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Comparative Antibacterial Efficacy of Gomphrena Globosa L. Flower Using Hot Continuous and Sonication Extraction Methods

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 Comparative Antibacterial Efficacy Of Gomphrena Globosa l. Flower Using Hot Continuous And Sonication Extraction Methods Jesse Joel T, Levin Anbu Gomez, Priti Lata Murmu Abstract: Gompherna globosa L. is a good source of betacyanin, and it is highly found in the pigment of the plant, even after drying, it retain its color for a longer period time. Betacyanins include the reddish to violet betalain pigments. Betacyanin were extracted from Gomphrena globosa l. flower using two methods of extraction. One is ultrasonic bath method, which use ethanol as solvent, which uses high frequency pressure(sound) wave to agitate the liquid. On the other hand, soxhlet uses methanol as a solvent, which is heated to reflux. Both the operations were compared to check the efficiency and yield of the product. Ultrasonic bath was more efficient than soxhlet, but soxhlet have higher yield than ultrasonic bath. After the product yield, HPLC is done for identification, quantification and molecular weight. Escherichia coli was used to test for antibacterial efficacy. Cefoxitin antibiotic disc was used to know the bacterial susceptibility. The extraction methods concentration was taken same (200, 250, 300, 350) µg/µl. The zone formation in the medium indicates that Gomphrena globosa resist the growth of bacteria, but when the Zone of inhibition was compared, the ultrasonic bath extract showed was more inhibition than Soxhlet extract. Index Terms: Gomphrena globosa l. flower, frequency pressure wave, reflux, Antibacterial efficiency —————————— —————————— 1. INTRODUCTION led to the production of many cultivars of globe amaranth such Motivation and BackgroundGomphrena globosa, commonly as those varying in flower colors that include purple, lavender, known as globe amaranth, makhmali, and vadamalli, is an magenta, red, orange, and white [1]. Carotenoids (specifically edible plant from the family Amaranthaceae. The round- on lycopene), anthocyanins and betacyanins are natural red shaped flower inflorescences are a visually dominant feature pigments found on fruits and vegetables. They pose and cultivars have been propagated to exhibit shades of antioxidant properties beneficial in the prevention of cancer magenta, purple, red, orange, white, pink, and lilac. Within the and cardiovascular disease. Recently natural coloring agents flower heads, the true flowers are small and inconspicuous. have attached increasing attention from the food industries as The flowers of globe amaranth have been used as a type of a substitute to the artificial coloring components which has herbal medicine, implying that they may contain essential oils. been discovered to cause negative impact to humans health Based on the hypothesis that globe amaranth flowers produce upon consumption there is a growing interest in the natural red and emit volatiles, the first objective of this study was to pigments in food science, due to chronic disease preventive determine what volatile compounds are emitted from the effects stability of the natural pigments should be concerned flowers of globe amaranth [1]. as it might affect the saturated of the color [2] The plant Globe amaranth is a horticultural species native to Central Gomphrena globosa grows well in different parts of America. The flower heads are tiny it features globe-shaped, Bangladesh and used traditionally for many medicinal clover-like flower heads, and 4 cm long at maturity. As a purposes. To verify the traditional uses the crude methanol tropical annual plant, globe amaranth continually blooms extract and its hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and throughout summer and early fall. Thus, it has been a favorite aqueous soluble fractions were subjected to antimicrobial, landscape plant in annual beds, rock gardens, and garden antioxidant and brine shrimp lethality bioassays. Among all borders. After being removed from the plant, the papery- extractives the hexane soluble fraction exhibited the highest textured flowers of globe amaranth can retain their color and antioxidant activity having IC50 value 13.17±0.308 µg/ml and shape for a long time. G. globosa is an outcrossing species the crude methanol extract showed significant antioxidant that is pollinated by butterflies, bees, and other insects. Floral activity with IC50 value 20.35±0.360 µg/ml [3]. G. globosa is volatiles likely play a significant role in the reproductive native to Central America including regions of Brazil, Panama, success of the plant by promoting the attraction of pollinators and Guatemala, but is now grown globally [4]. As a tropical the globe amaranth has also been popular as a cut flower and annual plant, G. globosa blooms continuously throughout a dried. Continuous germplasm selection and breeding have summer and early fall. It is very heat tolerant and fairly drought resistant, but grows best in full sun and regular moisture. ———————————————— Despite the fact that globe amaranth is an important annual Dr. Jesse Joel T, Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology flower plant and its flowers have been the subject of many and Sciences, Coimbatore – 641114. Tamil Nadu. Mob: biological studies, little, if anything, is known about its floral 9487733707, E-Mail: [email protected]. volatile chemistry. Globe amaranth is an outcrossing species. Dr. Levin Anbu Gomez, Co-Author, Assistant Professor, Flowers of globe amaranth are visited by butterflies, bees, and Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology other insects. For plants that are cross-pollinated, floral and Sciences, Coimbatore – 641114. Tamil Nadu. Mob: volatiles often play an important role in their reproductive 9487733707, E-Mail: [email protected] Ms. Priti Lata Murmu, Co-Author, is currently pursuing success by functioning as a cue to attract pollinators. In Master’s degree program in Biotechnology in Karunya addition, the flowers of globe amaranth have been used as a Institute of Technology and Sciences, India. (This information type of herbal medicine, implying that they may contain is optional; change it according to your need.) essential oils. Based on the hypothesis that globe amaranth flowers produce and emit volatiles, the first objective of this study was to determine what volatile compounds are emitted 2311 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 from the flowers of globe amaranth [1]. In Hawaii, it is calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores, including Bacillus commonly used in long-lasting leis since it retains its shape anthracis and B cereus [10]. Betanin is commercially used as and color after drying. In Nepal, the flower is used to make a a natural food dye. It can cause beeturia (red urine) and red garland during Bhai Tika, last day of Tihar. The garland is put feces in some people who are unable to break it down. The around the brother's neck by their sister for protection. This interest of the food industry in betalains has grown since they plant is popular in landscape design and cutting gardens for its were identified by in-vitro methods as antioxidants, which may vivid colors and color retention. The edible plant G. globosa protect against oxidation of low-density lipoproteins [11]. The has been used in herbal medicine. In Trinidad, the flowers are linear and nonlinear optical studies of a natural dye betacyanin boiled to make a tea which is used for baby gripe, oliguria, extracted from red beet root in the presence of silver nano cough and diabetes. Caribbean folk medicine historically used particles in colloidal solution. We synthesized silver nano globe amaranth to relieve prostate and reproductive problems particles and characterized by XRD and HRTEM. We show [5]. The purple inflorescences have been used as a remedy for how appropriate concentration of silver nanoparticles can several respiratory inflammation conditions including bronchial enable tuning of dye fluorescence efficiency. Nonlinear asthma, acute and chronic bronchitis, and whooping cough [6]. properties are studied using open aperture Z scan technique Recommended uses in traditional medicine range from the with Nd: YAG laser (532 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz). We show treatment of respiratory diseases, jaundice, urinary system modification of nonlinear properties for the dye to the desired conditions, and kidney problems [4]. The flowers of G. globosa level can be achieved in the presence of silver nanoparticles. are rich in betacyanins which have a wide range of High nonlinearity we also demonstrated in PVA/Ag applications as additives and supplements in the food industry, nano/Betacaine composite films. Theoretical analysis is cosmetics, and livestock feed. Stable between pH 3 and 7, the performed using model based on nonlinear absorption of betacyanins in globe amaranth are well suited to be used as materials and scattering of metal nanoparticles [12]. The natural food dye and have a red-violet color. Betacyanins have flowers of globe amaranth have been used as a type of herbal displayed interesting medicinal characteristics as powerful medicine, implying that they may contain essential oils. Based antioxidant and chemo preventive compounds in both in vitro on the hypothesis that globe amaranth flowers produce and and in vivo models. G. globosa inflorescences extract emit volatiles, the first objective of this study was to determine
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