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Saints Or Devils Incarnate? Jesuit Studies

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Saints Or Devils Incarnate? Jesuit Studies Saints or Devils Incarnate? Jesuit Studies Modernity through the Prism of Jesuit History Edited by Robert A. Maryks Boston College Editorial Board James Bernauer S.J., Boston College Louis Caruana S.J., Heythrop College Emanuele Colombo, DePaul University Paul Grendler, University of Toronto, emeritus Yasmin Haskell, University of Western Australia Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Pennsylvania State University Jeffrey Klaiber S.J., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Thomas McCoog S.J., Fordham University Mia Mochizuki, Jesuit School of Theology, Santa Clara University Sabina Pavone, Università degli Studi di Macerata Pilar Ryan, United States Military Academy Moshe Sluhovsky, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jeffrey Chipps Smith, The University of Texas at Austin Jonathan Wright, Durham University VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/js Saints or Devils Incarnate? Studies in Jesuit History By John W. O’Malley LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Peter Paul Rubens, Ignatius Presents the Students of the Collegio Germanico to Pope Julius III. Ink on paper, c.1603. Sketch for folio 64 of the Vita beati P. Ignatii Loiolae Societatis Iesu fundatoris (Rome, 1609). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data O’Malley, John W. Saints or devils incarnate? : studies in Jesuit history / by John W. O’Malley. pages cm. -- (Jesuit studies - modernity through the prism of Jesuit history, ISSN 2214-3289 ; VOLUME 1) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-25534-0 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-25737-5 (e-book) 1. Jesuits-- History. I. Title. BX3706.3.O43 2013 271’.53--dc23 2013024395 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 2214-3289 ISBN 978-90-04-25534-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25737-5 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> <UN> CONTENTS List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ix Foreword by Robert A. Maryks ..............................................................................xi 1. The Historiography of the Society of Jesus: Where Does It Stand Today? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 2. The Pastoral, Social, Ecclesiastical, Civic, and Cultural Mission of the Society of Jesus ................................................................................... 37 3. The Society of Jesus ....................................................................................... 53 4. Was Ignatius of Loyola a Church Reformer? How to Look at Early Modern Catholicism ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 5. The Ministry to Outsiders: The Jesuits ����������������������������������������������������� 89 6. Ignatius of Loyola (c.1491–1556) ............................................................. 99 7. Ignatius’s Special “Way of Proceeding” ..................................................117 8. Early Jesuit Spirituality: Spain and Italy ................................................121 9. To Travel to Any Part of the World: Jerónimo Nadal and the Jesuit Vocation ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147 10. Some Distinctive Characteristics of Jesuit Spirituality in the Sixteenth Century ............................................................................165 11. Renaissance Humanism and the Religious Culture of the First Jesuits .........................................................................................181 12. How the First Jesuits Became Involved in Education .........................199 13. Mission and the Early Jesuits ....................................................................217 <UN> <UN> vi contents 14. Saint Ignatius and the Cultural Mission of the Society of Jesus ......225 15. The Many Lives of Ignatius of Loyola: Future Saint ............................257 Index .........................................................................................................................299 <UN> <UN> LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1. Title-page of one of several editions of the Monita secreta published in the United States in the nineteenth century ................9 1.2. Title-page of the Imago primi saeculi, Antwerp, 1640, published to celebrate the first centenary of the Jesuits ................... 11 1.3–4. Illustrations from Le cabinet jésuitique, a collection of anti-Jesuit pieces first published in Cologne in 1674 ...............13, 14 1.5. Frontispiece from Les jésuites, a history of the Society by M.A. Arnould published in Paris in 1846 ................................................16 14.1. Anonymous. The First Companions of Saint Ignatius. Red chalk, 10.2 x 6.8 inches. ....................................................................226 14.2. Jacopine del Conte, Ignatius of Loyola. Oil on panel, 17.9 x 13.7 inches .........................................................................................227 14.3. Anonymous, Paul III Approves the Society of Jesus. Oil on canvas, 91.7 x 109.6 inches. .........................................................228 14.4. Papal Bull Regimini Militantis Ecclesiae of Pope Paul III; first formal approval of the Society �������������������������������������������������������231 14.5. Manuscript page of the Constitutions of the Society of Jesus (Textus B), Rome, ARSI, 1b, fol. 38v–39v �����������������������������������������������232 14.6. Anonymous, Mexican (Tepotzotlán), Saint Ignatius Loyola and Saint Francisco de Borja. Late 17th century. Oil on canvas, 30 x 48 inches ������������������������������������������������������������������233 14.7. Societatis Missiones Indicae, from Imago primi saeculi Societatis Iesu (Antwerp: Plantin Press, 1640), 326. Special Collections, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia ������������������������235 14.8. Mundus in maligno positus, Special Collections, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia �����������������������������������������������242 14.9. Christoph Clavius, S.J.F. Villamena, Ritratto di Cristoforo Clavio nel suo studio, incisione, Rome, 1606, Archivio Storico della Compagnia di Gesù, Rome. ..........................................................247 14.10. Athanasius Kircher, S.J. Georgius de Sepibus, Romani collegi Societatus (sic) Jesu musaeum celeberrimum. .................................248 14.11. Nativity, from Jerónimo Nadal, Adnotationes et meditationes in Evangelia (Antwerp, 1607 edition), plate 4. ...................................254 15.1. Jean-Baptiste Barbé and Peter Paul Rubens (?). Engraving 80, in Vita beati patris Ignatii Loiolae, 1622 edition .................................258 <UN> <UN> viii list of illustrations 15.2. Peter Paul Rubens, St. Ignatius of Loyola, c.1608. Oil on canvas. 88.2 x 53.1 inches ..........................................................262 15.3. Peter Paul Rubens, St. Francis Xavier, c.1608. Oil on canvas. 88.6 x 53.1 inches ..........................................................263 15.4. Jean-Baptiste Barbé and Peter Paul Rubens (?). Engraving 39, in Vita beati patris Ignatii Loiolae, 1622 edition ...............................................................................................288 15.5. Jean-Baptiste Barbé and Peter Paul Rubens (?). Engraving 41, in Vita beati patris Ignatii Loiolae, 1622 edition ...............................................................................................290 15.6. Jean-Baptiste Barbé and Peter Paul Rubens (?). Engraving 17, in Vita beati patris Ignatii Loiolae, 1622 edition ............................................................................................... 291 15.7–8. Jean-Baptiste Barbé and Peter Paul Rubens (?). Title page (front and back), in Vita beati patris Ignatii Loiolae, 1622 edition .........................................................293, 294 <UN> <UN> LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AHSI Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu Chron. Vita Ignatii Loiolae et rerum Societatis Jesu historia auctore Joanne Alphonso de Polanco ejusdem Societatis sacerdote (MHSI 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11), 6 vols. Constitutions Sancti Ignatii de Loyola Constitutiones Societatis Jesu (MHSI 63–65), 3 vols. Epp. Ign. Sancti Ignatii de Loyola Societatis Jesu fundatoris epistolae et instructiones (MHSI 22, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 42), 12 vols. Fontes narr. Fontes narrativi de S. Ignatio de Loyola et de Societatis Iesu initiis (MHSI) IHSI Institutum Historicum
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