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Chicken Management Plan FINAL

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Chicken Management Plan FINAL Feral Chicken Management Plan for Bermuda [Type the document subtitle] November 2013 BERMUDA GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION SERVICES 17 North Shore Road, Hamilton Parish FL 04, Bermuda Phone: (441) 293 2727 Fax: (441) 293 6451 Executive Summary prevention, rapid response, research, and education. The feral chicken (Gallus gallus The plan will seek to eradicate chicken domesticus) is a major source of noise infestations within priority areas, to limit nuisance, destruction of habitat, their spread and reduce impacts in all damage to crops and gardens, other areas until such a time as island- competition to native and endemic wide eradication is possible. species and potential disease vectors impacting human health. Key components of the plan include: In 2011 it was estimated that there were • at least 30,000 feral chickens roaming The creation of a government led throughout the island. Chickens have a working group coordinated by the very high reproductive rate and with no Department of Conservation Services. natural predators their population will • continue to grow exponentially. Improved legislation to stop the release and feeding of invasive A latent issue throughout the 20 th species into the wild; • century it is hypothesized that a major Implementation of an integrated milestone was reached when many pest management strategy residential chicken coops were customized to suit the conditions of destroyed in Hurricane Emily (1987). each individual site and designed to Since then the feral chicken population be efficient and humane. • has grown significantly and can be The use of effective means of found in all major open spaces, golf control that includes the use of courses, agricultural fields, residential traps, nets, licensed shooting, areas, hotel and commercial properties. baiting using the pest control product alpha-chloralose, snatching, Until such time as the private sector and any other methods approved by finds a suitable use that meets the need the Minister responsible for of eradicating feral chickens, the priority Bermuda’s environment. for management must be euthanasia. • Development of a public relation and awareness campaign; While the private sector can provide assistance to specific incidents of pest The plan will be implemented using control, the strategic management of existing government personnel, as well feral chickens is the responsibility of the as registered volunteers and government, due to their abundance, life contractors. The expected operating cycle and wide ranging circulation cost per annum, excluding costs patterns. associated with government staff is $30,000. This is accommodated for in The aim of the management plan is to the existing budget of the Department of provide a framework for government led Conservation Services (2014). action to minimize the economic, environmental and human harm caused by feral chickens through coordination, Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction and purpose of the plan 1 1.1 Purpose of the plan 1 1.2 Need to control 1 1.3 Why do we care? 2 1.4 Management goal 2 1.5 Management objectives 2 2.0 Background 3 2.1 Historical context 3 2.2 Target species biology 4 2.3 Legal status of target species 6 2.4 Policy review of target species 8 2.5 Responsible government organizations 9 2.6 Affiliated Non-government organizations 11 2.7 Private sector affiliations 12 2.8 The Public 12 3.0 Assessment of existing conditions and management 14 3.1 Distribution and concentration 14 3.2 Analysis of consumption and use of feral chickens 14 3.3 Current Management Programs 17 4.0 Comparative effectiveness of cont rol options 19 4.1 Mechanical control 19 4.2 Chemical control 24 4.3 Biological control 26 4.4 Team organisation 26 4.6 Technique summary 26 5.0 Implementatio n 27 5.1 Authority 27 5.2 Management organization 28 5.3 Early detection 29 5.4 Rapid response and establishing priorities 29 5.5 Control management 30 5.6 Disposal 31 5.7 Hours of operation & fees 31 5.8 Monitoring 32 5.9 Research & risk assessment 32 5.10 Education & outreach 32 5.11 Budget 33 5.12 Action plan priorities 33 INFORMATION SOURCES 34 APPENDICES 35 1 Alpha-chloralose guidance note FIGURES 1 Coney Island Park infestation 1 2 Crop Damage at Wadson’s Farm 2 3 Typical clutch of eggs from a feral hen 4 4 A feral hen with newly hatched chicks at Spittal Pond 4 5 Chicken fecundity 5 6 Feral chickens at Marsh Folly 10 7 Bermuda Royal Gazette poll results (August 2012) 13 8 Feral chickens scavenging in garbage 13 9 Handsome but aggressive rooster 13 10 Feral chicken cull locations (August 2013) 18 11 Cage traps 19 12 Drop door trap 20 13 Snap traps 21 14 Chickens in their roosting tree 24 1.0. Introduction and purpose of the plan 1.1. Purpose of the plan The purpose of the Feral Chicken Management plan is to provide a framework for government led action to minimize the economic, environmental and human harm caused by the feral chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) through activities that include coordination of resources, prevention of infestations, rapid response to public control requests, control strategies, research and education. Figure 1: Coney Island Park infestation The plan is an evolving document which will be revised annually. Ongoing environmental harm or harm to human accomplishments and new information health 1. will guide the refinement and revisions of goals and strategies in future versions Invasive species typically have high of the plan. reproductive rates, disperse easily, and can tolerate a wide range of 1.2. The need for control environmental conditions. Often, they For centuries humans have introduced lack predators in their new plants and animals around the world, environments. As a result, invasive both intentionally and unintentionally. species may out-compete native Most western food crops and species for prey or other resource needs domesticated animals are non-native (e.g. breeding sites). They may also species that help sustain our way of life. prey upon native species, spread For example, managed livestock are pathogens and parasites, or alter the examples of non-native species which genetic makeup of closely related are not invasive. species. Only a small percentage of introduced Feral animals are domesticated animals species cause serious problems in their that have, for one reason or another, new environments and these are found their way into an un-managed collectively known as "invasive species". state and become self-sustaining in the wild. Feral goats are considered An "invasive species" can be defined as invasive in various regions throughout a species that is 1) non-native (or alien) the world, and feral chickens are to the ecosystem under consideration considered to be invasive in Bermuda. and 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or 1 International Union for Conservation of Nature 1 | P a g e While uncommon, Bermuda is not alone Toxoplasmosis). in that feral chickens have become 5. Rooster attacks on park users, hotel major nuisances in places such as guests and members of the public in Hawaii, New Orleans (after Hurricane their residences. Katrina), Key West, Los Angeles, 6. protection of native and endemic downtown Miami and Pitcairn Island 2. species from predation and competition. 1.3. Why do we care? 7. reservoir of fowl mite which can The problems caused by feral chickens have a damaging effect on in Bermuda were highlighted during a protected bird species such as the stake holder driven Invasive Species Eastern Bluebird. workshop held by the Department of 8. scavenging on domestic refuse, Conservation Services in 2003. These contributing to the island’s trash included: problem. 9. risk to road users and aircraft. 1. crop losses- representing loss of quality food and income to the 1.4. Management goal agriculture sector. The aim of the plan is to eradicate 2. destruction of private and chicken infestations within priority areas community gardens. by using various population suppression 3. crowing roosters causing significant methods to limit their spread and reduce noise nuisance in residential and impacts in all other areas, until such guest property areas. time as eradication is possible. 4. potential human health risk as a reservoir for avian and zoonotic 1.5. Management objectives diseases (most notably Avian The plan seeks to achieve this through: Influenza, Salmonella and 1. Coordination - strengthen the coordination between government and non-government agencies; 2. Early detection - strengthen and support early detection mechanisms capable of identifying and reporting the appearance of a pest species in Bermuda and then specific areas before it can become established and control becomes less feasible. 3. Rapid response - develop a rapid response capability to implement eradication or containment procedures for the target species Figure 2: Crop damage at Wadson’s Farm before the species can become permanently established. 2 Google internet search 2012 2 | P a g e 4. Control & management - provide reduction in the reliance of chicken as a control of an established population locally produced staple. through containment, abatement and In today’s society, purchasing other management strategies to processed chicken at the grocery store minimize environmental, economic is now the norm. As such the half-wild and human health issues. chickens that were accepted in the past, 5. Research and risk assessment - as part of everyday life, are now support or conduct research and risk subsisting and reproducing without a assessment necessary to assess, use to modern residents causing much prioritize and control the target damage and nuisance. species. It is believed that the recent infestation 6. Education and outreach - provide came to prominence after Hurricane current information on the target Emily (1987) and subsequent species, their negative impacts, hurricanes, which destroyed many methods of prevention and control to residential and commercial coops, the general public and special thereby releasing chickens into the wild.
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