuamul-Rampur Ranges and the 8aphlimaJi hill The climate of this district which is in the on the distritt boarder and these parts have on north-eastern corner of the Deccan Plateau is in many respects similar to that of the main elevation ~bove sea level of 1,220 metres and over. Deccan Plateau. The year may be divided into four seasons. The hot season from March to May is followed by the south-west monsoon The Tel, Indravati and Jonk which form season from June to September. October and tributaries of large rivE'rs like the Mahanadi, November consitute the post-monsoon season. Godavari, are the principal rivers of the district. The cold season is from December to February. Most of the hill streams of the district are The mean daily .maximum temperature is perennial. The river in the open country seJdom 41· C and the mean minimum temperature is carry a large flow of water in the hot weatfler. 28· C during the hot month of May. December is The Tel, Saguda, Hatti, Ret and Utei are almost coldest month with the mean daily maximum reduced to tiny streams in their lower reaches the tempera ture of 288 C Clnd the mean -daily from February to June. The rivers are often minimum temperature is 13· C. Short spell of subjected to floods. These rivers are scarcely cold weather occurs in winter often. The navigable as they dry up in the plain country raeltive humidities are high in the south-west during the summer. monsoon and post monsoon months. 19 The average annual rain fall of the district is_ coming .under the jurisdiction of Nuapada 1,378.20 mm. Irregular and unusual rain fall is Tahasil within fhe same sub-division of often responsible for drought conditions. The Nuapada. district gets rain due to the south-west Regarding changes of villages within the monsoon. Police Station of the district, 93 villages of Lanjigarh Police Station forming a part of Lanjigarh Tahasil was transferred to Narala Jurisdictional Changes_During the decade Police Station under the sam~ tahasil. Similarly, 1971-81, one new tahasil Khariar was created by 18 villages of Kokasara Police Station of way of transferring the entire Khariar Police Jayapatna Tahasil was transferred to the Sta tion and Sinapali Police Sta tion hither to jurisdiction of Dharmgarh Tahasil. Major: Characteristics 'Of th~ P;strict. Industry : Manufacturing industry was (iii) a reduction of regional imbalances with absent in the ex-State of K a'ahandi and the regard to industrial development. industrial activity was confined to cottage The objectives include appraisal of projects, industries viz" weaving, pottery, bamboo basket making, mat weaving, brass ornaments recommendation to the lending institutions for and blacksmithy. Thus, the district is industrially timely availabitity of loan, prOViding technical backward and it received considerable atten. assistance and organising trainin)5 programme tion in the post independence era. for man power development besides assuring availability of raw_materii'lls and market for No large scale industries has been taken up in helping the industries. In the district so far this district upto March, 1981. However, with 10,092 artisans have been identified and they the collaberation of the Industrial Prornotion are being encouraged to take up industry. and Investment Corporation of Orissa, Ltd. During 1980-81, 1500 units went into production (lPICOl) one vegetable oil complex with an which provided employment to 2,104 artisans. investment of Rs. 70 lakhs has started produc Under small scale industries, 101 units were tion with effE!ct from 15-12-79 at Kesinga. Other established in ,980-81 a t a cost of Rs. 42 lakhs, projects are in processing stage, CORE Veneer 138 units were established in 1981-82 at a cost PARTICLE board unit at Narala, Paper Plant at of Rs. 36 lakhs. These include agrobased, Kesinga, textile products at 8hawanipatna on engineering, metal based, chemical based,forest completion will generate additional scope for based and other miscellaneous categories. promotion of ancillary units around and provide employment opportunity. four panchayatsamiti industrial units are functioning in the district whi(~ include saw The Orissa Industrial Infrastructure Develop. mill, rice mill and light engineering works. ment Corporation (IDeO), a State Government undertaking has taken up construction of indus Necessary technical training under different trial sheds in the designated industrial estates trades are being imparted in the Industrial and industrial growth centres in the State. The Training Institute at Bhawanipatna. The objective is to provide infraHructure facility to trainees are given some financial assistance the entrepreneurs. The Corporation has already during the training period and on completion of constructed sheds at Kesinga and furthf>r more their coutse they are given some incentives are under construction. O.l.D.C.O have further like supply of tools, implements etc. For rapid to establish a nucleus industrial complex, in industria lisa tion necessary flow of finance has which 50 a eres of land will be developed and 5 been assured from the Commercial Banks besides sheds will be constructed. the Co operative Banks In pursuance of Government policy for rapid Power: In 1925 a diesel power house was industrialisation, emphasis has been laid for installed in Bhawanipatna by the ruling chief expansion of cottage industries and Small which supplied electricity to the palace and few Scale Industries centres. District Industries other Government Institutions. After independ Centres were set up in 1978 to bring about: ence the power house was closed since power was available by the State Electricity Board (i) A rapic;! development of !.maJl, village and from Hirakud Hydro Electric Project. All the cottdge industries in towns, villages and urban areas of district have been electrlfied. backward areas. Under the rural electrification scheme 545 (ii) Additional avenues of employment and villages have been electrified by March, 1981 21 alongwith 14 Harijan bastie.s. The p~wer have been introduced in these areas. There are consumers of the dis'tl1ct under different cate 18 blocks in the district, out of which two gories are given below as stood on M~rch, 1981. blocks Lanjigarh and Thuamul-Rampur are tribal blocks. 1. Agricultural 246 2. Industrial 299 This district has a cultivable area of 5,34,663 3. Commercial 2,203 hectres out of which high land 2,76,073 hectres medium land 1,43,393 and Low land 1,15,197 4. Domestic 4,836 hectres. Paddy is the main crop. Millets like 75 Uft Irrigation Projects besides 143 Dug Ragi and Bajra are grown in up-lands. Wheat, wells have been energised by March, 1981. Mustard, Caster, Til, Croundnut, Mung, Biri are the other crops introduced in the area. In the recent past, Upper Indravati Hydro electric and Irrigation project has been takefl In view of the frequent dry spells the assured up, which on completion will generate to the irrigation is not available in most of the aredS of extent of 1,990 GWH. This will enhance the the district. The irrigated area in the district power generation of a State as a whole. during Kharif season is 39,679 hetres and 19,986 hectres in the Rabi season. Agriculture: 1 his district has two distinct physiographic regions, the plains and the hill During 1981 Kharit, the coverage under paddy tracts. The plains covering Nuapada 'Sub-division, land was 2'69 lakhs hectres Including 69,408 which run southward upto Bhawanipatna and hectres under high yielding paddy. There was further to the boundary of the district. The coverage of 55,945 hectres under pulses besides plains cover about 50% of the total area of the 38,800 hectres under oil seeds. Under Rabi crops,. district. The hilly tracts are mostly located in there was a coverage of 67,301'10' hectres under the Western part of Nuapada Sub·division and oilseeds besides 1,51,937.10 hectres under pulses. South-Western part of Bhawanipatna Sl.Ib division. They are covered with forests. Podu In the recent past there has been attempt for cultivation is widely practised in the hilly diversification of crop from paddy to non-paddy tracts. crop like Maize, Jawar and groundnut parti cularly in the high land areas. The climatic condition of the district is of extreme type. May is the hotte?t month and Co-operation: Co cperative ~O( i(,\ ies pray Decemb~r is the coldest month of the year. important role in the economic developmen t of The Monsoon in this district commences by rural sector. Il provides credit and other about the last part of the June of the year and required input for the agricultural operation. the annual precipitation is ab0ut 1,378 m.m. fhe The district has 105 Primary Agricultural Co entire rainfall is received between June and opera'tive SoCieties including 6 large sized September, sometimes occasional showers have Agricultural Multipurpose Co-operative Societies seen in October. The rainfall pattern is very and one Farmer's Service Co-operative Society with a membership of 1,63,549. There are '139- eratic and punctuated generally with long dry I spells. other Co-operative Societies with a member- ship of 18,313 in the district as on 30th June, The di~t,rict comprises of very black soils in 81. 1 hese societies include Regional Market. Dharmgarh Sub-division, mixed red and bfack ing Co-operative Societies, Land Development soils in other areas. The soils in Dharmgarh are Banks, Central Co-operative Bank, Traders Co so heavy, the improved agricultural implements operative SOcieties, (WhOlesale Consumers cannot be used during the rainy season as the Co-operative Societies), fishery Co-operative fields become slashy. Broadcasting has been Societies Milk Producers Co operative Societies, only the' practice in these areas. Improved Employees Co-operatives Societies. Labour varieties of paddy with high-yielding character Contract Co-opaative Societies, I-Iandloom and ~ 22 Industriar Sodeties. The credIt for Agricultural ary oriented Animal Husbandry programmes operations and also for allied agricultural taken up under special projects in this district purposes reaches the maximum number of like D. P. A. P., I. R. D. P., E. R. R. P., M. A. D. A. agriculturists at a cheaper rate of interest in the and Scheduled Caste component schemes have time of their np.ed through the Co-operative become popular in the area. Cattle develop Societies scattered through out the District ment through cross breeding programme has of Kalahandi. improved and 39 Milk Producers' Co-operative The Bhawanipatna Central Co-operative Societies and one District Milk Union have been Bank ltd. was established in October, 1949 with org'lnised in the district. head quarters at Bhawanipatna and is the chief Financing Agency in the Co operative Sector. Attempts are still continuing to educate the A major portion of i is funds goes to the farmers to supplement their income through members both under Agricultural and non-agri Livestock production programmes. . cultural sectors through the affiliated Prim,HY Co-operative "'Societies. The Bhawanipatna rhe Livestock population of Kalahandi District Central Co-operative Bank is able to 6houlder as per Livestnck Census 1977 is as follows. this responsibilic)' through· its 15 branches located at important block head quarters. Cattle 5,90,829 To meet the long term credit requirement of Buffalo 1,04,521 the District, there are 3 Primary Land Develop Sheep 1,29,602 ment Banks heated at 3 Sub-divisional headquarters. Goat 1,43,483 Six LAMPS are functioning in the district Horses,Ponnies 77 :partkularly in lanjigarh and Thuamul-Rampur Mole & Donkey 10 I. r. D. A. areas having predominent population of Adivasi and Hanjan sedors and are attending Pig 3,212 to credit requirements as well dS supply of Poultry 7,88,392 -consumer goods for improvement of their socio Duck 31,609 economic 5 ta tus. Oth_ers 23,753 The Regional Co-operative Marketing Soci~ties with head quarters at Junagarh, Kesinga and Nuapada have taken up distribution of The district has 3 Veterinary Hospitals, 26 fertiliser, pesticides agricul~ural implements and Veterinary Dispensaries, 3 Minor Veterinary procurement operations ofAgricultural produce Dispensaries 146 l. A. Centres, 2-A. I. Centres through the Primary Co-operative Societies, and 2 Hill Cattle Development (lnder linking· of credit with marketing and Centres, One livestock Breeeding Farm, throush outright purchases and ensuring fair 3 Poultry Units, besides 20 natural breeding price to the producers. centres with 18 Cow bulls and 2 Buffalo bulls on March, 81. These institutions take In consumers wing two wholesale consumers curative and preventive measures including Co-opera tive Stores at Bha wanipatna and Khariar implementation of various Animal Husbandry Road and the consumer retail outlets opened at schemes under-taken under different programmes PACS level are attending to the purchase and for improvement of livestod. ~ale of consumer goods, ec;sential and contro ned commodities. The following are the achievments under Animal Husbandry: Livestock Devefop Dairy, Goatary, Sheep, Pig, Poultry, Duck and ment Programme in the District continued to be Milch buffalo under different special projects as implemented in the district. Different benefici- on 31. 3. 81. 23 Dairy units 954 In the post independence elf! emphasis: has. Goatary 2,9~2 been laid to harness the existing potential so as. to cover more areas under assured irrigation. Sheep 1,810 T here were no major irrigation project in the 14 Pig district. The only ongoing proje(;t "Upper Poultry 6 Indravati Project" which is a multi purpose Duck 8 project is expected to provide irrigation facility to 1,08,000 hectres spread over in 416 villages Milch buffalo 86 on }ayapatna. Kalampur, Junagarh, Dharmgarh The programmes in execution provide incen and Kokascua blocks of the district. 0" ccmple tIves to the needy farmers and assure necessary tion this muhi purpose project will also credit facilities through the financial insti gen~rate power and will benE'fit the adjoining tutions. The pasture's and grazing grounds districtS. available in the district ar" not sufficient for Regarding medium irrigation, the district ha~ aU categories of animals. To substitute the a potential. of ·13,582 he(, tres thrc..ugh ~tte" shortage of natural pasture, fodd~r cultivation SaipaJa and Sundar projects. On complet\()n of has been taken up in the district by way of the canals more coverage is expected. conducting demonstration anj providing incen tives to the farmers educated therefor. The There is already a potential of 44,318 acres seeds of maiza, cawpa alongwith fodder roots under minor irrigation- 75 number of Uft are supplied by the department to the culti· Irrigation projcts existed as on March, "\981 and vators. During 1980·81. 86'25 acres were also provided irrigatioll facility to 6,300 ;cres. covered under fodder cultivation in 345 plots Out of the Dug~well schemel 9,152 acres of of the district. land used to get assured irriga tion by 1981. Milk yield of the district is very meagre. Leaving aside tl1e aforesaid existing irrigation Emphasis has been laid to educate the farmers potential as on March, 1981, few ongoing. on dairy farming on commercial basis_ One milk schemes on completion will Provide additional unIon is functioning in the district, which handles acres under irriga tion. 8 nos. of minor Irriga lion about GOO-iOO liues cf R\ilk daily. Out of 39 project have a designed ayacut of 1,003-39 milk producers' Co-operative 5('cieties 16 were hectres. lhe upper Jonk irrigatiOn project in. operating by March, 81. Nuapada Sub-division win asslJre ilrigation fo,. Through various programmes, rearing of COWS, 9.920 hectres. Similarly, few medium goats, sheep~, piS and poultry are being projects like SaJldoo), Sagaoal lndra under populartsed so as to assure improved progeny investigation have a. designed ayacut tor 52,751 particularly cro$$-breed animals of high ~'ielding he,tref. Thus, under agricultural sector, the \lartet{es. poultry Co·operative Societie, have district is likely to have more lands havlns also come up for marketins of poultry prOducts. irrisation facilities. \n the near future. Irrigation: The dbtrict i, highly deficit Harlian and Tribal Welfare: Upliftment under irrisation facifity and the agriculture is of the living condition of the Scheduled Caste. mO'tly rain~fed. hence subjected to frequent and Tribe pf!ople has received mementum drou8ht sltv. don due' to untimo r~tnfall and during the plan ptriod as 11 measure of ttat~ uneveft distribution. Possibility of .rrigation poliCy_ for their education number of in5titu expansion are ,ender and measre! on account of dons ha.ve been expanded in (;ourse of time. undulating terra~n. The' important rivers Hatl, By March 1981, the district had 7 High Schools. Tet Utai, Udanti. Sagada and SUndar tarry 1 Ashram Schools, 2 Residentaa.f SevaShfam and ample flow of water in rains and reduce 66 Sevashrams, To encourage education, consldelably by winter and ~mmer. incentives like free ~upply of text book and 24 "niform besides pre-Ilia trlc scholarship and post Tribal Development Co-operatinn Corporation 'matrlc scholarship are tieing ~ given to the has opened its branch at Bhawanipatna. The students. The Pre-matrk scholarship has branch procures minor forest produce from the :benefited 6,257 individulls and the coverage of tribals assuring fair price and also serves as 217 In post matric stage. consumers marketing society. This organisatiof1 prOCiJres the brest pnduce through different Wlth a view tJ make direct benefit, special procurement centres located in the district. projects like Modified Area Development During1980-81, the turn over\vas of 9-73 lakhs Approach (MADA) has been intiated in this of rupees. House site for construction of district. Under this programme ~peciaj'schemes dwelJing houses as well as Government waste in selected pocket having tribal concentration 'and for the purpose of agriculture are being -of 50% or more or areas having 10 thousand or distributed to the landless persons with priority more population have been covered. Various to the Scheduled Caste andTribe population. programmes under economic sectors like agricul ture, animal hu~bandry, irrigation, communi Communication: In the earlier day !I the cation, education, sanitation and public health district, was inaccecfable for lack of communi ha~ been taken up. Under this programme 509 cation facility, The steep ghats. dense forest villages coming under 41 Grampanchilyats jnfested by the wild animal .nd numorus scattered over 7 Development Blocks in the streams made journey difficult.' For the ex-State district have been taken up. The related blocks of Kalahtlndi the road from Bhawanipatna :are Nuapada, Komilna, Boden, Madanpur leading to Raipur, Balangir and Ampani were of Rampur, Kesinga, Bhawanipa.tna and junagarh importance. In Khariar the road from Arang to '4Jpto December, 1981; 7 milch cow units( 749 Khariar was opened in 1861. After independ bullock units, 661 Goat units were supplied to ence, the communication systef!l. has improved the irndi\'iduals to supplement their income. considerably and the district Headquarters has 'Besides, other Community Development Work~ direct communication with the State Head like repair and construction of .school buildings, quarters and other district Headquarters. loter ,roads,drinking water wells were taken-up for the state bus service is also available to the district. benefit of the tribals. 'rhe road length of the district under diftere~t categories exsisted in March, 81 are given . Concentrated efforts for upliftmeni: of the betow in kms. tribal, ,RPP,:,Jation have also been taken up by the Intigrat~~ Tril)'al Development Agency State Highway 421.1 which has 'been located in Thuamul-Rampur Major District Road 118.6 and lanjigarh blocks in Bh'awanipatna Sub Other District Road 144.3 division. Und'e-r this programme, necessary PanC'hayat Samiti Road 1,476,0 su~~idY f~; r,being si~en ,for deve'loping other avocation of life as supplement to agrarian Chusifled Village 'Road 472.2 income. TfU! COmmunl'fy :Oevelopment R.E.O. Roa'd 405.0 f'rogramm~ like repair, a,!d construction of road, Panchayat Road 4,578.0 ~rlnkin~ .. ~aier p,~oJe~ts~.. m(~or '0 Jfriga~Il>o , projects has been taken up. By 'Mat~h, if981 . p~5plte () impro,VflP.lent. in communicatior1 (~nd pr~ur~in~n't' hi~ been ~'JlH. 841'50 syste~,:.; t~e S~~divisiofl hea~quarters , a,t acres. ~ Mi'nor Irrigation 'Pt6~df have be~ll t;Wailatfa.t TahasU :headqvar~er~ l~.L li;harlar and c<>mph!ted, 2,126 acres 'have b'een coVe'r~d ,"'~a.~.~~a~I'I~\lgWJ~,~il:C dev~!oPment blo,~s:~re under horticu1hire whi!re YnSitu planta't1o~ has . ~H~ ha~ip$.all \fe~tb~r, cvmmu~ication, ~l~y.~t~m. be:en takeri up. 632 Jn~t's pf b~ljo~ks fiiSid¢5 H,o.~~ver,j~e,p~5enser as well.s goOdS tli'fic 444 units of Goats h~ve D~en su~p'~e8'to the i$, IT!~'.t,ly ~q~e t.~r~ugh rq~Piway. T~ State tr,ibals subsidy ~cheme to ii;ti~ase their !'ervj~e w~n a~ pr,ivate pnder transport bus,• . I.. as,.' .• bus income, service are available for passenger traffic. 25 The Vizianagaram-Raipur Railway line of Service Co-opera tive Society and LAMPS. They the South-East Railway passes through this also take up -the procurement of paddy in the district and the total railway length within the district and offer fair price to the cultiva tors. district is 70 Kms. 12 private millers have also participated in procurement operations to procure rice OR The rivers available in the distri~t are not behalf of State Government. navigable and therefore, have no importance. Regarding storage facility in the district Air Strip at Utkala is situated at a distance the Orissa State Warehousing Corporation have of about 1 km. from Bhawanipatna-Balangir their own godowns at Khariar Road. They road and 'is 24 km. away from the district have also taken the Civil Supplies godown at headquarters. Kesinga on rent. The Regional Marketing Trade & Commerce: It has beenJexplain Co-operative Societies have their own godowns. ed earlier that the district did not have easy These godowns are utilised for storage of food communication facility by road in the earlier grains, cement fertilisers etc. The godowns of days Regarding trade and commerce the private millers are also utilised tor storage of village money lender viz., Saukars, Mahajans Government rice. The Food Corporation of and Gauntias constituted the main bulk of the India have got their godown of 10,000 tonnes indigenous bankers fot a considerable period. capacity at Kesinga to store bumper stocks of During the Durbar administration grain gollas rice, whnt and sugar. were started with the aim to advance paddy loan to the needy agriculturists. In 1949 the The State Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd., Bhawanipatna Central Co-operative Bank was ancJ'the Civil Supplies branch of District Office established. attempts the distribution of essential commodi ties to the consumers through the' fair pricp. In the post independence era, there has been spectacular expansion in the field of financial shops. Rice/Wheat/levy sugar are purchased by the Civil Supplies Corporation from the Central institutions like Co-operative Bank, Commercial pool account of the Food Corporation of India Banks etc. At the end of 1979, there are 28 and distributes to the pubric distribution system. number of branches of commercial bank and the Kerosene and cement are imported by the average population surveyed by a branch wholesalers/dealers ·trom oil companies and worked out to 41,567. To add to this the factories against the monthly allotment made Bhawanipatna Central Co-operative Bank with by Government. During 1980-81 the following its branches, land Development Bank with its essential commodities were received in the dis branches scatterred through out the district trict and distributed through 785 fair price shops providing finance to the needy persons. scattered throughout the district. The items exported from the district mainly include rice, pulses, oil seeds, cotton and forest Item Quantity produce induding lac and hide. The impor ts to Wheat 1,324 M. T. the district include Garment, Petroleum and Sugar 5,145.5 M.T. Kerosene oil, Spare-parts and building materials etc. The transaction are made in more t!)an' Cement 2.049 M.T. fltty un-reguJdted markets known as. K. Oil 2,808 K. L. functioning in the district either w.:al~ .or' ,ice ... ~ 9,677.3 M.l. hi-weekly where the sale and pur~ are transacted. The R.egional Co-op@rativRNlBrker Piaqi~tur9 : The district h:15 no reSour ;ilg Societies with its branthe~ $preadiRliDO\'~" Ce,Av "9Ti1anne fbhery. The hilly st,~ams and the Sub-divi1ions takes up (he distrib~f IiJ"~n are the na tural source at fish supply agricu!rurdl implement:), fertiliser, pesticide et(. b@!iid@!i the tanks, irrigation projects, katas ~tc. through the Primary Co. operative Society, for development of inland fish@ry. The sur"Wey 26 taken up by the department indfcate~ the The major forest products of the district are following potential for development cf timber I bamboo, fire--wood and kenduleaf. piscicul cure. Other important minor forest products are Mahua flower, sabal grass, broom grass, gum, Resources Water area ill acres liiC, mYlObalan, sunaribark, kusumseed, kar"nj Grampanchayat tanks (2,561) 8,068.95 seed, mahua seed and Tamerind etc. These Private tank (832) 2.,774.09 are collecled by the local tribals and sold in the local market through the purchasing. Minor Irrigation Project (51) 3,280.42 units of the Orissa State Tribal Development Out of the aforesaid potential pisciculture Corporation. was taken up In 2,930 acres during 1980-81, Government has realised forest revenue to which included 1,961.10 acres of water area the tune of Rs. 2,24,63,576.16 during the year relating to 557 Grampanchayat tanks. 1980-81. Trade on l\ellduteaf is export oriented There are 17 Fishery~men Co-opera tive and has been taken over by the State Govern Societies with 293 members (includes 104 ment undertaking. "This has raised the revenue Scheduled Caste and 82 Scheduled Tribe of Rs. 1,05,34,876.86 to the State Government members) which are operating in the district. during the said year by selling 15,930.42 Tanks on tong term lease are being granted to quintals of Kenduleaf. Collection of minor improve farm fishir,g. Durmg 1980-81, depart forest products, cutting of timber and bamboo ment could achieve spawn stocking of 212.32 provide subSidiary occupa tion to a large chunk lakhs and distributed frys to the tune of 27.31 of inhabitants. Jakhs to the Crampanchayat and private tanks. Education: History of education in the By induced breeding method there are also district da tes back to the year 1860, when 4 spawn production of 45.5 lakhs during the said Primary Schools were opened in Kalahandi year. Under fishery extention programme, 183 ex-State in darbar administration. Due to the tanks with an Welter alea of 701.17 acres were patronage of the ruling ehiet, however, one covered during 1980-81. For development of Middle English Sctlool wa& establi~tled in 1871 pis.ciculture one Iceplant and coid storage have at Bhawanipatna. In 1907-08 thele WE're 5& been set up in the district. Traditional fisher schools in tile ex~Sta ttl. In course of time men are being encouraged by way of providing spread of education received considerable easy credit facilities to take up pisciculture momentum. In 1914-15 there were 74 Schools, under difterent programmes as a subsidy. in 1922·23 the number was raised to 82. Mining: Compared to other districts of Education received impetus in the post inde Orissa Kalahandi is poorly endowed with pendence er a and by 1966·67 the district had 2 mineral resources. Presently the mineral High Schools, 7 M. E. Schools and 6 Primary activities of the district is confined to the private Schools for education of girls only. sector, who are operating the mines in manual In the year 1950-51 the district had 2 Hign process. Such operation is lirnited to Titlagarh, Schools, 11 M. E. Schools and 259 Primary Madanpur-Rampur for graphite besides the Schools. By l\1arch, 1981. there were 83 High operation of quartz mines at Bhawanipatna and ~(hooI5f 307 M. f. 5chools and 1,984 Primary·. Madaflpur-RamplJr. The Stolte Covernment 5<:1100\5 beSIdes 6 Cotleges to provide higher realised mineral revenue to the tune of education and 3 Training Schools ment tor the Rs, 49,893.79 during the year 1980-8 J, teachers. There has been a emphasis in the Forest: The district is noted for its forest field of education as it is a backward district. wealth. The tore;t area during March, 1981 The student strengh in the High Schools was was 5,816.23 sq. kms out of which reserve 14,470, if] M. E. Schools 2',858 besides "!,86,61fl forest alone accounts for 1448.13 sq. kms. in Primary Schools. Various incentives are 27 being given in form of supply of tel(t beaks 'I) The lands were classified <15- follows ;~ the primary stage providing pre-ma:t~k aM post matric Scoolarships to e!1.(Ourage A 1 f3aflal Khariparri educaHon. .2 Bahal Pani The teacher student Fa tio at different stage:; 3 Bahal Knari in :ne district as on March, 1981 was 1:19 ill 4 5ahal MamuIi (Sadharan) High School, 1:20 in M. E. $cllool and 1:26 in B 5 Primary SchooL Berna K"ar1pani 6 ~erna pilni - AduJt literaq' Programme has been give., 7 Berna Kl'lalr emphasis in the (ecent past to educate the illiterates available in the rural areas. By March, 8 Berna Mamuli (Sadharan) 1931,10,596 persons were made literate under C 9 Mal K"haripani this programme. 10 Mal Pani Rural Water Supp,V : Arter necessary survey 11 Mal Khari it was revealed that there are 456 villages- in 12 Mar MamlJli (Sqdharan,r the district going Without dri[ll.;;illg water wells. Besides this, the viHag.es having drinking water 0 13 Barchha projects are not assured of drinking water faci E 14 At Kachhar lit,. par:iculi'trl~ during tfl-e :&Imme.: arid such 15 At Unhari .. nu::;; .... €!';2 :d~[1tified J5 "1,351, acc._-.rd;ng t-::. the ~urvey taken up by .. he Public H€aith 1.i Ar Kh.;_n Department. Therefore, necessary programm 17 At MamuJi (5adharan) provide ing has been made to either sanitary F 18 f.lari Pani weH or tube werl in all -these problematic 19 vil1av.es on pTimit)' anoJding \0 the ieilsibility Barl MamuU or Orchard with~ the period of two years. G 20 Priva(~ water res-ervoir land Tennure: The history of ancient fevenue system in the dfsUtct was obscured. The prevailing tenar.ts afe as tollows :_ The State authority were rt: 1. Gudahandi-Gudahandi is situated in 2. Asurgarh-It is an delapidated fort in Koksara block at a distance of 88 Kms. from lanjigarh Tahasil and 5 Kms. away from NaraJa. Bhawanipatna on the boarder of Kalahandi and The place is surrounded by deep Gadakhai Koraput district. I ts fame lies in its antiquity. (trenches) to prevent entr~' of enemies. There tt is one of the rarest spots of India where the are four gates In four sides of the fort and four man of tile upper palaeolitnic age started deities are being worshipped. It is said it was living. His characteristic mysny ;over stone the fort of Cosingha Daitya CAsur king}. It wa~ flaking and proportionate carying is preceptibly excavated and many items of histrorca! depicted in the pre-historic· caves of Gudahandi importance were found. hills. These pre-historic caves at a flat surface on the hill top about 250 metres above 3, 8srkhandi_Be)khandi is picturesquely surrounded by dense vegitation. Paintings on located near the confluence of river Tel and the cave wall are silently eroding yet assert its Utei. It is a famous pilgrim centre in antiquity. Visible paintings.are more or less of lanjigarh Tahasil and about 67 Kms. from geometrical impression of contemporary Bhawanipatna. T he ruins of Bellchandi are cottage. These paintings in red ochre of a found reserved in a small museum adjacent to hunting scene in the Gudahandi cave is chara the temple premises. Among the sculptures cterised by liveliness, movement and perfection. the figures of Sapta Matrukas (seven Mother These caves.have stood with the Sun and rain Goddess) and Uma Maheswari are strikingly since 25000 to 20000 B. C. note worthy. 1 he temple dedica ted to the· lord Siva draws a large crowd during sivaratri In another distinct part of the hill range pre festival. The temple is said to be of 12th historic caves are characterised by specific Century A. D. It is one of the archeological, residential motifs. The ,hree caves nampd treasures of Orissa. as 'RAJA PACHAR', 'RANI PACHAR'I and 'JOGI PACHAR' carry a tribat legend behind. 4. Phularijharana_lt is a perennial water The legend·is touchy and specific with the fact fall about 15 Kms. from Bhawanipatna on of tribal dominance and speculation of mass Bhawanipatna-Thuamul Rampur Road. lhe fait consciousness. Ra ja (King) of the· area averred is of 60 ft. height and the place is surrounded by a Yogi (saint) ar:tagonised the Kandhas by ever green forest. Multi colours of rainbow (tribals) and the"tribals retaliated by arresting are visible when the sun rays fall on-- the the Raja, Rani, Yogi in the three respective scattered water particles of the fall. It has caves known as Pagharas and later· burnt all got its !>pecial attraction for its serenic beauty~ of them to dea th.BTwo other queens committed It is also a beautiful picnic SpOt. suicide and yet worshipped by the inhabiting tribals as DADA DUKRI and SANA DUKRI. 5. Patalaganga_lt is & perennial spring_ situated 41 terns. from I Introduction of new table in District Census publication. The content of each table is Hand books is a novel feature of 1981 Census explained below in brief. which aimed at providing a brief analysis of Table-1 depicts the distribution of villages results for facility of the planners, data users. according to the amenities under each tahasil 13 inset tables have been provided in this of Kalahandi district. TABLE-1 Distribution of villages according to the availability of ditferent amenities. SI. Name of N:J_ of ~ ______N:J. (with percentage) of villages having A ______one or more of the following amenities ~~ No. Tahasil inhabited villages Education Medical Drinking Post Marketl Communi- Approach Power Water &. Hat cation by PUcca Supply Telegraph Road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 ~uapada 317 280 22 316 47 34 32 66 36 {88-33) (6'94) (99'68) (14·83) (10-73) (10-09) (2082) (11 36) 2 Kharlar 312 28 312 45 30 26 58 47 (8'97) (100·00) (14,42) (9·63) (8·3'1 ) (1859) (1S'06} 3 Dharmgarh 299 266 18 297 86 32 23 63 117 (81'1'96) (6'02) (99'33) (28'76) (10'70) (N 9) (21'07) (39'1 1) 4 Jayapatna 266 247 31 266 f6 39 35 78 37 (92·86) (11-6.'» (100'00) (2481) (14'b6J (13"16) (29,32) (13-91) 5 Kalahandi 809 379 13 809 63 ::\4 51 128 91 (46-85) (2-22) (100-00) (7-79) (4'20) (6'30) (,15-82) (11'25) 6 Lanjigarh 692 388 22 691 53 31 48 98 8 (56,07) (3'18) (99·86) (7'66) (4'48) (6-94) (14 16) (116) TOTAL 2,695 1,854 139 2,691 360 200 215 491 336 DISTRICT (68'79) (S'111) (99-85) (1336) (7-<12) (798) (18-22) (12-47) power supply facility in 336 villages, 491 Out of 2,695 inhabited villages in the Villages are approached by pucca road. It is district, 1,854 villages are having educational clear from the table about the backwardness facility, 139 villages Me enjoying medical facility, drinking water facility is available in of the district. 2,691 villages, post &. telegraph facility in 360 Proportion of rura J popuJa tion sel ved by villages, market &. hat facil;t~ in 200 villagps, different amenities in different tanasils of 1 ~.e communication facility in 215 villages and district is shown in T able-2. 32 TABLE-2 Proportion ot Ru,a\ Population'served by difterent amenities • 51, Name Total Proportion of Rural Population served by the amenity of- No. of the Population ~------~------~ Tahasll of Education Medical Drinking Post Market/ Communi- Approach Power inhabited Water & Hat cation by Pucca Supply villages In Telegraph Road the Tahasil 2 3 4 5· 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 .. 1 Nuapada 185,663 97·69 14·95 99'89 28·80 23'42 17'71 29·65 20·69 2 Khariar 185,626 9918 21'59 100'00 31·10 2347 1665 28-45 26·54 3 Dharmgarh 237,131 98'12 15'87 99·93 50·53 22'99 1617 34'25 51'02 4 layapatna 220,840 99'11 26·78 100'00 47·32 27'C6 4130 25'56 5 Kalahandi 227,480 82'28 884 100'00 22·22 6 Lanjigarh 201,911 87·88 12'42 100·00 26·14 19'23 17'86 26'29 688 lotai District 1,258,651 9 388 16·67 99'98 34,87 20'60 1903 3271 2134 Out of 12,58,651 rural population of the Nuapada and Dharmagarh Tahasil where district 93.88% of the popula tion are served by 99.89% and 99.93% of the rural population educational facility, 16.67% by medical facility, respectively, are enjoying drinking water 34.87% by Post & Telegraph facility, 20'80% facility in the village. by market & hat facility, 19.03% by communi cation facility, 27,34% by power supply facility Table-3 depicts the distribution of villages and 32.71% of Pucca road facility, drinking not having certain amenities arranged by water facility is available to the entire rural distance range from the place where these are population of the district except a few in available. TABlE-3 Oisttibution uf will ~g&S nol h;;.ving certain amenities, arranged by di3tan;:e ranges from the places where these are available. \llIIage not having the Number of villages where the amenity is Dot available and amenity of available at distance of r------~------~ -5 Kms. 5-10 Kms. 10+Kms. Total (Cols. 2to .., 1 2 3 4 5 1 Education 569 190 82 841 2 Medical 664 717 1,175 2,556 3 Drinking water 4 4 4 Post & Telegraph 1,441 576 316 2,335 5 Market/Hat 1,Ou1 596 8gB 2,495 Communication 739 470 1,271 2,480 -----_ ---~.------.-.___..~-~-~---"" 33 Out of 2,695 inhabited villages in the district are enjoying these facilities within a distance of the educational facility is not available in 841 less than 5 Kms. villages,Medical facility in 2,556 villages. drinking water facility in 4 villages, Post & Table-4 depicts the distribution of villages Telegraph facility in 2,335 villages, Market & according to the distance from the nearest Hat facility in 2,495 villages and communication town and availability of different amenities in facility in 2,480 villages. Most of the villages the district. TABLE-4 Distribution of villages according to the distance from the nearest town .,,-and availability of different amenities. - Distance No. of No· (with percentage) of villages having the amenity of- Range from inhabited ,..------"-_------"'" the nearest villages In Education Medical Drinking Post Marketl Communi- Approach Power town each range Water and Hat cation by Pucca Supply (in Kms.) Telegraph Road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0-5 116 101 7 116 24 7 15 51 58 l87.07) (6.03) (100·00) (20.69) (6,03) (12,93) (4397) (50.00) 6-15 475 403 29 473 80 41 63 - 135 130 (84.84) (6,11) (99·58) (16.84) (8.b3) (13,26) (2842) (27,37) 16-~ 1,462 1,089 88 1,461 216 128 115 21)1 14~ (7449) (6.02) (99.93) (14·77) (8,76) (7·87) (17 85) (9.78) 51+ 642 261 15 - 641 40 24 22 44 5 (40·65) (2·34) (99.84) (6,23) (374) (3.43) (685) (0·78) Unspecified Yotal 2,695 1,854 139 2,691 360 200 2.15 491 336 (68·79) (5,16) (99.85) (13.36) (7.42) (1.98) (18,22) (I2.n) Out of 2,695 inhabited villages, 1,089 villages nearest town. It is revea led from the table are coming under the distance range of '16-50 that. the villages nearer to the town are Kms. from the nearest town;, 475 villages are enjoying more facility than those which are coming under the distance range of 6..:15 Kms, .. a.way from the town. 642 villages are coming under the distance Distribution of Villages according to the range of more than 50 Kms. and the rest116 population range and amenities available is villages are coming under 0-5 Kms. from the shown in Table.5. TABLE-5 Distribution of villages acc~rding to Popul ation Range and Amenities available population No. of No. (with percentage) of villages having the amenity of- range inhabited r------A_------~----~ vitlages in Education Medical Drinking Post Marketl ComlY'uni- Approach Power each Water & Hat call!'>n by Pucca Supply range Telegraph Road 1 2 3 -4 5 1 8 9 10 1,788 949 lS 1,784 58" 38 67 205 ('6 (53·08) (0'84 (99,78) (3·24) (2.l3) (3·75) (11'4?) (481) 500-1,999 851 849 88 851 254 127 118 249 220 (99,76) (10·34) (100,00) (29·85) (14,92) (13.87) (29,16) (25,65) 2,000-4,999 55 55 35 55 47 34 29 36 29 (100·00) (63·64) (100·00) (65·45) (61,82) (52·73) (6545) (5273) , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (100·00) (100·00) _(100.00) (100.00) (100 00) (100,00) (100'CO) (100,(10) Total 2,.85 t,'54 190 2,691 3118 200 ~t5 401 :1:1& (83·7.) (5'11) (U'·as) (133') (7.41) 0·11) ( 18'22) (1241) 34 Most of the villages of the district are TABLE-8 coming under the lowest popula tion range of Main Staple Food in the majority of villages less than 500 population. It is seen that in each Tahasll villages having more pupuJation are enjoying better facilities than the villages coming under SI. Name of the Main Staple the lower population range. Only one village N,J. Tahasll Food coming under the highest population 1 3 range. i.e. 5,000 and above is enjoing 2 all the facilities and villages coming 1 Nuapada Rice under the next higher population range i. e. 2,000-4,999 are enjoying educational facility and 2 Khariar Rice drinking water facility fully and other facilities 3 Dharmgarh Rice are also available in more than 50 per cent of the villages coming under this range. 4 Jayapatna Rice Main staple food in the majority of viltages 5 Kalahandi Rice in each Tahasil of the district is shown in Table-G. 6 lanjigarh Rice It is revealed from the table that rice is the main staple food for all the Tahasils of the district. Table-7 depicts the disribution of villages according to land use pattern of different Tahasils of the district. TABLE-7 Distribution of villages according to land use 51. Name of the No. of Totdarea Percentage of Percentage of Irrigated No. Tahasil inhabited (In hectares) cultivable area area to total villages to total area cultivable area 1 2 3 4 S 6 1 Nuapada 317 142,879'72 7463 8·90 2 Khariar 312 101,635·26 79·03 8·71 3 Dharmgarh 299 113,662 14 85·23 12.46 4 Jayapatna 266 108,777.65 87.60 14·36 5 Kalanandi ElO9 132,636-94 80.36 8'24 6 lanjlgarh 692 125,038'55 81,93 4'13 Total District 2,695 'T24,630·26 81.17 9.40 Note - The area figures fnr uninhabited Villdg,-es:and villages for which the land use data are not available are excluded f rom the total. It is revealed from the table that percentage TabJe-8 shows the growth, density, and sex of irriglted are" to total cultivable areoi is only ratiO of urban population in the district in 940 per cent which implies that irrigation relation to the State. facility is not sufficient to the district. 35 TABLE-I Growth, Density and Sex-Ratio of Urban Population in the District in relation to the State Census KALA HAND I ORISSA Year r------·--J\o------~ r------~------~ Total Urban Percentage Decada\ Denstty Sex-ratio Total Urban Percentage Decadal Density Sex Popu- Popu- of percentage (Popu- (No. of Popula- Popula- of percentage (Popu- ratio lation latlon Urban variation lation females tion tion Urban variation latlon (N6l.of Population in Urban per sq. per 1,000 Population in Urban per females Population km.) males) Popula- sq. km.) per tlon 1,000 males) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1951 8,05,675 11,807 1·46 +8'69 908 965 14,645,946 594,070 4-06 +44'u1 1,195 881 "- 1961 9,46,874 28,573 2'83 +142·00 590 959 17,5411,846 1,109,650 6'32 +86'79 1,078 807 1971 1,163,869 56,553 486 +97·92 710 939 21,944,615 1,845,395 8·41 +66'30 1,113 845 1981 1,339,192 80,541 6·01 +42.42 998 936 26,370,271 3,110,287 1179 +68'54 1,359 859 The percentage of urban population to total 68.54 per cent. Some peculiar feature in growth population of the district during the current rate from decade to decade since 1951 is decade (6.01 per cent) is lower than that of the notice.c::'. The density of population i. e. popu State average of 11.79 per cent. This is due to lation per sq. kms. is lower than that of the non-existence of big town/city in the district. State average, but the sex ratio i. e. number Since 1951 the percentage of urban population of females per 1,000 males is more than than was less than half of the State average. The of the State. growth rate of urban population of the district is 42.42 per cent during the current decade Table-9 gives the new town creat edl which is lower than that of the State average of declassified in 1981 Census. TABLE-9 New towns added/de-classified In 188t Census Name of the Town PopUlation in 1981 Census 1 1 (a) Added Nil (b) Decl."lfied Nil In addItion to the list' of town, in 1971, Per capita receipt and expenditure in towns neither any new town ha, been created nor any have been $hown in Table-10. town has been declaSSified durlnlf the current decade. 36 TABLE-10 Per Capita Receipt and Expenditure in Towns 1978-79 Class, Per Capita ~ ______-A- ______~ name &. Receipt (In ~s.) Expenditure (in Rs.) , _____ .A. _____-..... civic- r------A------..... status Total Receipt Receipt Total General Expenditure Public Expenditure Other of the Receipt through from all ~xpendi- Admini- on public works on public aspects town taxes other ture stration health and institutions sources conveniences 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 III Bhawanipatna eM) 30'53 11·46 19·07 28'18 4·37 772 1·41 2·59 12·09 IV lunagarh (N.A.C.) 27·52 11·84 15·68 29'56 1019 655 3'17 9·65 IV Kesinga (N.A.C) 3676 26'49 8'27 35'42 14'32 7'73 7'73 S'M V Khariar (N.A C·) 33'20 -12'62 20'58 37'55 10'10 7'48 12'75 003 7'19 IV Khariar Road eN·A·C.) 49'1' 24'42 24.69 38'37 10'41 8'06 4'68 6'60 8·62 Total 33,9iS '1584 18'14 31·96 8115 759 4·37 2'16 979 The financial aspects have been presented in TABLE-11 . this table for all the towns of the district, School per ten thousand Population in Towns, Comming to the receipt side rhe per capita Class, name No. per ten thousand population receipt has been assessed at Rs. 33'98 for the and civic status , ______A ______--..... district. Out of which Rs. 15.84 realised through of town Higher Seco- Junior Primary taxes, Rs. 18' 14 through other sources under Secon- ndaryl Seco daryl Matricu- ndary! government gnnt etc. As. regards expenditure Inter- lation Middle side the per capita total expen