DOCSLIB.ORG

Colour in the Construction and Usage of Monuments of Neolithic Atlantic Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Colour in the Construction and Usage of Monuments of Neolithic Atlantic Europe Colour Out of Space: Colour in the Construction and Usage of Monuments of Neolithic Atlantic Europe Penelope Foreman In submission for the award of PhD at Bournemouth University June 2019 Colour Out of Space: Colour in the Construction and Usage of Monuments of Neolithic Atlantic Europe Penelope Foreman Colour is a fundamental human experience – if not a universally constant one. There are, after all, individuals who are colour-blind to various degrees, or even those that see extra colours. However, there is something about the perception and categorisation of colour that is near uniform across humanity, as evidenced by Berlin and Kay’s Basic Color Terms and studies into the key mechanisms of colour vision. Deeper still, it seems to be the case that specific colours re-appear in human art, iconography, ritual and folklore as a leitmotif running through our cultural evolution; that is, the colours red, white, and black. Evidence for this significant triad, as well as other colours showing repeated and deliberate selection, has been gathered and analysed. A summary of the literature on this is presented in this, along with a review with existing work on colour, and why the materiality and material semiotics of stone are important to this research. The aim of this research is to survey a sample of Neolithic monuments across Atlantic Europe, and see if there are any commonalities, significant patterns, and demonstrable signs of specific colour selection that may hint at colour being an important part of Neolithic cosmology – regionally, locally, or culturally. There has been some work touching upon this concept, most recently and notably at the Clava Cairns and sites on Arran; this study will develop this existing research and deepen the understanding of colour use in the Neolithic. In order to see if the fascinating possibilities raised in these works has broader Neolithic context, this research will study sites in similar levels of detail at locations across Atlantic Europe. This will include many styles of monument, from stone circles to passage graves to long barrows to stone rows, in order to evaluate colour significance across a broad range of monument building traditions. Colour was recorded via both human perception and through the use of a digital recording device, custom designed for this project. Recording these colours using a digital tool achieves two things: namely, to go some way towards compensating for the fallibility of the human visual cortex, and to provide a vector for the material properties to speak without being directly interpreted by a human intermediary. This taking into account of the material agency of the stones themselves played a key role in understanding the networks of influence that colours may have had on Neolithic peoples, and how this could have affected their cosmologies. The main stage of this research is six case studies of groupings of Neolithic monuments across the Atlantic façade of north western Europe. Discussion is focused through a lens of these findings along with studies into ethnographic parallels on colour use, stone provenance, and materiality among early farming societies. Using the methodology refined by the initial pilot studies, these six regions are examined for patterns and connections, and analysed both within their own regions and in a wider context, to enable statements on the importance of colour to Neolithic monument builders to be made. 2 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. 3 For Julian Who has grown into a wild, adventurous, curious, brilliant child of fields and stones and exploration through the course of this research. Stay wild, stay curious, and keep exploring. I followed my dreams; always, always, follow yours. 4 Table of Contents List of Figures 9 List of Tables 12 Acknowledgements 14 1. Introduction 15 1.1 Colour in Archaeology - a brief background 15 1.2 Research Questions 18 1.3 Aim and Objectives 20 2. Literature review 21 2.1 Colour Categories – how we think about colour 21 2.1.1 Basic Color Terms 21 2.1.2 Critique of Basic Color Terms 24 2.1.3 A pan-human physiological process? 25 2.1.4 The World Color Survey and recent updates to colour category 28 theory 2.2 Ethnographic and archaeological examples of colour – What’s black, white, and red all over? 30 2.2.1 Ethnography - after the data is done 30 2.2.2 How do people look at colours? 31 2.2.2.1 Victor Turner and The Forest of Symbols 31 2.2.2.2 Red, White, Black As A Mode of Thought and related 33 texts 2.2.2.3 Recent Work 35 2.2.3 Procuring materials – symbolism, practicality, or a little of both? 37 2.2.4 Summary of Enthnographic work 41 2.3 Current work on colour in the Neolithic 44 2.4 Materiality 50 2.5 Material agency and “vibrant matter” 52 3. Methodology 55 3.1 Definitions 55 3.2 Site Selection 58 3.2.1 Geography of Atlantic Europe 58 3.2.2 Islands and Mainlands 58 3.3 Recording the Stones 59 3.3.1 Reflexive journaling 59 3.3.2 Public outreach - multivocality in recording the stone 59 3.3.3 Constructing a digital recording device 60 3.3.3.1 Design and prototyping 60 3.3.3.2 Refining the programming 61 3.3.3.3 Construction 62 3.3.3.3.1 Challenges and adaptations in construction 62 3.3.3.4 Rationale for open source software 66 3.4 Analysing the stones 66 3.4.1 QGIS and R - a brief outline and justification 67 3.5 Digital media as mouthpieces for material agency 72 3.5.1 “Born digital” data and its implications 73 3.5.2 Letting stones speak free of human voices? 74 5 3.6 Is phenomenology dead? Object oriented approaches to experiencing 75 the stones 3.7 Assembling the cosmology of colour 76 3.7.1 Assemblage theory and its relevance 76 3.7.2 Russian Dolls - colour in local, regional, international cosmologies 78 and archaeological interpretation itself 3.8 Whither Ethnography? 81 3.8.1 Ethnography's troubled image 81 3.8.2 Timing of ethnographic research - a justification 82 3.9 Summary 82 4. Gathering data digitally: using a colour sensor to map colour patterns in 84 the monuments 4.1 Pilot Study – Bryn Celli Ddu 84 4.1.1 Bryn Celli Ddu - the site in context 85 4.1.2 Recent findings 86 4.1.3 Blueschist as important to Anglesey past and present 86 4.1.4 Methodology - ORAC V1 87 4.1.5 Human responses to stone stories - reflexive journal entries 89 4.1.6 Initial findings 91 4.1.7 Digitally coloured site plan 93 4.1.8 Raw data 94 4.1.9 Follow up study at the Calderstones 95 4.1.9.1 Brief history of the monument 95 4.1.9.2 Geology of the Liverpool area 96 4.1.9.3 Results 97 4.2 Anglesey 99 4.2.1 On sample size and distribution 99 4.2.2 Background 99 4.2.3 Geology of Anglesey 100 4.2.4 Plas Newydd 101 4.2.5 Hendrefor 103 4.2.6 Bodowyr 104 4.2.7 Ty Newydd 106 4.2.8 Trefignath 107 4.2.9 Presaddfed 109 4.2.10 Lligwy 110 4.2.11 Pant y Saer 112 4.2.12 Bryn yr Hen Bobl 114 4.3 Pembrokeshire 116 4.3.1 On sample size and distribution 116 4.3.2 Background 116 4.3.3 Geology of Pembrokeshire 119 4.3.4 Llech-y-Tribedd 121 4.3.5 Trellyffant 122 4.3.6 Carreg Coetan 123 4.3.7 Cerrig – y – Gof 124 4.3.8 Pentre Ifan 128 4.3.9 Bedd yr Afanc 130 4.3.10 Ffyst Samson 132 4.3.11 Carreg Samson 133 4.3.12 Coetan Arthur 134 4.3.13 Treffynon 135 4.3.14 St Elvis Farm 136 6 4.3.15 Carn Llidi 137 4.3.16 Hanging Stone 138 4.3.17 Devil’s Quoit 140 4.3.18 King’s Quoit 141 4.4 Wessex 142 4.4.1 On sample size and distribution 142 4.4.2 Background 142 4.4.3 Geology of Wessex 143 4.4.4 The Avebury Circles / ‘Z Feature’ stones 144 4.4.5 West Kennet Long Barrow 150 4.4.6 Stonehenge 153 4.5 Denmark 157 4.5.1 On sample size and distribution 157 4.5.2 Background 157 4.5.3 Geology of Mon, Denmark 160 4.5.4 Sprove Kong Asgers Høj 160 4.5.5 Sprovedyssen 163 4.5.6 Klekkende-Høj 165 4.5.7 Sømarksdyssen 169 4.6 Sweden 171 4.6.1 On sample size and distribution 171 4.6.2 Background 171 4.6.3 Geology of Falbygdens, Sweden 175 4.6.4 Kyrkerör 175 4.6.5 Lusthushögens 178 4.6.6 Glasthall/Kung Björns Grav 180 4.6.7 Ängshögen, sodra 182 4.6.8 Åttagården 183 4.6.9 Hjelmsrör 185 4.6.10 Girommen, Ekornavallen 187 4.6.11 Klövagårdens (Karleby 57:1) 189 4.6.12 Ragnvalds Kull (Karleby 58:1) 191 4.6.13 Logårds Kulle (Karleby 59:1) 193 4.7 Netherlands 195 4.7.1 On sample size and distribution 195 4.7.2 Background 196 4.7.3 Geology of Drenthe, Netherlands 198 4.7.4 D27 199 4.7.5 D43 201 4.7.6 D47 203 4.7.7 D46 205 4.7.8 D38 207 4.7.9 D39 209 4.7.10 D40 210 4.7.11 D21 212 4.7.12 D22 214 4.7.13 D23 215 4.7.14 D24 217 4.7.15 D25 219 4.8 Summary 220 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza­ Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeology of Wales
    Hydrogeology of Wales N S Robins and J Davies Contributors D A Jones, Natural Resources Wales and G Farr, British Geological Survey This report was compiled from articles published in Earthwise on 11 February 2016 http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Category:Hydrogeology_of_Wales BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights 2015. Hydrogeology of Wales Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL. N S Robins and J Davies Bibliographical reference Contributors ROBINS N S, DAVIES, J. 2015. D A Jones, Natural Rsources Wales and Hydrogeology of Wales. British G Farr, British Geological Survey Geological Survey Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. Cover photo: Llandberis Slate Quarry, P802416 © NERC 2015. All rights reserved KEYWORTH, NOTTINGHAM BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2015 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS British Geological Survey offices shops at Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or BGS Central Enquiries Desk shop online at www.geologyshop.com Tel 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 email [email protected] The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, maps, for consultation.
    [Show full text]
  • Standing Stones: Stonehenge, Carnac and the World of Megaliths Free
    FREE STANDING STONES: STONEHENGE, CARNAC AND THE WORLD OF MEGALITHS PDF Jean-Pierre Mohem,Dorie B. Baker | 176 pages | 29 Mar 1999 | Thames & Hudson Ltd | 9780500300909 | English | London, United Kingdom Standing Stones : Stonehenge, Carnac and the World of Megaliths Dorie B. Baker | eBay AIA Tours: land. Tour Dates: May June 5, 12 days. Tour Leader s : Paul G. Bahn. Amidst beautiful landscapes see world renowned, as well as lesser known, Neolithic and Bronze Age megaliths and monuments such as enigmatic rings of giant standing stones and remarkable chambered tombs. Explore medieval churches, charming villages, museum collections, and more. One of the best tours I Carnac and the World of Megaliths ever taken part Carnac and the World of Megaliths. Single room supplement will be charged when requested or required. With fewer than 10 participants, a small group surcharge may be Standing Stones: Stonehenge. This afternoon, take a guided walking tour of Salisbury, including a tour of the Salisbury Museum with its Director. In the evening, enjoy a welcome drink and dinner at our hotel. Overnight at the 4-star Legacy Rose and Crown Hotel for three nights. Its archaeological collections span the Neolithic through medieval periods, and include finds from Stonehenge and Avebury which we visit on May 28 th and May 29 threspectively. After an independent lunch in Devizes we return to Salisbury. The balance of the day is at leisure. After an independent lunch, we drive to Durrington Walls, site of a henge circular structure and the largest Neolithic settlement in northern Europe, where a local expert will join us for Carnac and the World of Megaliths rest of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • 2260 B.C. 2850 B.C. 5940 ± 150 Gsy-36 A. Roucadour a 3990 B.C
    [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 8, 1966, P. 128-141] GIF-SUR-YVETTE NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS I J. COURSAGET and J. LE RUN Radiocarbon Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Gif-sur-Yvette (Essonne), France The following list shows the age measurements carried out from 1958 to March 1963 at the Radiocarbon Laboratory at Gif-sur-Yvette. This laboratory has been replaced by a new one whose first measure- ments are also given in this volume. It was equipped with 2 proportional counters similar to those used in Saclay laboratory and operating with 1 atm of pure C02. These counters were shielded by 15 cm lead, 5 cm iron and 1.5 cm of mercury. Data have been calculated on the basis of a C14 half-life of 5570 yr, in agreement with the decision of the Fifth Radiocarbon Dating Confer- ence. As a modern carbon standard, wood taken from old furniture was used. This standard was found equivalent to 950 of the activity of the NBS oxalic acid, if a 2% Suess-effect is adopted for this wood. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Southern France Perte du Cros series, Saillac, Lot Burnt wheat from Hearth III at entrance of cave of Perte du Cros, Saillac, Lot (44° 20' N Lat, 1° 37' E Long). Coll. 1957 by A. Calan; subm. by J. Arnal, Treviers, Herault. 4210 ± 150 Gsy-35 A. Perte du Cros 2260 B.C. 4800 ± 130 Gsy-35 B. Perte du Cros 2850 B.C. General Comment: associated with Middle Neolithic of Chasseen type un- (Galan 1958) ; Gsy-35 A may be contaminated.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Works, Big Stories. Methodological Approaches To
    Aberystwyth University Small works, big stories. Methodological approaches to photogrammetry through crowd sourcing experiences Griffiths, Seren; Edwards, Ben; Wilson, Andrew; Karl, Raimund; Labrosse, Frédéric; La Trobe-Bateman, Emily; Miles, Helen; Möller, Katharina; Roberts, Jonathan; Tiddeman, Bernie Published in: Internet Archaeology DOI: 10.11141/ia.40.7.2 Publication date: 2015 Citation for published version (APA): Griffiths, S., Edwards, B., Wilson, A., Karl, R., Labrosse, F., La Trobe-Bateman, E., Miles, H., Möller, K., Roberts, J., & Tiddeman, B. (2015). Small works, big stories. Methodological approaches to photogrammetry through crowd sourcing experiences. Internet Archaeology, 40. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.7.2 Document License CC BY General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 25. Mar. 2020 Griffiths, S. et al. (2015) ‘Small Works, Big Stories.
    [Show full text]
  • County Carlow Published by the OPW Was Our Main Reference Source
    Lecture to Old Carlow Society February 2000 1 Joseph.M.Feeley. Dunleckney, Bagenalstown, Co Carlow. 2nd Edition 2/05 Lecture to Old Carlow Society February 2000 2 Carlow Dolmens Introduction; Our interest in this topic began in 1995 when I began to do research on possible patterns to the siting of dolmens in Co Carlow and neighbouring counties. This research conducted from maps ended in failure. During the summer of 1996 my good friend and partner in crime Roger Jones suggested looking for solar alignments. We checked out all known dolmens in sight of the Mount Leinster Range . The only site to have both a clear view of the mountain range and with the proper alignment angle is at Ballynasillog just north of Borris. Establishing that it monitored two important solar events in early Spring and late Autumn meant getting up in the dark for nearly two years to check this out fully. One reason why it took so long was that Roger wanted to get the perfect photo of the sun rising in the Sculloge Gap. Glad to say that he eventually got his picture. The second phase began last September when I was asked by your chairman to give this lecture. Such a request concentrated my mind wonderfully and I returned to my original quest of finding a pattern in the siting of dolmens. The Inventory of Archaeological Sites in County Carlow published by the OPW was our main reference source. In addition the Discovery Series Maps (published by the Ordnance Survey of Ireland) and the Geological Survey maps were regularly consulted.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomôn-Newsletter-September-2019
    Welcome expert guidance on pillow lavas, peperites, rhodochrosite and subduction GeoMôn has had a busy summer. We zones, at one of the classisc Geosites on have had a guided walk, many visitors to Anglesey. the Watch House and exhibitions at the Anglesey Show, Beaumaris Food Festival We are grateful to our Corporate and the Telford Bridge 200th year members, Outdoor Alternative, Holiday celebration in Menai Bridge. Margaret Accommodation, Hogan Group and Wood is leading three days of geology Robertson Geo, for their continuing excursions for Cambridge U3A members support. in early September. Date for your diary! 29th September 2pm A Greenly centenary geodiversity walk through Eglwys St. Cristiolus church, Llangristiolus We had a great turnout for the guided geological walk, held in early July, at Newborough Forest and Llanddwyn Island, with over 40 people attending. The walk was led by Dr. Margaret Wood and Niall Groome (PhD student, Cardiff University). We were treated to some 1 This guided walk will celebrate the Grant awards centenary of the first geological map of Anglesey produced in 1920 by Edward We were delighted to be notified Greenly, ably assisted by his wife Annie. recently that we have been awarded It followed the publication of his book grants, one from the Anglesey Charitable the Geology of Anglesey, the previous Trust and the other from Amlwch Town year in 1919. It takes place in the Council towards the cost of an graveyard where they are buried. interactive touch screen for our Visitor Centre at Amlwch Port. The screen is expected to be installed in September and will allow visitors a hands-on, interactive experience with a range of geoscience related videos, apps and animations.
    [Show full text]
  • H Guide No 31 Rachel
    Necklace of bones and stone beads found in Carrowmore 55A. (Published with the permission of the National Museum of Ireland) Carrowmore 37, with its very small chamber, less than 0.5m 2. (Photo: Stefan Bergh) The chamber also stands out, with its rectangular layout, consider - ably larger size and the fact that it is covered not by a split boul - Carrowmore passage tomb complex. Passage tombs, destroyed der but by a huge flat limestone slab. This chamber was free- monuments likely to have been passage tombs and barrows of standing and accessible for a certain time, but the entire area probable Bronze Age date indicated. (Map by Noel McCarthy) inside the boulder circle, including the chamber, was at a later stage encased in a large cairn of stones. This would have made the chamber entirely concealed and inaccessible thereafter. Listoghil also stands out as the only monument with mega - lithic art, consisting of faint concentric circles carved onto the south-eastern edge of the roof slab, and a finely pecked hook-like symbol on the inside of the pointed wall stone forming the south- east side of the chamber. Despite their uniform simple construction, the deposits of bones and the various objects found with them make it obvious that the Carrowmore tombs were part and parcel of the same ritu - al tradition as the larger and more complex passage tombs in the Boyne Valley or at Loughcrew. The difference might be that Carrowmore in general represents a slightly earlier phase of the passage tomb tradition in Ireland. Date Above: Carrowmore 51: chamber with surrounding cairn removed.
    [Show full text]
  • Megaliths, Monuments & Tombs of Wessex & Brittany
    From Stonehenge to Carnac: Megaliths, Monuments & Tombs of Wessex & Brittany Menhhir du Champs Dolent SLM (1).JPG May 25 - June 5, 2021 (12 days | 14 guests) with prehistorian Paul G. Bahn © Jane Waldbaum ©Vigneron ©AAlphabet © DChandra © DBates Archaeology-focused tours for the curious to the connoisseur “The special tour of Stonehenge was a highlight, as well as visiting the best of the best of prehistoric sites with Archaeological Institute an immensely knowledgeable guide like Paul Bahn.” of America - Grant, Ontario Lecturer xplore the extraordinary prehistoric sites of Wessex, England, & Host and Brittany, France. Amidst beautiful landscapes see world renowned, as well as lesser known, Neolithic and Bronze Age Emegaliths and monuments such as enigmatic rings of giant standing stones and remarkable chambered tombs. Dr. Paul G. Bahn is a leading archaeological writer, translator, and broadcaster in the Highlights: field of archaeology. He is a Contributing Editor of the AIA’s Archaeology magazine, • Stonehenge, the world’s most famous megalithic site, which is a and has written extensively on prehistoric UNESCO World Heritage site together with Avebury, a unique art, including the books Images of the Ice Neolithic henge that includes Europe’s largest prehistoric stone circle. Age, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art, and Cave Art: A Guide to • Enigmatic chambered tombs such as West Kennet Long Barrow. the Decorated Ice Age Caves of Europe. Dr. • Carnac, with more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones, the Bahn has also authored and/or edited many world’s largest collection of megalithic monuments. books on more general archaeological subjects, bringing a broad perspective to • The uninhabited island of Gavrinis, with a magnificent passage tomb understanding the sites and museums that is lined with elaborately engraved, vertical stones.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021-01-15 - Lecture 03
    2021-01-15 - Lecture 03 1.3 Megaliths and Stone Circles; Building as Memory 1) Architecture as Second Nature begins as creating mere dwelling… a place of protection from the forces of nature. Soon, building begins to take on more significance as it embodies symbolic and ritualistic meaning, becomes a place of reverence, and becomes a place of memorialization of the dead and the marking of time of human memory… 2) Vocabulary: • cairn — burial mound of stones (may have earth on top of stones). British Isles term. • dolmen — two megaliths (or more) standing upright and capped by a trabeated megalith • menhirs — raised stones, similar to a stele or gravestone but may have more meaning due to formal attributes of their arrangement • orthostats — vertical megaliths revetting the lower cella (chamber) of a proto-temple • poché — in an architectural diagram, the poché is the representation of material that forms space within a building. This is it’s first meaning. There are more. • revetment — sloping or battered walls reinforced with stronger material, usually stone • trabeation — a word that describes a post and lintel structural configuration • trilithon — a dolmen-type arrangement of three megaliths • tumulus — burial mound of earth, not necessarily including stone (but may) • vernacular — a building tradition based on tradition rather than formal education. May be based more on local programmatic needs (bank barns, tobacco barns, dogtrot houses), availability of materials, and traditions of building rather than any formal ideas. Vernacular architecture rarely has a known architect. 3) Examples of stone arrangements for memory and for celestial understanding: • Carnac, Brittany, France. Fields of menhirs — 4000 - 2500 BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Date 30/09/2021 08:59:09
    Reframing the Neolithic Item Type Thesis Authors Spicer, Nigel Christopher Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 30/09/2021 08:59:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13481 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. Reframing the Neolithic Nigel Christopher SPICER Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Archaeological Sciences School of Life Sciences University of Bradford 2013 Nigel Christopher SPICER – Reframing the Neolithic Abstract Keywords: post-processualism, Neolithic, metanarrative, individual, postmodernism, reflexivity, epistemology, Enlightenment, modernity, holistic. In advancing a critical examination of post-processualism, the thesis has – as its central aim – the repositioning of the Neolithic within contemporary archaeological theory. Whilst acknowledging the insights it brings to an understanding of the period, it is argued that the knowledge it produces is necessarily constrained by the emphasis it accords to the cultural. Thus, in terms of the transition, the symbolic reading of agriculture to construct a metanarrative of Mesolithic continuity is challenged through a consideration of the evidential base and the indications it gives for a corresponding movement at the level of the economy; whilst the limiting effects generated by an interpretative reading of its monuments for an understanding of the social are considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography Updated 2016
    A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales Select Bibliography Northwest Wales 2016 Neolithic and Earlier Bronze Age Select Bibliography Northwest Wales - Neolithic Baynes, E. N., 1909, The Excavation of Lligwy Cromlech, in the County of Anglesey, Archaeologia Cambrensis, Vol. IX, Pt.2, 217-231 Bowen, E.G. and Gresham, C.A. 1967. History of Merioneth, Vol. 1, Merioneth Historical and Record Society, Dolgellau, 17-19 Burrow, S., 2010. ‘Bryn Celli Ddu passage tomb, Anglesey: alignment, construction, date and ritual’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, Vol. 76, 249-70 Burrow, S., 2011. ‘The Mynydd Rhiw quarry site: Recent work and its implications’, in Davis, V. & Edmonds, M. 2011, Stone Axe Studies III, 247-260 Caseldine, A., Roberts, J.G. and Smith, G., 2007. Prehistoric funerary and ritual monuments survey 2006-7: Burial, ceremony and settlement near the Graig Lwyd axe factory; palaeo-environmental study at Waun Llanfair, Llanfairfechan, Conwy. Unpublished GAT report no. 662 Davidson, A., Jones, M., Kenney, J., Rees, C., and Roberts, J., 2010. Gwalchmai Booster to Bodffordd link water main and Llangefni to Penmynydd replacement main: Archaeological Mitigation Report. Unpublished GAT report no 885 Hemp, W. J., 1927, The Capel Garmon Chambered Long Cairn, Archaeologia Cambrensis Vol. 82, 1-43, series 7 Hemp, W. J., 1931, ‘The Chambered Cairn of Bryn Celli Ddu’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 216-258 Hemp, W. J., 1935, ‘The Chambered Cairn Known As Bryn yr Hen Bobl near Plas Newydd, Anglesey’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, Vol. 85, 253-292 Houlder, C. H., 1961. The Excavation of a Neolithic Stone Implement Factory on Mynydd Rhiw, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 27, 108-43 Kenney, J., 2008a.
    [Show full text]