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Year: 2020 Version: 5 – 03/07/2020

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HUMANITARIAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN HIP
CENTRAL AFRICA1

The full implementation of this version of the HIP is conditional upon the necessary appropriation being made available from the 2020 general budget of the European
Union

AMOUNT: EUR 117 200 000

The present Humanitarian Implementation Plan (HIP) was prepared on the basis of the financing decision ECHO/WWD/BUD/2020/01000 (Worldwide Decision) and the related General Guidelines for Operational Priorities on Humanitarian Aid (Operational Priorities). The purpose of the HIP and its annex is to serve as a communication tool for DG ECHO2's partners and to assist them in the preparation of their proposals. The provisions of the Worldwide Decision and the General Conditions of the Agreement with the European Commission shall take precedence over the provisions in this document. This HIP covers Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), Chad and Nigeria. It may also respond to sudden or slow-onset new emergencies in Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tomé and Principe, if important unmet humanitarian needs emerge, given the exposure to risk and vulnerabilities of populations in these countries.

0. MAJOR CHANGES SINCE PREVIOUS VERSION OF THE HIP Fourth modification as of 03/07/2020

The total budget of the HIP is increased by EUR 5 million (Central African Republic: EUR 5 million). The perspectives in the Central African Republic for 2020 are very worrisome and the COVID-19 pandemic will exacerbate needs in all sectors. This additional funding

will cover unmet needs. The eligible sectors in CAR are: (i) protection (ii) health and nutrition, (iii) food assistance and livelihoods, (iv) water, sanitation and hygiene, (v) shelter (vi) emergency preparedness and response and (vii) education in emergencies.

Third modification as of 17/6/2020

The total budget of the HIP is increased by EUR 25.5 million (Nigeria: EUR 13.5 million, Cameroon: EUR 6 million, Chad: EUR 6 million). This additional funding

will focus on food and nutritional crises, conflicts and their consequences. The additional funding will be used to tackle an already unprecedented multifaceted crisis before the effect of the unexpected COVID-19 epidemic, with emergency food assistance, nutrition, multisectoral rapid response assistance, protection, support to humanitarian operations. In particular, extra funding will be used to mitigate the risk linked to food insecurity during the lean season starting in June 2020.

The full implementation of this version of the HIP is conditional upon the necessary appropriations being made available from the 2020 general budget of the European Union.

1

For the purpose of this Humanitarian Implementation Plan, the Central African countries concerned are Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tomé and Principe.

2

Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO).

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Second modification as of 11/5/2020

The total budget of the HIP is increased by EUR 8.5 million (Nigeria: EUR 4 million, CAR: EUR 2.5 million, Chad: EUR 2 million) to respond to the covid-19 pandemic.

The eligible sectors are: (i) health, (ii) water, sanitation and hygiene and (iii) logistics for CAR and; (i) health and (ii) water, sanitation and hygiene for Nigeria and Chad.

First modification as of 17/2/2020

The budget breakdown per country is adapted following the evaluation of the proposals received for each country. The new budgetary breakdown per country has been revised in the Technical Annex. The total amount of the 2020 Central Africa HIP remains unchanged.

1. CONTEXT

Overview of the main humanitarian challenges in the region

Three major regional crises affect Central Africa: (i) the Lake Chad crisis affecting Northeast Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon with the forced displacement of over 2.7 million people, (ii) the CAR regional crisis which led to the forced displacement of 1.2 million people, mainly in CAR, but also in neighbouring Cameroon, DRC and Chad and (iii) the crisis in Cameroon, where socio-political unrest in the North West and South West regions led to a deterioration of the situation and turned into a complex humanitarian crisis in 2018, causing the forced displacement of more than half a million people within Cameroon, and tens of thousands into neighbouring Nigeria.

The Lake Chad crisis, which started with the rise of Boko Haram (BH) in the NorthEast of Nigeria some ten years ago, has expanded across the Lake Chad Basin (LCB). Multiple issues and dynamics are affecting a region increasingly marked by insecurity, instability, lack of development and climate change. Today, the Lake Chad area is among the largest and most protracted humanitarian crises in the world. The non-state armed groups continue to represent a major threat to security and stability. During the last year, attacks against Nigerian military targets have intensified in number and calibre.

The EU, including its Member States, is one of the key providers of aid in the Lake Chad region. The EU has mobilised substantial support at local, regional and local levels through several instruments such as the European Development Fund, EU Trust Fund for Africa, Humanitarian Aid and the Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace. In that context, an integrated regional EU approach is necessary to address this multi-faceted crisis in a more coherent manner.

Moreover, part of the region is located in the Sahel belt, where food insecurity and malnutrition persist. More than 6,7 million people were estimated in food insecurity during the lean season 2019 in the Sahel3. In Chad for instance, the global acute malnutrition rate is beyond the emergency threshold in 16 regions out of 23. Seasonal forecasts for mid-season 2019 suggest drier than average conditions in the central part of CAR, Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria. In 2019, the Sahel food and nutrition insecurity and the regional CAR crisis were considered as forgotten crisis by DG ECHO.

The region is also significantly exposed to natural disasters and epidemics such as largescale floods in Nigeria and outbreaks of cholera and measles in Chad, Cameroon and

3 PREGEC

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Nigeria. Climate change further increases vulnerabilities with irregular rainfall patterns. Greater scarcity of natural resources is likely to continue to fuel tensions between herders and farmers causing violence and displacements.

In CAR, the peace process offers some hope. Its successful implementation may still result in increased humanitarian needs in the short-term as stabilisation leads to more returns and improved access to previously hard-to-reach areas.

The 2020 outlook for the region remains therefore worrisome with no sign of reduction in humanitarian needs in the short-term. Insecurity, violence and conflicts will likely continue to affect the region in a context of extreme poverty and structural limited access of basic services for the most vulnerable.

Main vulnerability indicators per country

ranks 188/189 on the UNDP Human Development Index (HDI 2018), 119/119 on

CAR

the Global Hunger Index, 188/189 on the Gender Inequality Index and with an overall INFORM Vulnerability Index of 8.5/10, CAR is the third most vulnerable country in the world. Its Hazard and Exposure score is 7.9/10 and its Lack of Coping Capacity score is 8.7/10. The country has an INFORM risk class of "very high" due to the ongoing conflict, its lack of coping capacity and its high vulnerability, with a Crisis Index of 3/3, resulting from a Conflict Intensity score of 3/3 and an Uprooted People score of 3/3. CAR has a total population of 4 666 3774. 2.9 million of them, i.e. about 62% of the population, are in need of humanitarian assistance. The very volatile security context has a very strong impact on the country's humanitarian outlook. Military presence linked to the conflict consists of a UN integrated mission (MINUSCA) with about 10 000 troops and the national army which has started to be deployed outside the capital. On 6 February 2019, the government and 14 armed groups signed a peace agreement. Despite this process, insecurity continues to be a major concern and armed groups have a very strong hold on the country. The population in CAR is suffering from a severe protection crisis, including incidents of armed actors targeting civilians based on religious or ethnic affiliation or for economic gains. The capacity of the central government to respond to the crisis is limited as long as the State has not gained back the control of major parts of the national territory. Consequently, insecurity and its negative impact on livelihoods continue to constrain access to food for vulnerable households, further increasing acute food and nutrition insecurity. Humanitarian needs are acute in most of the sectors: food assistance, shelters and non-food items, education, protection, health, nutrition and access to water and sanitation.

ranks in the bottom ten of the Global Hunger Index (118 of 119), the Fragile State

Chad

Index (171 of 178), the Gender Inequality Index (186 of 189) and the UNDP Human Development Index (186 of 189). Its overall INFORM Vulnerability Index is 7.2/10, (Hazard and Exposure index 5.5/10; Lack of Coping Capacity index 8.9/10). The country has an INFORM Crisis Index of 3/3, resulting from a Conflict Intensity score of 1/3, Uprooted People 3/3 and People affected by Natural Disasters of 2/3. Food insecurity and malnutrition, population displacement and health emergencies result in more than 7.5 million people being in acute or chronic vulnerability, thus affecting half of the Chadian population. Nearly 4.3 million people, 51% of whom are women, need urgent humanitarian assistance. Their vulnerability is further exacerbated by low levels of development, climatic risks and an ongoing economic crisis. According to the Cadre

4

Source: World Bank (2018)

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Harmonisé (Harmonized Framework), close to 3.7 million people faced food insecurity during the last lean season (June-August 2019). Furthermore, a deterioration of social cohesion and inter-community conflict in agro-pastoral areas and localities hosting displaced persons pose a significant risk. The presence of displaced people puts pressure on the limited resources, causing tensions with host communities. The nutritional situation is also a point of concern. From January to June 2019, 153 120 children with severe malnutrition were admitted for treatment, a 25% increase compared with the same period in 2018 and a 47% increase compared with the same period in 2017. Furthermore, Chad experiences three simultaneous displacement crises and hosts over seven hundred thousand displaced persons in need of assistance with refugees from Sudan, CAR and Nigeria, Chadian returnees from CAR and people displaced by insecurity in the Lake region. The country's humanitarian outlook indicates that the situation is of a protracted nature, within a political environment dominated by ever stronger Presidential power. Chad is pivotal to regional security efforts. Thus, proper civil-military coordination is essential. The protracted situation of Sudanese and CAR refugees and returnees – considered a forgotten crisis by DG ECHO – calls for a quick and large implementation of the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus.

ranks 153 on the UNDP Human Development Index and 151 out of 189 on

Cameroon

the Gender Inequality Index. Its overall INFORM Risk Index for 2019 is 5.7/10 (Hazard and Exposure index 4.9/10; Vulnerability Index 6.3/10; Lack of Coping Capacity index 5.9/10). The INFORM Crisis Index for Cameroon is 2/3, resulting from a Conflict Intensity score of 1/3, an Uprooted People index of 2/3 and a Natural Disaster index of 0/3. Cameroon has a total population of 24.9 million, and 1 037 000 people are directly affected by crises, i.e. 4% of the total population. Some further 2.5 million, i.e. 10% of the total population, are estimated to be indirectly affected, as local communities hosting displaced populations. Since 2013, the conflict in CAR has caused massive arrivals of 275 711 refugees 5 in Eastern Cameroon. For the most vulnerable, dependence on humanitarian aid persists due to limited self-reliance opportunities. In June 2019 a Tripartite Accord has been signed between the Government of Cameroon, the Government of the Central African Republic and UNHCR for the voluntary repatriation of Central African refugees living in Cameroon. It is planned to repatriate 30 000 refugees in 2020 following the CAR peace agreement. The situation of the CAR refugees in Cameroon is considered a forgotten crisis. In the Far North region, violence of non-state armed groups has caused the internal displacement of 247 000 people and the arrival of 94 800 refugees from Nigeria. Insecurity has also provoked disruptions in economic activities, notably cross-border trade and agriculture and the increased need for protection of the population. Structural food insecurity, poverty and limited access to basic services are exacerbated due to the displacements. In the Northwest and Southwest regions, protection of civilians is at stake as mobilizations for greater autonomy by the end of 2017 has led to a situation of high insecurity and instability causing the forced displacement of more than 530 500 people within Cameroon and close to 40 000 refugees to Nigeria. Health and education structures are being attacked while the disruption of economic and agricultural activities is also observed.

  • Despite categorized as a middle-income country,
  • 's poverty and human

Nigeria

development indicators, as well as its current performance on SDG-implementation, are among the continent's worst. Nigeria ranks 157 on the UNDP Human Development Index and 103 on the Global Hunger Index. Nigeria ranks 10 on the INFORM Risk

5

Source: UNHCR 30/04/2019

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Index for 2019 with an index of 6.8/10 (Hazard and Exposure index 8/10; Vulnerability Index 5.9/10; Lack of Coping Capacity index 6.6/10). Nigeria has a total population of 200 million in 2019, projected to double by 2050. The combination of regional disparities, important inequalities and high fertility rates in the poorest areas of the country contribute to some very alarming key social and public health indicators (such as life expectancy and adult literacy rate), which has led Nigeria to have recently overtaken India as the country with the highest number of extremely poor. The country is affected by five major crises: the Lake Chad conflict; the North West violence and nutrition crisis; inter-communal violence in the Middle Belt; the Cameroon refugee arrivals; and natural disasters (such as floods, which affected 2.5 million people in 2018) and epidemics (Lassa fever, cholera, measles, yellow fever and meningitis outbreaks). With over 35 000 people killed since 2009, the Lake Chad crisis continues to generate massive humanitarian needs in Nigeria’s Northeast, with 7.1 million people in need of humanitarian assistance, 3 million people food insecure and over 2 million IDPs. Moreover, close to one million people do not have access to humanitarian assistance or basic services in Borno State and are living in a particularly worrying situation, with alarming rates of severe acute malnutrition. Whenever they reach garrison towns, people living in areas inaccessible for humanitarian actors report severe movement restrictions and supply disruptions, harvest confiscations and widespread hunger, and all-season foraging for wild foods as a key coping mechanism. They moreover report worsening perceptions of safety relative to previous months, and very limited access to any level of healthcare.

2. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS 1) People in need of humanitarian assistance

Populations in Central Africa are affected by man-made and natural disasters as well as epidemics. In light of their vulnerabilities, affected people and potential beneficiaries can be categorised as follows:

Conflict-affected people

The conflict in the Lake Chad region has had a negative impact on the lives and livelihoods of 17.4 million people. The resulting humanitarian crisis remains among the largest in the world. In recent months, armed groups have stepped up attacks, uprooting thousands more people and driving them into already overcrowded displacement camps. Around 2.7 million people (refugees and internally displaced) have been forced to flee from their homes. The crisis has also heightened food insecurity and malnutrition, with 3.6 million people grappling with food insecurity at “crisis” and “emergency” levels, and around 400 000 children facing severe malnutrition. The region is facing a severe protection crisis. Many civilians have suffered abuse and rights violations and are deeply traumatized. The recurrent attacks and insecurity as well as security measures have restricted free movement. Farming, trade, transhumance and other activities have been significantly affected, depriving millions of people of their means of survival and limiting access to basic services. Displaced people are also unable to move freely in and out of camps. The violence has also forced more than 1 000 schools to close.

In CAR, the entire population of 4.7 million people is considered directly or indirectly affected by the ongoing humanitarian crisis, with 2.9 million estimated as extremely vulnerable and requiring assistance. CAR hosts a large number of IDPs, with some 612

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000 individuals6 of whom 203 000 live in IDP sites and 409 000 in host families. An estimated 130 000 people returned spontaneously from neighbouring countries where they had sought refuge as of July 20197. The repatriated people are facing challenges in terms of peaceful co-existence with the communities in the areas of return and are notably confronted with illegal occupation of their land and property.

In Chad, 465 343 refugees from Sudan, CAR and Nigeria are still dependent on external aid. 55% of these refugees are below the age of 18 and 4% elderly persons. Women headed households account for roughly 80%. In the south, approximately 99 6938 CAR and 42 000 Chadian returnees live in sites close to the border and among host communities. The lack of legal documentation and assets are the main constraints to their socio-economic integration. In Eastern Chad, only 3 485 Sudanese refugees returned to their country of origin since April 2018, but over 342 406 are still living in this area. In the Lake Chad area, since the beginning of 2019, an estimated 174 340 people have reportedly been displaced - including the arrival of refugees from Nigeria, returnees from Niger and the new displacement of previously displaced communities seeking security and assistance.

In Cameroon more than 777 500 individuals are internally displaced due to conflict or violence, 247 000 in the Far North Region and more than 530 0009 in the Southwest and Northwest regions. Cameroon also hosts 370 000 refugees from CAR and Nigeria. Ongoing insecurity in CAR and Nigeria limits returns of refugees to their home countries. The Far North region hosts 94 800 refugees who fled the conflict in Nigeria. 58 300 are in the Minawao camp while the majority is living out-of-site. In addition to the 247 000 internally displaced people in the Far North, 110 000 former IDPs returned to their area of origin. Violence in the Northwest and Southwest regions has caused the internal displacement of 196 000 in the Southwest, and 248 000 in the Northwest, 54 000 in the Littoral region and 32 500 in West region.

In Nigeria, the humanitarian crisis in Northeast Nigeria (Borno, Yobe and Adamawa States) continues to affect a large part of the population. More than 2 million people are internally displaced, an increase of more than 150 000 since January 2019. 74% of IDPs are in Borno State, the epicentre of the crisis, and 59% are living in host communities, making it harder to access them with assistance and putting additional pressure on the already stretched resources of these communities. One in four IDPs are under five, and 80% are women and children. Freedom of movement of the civilian population is still limited, and people living in urban centres of the central and northern parts of Borno state are not able to enter or exit beyond a small security perimeter defined by military authorities. These military restrictions as well as security threats continue to hamper the ability of affected populations to access basic services, livelihoods and safety. However, more than 1.6 million people have returned home since August 2015, indicating that conditions in some locations (mostly Yobe and Adamawa state, and some parts of Borno State) have improved. Moreover, the violence between herders and farmers in the North West and North Central areas of Nigeria is of increasing concern. The clashes led to hundreds of people killed and hundreds of thousands of people displaced in 2018, particularly in Benue, Zamfara, Sokoto and Katsina states. For the North West, this situation is aggravated with a severe malnutrition situation. Finally, the crisis in the

6

Source: CMP (Commission Mouvement de Populations) – 30 April 2019

7

Source: DTM Round 7

8

Source: UNHCR (30 june 2019)

9

IOM DTM, 2019

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western parts of Cameroon led close to 40 000 people seeking refuge in the AkwaIbom, Benue, Cross River and Taraba states of Nigeria

People affected by food crisis and acute undernutrition

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    Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees For the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report Universal Periodic Review: 3rd Cycle, 30th Session REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cameroon succeeded to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees in 1961 and acceded to its 1967 Protocol in 1967 (hereinafter jointly referred to as the 1951 Convention). Cameroon has not ratified the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless persons (the 1954 Convention) nor the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (the 1961 Convention). Cameroon is party to the OAU Convention on the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. Cameroon enacted Act No. 2005/006 of 27 July 2005 concerning the Status of Refugees and the Decree 2011/389 of 28 November 2011 on Refugee Management Structures. At the time of writing, the relevant refugee management structures, including the National Eligibility Commission, had not yet been fully operationalized in accordance with the above law. UNHCR continues to conduct registration and refugee status determination (RSD) procedures on behalf of the Government of Cameroon. Cameroon hosts 4,209 asylum-seekers and 322,004 refugees as of 30 June 2017. Additionally, Cameroon also has 223,642 internally displaced persons as of March 2017 and an estimated 120,000 persons at risk of statelessness. Refugees from the Central African Republic (CAR) constitute the largest population, with 228,384 individuals, the vast majority of whom (212,534) live in 7 managed sites and over 150 villages in the Eastern, Northern and Adamaoua regions, with the remainder living in urban areas such as Yaoundé and Douala.
  • Background on Disaster

    Background on Disaster

    Canadian Humanitarian Assistance Fund (CHAF) Disaster Response Strategy Emergency Child Health & Nutrition Response for CAR Refugees in Cameroon 2014 Plan International’s Intervention – CHAF – 2014 July 4, 2014 The Humanitarian Coalition (HC) Canadian Humanitarian Assistance Fund (CHAF) is funded by the Government of Canada Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD). It was created in 2014 to ensure timely funding is available to fund lifesaving responses to smaller-scale disasters. The CHAF is a central feature of the Humanitarian Coalition disaster response system. Summary: CAD $327,209 has been allocated to Plan International Canada to respond to the Central African Republic refugee crisis in Cameroon. According to UNHCR, there are more than 100,000 new CAR refugees in Cameroon (and 211,023 in tota). Currently there are 7 refugee sites spread across the country: Gado, Lolo, Mbile, Yokadouma and the recently created Timangolo site in the East; Borgop and Ngam in the Adamawa region in the northern part of Cameroon. A significant number of refugees are living with local host communities. As of June 15, 2014, out of all new arrivals registered so far, 57.6 % are children (UNHCR statistics as of June 15, 2014). The number of new CAR refugees anticipated to be in Cameroon at the end of 2014 is 180,000. To highlight the severity of the situation for CAR refugees arriving in Cameroon, the Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees, Janet Lim, visited Cameroon with a delegation from Geneva in early July. The objective was two-fold: to encourage aid agencies to deploy and/or upscale to address the growing needs in Cameroon; and to advocate for further funding.
  • Refugees, Law, and Development in Africa

    Refugees, Law, and Development in Africa

    Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 3 Issue 1 1982 Refugees, Law, and Development in Africa Peter Nobel Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, and the Immigration Law Commons Recommended Citation Peter Nobel, Refugees, Law, and Development in Africa, 3 MICH. J. INT'L L. 255 (1982). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol3/iss1/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Refugees, Law, and Development in Africa Peter Nobel* INTRODUCTION This article concerns those large movements of people in Africa, which have been called the "African refugee problem." However, large and in- triguing migrations of populations have occurred in Africa for centuries. The earliest migrations reflected the spread of culture, the growth of trade and the development of roving early kingdoms. The unique history behind the refugee dilemma, however, begins with the instability spawned by slave trading and colonialism. Sensitivity to these eras heightens an under- standing of why today's Africa is wrought with economic crises, territorial disputes, unnatural frontiers, misfit ethnic combinations, and more ref- ugees than any other continent. Against this background this article sur- veys the development of African refugee law and assesses current refugee situations on the continent.
  • Cross Border Mission - UNHCR Cameroon & Nigeria Mission Report 05 – 14 May 2019

    Cross Border Mission - UNHCR Cameroon & Nigeria Mission Report 05 – 14 May 2019

    Cross Border Mission - UNHCR Cameroon & Nigeria Mission Report 05 – 14 May 2019 Cross Border Mission - UNHCR Cameroon & Nigeria (5th – 14th May 2019) Mission Report YOBE BORNO ADAMAWA Figure 1: North East Nigeria – Areas of Return Mission Itinerary & Team Composition •ADSEMA •ADSG •ADSEMA •ADSEMA •ADSEMA •NIS •LGA Officials •LGA Official •LGA Officials •Community •Community •Community •Community Yola Leaders Gombi Leaders Mubi Leaders Maiha Leaders •TWG •UNHCR •UNHCR •UNHCR •UNHCR •Refugees •Refugees •Refugees •Refugees 1 Cross Border Mission - UNHCR Cameroon & Nigeria Mission Report 05 – 14 May 2019 Mission Background Information The Governments of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and Cameroon including UNHCR signed a Tripartite Agreement on the 2nd March 2017, for the voluntary repatriation of more than 100,000 Nigerian refugees who had sought asylum in Cameroon as a result of the Non-State Armed Group conflict in the North Eastern Nigeria. The Tripartite Commission (TC) and the Technical Working Group (TWG) were created to spearhead work on the technical modalities for the implementation of the Agreement. To operationalize the process of voluntary repatriation in line with the provisions of the Tripartite Agreement, there have been several technical meetings including cross border discussions between Nigeria and Cameroon, Come and See/Go and Tell Visits inclusive representatives of the refugees on mission to gain first-hand information as to make an informed decision to return home, return intention surveys, preparation of facilities, and sensitization of communities both in Cameroon and Nigeria. The TWG, had in 2017, agreed to initially commence organized repatriation of 4,000 refugees originating from Adamawa State, which is considered safer and sustainable for durable solutions.