Bothalia 36.2: 139-145 (2006)

New species of from the Hantam-Roggeveld Centre of Endemism, and the Bokkeveld, Northern Cape, South Africa

J.C. MANNING* and P. GOLDBLATT**

Keywords: Iridaceae, Ixia amethystina J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. Moraea marginata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. new species. Romulea singularis J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, South Africa, taxonomy

ABSTRACT

Three new species o f Iridaceae are described from the Bokkeveld and Roggeveld Escarpments. Ixia amethystina. a member of section Dichone, is endemic to the edge o f the Roggeveld Escarpment. It shares an unusual, inclined spike that is nodding in bud with I. trifolia but is distinguished by its blackish purple (not yellow) anthers, narrower leaves 1.5-2.0 mm wide, medium-textured corm tunics that form a distinct neck at the base of the stem, and short style branches 2.0-2.5 mm long. Moraea marginata. another Roggeveld endemic, is a member of section Polvanthes and florally similar to M. fistulosa and M. monticola but differs in its linear, channelled leaves 5-7 mm wide, with unusual, thickened margins. Romulea singularis. from the edge o f the Kobee River Valley in the Bokkeveld Mountains, is a member o f section Ciliatae. It is unique in the in its narrowly funnel-shaped, mauve to purple flowers with slender perianth tube 10-11 mm long, and unusually long filaments, 8-9 mm long, inserted in the lower half o f the tube.

INTRODUCTION allied to other endemics from their respective regions, emphasizing the importance of local radiation in the geographers have been aware of the high levels floras of these two regions. Two of these species, M. of endemism in the flora of the winter rainfall region marginata and R. singularis, were brought to our atten­ along the western margin of the Upper Karoo for almost tion by botanist and ardent plant enthusiast. Nick Helme, a century, culminating in its recent recognition as the who has been responsible for the discovery of several Hantam-Roggeveld Centre of Endemism (Van Wyk new species in the Cape region in the past few years & Smith 2001). The Hantam-Roggeveld occupies the (Manning & Goldblatt 2001a: Van Jaarsveld & Thomas high-lying southwestern portion of the South African 2003; Goldblatt 2004). interior plateau and includes the Hantams. Roggeveld and Nuweveld Mountains. The vegetation is primarily Ixia amethystina J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, sp. succulent karroid shrubland, with renosterveld at the nov. higher elevations and in moister areas. The region is exceptionally rich in geophytes, which may account for Species habitu floribusque Ixia trifolia G.J.Lewis nearly 40% of the flora in some places (Snijman & Perry similis sed floribus pallide purpureis centro tuboque 1987). The richest and most interesting geophyte flora atropurpureis, antheris atropurpureis, ramis stylorum is found along its western rim. on the main Roggeveld inconspicuis filamentis brevioribus 2.0- 2.5 mm longis, Escarpment and on the Hantamsberg. which receives et foliis angustioribus 1.5-2.0 mm latis differt. more rain than the surrounding country. Among the geophyte flora are some 90 species of Iridaceae, many TYPE.—Northern Cape. 3220 (Sutherland): west of endemic to the region (Manning el al. 2002). Farm Agterkop. near the top of Gannaga Pass, (-AA). 16 September 1997. P. Goldblatt & J.C. Manning I0745A I he Bokkeveld Mountains, which border the Hantam- (NBG. holo.: MO, iso.). Roggeveld in the northwest, constitute the northern limit of the Cape Floral Region (Goldblatt & Manning 2000). 150-300 mm high. Corms globose, 12-20 This sandstone escarpment supports dry fynbos vegeta­ mm diam.; tunics of medium-textured. wiry, reticulate tion. with a narrow belt of renosterveld along its interior Fibres, extending up in papery neck 30-70 mm long. margin. Although not recognized as a separate centre of Stem erect, unbranched or with up to two branches that endemism by Van Wyk & Smith (2001). the region is a are erect below and then inclined. 1.0-1.5 mm diam. centre of diversity for several geophyte genera (Manning below base of main spike. Cataphylls submembranous. et al. 2002), and its flora includes numerous endemic flushed reddish brown, upper one reaching above ground Iridaceae (Manning & Goldblatt 1997). level and then papery and dark reddish brown. Leaves Here we describe two new species from the Roggeveld- 3 or 4. all basal, uppermost completely sheathing lower H an tarn plateau, Ixia amethystina and Moraea margina­ two thirds of stem, remainder suberect or lowermost ta, and a third, Romulea singularis, from the Bokkeveld slightly falcate. 1.5-2.0 mm wide, reaching to near top of Mountains. All three species appear to be most closely stem, firm-textured. margins and midrib hyaline, slightly thickened, plane or slightly twisted in upper half, with an additional one or two membranous, scale-like leaves * Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute. Private Bag X7. 7735 Claremont. Cape Town in upper third of stem, in axils of which lateral branches ** B A . Krukoff Curator of African Botany. Missouri Botanical may develop. Spike inclined, crowded. 5-7-flowered. Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166. USA. branches 1 -4-flowered. inflorescences nodding in bud: MS. received: 2006 04 II bracts scarious, translucent or flushed purple above. 140 Bothalia 36,2 (2006) outer 5-7 mm long, acute or obscurely three-dentate, of thecae, blackish purple; pollen creamy yellow. Ovary’ inner bracts about as long as outer or slightly shorter, ovoid, 2.5-3.0 mm long; style straight and erect, ± 2 mm bicuspidate, margins connate in lower 1.5 mm around long, dividing at or just below mouth of tube, branches ovary. Flowers rotate, pale purple with small, dark purple involute-filiform and stigmatic at apex only, purple, eye, faintly scented; perianth tube filiform and clasping arching outward, 2.0-2.5 mm long. Flowering time: late style for entire length, 2.0- 2.5 mm long, widened only in September to early October. Figure 1A-F. upper 1 mm; tepals obovate, somewhat narrowed below into short claw, spreading and slightly cucullate distally, Distribution and ecology: Ixia amethvstina is known 12-13 x 7-8 mm. Filaments inserted at apex of tube from a small area southwest of Middelpos on the edge of and occluding throat, blackish purple, free, diverging the Roggeveld Escarpment (Figure 2). The three known above, 2.5 mm long; anthers oblong-sagittate, 4.5-5.0 x collections were made within a few kilometres of each 1.5 mm, erect, thecae narrowly separated by connective other on the Farms Zoekop and Agterkop. Plants grow and dehiscing laterally by narrow slits extending length in stony clay in renosterveld (Elvtropappus rhinocerotis)

D

FIGURE 1.— Ixia amethvstina. NBG 192794 A. comi and flo­ wering stem; B. flower, three- quarter view; C, flower, side view; D, floral bracts, outer (left) and inner (right); E. sta­ mens and style branches; F. stamen, abaxial view. Ixia tri­ folia. Helme 1662 (NBG): G, flower, three-quarter view; H. stamens and style branches. Scale bars: A -C, G, 10 mm; D. 5 mm; E, F. H, 2 mm. Artist: John Manning. Bothalia 36,2 (2006) 141

1962), this feature was later noticed and illustrated by De Vos (1999). The two species both have a perianth tube 2-3 mm long, which is longer than in I. brevituba (1.0-1.5 mm) but shorter than in I. curvata (3-5 mm). I. amethystina differs from I. trifolia in its blackish purple anthers, purple perianth tube, which gives the flowers a small, dark, central eye, consistently narrower leaves 1.5-2.0 mm wide, and medium-textured corm tunics drawn into a well-developed neck. I. trifolia, like all other species in section Dichone, has yellow anthers, although the filaments may be pale mauve, and a pale perianth tube, giving the flowers a well-defined, whit­ ish eye. The observation by Lewis (1962) and later De Vos (1999) that I. trifolia may occasionally have a dark eye is not corroborated by examination of living plants. The pale eye in this species is usually surrounded by darker shading, which in pressed specimens may give the eye a dark appearance. The leaves of I. trifolia are broader than in I. amethystina. (2.5—)5.0— 12.0 mm wide, and the tunics are more coarsely fibrous, with the lower

FIGURE 2.— Distribution o f Ixia amethystina. •: Moraea marginata, fibres developed into woody claws but not drawn into a and Romulea singularis. A neck above. In addition, the style branches in I. trifolia are longer than the filaments. 4-5 mm long, and project shrubland. I. amethystina appears to be less sensitive to conspicuously betw een them. light and temperature than other species in the subgenus. The flowers open widely around 08:00, even in cool, The unusual pale purple of the flowers of Ixia overcast conditions and remain fully open until late amethystina occurs occasionally in both I. trifolia and afternoon, whereas those of I. trifolia, like many other I. brevituba (Lewis 1962) although the flowers in these species of section Dichone, will not open fully under two species are more usually bright pink. Other species cooler conditions. of section Dichone invariably have pale to deep pink flowers. I. trifolia is more widely distributed along the Diagnosis and relationships: Ixia amethystina is Roggeveld Escarpment than I. amethystina and has been an attractive species distinguished by its pale purple collected from several places along the escarpment from flowers with small, dark eye, relatively broad, blackish Uitkvk in the north to Komsberg in the south and thence anthers that dehisce laterally so that the pollen forms a to Laingsburg and Tweedside below the escarpment. The contrasting pale margin to each anther, and short style two species are parapatric, with I. amethystina occur­ branches that are subequal to the filaments in length, ring immediately to the north of the range of I. trifolia. thus scarcely projecting from between the stamens. The The differences in their flowers appear to be related to lovely amethyst-coloured flowers are borne on inclined their pollination biology. I. amethystina has flowers that spikes so that they face directly upward in an elegant, conform to the hopliine beetle pollination syndrome arching spray. (Goldblatt et al. 1998) and the beetle Kubousia axillaris Burmeister has been collected on the flowers. All indi­ The filiform perianth tube clasping the style for its viduals of this insect carried pure loads of Ixia-type pol­ whole length and the involute-filiform style branches len on their dorsal thorax and frons (unpublished data). stigmatic only at the extreme apex, place Ixia amethys­ In contrast. I. trifolia is pollinated by solitary female tina in section Dichone of subgenus Ixia (Goldblatt & anthophorine bees (unpublished observations). Manning 1999). Here it falls among a small group of spe­ cies that are endemic or near-endemic to the Roggeveld Etymology: named for the distinctive colour of the Escarpment, including I. brevituba G.J.Lewis, I. trifolia flowers. G.J.Lewis and I. cunata G.J.Lewis. These species Other material examined share relatively unspecialized, longitudinally dehiscent anthers. 4-5 mm long. The species of section Dichone NORTHERN CAPE.— 3220 (Sutherland): Zoekop Farm. 3 km S from the southwestern Cape below the Escarpment, in of entrance along road to Gannaga Pass. (-A A ). 26 September 2002. contrast, fall into two groups defined by their derived NBG192794 (NBG): Farm Zoekop. past ruins near edge o f escarpment. stamens, the one characterized by its very short anthers, (-AA). 24 September 2002. Rosch 154 (NBG). 2-4 mm long and the other by their curious attachment, Moraea marginata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, sp. resulting in their reclinate orientation. nov. Among the Roggeveld species of section Dichone, Species habitu floribusque Moraea fistulosa Goldblatt Ixia amethystina appears to be most closely allied to affinis sed breviora 100-150 mm aha. foliis canaliculatis /. trifolia (Figure 1G. H) on the basis of their unusual, et marginibus incrassatis hyalinis 20-25 x 5-7 mm. et inclined spikes, and lateral branches that arc decurved floribus parvioribus tepalis 9-13 mm longis differt. and nodding when young. All other species have spikes that arc erect from bud to fruit. Although not explicitly TYPE.—Northern Cape. 3220 (Sutherland): Suther­ mentioned in the original description of I. trifolia (Lewis land. 200 m along Bo-Visnvier road south of town. Farm 142 Bothalia 36,2 (2006)

Tweefontein, stony flats in open karroid scrub, (-BC), style crests. The genus Roggeveldia was subsequently 15 November 2005, J. Manning 2997 (NBG, holo.; K, included in Moraea sect. Polyanthes (Goldblatt 1998), MO, iso.). following a revision of the circumscription of Moraea. Initially based on evidence from morphology, anatomy Plants 100-150 mm high. Corm globose, 15-20 mm and chromosome cytology, this decision received sub­ diam.; tunics of coarse black fibres. Stem erect, usually sequent support from molecular study (Goldblatt et al. with 1-4 branches at upper nodes, dull purplish where 2002b). exposed; spathes dry and papery at flowering, attenuate, inner 25-30 mm long, outer about half as long. Foliage Moraea marginata is indistinguishable from M. fistu- leaf solitary, basal, longer than stem, trailing and slightly losa (Goldblatt) Goldblatt (= Roggeveldia fistulosa) and twisted and coiled, firm-textured, greyish green with M. monticola Goldblatt (= R. montana) in its flowers but maroon margins but dry at flowering, linear and chan­ differs sharply from them in its vegetative morphology. nelled, 20-25 x 5-7 mm, margins conspicuously thick­ M. fistulosa is characterized by an erect, fistulose leaf ened and cartilaginous, especially evident when dry; about as tall as the stem and up to 3 mm in diameter, cauline leaves 3 or 4, bract-like and entirely sheathing, whereas the smaller M. monticola is distinguished by its imbricate, dry and papery, attenuate. Flowers blue-violet; trailing, filiform leaf, longer than the stem and twisted tepals free but contiguous at base, oblanceolate, outer and slightly coiled, and ± 1 mm in diameter. In both these larger, 10-13 x 3.5-4.0 mm, inner 9-12 x 2.5-3.0 mm, species, therefore, the leaf is terete/filiform. M. margi­ shortly unguiculate, claws 1.0- 1.5 mm long, erect and nata is thus unique in the group in its linear, channelled held against base of filaments, limbs spreading or slight­ leaf, 5-7 mm wide, with conspicuously thickened and ly reflexed, inner twisted slightly counter-clockwise cartilaginous margin. The leaf of M. marginata, which distally, propeller-like, with small, oblong, yellow nectar is longer than the stem, trailing, and slightly twisted and guides 1.5-2.0 mm long at base, unscented. Filaments coiled, represents a remarkable specialization in the M. free but contiguous at base, 4-5 mm long, suberect, crispa alliance. Similar leaves with thickened margins mauve; anthers erect, 4.5-5.0 mm long, yellow, curving are also encountered in some plants of M. crispa from the inwards above at anthesis. Ovary narrowly ellipsoid. 4 Roggeveld Plateau, including Bond 145 (NBG, SAM) mm long; style erect, filiform, mauve, 3.5-4.0 mm long, from the Farm Gunstfontein on the Klein Roggeveld, style branches spreading to ascending between anthers, and Snijman 774 (NBG) from near Williston. Although filiform, 4 mm long. Capsules barrel-shaped, 6-8 x 5 these collections are vegetatively indistinguishable from mm. Seeds subglobose or angled by pressure, ± 2 mm diam., reddish brown, testa surface rugulose. Flowering M. marginata, the partially fused filaments and flattened time: November; flowers opening at ± 16:00 and wilting style branches, bifid at the tips and with small style at ± 20:00. Figure 3. crests, are entirely consistent with M. crispa and there is no doubt that they represent that species. Ecology, known from a single small population on the southern outskirts of the town of Sutherland at an eleva­ All the species of the Roggeveldia group have a simi­ tion of around 1 550 m (Figure 2). Plants occur locally lar phenology, flowering in early summer, in October or in fine alluvium over shale at the foot of outcrops of November, with individual flowers opening in the late sandstone in open, succulent karroid scrub. The leaves afternoon around 16:00 and withering in the evening are quite dry and withered at flowering, and the attrac­ between 19:00 and 20:00. The species are concentrated tive, blue-violet flowers, 20-25 mm in diameter, open in in the western Karoo, along the edge of the central early summer in the late afternoon for just a few hours, escarpment, and are generally poorly known and col­ withering around sunset. lected. Moraea marginata and M. fistulosa are known only from the type collections, both from the edge of the Diagnosis and relationships'. Moraea marginata is Roggeveld Escarpment near Sutherland, and M. mon­ recognized by the combination of stellate, purplish ticola from three collections, one in Namaqualand and flowers with free stamens and filiform style branches, two from the southern margin of the Great Karoo. M. and a solitary, linear, channelled leaf with conspicuous, crispa, in contrast, is widespread through the drier inte­ maroon margins that are conspicuously thickened when rior mountains of the Cape region and along the western dry. The distinctive flower form places M. marginata and southern edge of the interior escarpment (Goldblatt with the two species previously segregated as the genus 1986). M. crispa is probably plesiomorphic in its some­ Roggeveldia. This genus was established by Goldblatt what flattened and bifid style branches and thus most (1979) for R.fistulosa Goldblatt, a Moraea-hke plant that likely sister to the Roggeveldia-group. was anomalous in Moraea as then circumscribed in hav­ ing free stamens and filiform style branches that spread Etymology: alluding to the unusual, thickened leaf between the stamens, rather than being opposite to and margin. ± appressed to them as in typical species of Moraea. A Komulea singularis J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, second species of Roggeveldia, R. montana Goldblatt, sp. nov. very similar to R.fistulosa in morphology, was described by Goldblatt (1992) more than a decade later. At this time Inter species sectionis Romulea floribus malvinis ad he suggested that the relationships of the genus lay with lilacinis fauce albo purpureo striato, tubo rubro-ochraceo Moraea section Polyanthes, most particularly with M. exteme, tubo perianthi anguste infundibuliforme lfr 11 crispa Thunb., with which it shared a similar vegetative mm longo. tepalis lanceolatis ±13x3 mm, filamentis and floral morphology, including a rotate, blue-violet 8-9 mm longis anthens longioribus ad basem puberulis perianth, free stamens and narrow style branches without recedens. Bothalia 36,2 (2006) 143

FIGURE 3.—Moraea marginata, Manning 2997 (NBG): A. whole plant: B. outer tepal: C, inner tepal: D. floral details, perianth removed; E. apex o f style branch; F. capsule; G, seed. Scale bars: A-C, F. 10 mm: D. 2 mm: E. 0.2 mm: G, 1 mm. Artist: John Manning.

TYPE.—Northern Cape, 3119(Calvinia):Oorlogskloof green in centre w ith broad translucent margins flecked or Nature Reserve, Farm Uitkomst, 4 km east of Arrie se flushed pale brown, slightly shorter than outer. Flowers Punt, overlooking Saaikloof, seasonally moist sandstone narrow ly funnel-shaped, mauve to lilac w ith white throat pavement in Bokkeveld Sandstone fynbos, 830 m. (-CA), streaked with purple, tube reddish ochre on outside, 18 September 2005, N.A. Helme 3564 (NBG, holo.). probably unscented. 12-15 mm diam.; perianth tube narrowly funnel-shaped. 10-11 mm long, with lower, Plants 200 400 mm high; stem subterranean. Corm narrow portion 3-4 mm long; tepals lanceolate, ±13x3 asymmetric with broad, crescent-shaped basal ridge. mm. Filaments inserted at top of low er, narrow portion of 10-12 mm diam.; tunics brown, woody, lower margins tube, sparsely puberulous at base. 8-9 mm long, exserted splitting into fine, parallel fibrils 1.5-2.0 mm long in ± 2 mm: anthers pale yellow. ± 3 mm long. Chary ellip­ irregular clusters, drawn into coarse fibres 5-6 mm long soid. 2 mm long; sty le dividing betw een base of anthers above. Leaves up to 6. lower 2 basal and longest, remain­ and middle of anthers, branches ± 2 mm long, divided der cauline but appearing basal through contraction of for ± half of their length. Capsule and seeds unknow n. stem, blades spreading, narrowly 4-grooved. 15-35 x Flowering time; September. Figure 4. 0.75-1.25 mm. Inflorescence of up to 4 single-flowered units; outer bracts ovate, subobtuse. green, with slender, Ecology : known from a single population on the well-spaced veins and narrow, hardly visible translucent Bokkeveld Escarpment near Nieuwoudtville. on the east­ margins, 7-10 mm long, inner bracts notched apically, ern edge of the Kobee River Gorge in the Oorlogskloof 144 Bothalia 36,2 (2006)

Nature Reserve. The plants are rare and localized in Goldblatt 2001b). Within the section, however, its rela­ seasonally wet sand and moss on sandstone pavement tionships are more difficult to determine. The narrowly in arid fynbos vegetation. At the time that the species funnel-shaped, mauve to purple flower at first appearance was collected in mid-September, most of the plants had suggests an atypically short-tubed form of R. kamisensis finished flowering, suggesting that peak flowering takes M.P.de Vos, a species that is thus far known from central place in early September. Namaqualand and the northern rim of the Knersvlakte. Closer examination, however, reveals that the resem­ Diagnosis and relationships: although known from blance is superficial. The bracts of R. kamisensis are just two plants, the flowers of Romulea singularis are so much longer, 13-22 mm long, and the filaments, which unusual that they leave no doubt that the species is dis­ are inserted in the upper part of the tube, are entirely tinct. R. singularis is readily distinguished from all other glabrous, just 4-5 mm long, and are included within the species by its narrowly funnel-shaped, mauve to purple tube. In all these respects R. kamisensis is quite unlike R. flowers with slender perianth tube, 10-11 mm long. The singularis and it is therefore probable that the similarity unusually long filaments, 8-9 mm long and puberulous in flower form in the two species is convergent. at the base, are inserted in the lower part of the tube and are shortly exserted, and the floral bracts are short, 8-10 The unusually well-developed, basal ridge on the mm long. The unusual length of the filaments and their corm, with the parallel fibrils grouped into small clus­ insertion in the lower part of the tube, at the top of the ters, may suggest a possible relationship with Romulea basal, narrow portion, are unique among the handful of toximontana M.P.de Vos. This species, which is also long-tubed species of Romulea that are known (Manning endemic to seasonally wet sandstone pavement on the & Goldblatt 2001b). Those with a truly salver-shaped Bokkeveld-Matsikamma-Gifberg Mountain complex, flower [R. alba J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, R. hantamen- is distinctive in section Ciliatae in the wide, fan-shaped sis (Diels) Goldblatt, R. stellata M.P.de Vos and R. syrin- basal ridge on the corm. Its white, cup-shaped flowers, godeoflora M.P.de Vos] have the filaments inserted near with short perianth tube, although quite unlike those of the mouth of the tube, but even R. kamisensis M.P.de R. singularis in shape, share with it the darker streaks Vos, with a narrowly funnel-shaped flower, has the fila­ in the throat and the pale yellow anthers, and the bracts ments inserted in the upper part of the tube. In addition, are typically short, 10-20 mm long, with similar slender the filaments in all of these species are glabrous through­ veins. Unfortunately these features are probably all ple- out and 3-5 mm in length, thus not unusually long. siomorphic and it is therefore only the well-developed The oblique corm with crescent-shaped basal ridge rim on the corm that might actually signal a relationship splitting into parallel fibrils, places Romulea singularis between the two species. Cytology may prove more in section Ciliatae of subgenus Romulea (Manning & useful since the chromosome number, In = 28, in R.

FIGURE 4 .—Romulea singula­ ris, Helme 3564 (NBG): A, whole plant; B, tepal; C, outer bract; D, inner bract; E, floral details. Scale bars: A-D. 10 mm; E, 5 mm. Artist: John Manning. Bothalia 36,2 (2006) 145 toximontana is unique in section Ciliate, where 2n = 24 GOLDBLATT, P. 1992. New species, chromosome cytology and notes is usual (DeVos 1972). on the southern African Iridaceae Irideae: Moraea, Roggeveldia and Homeria. South African Journal of Botany 58: 209-214. GOLDBLATT, P 1998. Reduction of Barnardiella, Galaxia, Gynan- On the basis of the presence of secondary vascular bun­ driris, Hexaglottis, Homeria and Roggeveldia in Moraea (Irida­ dles in the leaves, and possibly also their shared chromo­ ceae: Irideae). Novon 8: 371-377. some number, 2n = 26, which is rare in section Ciliatae, GOLDBLATT, P. 2004. A synoptic review of the African genus Hes- it is likely that the long-tubed Romulea kamisensis shares perantha (Iridaceae: ). Annals of the Missouri Bo­ a short-tubed ancestor with R. namaquensis M.P.de Vos tanical Garden 90: 390 443. GOLDBLATT, P.. BERNHARDT, P. & MANNING. J.C. 1998. Pol­ (Manning & Goldblatt 2001b). R. singularis may be lination of petaloid geophytes by monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: similarly but independently derived from some other Rutelinae: Hopliini) in southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri short-tubed species and it does appear as if most of the Botanical Garden 85: 215-230. long-tubed species of Romulea are independently derived GOLDBLATT, P., BERNHARDT, P. & MANNING, J.C. 2002a. Flo­ within the genus in response to pollination by long- ral biology of Romulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): a progression from a generalist to a specialist pollination system. Adansonia tongued insects. The pollination biology of the genus 24:243-262. has been fairly well studied (Goldblatt et al. 2002a), and GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J.C. 1999. New species o { Spar ax is most of the other long-tubed species have been shown and Ixia (Iridaceae: Ixioideae) from Western Cape, South Af­ to be adapted to pollination by long-proboscid flies in rica, and taxonomic notes on Ixia and Gladiolus. Bothalia 29: the family Ncmestrinidae. A similar pollination system 59-63. GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J.C. 2000. Cape plants. A conspectus is thus likely for R. singularis, and the species will most o f the Cape flora o f South Africa. Strelitzia 9. National Botanical probably prove to be another member of the Prosoeca Institute, Cape Town & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. peringueyi pollination guild, which is well-developed in GOLDBLATT, P., SAVOLAINEN, V., PORTEOUS, O., SOSTARIC, the Bokkeveld Mountains (Manning & Goldblatt 1996). I., POWELL, M.. REEVES, G.. MANNING, J.C., BARRA- CLOUGH. T.G. & CHASE. M.W. 2002b. Radiation in the Cape Etymology: named for its unusual flowers. flora and the phylogeny o f peacock irises M oraea (Iridaceae) based on four plastid DNA regions. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 25: 341-360. LEWIS, G.J. 1962. South African Iridaceae: the genus Ixia. Journal of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS South African Botany 27: 45-195. MANNING, J.C. & GOLDBLATT, P. 1996. The Prosoeca peringueyi We are most grateful to Nick Helme for bringing (Diptera: Nemestrinidae) pollination guild in southern Africa: Moraea marginata and Romulea singularis to our atten­ long-tongued flies and their tubular flowers. Annals of the Mis­ souri Botanical Garden 83: 67-86. tion. Thanks are due also to Elizabeth Parker for facili­ MANNING, J.C. & GOLDBLATT, P. 1997. Nieuwoudtville. South Af­ tating the trip to collect the type material of M. margi­ rican Wild Flower Guide 9. Botanical Society of South Africa, nata. Material was collected under permits issued by the Cape Town. Departments of Nature Conserv ation of the Northern and MANNING, J.C. & GOLDBLATT, P. 2001a. Three new species of Tritoniopsis (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) from the Cape Region of Western Cape. South Africa. Bothalia 31: 175-181. MANNING, J.C. & GOLDBLATT. P. 2001 b. A synoptic review o f Rom­ ulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) in sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian REFERENCES Peninsula and Socotra, including new species, biological notes, and a new infrageneric classification. Adansonia 23: 59-108. DE VOS, M.P. 1972 The genus Romulea in South Africa. Journal o f MANNING, J.C., GOLDBLATT, P. & SNIJMAN. D.A. 2002. The South African Botany, Suppl. vol. 9. color encyclopedia of Cape bulbs. Timber Press, Portland. DE VOS, M.P. 1999. Ixia. Flora o f southern A frica 7,2,1: 1-87. Na­ SNIJMAN. D.A. & PERRY. P. 1987. A floristic analysis of the Nieu­ tional Botanical Institute, Pretoria. woudtville Wild Flower Reserve, north-western Cape. South Af­ GOLDBLATT. P 1979. Roggeveldia, a new genus of southern African rican Journal of Botany 53: 445—454. Iridaceae Irideae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66: VAN JAARSVELD, E.J. & THOMAS, V. 2003. Freylinia helmei. 839-844. Flowering Plants of Africa 58: 112-116, t. 2197. GOLDBLATT. P. 1986. The moraeas of southern Africa. Annals o f VAN WYK. A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 2001. Regions of floristic endemism Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens 14. National Botanic Gardens, in southern Africa: a review with emphasis on succulents. Um- Cape Town and Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis. daus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria.