Feral Chicken Management Plan for Bermuda [Type the document subtitle]

November 2013

BERMUDA GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION SERVICES

17 North Shore Road, Hamilton Parish FL 04, Bermuda Phone: (441) 293 2727 Fax: (441) 293 6451

Executive Summary prevention, rapid response, research, and education.

The feral chicken (Gallus gallus The plan will seek to eradicate chicken domesticus) is a major source of noise infestations within priority areas, to limit nuisance, destruction of habitat, their spread and reduce impacts in all damage to crops and gardens, other areas until such a time as island- competition to native and endemic wide eradication is possible. species and potential disease vectors impacting human health. Key components of the plan include:

In 2011 it was estimated that there were • at least 30,000 feral chickens roaming The creation of a government led throughout the island. Chickens have a working group coordinated by the very high reproductive rate and with no Department of Conservation Services. natural predators their population will • continue to grow exponentially. Improved legislation to stop the release and feeding of invasive A latent issue throughout the 20 th species into the wild; • century it is hypothesized that a major Implementation of an integrated milestone was reached when many pest management strategy residential chicken coops were customized to suit the conditions of destroyed in Hurricane Emily (1987). each individual site and designed to Since then the feral chicken population be efficient and humane. • has grown significantly and can be The use of effective means of found in all major open spaces, golf control that includes the use of courses, agricultural fields, residential traps, nets, licensed shooting, areas, hotel and commercial properties. baiting using the pest control product alpha-chloralose, snatching, Until such time as the private sector and any other methods approved by finds a suitable use that meets the need the Minister responsible for of eradicating feral chickens, the priority Bermuda’s environment. for management must be euthanasia. • Development of a public relation and awareness campaign; While the private sector can provide assistance to specific incidents of pest The plan will be implemented using control, the strategic management of existing government personnel, as well feral chickens is the responsibility of the as registered volunteers and government, due to their abundance, life contractors. The expected operating cycle and wide ranging circulation cost per annum, excluding costs patterns. associated with government staff is $30,000. This is accommodated for in The aim of the management plan is to the existing budget of the Department of provide a framework for government led Conservation Services (2014). action to minimize the economic, environmental and human harm caused by feral chickens through coordination, Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction and purpose of the plan 1 1.1 Purpose of the plan 1 1.2 Need to control 1 1.3 Why do we care? 2 1.4 Management goal 2 1.5 Management objectives 2

2.0 Background 3 2.1 Historical context 3 2.2 Target species biology 4 2.3 Legal status of target species 6 2.4 Policy review of target species 8 2.5 Responsible government organizations 9 2.6 Affiliated Non-government organizations 11 2.7 Private sector affiliations 12 2.8 The Public 12

3.0 Assessment of existing conditions and management 14 3.1 Distribution and concentration 14 3.2 Analysis of consumption and use of feral chickens 14 3.3 Current Management Programs 17

4.0 Comparative effectiveness of cont rol options 19 4.1 Mechanical control 19 4.2 Chemical control 24 4.3 Biological control 26 4.4 Team organisation 26 4.6 Technique summary 26

5.0 Implementatio n 27 5.1 Authority 27 5.2 Management organization 28 5.3 Early detection 29 5.4 Rapid response and establishing priorities 29 5.5 Control management 30 5.6 Disposal 31 5.7 Hours of operation & fees 31 5.8 Monitoring 32 5.9 Research & risk assessment 32 5.10 Education & outreach 32 5.11 Budget 33 5.12 Action plan priorities 33

INFORMATION SOURCES 34

APPENDICES 35 1 Alpha-chloralose guidance note

FIGURES 1 Coney Island Park infestation 1 2 Crop Damage at Wadson’s Farm 2 3 Typical clutch of eggs from a feral hen 4 4 A feral hen with newly hatched chicks at Spittal Pond 4 5 Chicken fecundity 5 6 Feral chickens at Marsh Folly 10 7 Bermuda Royal Gazette poll results (August 2012) 13 8 Feral chickens scavenging in garbage 13 9 Handsome but aggressive rooster 13 10 Feral chicken cull locations (August 2013) 18 11 Cage traps 19 12 Drop door trap 20 13 Snap traps 21 14 Chickens in their roosting tree 24

1.0. Introduction and purpose of the plan

1.1. Purpose of the plan The purpose of the Feral Chicken Management plan is to provide a framework for government led action to minimize the economic, environmental and human harm caused by the feral chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) through activities that include coordination of resources, prevention of infestations, rapid response to public control requests, control strategies, research and education. Figure 1: Coney Island Park infestation

The plan is an evolving document which will be revised annually. Ongoing environmental harm or harm to human accomplishments and new information health 1. will guide the refinement and revisions of goals and strategies in future versions Invasive species typically have high of the plan. reproductive rates, disperse easily, and

can tolerate a wide range of 1.2. The need for control environmental conditions. Often, they For centuries humans have introduced lack predators in their new plants and animals around the world, environments. As a result, invasive both intentionally and unintentionally. species may out-compete native Most western food crops and species for prey or other resource needs domesticated animals are non-native (e.g. breeding sites). They may also species that help sustain our way of life. prey upon native species, spread For example, managed livestock are pathogens and parasites, or alter the examples of non-native species which genetic makeup of closely related are not invasive. species.

Only a small percentage of introduced Feral animals are domesticated animals species cause serious problems in their that have, for one reason or another, new environments and these are found their way into an un-managed collectively known as "invasive species". state and become self-sustaining in the wild. Feral goats are considered An "invasive species" can be defined as invasive in various regions throughout a species that is 1) non-native (or alien) the world, and feral chickens are to the ecosystem under consideration considered to be invasive in Bermuda. and 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or

1 International Union for Conservation of Nature

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While uncommon, Bermuda is not alone Toxoplasmosis). in that feral chickens have become 5. Rooster attacks on park users, hotel major nuisances in places such as guests and members of the public in Hawaii, New Orleans (after Hurricane their residences. Katrina), Key West, Los Angeles, 6. protection of native and endemic downtown Miami and Pitcairn Island 2. species from predation and competition. 1.3. Why do we care? 7. reservoir of fowl mite which can The problems caused by feral chickens have a damaging effect on in Bermuda were highlighted during a protected bird species such as the stake holder driven Invasive Species Eastern Bluebird. workshop held by the Department of 8. scavenging on domestic refuse, Conservation Services in 2003. These contributing to the island’s trash included: problem. 9. risk to road users and aircraft. 1. crop losses- representing loss of quality food and income to the 1.4. Management goal agriculture sector. The aim of the plan is to eradicate 2. destruction of private and chicken infestations within priority areas community gardens. by using various population suppression 3. crowing roosters causing significant methods to limit their spread and reduce noise nuisance in residential and impacts in all other areas, until such guest property areas. time as eradication is possible. 4. potential human health risk as a reservoir for avian and zoonotic 1.5. Management objectives diseases (most notably Avian The plan seeks to achieve this through: Influenza, Salmonella and

1. Coordination - strengthen the coordination between government and non-government agencies; 2. Early detection - strengthen and support early detection mechanisms capable of identifying and reporting the appearance of a pest species in Bermuda and then specific areas before it can become established and control becomes less feasible. 3. Rapid response - develop a rapid response capability to implement eradication or containment procedures for the target species Figure 2: Crop damage at Wadson’s Farm before the species can become permanently established. 2 Google internet search 2012

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4. Control & management - provide reduction in the reliance of chicken as a control of an established population locally produced staple. through containment, abatement and In today’s society, purchasing other management strategies to processed chicken at the grocery store minimize environmental, economic is now the norm. As such the half-wild and human health issues. chickens that were accepted in the past, 5. Research and risk assessment - as part of everyday life, are now support or conduct research and risk subsisting and reproducing without a assessment necessary to assess, use to modern residents causing much prioritize and control the target damage and nuisance.

species. It is believed that the recent infestation 6. Education and outreach - provide came to prominence after Hurricane current information on the target Emily (1987) and subsequent species, their negative impacts, hurricanes, which destroyed many methods of prevention and control to residential and commercial coops, the general public and special thereby releasing chickens into the wild. interest groups. Recently, birds have also been deliberately released from captivity by their owners who no longer wish to keep them. Feral chickens are also supported 2.0 Background by sympathetic members of the public who view these birds as natural wildlife. 2.1. Historical context Chickens along with cattle, goats, sheep There is much anecdotal evidence and rabbits were introduced early in suggesting there has been a significant Bermuda’s settlement for food and were increase in population over the last 20+ kept by large segments of the years. Based on island wide population (c.1620) 3. Historically a observations and site assessments it is common sight on every homestead was estimated that there are over 30,000 a flock of half-wild chickens scratching feral chickens loose in Bermuda (2011 4). around the house and fields hunting insects, seeds and berries, plus Today the problem is island wide with whatever feed grain they could large populations of chickens seeming scavenge. Many artists’ depictions of to concentrate in areas where Bermuda in the 19 th century show supporting conditions are particularly chickens running through the scenes. good. These fowl now occupy open spaces, wooded areas, golf courses, However the advent of refrigeration, farm lands, parks, nature reserves, modern shipping and increased U.S. restaurants, residential areas, hotel and competition led to the decline in local commercial properties. th agriculture during the 20 century; which in turn led to a significant

3 R.E. Verrill,1902 4 Pettit, 2012

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2.2. Target species biology to the incubation of eggs and raising of The chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) young. is a subspecies of the Red Jungle Fowl. Domesticated by man as early as the 7 th Chickens are susceptible to parasites century, the chicken has become one of including lice, mites, fleas and intestinal our most important food staples. worms. Chickens can also be affected Today more than 50 billion chickens are by viral Avian Influenza, but more commonly by Toxoplasmosis and reared annually as a source of food for 6 both their meat and their eggs 5. Most Salmonella bacterium . are raised using intensive farming techniques. Alternatively, chickens are raised using various free range techniques which allow chickens to roam freely on a farm. Other similar practices include Yarding or the use of floorless portable chicken pens. More commonly in the case of Bermuda, micro flocks (involving relatively small numbers of chickens) are kept in suburban or urban residential areas to control insects, utilize chicken waste as fertilizer, for eggs and meat and/or as pets. Figure 3: A typical clutch of eggs from Male chickens over the age of 12 a feral hen months are known as roosters, whereas males under 12 months are referred to as cockerels. Castrated roosters are called capons. Correspondingly, female chickens under 12 months of age are known as pullets and those over this age are called hens. A pullet becomes a hen when she begins to lay eggs between 15-20 weeks. Roosters are not needed for hens to lay eggs, but are needed for egg fertilization to produce chicks.

Chickens tend to live 5-10 years, depending on the breed. Chickens are Figure 4: A feral hen with newly hatched gregarious birds and live together in chicks at Spittal Pond Nature Reserve flocks; they have a communal approach

6 Shervon DeLeon, Atlantis Mobile Laboratories – 5 Foer, Jonathan Safran (2009). "Eating Environmental sources of Salmonella G in Bermuda , Animals"Little, Brown and Company, USA. 2013

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Feral chickens are ground birds that can repopulate very quickly. For example, take flight in “short bursts” when within one year a single hen can have 3- needed. Chickens establish a pecking 4 clutches of eggs, each comprising 8- order with dominant males asserting 15 eggs. right over food and nesting locations. Hens like to lay in eggs in the same Thus, one hen can lead to the creation locations and will return to areas that of up to 195 chicks per year One hen have proven successful in the past. can lay 60 eggs in a year (4 clutches x Roosters crow to establish territory or to 15 eggs); the surviving chicks grow and raise an alarm. During the heat of the lay their own eggs – thus in 1 year up to day chickens tend to keep undercover in 195 bird can be created by 1 hen. a shaded area. At night they will bed (Figure 5). down in a group under or in a “roosting tree” where they will stay until dawn. On Food sources windy days chickens will typically stay Chickens are omnivorous in the wild, hidden in sheltered areas. It is a scratching soil for seeds, insects and mistaken belief that roosters only crow animals as large as lizards and crabs. at dawn and can be commonly heard from 4am onwards. Chickens are most It is worth noting that chickens will active during the early morning and late opportunistically feed on cockroaches; afternoon when they come out to feed. however as these insects are mainly nocturnal, they do not form a large part High reproduction rate. Observations of the feral chicken diet. The main suggest that feral chickens have both a predators for cockroaches in Bermuda very high reproductive and chick appear to be Cane Toads (Bufo survival rate, which may explain why marinus ) and Yellow Crowned Night areas under management seem to Herons (Nyctanassa violacea .7

Time Breeding females (20 Offspring (clutch Less 25% Females in clutch (weeks) Generations week generation time) assumed at 8 eggs) mortality (assumes 4:1) 0 1 1 8 6 5 20 2 6 46 35 28 40 3 34 269 202 161 60 4 195 1561 1171 937 80 5 1132 9053 6790 5432 100 6 6564

Offspring (clutch Time Breeding females (20 assumed at 15? Less 25% Females in clutch (weeks) Generations week generation time) eggs) mortality (assumes 4:1) 0 1 1 5 3.75 3 20 2 4 20 15 12 40 3 16 80 60 48 60 4 64 320 240 192 80 5 256 1280 960 768 100 6 1024 Figure 5: Chicken fecundity

7 Maderios, personal communication, 2013

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If one food source disappears, the 2.3. Legal status of target chickens quickly adapt and move to species other sources. Conversely, if there is a constant source of food the chickens will There are several pieces of legislation claim an area and stay. This is that pertain to the control and care of especially relevant when feral chickens animals, as well as management of are subsidized by humans who feed birds, specifically chickens. them and the limitation of food is a proven method of control. Farmyard and domesticated birds (fowl) can be defined to include birds brought Predators under close control by humans for There are no natural or introduced purposes of communication (e.g. predators in Bermuda that consistently pigeons) clothing and furnishing (e.g. prey on feral chickens as a food source. ducks), companionship (e.g. canary and pigeons) and food,( e.g. commercial Cats (domestic and feral) may poultry such as chicken, turkey, duck, opportunistically prey on chicks but goose) which are used for meat and rarely on a full grown adult. In fact there eggs 8. is a growing understanding that feral chickens and feral cats co-exist around The Minister responsible for the regular food sources (e.g. cat feeding Environment has the power to approve stations). the destruction of any bird or bird species if found to be causing a problem The only birds large enough to prey on to agriculture, fisheries, public health or feral chickens are herons (from a variety public safety. Furthermore, it is illegal to of species) and crows (Corvus allow poultry to wander off one’s brachyrhynchos ). However these property and/or into the National Park species are noted to only System. opportunistically prey on chicks. Few migratory birds of prey remain long The Protection of Bird Act 1975 has enough in Bermuda to make any impact responsibility for the protection of on feral chicken populations. Bermuda’s birds. Under the Act four species are named as pest species Dogs, especially terrier breeds, are including, the house sparrow (Passer known predators of feral chickens. domesticus ), European starling (Sturnus However strict dog laws ensure that vulgaris), Great kiskadee (Pitangus contact between dogs and feral sulphuratus ) and the American crow chickens is limited. As such, this source (Corvus brachyrhynchos ). Additionally of predation is random and all domesticated birds and poultry, opportunistic. including chickens and pigeons, are exempt from protection. Rats are also opportunistic predators restricted to taking chicks, and perhaps Section (4) if the Minister is satisfied that eggs, with limited ability to kill a healthy for the protection of agriculture, adult chicken.

8 Online Medical Dictionary

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fisheries, public health or public security Act and for giving effect to its objects it is expedient to control or destroy any and intentions, and without prejudice to bird or species of bird which is a the generality of the foregoing, may protected bird, he may authorize the make regulations for— conservation officer or any other officer of the department (Department of d) controlling the taking and use of Conservation Services) to take such animals in protected areas for any measures for such control or destruction purpose. as the minister may approve. (28) Punishment of offences: The Care and Protection of Animals Where a person commits an offence Act 1975 has responsibility to manage against this Act or any regulations made offenses of animal cruelty (8) (1) thereunder: (b) being the owner of the person having the custody or control of any animal in (1) Punishment on summary conviction: confinement or captivity or in the course in respect of each offence imprisonment of transport from one place to another, for 3 months or a fine of $1,000 or both abandons it in distress or willfully such imprisonment and fine and, in the neglects or fails to provide suitable and case of a second or subsequent adequate food, water, shelter and care conviction imprisonment for 6 months or for it. a fine of $2,000 or both such imprisonment and fine; and in the case (e) Willfully, without reasonable excuse, of a continuing offence a further fine of administers or causes to be $200 for every day during which the administered to any animal any offence continues. poisonous or injurious drug or substance; Punishment on summary (2) A person found guilty of an offence conviction is imprisonment for 6 months against this Act or any regulations made or a fine of $500 or both such thereunder may, if there has been imprisonment and fine . damage done to a protected area and the court thinks fit, be ordered to pay, in Summary Offenses Act 1926 addition to any penalty for which he is Offenses against property (19) (i) being liable for the offence, a sum not the proprietor of cattle or poultry, exceeding the cost of the damage done permits such cattle or poultry to stray to the protected area, as assessed by out of any land in his possession or the court. occupation. The punishment of offenders (25) on summary conviction National Parks Regulations 1988 imprisonment for 6 months or a fine of Animals and fowls $2,880 pr both such imprisonment and (7) No person shall, being the owner of, fine. or in control of, any animal (including a

fowl) - National Parks Act 1986 (25) Power to make regulations (a) cause or permit such animal to graze (1) Subject to this Act, the Minister may in a protected area; make regulations for administering this

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(b) cause or permit such animal to stray which are not infected with the following on to a protected area. diseases, that is to say, coccidiosis, fowl typhoid (Kleins disease) fowl pox, (c) cause or permit such animal to laryngotracheitis, fowl cholera, avian disturb or take another animal (including tuberculosis, aspergillosis birds, reptiles, fish or invertebrate (pneumonycosis or brooder pneumonia) animal) in a protected area. and avian lice, mites and tapeworms.

The Agriculture Act 1930 (71) Minister may prohibit importation of (4) General functions of Minister poultry if an outbreak of any of the The general functions of the Minister diseases mentioned in regulation (70) shall be the functions hereinafter in this occurs in an area outside Bermuda the section specified - Minister may prohibit the importation of

(a) the Minister shall exercise a general any poultry from that area until the supervision and control over matters infection has subsided. concerning or connected with the practice of agriculture and horticulture Public Health (Milk and Dairy Farm) in Bermuda; and shall promote the Regulations 1952 improvement of plants, the Management of Dairy Farm improvement of livestock, the prevention (10) With respect to the operation and and control of animal and plant management of a dairy farm (whether or diseases, and exercise control over not the dairy farm is licensed under poultry and livestock care and these regulations) the following management. provisions shall have effect, that is to say— Agriculture Act (Control of Animal Diseases) Regulations 1947 (d) no horses, pigs, dogs, cats, poultry (68) Day-old chicks; certificate or other animals shall be allowed to All day-old chicks landed in Bermuda enter or remain in any part of a cowshed must be certified by a competent used for milking; authority to be not infected with pullorum disease . 2.4. Policy review of target species (69) Poultry; certificate of vaccination

All half-grown or adult poultry landed in The Government has a mandate to Bermuda must have been vaccinated manage invasive species. against both fowl pox and laryngotracheitis before leaving the A. Environment Charter for the UK country of origin and must Overseas Territories be accompanied by a certificate to this Annex A (7) To safeguard and restore effect issued by a competent authority. native species, habitats and landscape

features and control or eradicate (70) Poultry; certificate of flock origin invasive species . All poultry landed in Bermuda must be accompanied by a certificate to the effect that the birds came from flocks

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B. Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan infestations from an aesthetic, noise and 2003 general nuisance perspective. B.4.1 Identify all relevant Government departments and conduct an audit of Ministry of Environment and their activities to identify areas where Planning these interface with biodiversity (including invasive species, land use, Department of Conservation Services pollution and climate change) and (DCS). Responsible for the maintenance explore opportunities to modify of 200 acres of Nature Reserves. It also practices. has the mandate to manage protected species, biodiversity, threatened B.4.3. Draft guidelines to ensure habitats and manage invasive species. incorporation of due consideration of biodiversity conservation into The DCS provides direct assistance to departmental planning (including the both the Bermuda Audubon Society and issues of invasive species, land use, Walsingham Trust in managing their pollution and climate change). nature reserves.

Additionally, both the National Parks Department of Environmental Commission and the Board of Protection. Responsible for agriculture, Agriculture (2012) have formally animal control and plant protection. It requested the removal of feral chickens has a shared interest with the DCS with from their respective areas of the control of feral animals, but is also responsibility; specifically the National responsible for enforcing The Care and Park System and all cultivated arable Protection of Animals Act 1975. land and dairy farms. Department of Parks. Responsible for It should be noted that it is not illegal for the maintenance of 800 acres of members of the public to take chickens amenity parks, beaches, government from parks and nature reserves. buildings, road-side verges and the However as there is no quality control or Railway Trail. This department is health assessments of these animals additionally responsible for government the government cannot encourage such properties including schools, post offices activity. and roadside verges, all of which can experience major feral chicken 2.5. Responsible government infestations. organizations Ministry of Health and Seniors In addition to the general public and farmers, the government of Bermuda Department of Environmental Health. has 13 departments that are mandated Manages issues related to humans and to control feral chickens due to the the environment, such as mosquitoes ecological damage they cause, for and rats. Of special concern is the health and safety reasons, or as land overall health of the public, health care managers concerned with chicken institutions and ports of entry.

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This concern is reflected in a relatively Highways. Responsible for managing recent United Nations press release Bermuda’s network of roads. which states: "Governments, local authorities and international agencies Bermuda Land Development need to take a greatly increased role in Corporation. Responsible for the combating the role of factory-farming, 700+acres of the former U.S. Base commerce in live poultry, and wildlife Lands including, Tudor Hill, the East markets which provide ideal conditions End and Naval Annex. There are for the (avian Flu) virus to spread and significant infestations throughout all mutate into a more dangerous form..." 9 residential areas and wooded lots.

Health Care facilities including the West End Development Company. King Edward Memorial VII Hospital, Mid Responsible for the management and improvement of lands west of Watford Atlantic Wellness Center, Summerhaven Bridge including the former British Royal Rest Home, Sylvia Richardson Rest Naval Dockyard and Boaz Island Home and Lefroy House report Housing Complex. Of particular concern continual feral chicken infestations. is the Dockyard as a port of entry, the former Sally Port dump, Lagoon Park Ministry of Public Works and the large wooded area on Boaz Island. Waste Management. Responsible for facilities such as the Ministry of Tourism Development and Tynes Bay Waste Treatment Facility Transport and the Marsh Folly composting center. These areas continually have major On behalf of the Department of Airport chicken infestations. Operations (DAO), BAS-SERCO employs a marksman to manage the grounds and runways of the E.F. Wade International Airport to minimize potential for bird strikes to aircraft. Each year DAO applies for a permit under the Protection of Birds Act 1975 to cull birds that could cause problems to public safety.

Government Golf Courses. Responsible for Port Royal and Oceanview golf courses. These areas Figure 6: Feral chickens at Marsh Folly continually have major feral chicken infestations.

9 "UN task forces battle misconceptions of avian flu, mount Indonesian campaign". UN News Center. 24 July 2009.

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Ministry of Community, Culture and Government Nature Reserves and Sports Parks.

Bermuda Housing Corporation. Bermuda Audubon Society (BAS). Responsible for the management of a The charity whose mandate is to number of housing complexes. These preserve Bermuda’s bird species and areas also continue to have major threatened habitats. The BAS are also chicken infestations. the owners of a series of privately owned nature reserves and are assisted Bermuda Housing Trust. by the Department of Conservation Responsible for management of senior Services in their management. The housing complexes. These areas BAS’s properties are being impacted in continually have major infestations. the same ways as the government nature reserves and parks. Department of Youth, Sports and Recreation. Responsible for 10 Bermuda Feline Assistance Bureau. Recreational parks including Bernard’s The charity whose mandate is to provide Park, Port’s Island and portions of support and manage the island’s feral Shelly Bay Park. These areas cat population. There is a strong continually have major infestations. correlation showing that feral chickens coexist in large numbers around feral Ministry of Home Affairs cat feeding stations.

Municipalities. Responsible for the City Bermuda Farmers Association. The of Hamilton and Town of St George. association that advocates for the These areas continually have major island’s commercial farmers. Farmers infestations in certain residential streets. are one of the groups worst impacted by feral chickens. 2.6. Affiliated non-government organizations Poultry Fanciers. The charity interested in promoting and supporting

different breeds of poultry as a part of There are several non-government their area of interest. organizations and charities that have chicken infestations on their properties Society for the Protection and Care of and/or are associated with feral chicken Animals (SPCA). The charity whose management and animal welfare. mandate is to provide care and

safeguard the welfare of Bermuda’s Bermuda National Trust (BNT). One of animals. the largest landowners and managers of privately owned protected spaces, nature reserves and agriculture fields with tenant farmers.

The BNT’s properties are being impacted in the same ways as the

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2.7. Private sector affiliations 2.8. The Public

Private golf courses. Breeders, homesteaders and pet Includes Mid-Ocean, Tucker’s Point, owners. Members of the general public and Riddell’s Bay. These properties are encouraged to raise chickens, so regularly request service for infestations long as they are well cared for as per of feral chickens. the Care and Protection of Animals Act 1975 . These managed flocks are, Meat & egg production. however, not allowed to wander off the There are two existing commercial owner’s property as per the Summary businesses currently operating in Offences Act 1926. Bermuda; Windy Bank Farms and Wadson Farm. Both raise chickens for Historically, chickens were kept by a food (“roasters”) and the production of large majority of households for food. eggs. Both businesses have requested Though this trend has significantly assistance for feral chicken reduced over time there are still many management. households that keep chickens as pets, for egg production and/or meat. Private sector pest control. Several private companies have Feral chickens as a public nuisance. provided some service including: Many members of the general public find feral chickens to be a nuisance • Bermuda Pest Control Services. either due to noise, physical damage to Contracted by the Department of gardens and/or because of aggressive Environmental Protection to encounters with roosters. experiment with Avitrol in the early 2000s. This service was Two performance surveys of the discontinued after being considered Department of Conservation Services to be ineffective. were conducted in January 2012 and • Chickens Plus. The only then June 2013. The first survey noted commercial business offering the strong public opinion that not enough service to trap and euthanize was being done to control feral chickens. This service uses traps chickens. The second survey indicated and the traditional method of that feral chickens were still an issue to “snatching” (which is the term used the public and that their control was the to describe catching by hand only area of department responsibility chickens while they roost at night). that drew significant numbers of complaints (24 of 400 interviews) 10 . It has been argued that it is not in the interest of the private sector to eradicate An informal poll run by the Bermuda a problem area as efforts are usually Royal Gazette in August 2012 illustrated restricted to a client’s property only. that a large section of the public feel Therefore a residual population of strongly that feral chickens should be chickens usually remains in the area eradicated (Figure 7). and proliferates after management efforts. 10 Measures to Improve Survey, Department of E-Government, (June 2013)

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Figure 7. Bermuda Royal Gazette Poll Results : Should the Island’s feral chicken population be eradicated? 16 th - 17 th August 2012

Total Votes: 1073

Without assistance, members of the public have taken the problem into their own hands in order to remove nuisance birds. This often results in the use of poison, which is a contravention to the Care and Protection of Animals Act 1975 8 (1).

Subsequent to the announcement of the Feral Chicken Management Program in August 2012, the Department of Figure 8: Feral chickens scavenging in garbage Conservation Services has received over 250 formal requests through a web based reporting system, from a diverse cross section of society, including hospitals, churches, rest homes, government departments, housing complexes, hotels, restaurants, golf courses, waste management sites, as well as private residences.

Of note is the finding that since the inception of the DCS program, the majority of members of the public are either unwilling to pay for the service or willing to pay for service only when the infestation has become particularly severe and therefore much harder to manage themselves. Figure 9: Handsome but aggressive rooster

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3.0. Assessment of Safety and quality of the meat. The quality of the chicken extracted existing conditions and from the wild is dependent on several management factors including:

• the variety of chickens being 3.1 Distribution & concentration released by owners e.g. bantam (a Feral Chickens have been observed in typically small breed of bird every parish, habitat and setting commonly seen in the wild) throughout Bermuda. Chickens seem to • age and sex, with random young and concentrate in specific areas where old, male and female, being supporting conditions are particularly captured. good. These fowl now occupy open • quality of food available to the spaces, wooded areas, golf courses, chicken which ranges from the farm lands, parks, nature reserves, equivalent of free ranging on residential areas, hotel and commercial greenfield sites, to contaminated properties. A sampling of the brown field and waste treatment distribution and concentration of feral sites. chickens is illustrated in Figure 10. Flocks typically range from 1-5, 1-10, • potential meat spoiling during the and 1-30+ individuals. Several flocks length of time from field to can reside in one area, however as they refrigeration. The culling method can are territorial, the individual flocks can also spoil the meat e.g. shooting has be distinguished from each other. a high probability of spoiling the meat due to internal rupture. 3.2. Analysis of potential use of • the meat of the local feral chickens is feral chickens as a resource known to be very tough due to lack of fat content as a result of their During the development of the plan a active life style. As such the meat common question that frequently arose needs to be heavily tenderized in was “Why can’t humans eat this order to make it palatable. This problem away? ” In order to answer this would marginalize the appeal and question the following were considered: use of the product. As such there can be neither 1. Safety and quality of the meat consistency of the product nor surety of 2. Feasibility of a “capture and quality. A recent research study has consume” campaign confirmed that Bermuda’s feral chickens 3. Valuing the “resource” are carriers of Salmonella bacterium 4. Costs of meat and egg processing (2013 11 ). 5. Competition to private enterprise 6. Potential for exportation 7. Options for non-commercial use/consumption 11 Shervon DeLeon. Atlantis Mobile Laboratories – Environmental sources of Salmonella G in Bermuda , 2013

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Currently there is limited motivation for Costs of meat processing for catching chickens in the wild for food commercial sale. It can be assumed due to reasons already noted. that in order to be commercially competitive, the cost of processing a Consideration was given to encouraging feral chicken for consumption must be in the “harvest of feral chickens from parks the same range as a locally raised and nature reserves. However there is equivalent. human health concern regarding the consuming of chickens taken from the The potential benefit of using the feral wild. chicken population as a food resource must be offset by the estimated costs of: Consideration of a “capture and • Trap capture ($10 - $20 per bird) consume” campaign. Trapping can • Feeding and housing during provide a number of chickens for any cleansing and/or rearing ($5-$10 per enterprise. However it has proven bird) inadequate as the sole method for • Processing ($10 per bird) managing the feral chicken population. • Packaging ($2 per bird 14 ) While it may satisfy a local demand, it will not address the primary problems of The estimated base cost to process a the high fecundity of feral chickens. 3lb feral bird for human food can be calculated in the range of $27-$42. Potential value of the resource. Therefore the cost of utilizing this Based on the estimated distribution resource is estimated to range between across the island it is estimated that $810,000-$1,260,000. This does not there are 30,000 – 50,000 chickens of include for the costs associated with varying pedigree, age, and gender overseas toxicology testing of samples roaming island-wide (2011 12 ). ($80 per bird)15 .

The retail cost for a locally raised In conclusion, the total cost of roaster chicken that is 3-6lb in weight processing exceeds that of the base ranges from $24-$35 ($8 per pound, values of the resource. compared to an imported organic chicken that retails for $5 per pound 13 . Comparison of imported chicken. Using the local rate of a roaster as a An imported non-organic broiler chicken basis, the feral chicken population has a can be purchased at a local grocery total value estimated to range $750,000- store for $3.50 per pound, whereas an $1,050,000. It is useful to restate that imported organic chicken can be the control of feral chickens is the purchased for $5 per pound (grocery management priority, and that store pricing comparison 16 ). domesticated chickens will always be preferable for human consumption over Other products. Consideration was feral chickens for reasons of health, also given to the use of feral chickens safety, consistency and cost. for their feathers and manure. This was

14 Wadson, personal communication, 2012 12 Pettit, personal communication, 2012 15 Walker, personal communication, 2013 13 Pettit, retail comparison, 2013 16 Pettit, personal communication, 2013

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found not to be economically viable due chickens could become a more cost to the high capital start up and operating effective enterprise. costs associated with a local product, in comparison to commercially available Exportation of product. There is no products available from international substantial difference from any Bermuda suppliers. Similar limitations would apply product compared with those found in to the local manufacture of manure. the U.S, Europe or the Caribbean.

Establishing a market and The low cost of production in the United competition to private enterprise. States compared to the high production In considering the feasibility of and transport costs associated with all developing a market using feral components of a Bermuda product(s) chickens, the following must be taken makes it cost-prohibitive to develop an into account: export market, without subsidy from the • a large portion of the existing government. This would further be in population are roosters competition with local businesses. (approximately 15,000 assuming an equal sex ratio) and not useful as Non-human consumption of feral egg layers. chickens. Consideration was given to • the majority of feral birds are of the use of feral chickens as fish and bantam descent and are small in lobster bait. This would also have the size. additional benefit of reducing their reliance on diminishing local bait-fish This renders a significant portion of feral stocks. This was trialed using both chickens, if not all, either unproductive feathered and plucked chickens, and or undesirable in comparison to found not to be effective as bait commercially available products. (2009 17 ). Additionally, it provides little incentive to expend significant effort to trap these Conclusion. Due to the high costs animals for such a purpose. associated with extraction, processing An alternative considered would be to and packaging, lack of consistency and start a commercial enterprise using low quality of meat there is limited imported chicks, made up of high quality commercial use for Bermuda’s feral “layers” of known sex. chickens.

The concept of developing a There is a lack of legislation or policy to government managed chicken industry manage the consumption of feral was considered but deemed not to be chickens. Without quality control the cost effective as well as unfair government cannot encourage this competition to existing business. activity. Until such time as the private Currently existing local producers meet sector finds a suitable use that meets the local demand for eggs and meat. the need to eradicate feral chickens, the priority for management must be culling. Should global markets change through a breakdown in medium to long term availability, then the local use of feral 17 Board of Agriculture, minutes, 2009

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3.3. Current Management cast nets, net run/cage combinations, air Programs rifles, shotguns, traditional methods such as alcohol soaked bait and Historically, the Bermuda Government “snatching”, as well as the use of an has made many efforts to address the alpha-chloralose pest control product. feral chicken problem with mixed results. In the mid 1990s cage traps The program concentrated its efforts on were provided to crop farmers who were a broad spectrum of “hot spots” that experiencing significant losses. The included: strategy was evaluated as not cost • effective and as such was discontinued. areas surrounding the Airport, Another trial was conducted with a including Cooper’s Island Nature private firm in 2004, and again was Reserve and Clearwater Park; deemed to not be effective. • Oceanview golf course, Tynes; Bay and the Bus Depot; The Department of Environmental • The Botanical Gardens park; Protection (DEP). Historically DEP • Spittal Pond Nature Reserve; provided service to manage feral • Railway Trail/Riveria Crescent area; chickens, predominantly using cage • Government Quarry/Midocean and traps. However their efforts have been Tucker’s Point golf courses; curtailed with a lack of transport and • City of Hamilton; realized inefficiency of trapping. DEP • Marsh Folly and Tynes Bay waste has in the past has experimented with a management facility; variety of culling methods including net • private housing; guns, traps, shotguns, air rifles and • Housing complexes such as Avitrol (a commercially available bird Fergusson Park, Alexandra Road poison used for flock dispersal). and Southside; • agricultural fields. The Department of Conservation Services (DCS) . In October 2011 DCS Euthanasia methodologies began an experimental program aimed Between August 2012 and October at addressing the problem within 2013, 11,500 feral chickens were culled government managed lands and using approved and humane methods adjacent areas that acted as which have included a carbon-dioxide “recruitment sources” for those areas. gas chamber, cervical dislocation or use of firearms (Figure 10). This program was expanded to include privately owned areas in order to effectively address point sources of infestations. This was officially announced by the Minister of Public Works (August 2012).

DCS experimented with a wide range of techniques that included cage traps, modified turkey “Snap” traps, drop and

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Figure Figure Chicken10: Feral cull locations

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4.0. Comparative Three types of traps were trialed: effectiveness of control Cage trap options This method relies on chickens being attracted by bait (figure 11). Once inside Feral chickens are gregarious and the trap they are restricted from leaving territorial ground birds with restricted by a one way swinging door. These ability for flight. The following details a traps can catch on average 1-3 chickens comparison of all the control options per trapping session. They are deployed researched and trialed during the strategically in a problem area and Department of Conservation Services’ baited with bread or Scratch. pilot study. These traps can be constructed locally 4.1. Mechanical Control and are relatively inexpensive to make.

A. Trapping Birds can familiarize themselves with foraging around and inside a cage trap This involves the capture of chickens after pre-baiting for 3-7 days. This alive, using a custom made device. All reduces ‘trap shyness’ and improves the trapping methods rely on euthanasia chances of trapping more birds. During and disposal of the remains after pre-baiting the cage trap is fixed open. capture. Cage trapping operations should be The duration of trapping operations can successful after one week. If not it vary considerably from minutes to many should not be attempted for at least 3-4 weeks and in some instances trapping weeks between settings. attempts can continue for months.

Typical bait used is bread and/or bird Scratch (a blend of grains used by animal breeders/farmers as a supplement to encourage natural pecking and feeding instincts).

Trapping has a high body retrieval count and one of the lowest “by catch” rates for non-targeted species.

A critical lesson learned was that an increase in manpower did not result in more efficient trapping of birds. It was found that feral chickens eventually learned to stay away from any type of Figure 11: Cage Traps trap and the residual population eventually reseeded the area.

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Useful for: • Properties with small flocks (1-4 chickens). • Private landowners and farmers where time is not a priority and little training is needed.

Challenges: • Cage traps are bulky and need dedicated transport using a large van or truck. • Traps are prone to vandalism in Figure 12: Drop door trap public areas. • Cage traps have been stolen and Useful for: converted to illegal fish pots. • Sites where chicken populations are • Chickens need to learn to use the fed by members of the public e.g. trap and survivors become trap shy. parks. • Highest level of servicing needed to monitor deployed traps, euthanize Challenges: and dispose of caught birds. • Traps are bulky and need dedicated • Must be combined with other transport. methods to eradicate a problem in • Time consuming to operate. an area. • Dependent on materials traps could • Tend to receive complaints from illegally be converted to fish pots. public regarding cruelty to birds if • Labour intensive as personnel need left in cages too long. to trigger, kill and dispose of caught • Takes the longest time of all birds. methods. • Always leaves a residual breeding population that is “trap shy”. Drop door trap • Must be combined with other Similar to cage traps the drop trap methods to eradicate a problem in (figure 12) is based on the well known an area. box supported on a stick trigger that is pulled manually by a string. There are Snap trap several designs and depending on size, A modified Turkey “Snap” trap which these traps can catch 1-5 chickens each captures chicken inside a net (figure trapping session. 13). This trap type was modified to be

set off with a manual trigger on a pull Traps are laid strategically in a problem string in order to increase capture rate. area and baited with bread or Scratch.

Chickens usually respond more quickly The Snap trap is very portable and to entering this type of trap versus the lightweight. Imported from the U.S. it is cage trap. Drop door traps are less a recent experiment that has proven prone to vandalism due to constant effective for small groups in specific supervision of the trapping personnel situations. The Snap trap is best

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Challenges: • Relatively expensive to purchase and import. • Chickens learn not go into the trap if used too often in one place. (Typically 2 week intervals are needed between use). • Labour intensive, personnel needed to trigger, cull and dispose of caught birds. • Ineffective for birds not used to being fed. • Could be misused to deliberately trap other animals.

B. Shooting Shooting involves a licensed pest control marksman, using a registered firearm, to target a chicken from a distance.

Shooting has proven to be one of the most effective means of controlling individual feral chickens. Without this means the issue cannot be managed. Figure 13: Snap traps Use of firearms is strictly controlled to deployed in areas where chickens are ensure public safety and marksmen being fed by members of the public such must abide by all police regulations. as car parks, picnic areas and farms. Current government policy is to restrict Typically each trap can catch between pest control firearm licenses, mainly to 1-4 chickens per “trapping session”. The historically held licenses and greatest number caught in a single trap government officers only (5 licenses 18 was14 individuals (2012 ). maximum, 2013).

Useful for: Concerns include security of shooters • Sites where populations are fed by both on site and in transit as well as the public. storage of equipment. This is addressed • Small dispersed populations. through strict adherence to police • Useful for both chickens and procedures including: pigeons. • Required firearms and ammunition licenses. • Notifying Police Operations when on and leaving site.

18 Pettit, personal communication, 2012

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• Ammunition and firearms stored in Protection. This level of service, when separate alarmed safes when in used in combination with other methods, residence and separately stored in a is believed to be adequate for the secure state when in transit. purpose. • When not in use for prolonged periods the firearm and ammunition Useful for: must be stored in the Police armory. • 1-2 isolated individuals at a time. • Trap or bait shy birds. Firearms in use are restricted to: • Birds that can only be controlled from a distance (e.g. in fields or Air rifle trees). The air rifle is a prohibited weapon • Critical for dealing with residual under the Firearms Act 1973 and individuals left over from previous permitted use is only by a Temporary trapping or baiting efforts. Firearm Permit . When used by an • Most sites except the densest urban experienced marksman the air rifle is housing area. one of the most efficient methods of culling pest birds at a distance, and has Challenges: proven to be the only effective method • Public fear of accidental shooting of of culling pigeons and crows in human or non-target species. Bermuda. • Lead contamination of the environment (minimal due to size of To illustrate, of the 7000+ chickens single pellet used). culled by DCS between October 2011- • Security. February 2013, 4200 (60%) were taken • Limited number and service using the air rifle. Additionally, in a 4 capacity. hour period on Oceanview golf course • Slow rate of fire. 168 chickens were culled compared with • Risk of non-fatal wounding of target the best record of 42 culled using the animals. Drop trap for a similar period in a • residential area. Lower body recovery rate than other methods (some injured birds evade The air rifle in use is .22 caliber, with an capture). effective kill range of approximately 40 feet, using a lead pellet weighing 14.3 Shot gun grams. With a higher rate and wider field of fire than an air rifle, the shot gun uses a Of the five active marksmen, two cartridge consisting of multiple steel provide routine volunteer assistance to pellets (not lead). the Department of Conservation Services on a case by case basis and There are 4 active shot gun licenses for one is a part time contractor. Two pest control. The shot gun is proven to marksmen are government employees, be extremely effective at close range one with the Department of (up 20 feet) and is able to manage Conservation Services and the other multiple targets with one firing (typically with the Department of Environmental up to 4 chickens).

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Useful for: Dip Nets • 1-4 isolated individuals at a time in Dip nets have been shown to be undeveloped open areas e.g. parks, essential as a secondary method for golf courses and fields. picking up birds which have been trapped, baited or shot. Challenges: • Use of shotguns is very noisy and D. Restriction and non-lethal can cause public distress leading to methods 911 calls to the Police Communication and Operation As a matter of good policy all Centre. domesticated chickens should be • Restricted use in public or cooped in a suitable structure and residential areas. owners should be advised to band their birds in case they do wander off their C. Netting property; otherwise they are liable for destruction or for prosecution. A variety of nets have been employed, The Department of Environmental using different mechanical systems, Protection S.P.C.A and the Bermuda such as cast and barrier nets. The Bird Fanciers can be contacted for results have not been satisfactory in advice on proper care guidelines. terms of time, effort and cost of implementation. There are a variety of commercially available products designed to scare Net Gun pest birds from an area using windmills, The Department of Environmental flags and sonic repellers. These Protection has experimented with a products tend to be novel stimuli to birds hand-held net gun with limited success. and are more effective as short term It is loud, cumbersome, the relatively deterrents. small net is slow to deploy and is only useful in open areas 19 . A firearms There are a number of exclusion license is required. devices that have been used to prevent nuisance birds from nesting or roosting Air powered net launcher in an area, such as electrified wires, The Department of Conservation monofilament lines, spikes, wire and Services will be experimenting with an nets. These methods were not trialed as air-powered net launcher in 2013 to field they were unlikely to prove effective for test its effectiveness in capturing large managing feral chickens. Chicken nests numbers of birds during each trapping tend to be carefully hidden on the session. It is anticipated that it will also ground and chickens roost in tall trees. be used or the control of feral pigeons. Fencing is not an effective means of containment, since feral chickens can fly for short periods and roost in trees, and fencing has a high cost.

19 Pettit, personal communication, 2012

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E. Snatching 4.2. Chemical Control Chickens have a habit of bedding down for the night in a roosting tree A. Avicides and anesthetizing (figure 14). agents Once there they do not move even if disturbed. As such it is possible to Careful consideration was given to the “snatch” chickens while they sleep. use of avicides for bird control, with specific attention given to: • Efficacy • Toxicology • Animal warfare • Residue • Public and operator safety • Non-target risks

Starlicide (DRC 1339). A pesticide considered but not trialed due to its relatively slow acting nature.

Avitrol (4-aminopyridine). A commercially based poison specifically Figure 14: Chickens in their roosting tree made for the control of pest birds. This

product was designed as a flock Using this traditional method a hunter dispersant and is commonly used in the can either noose or hand catch the U.S.A. It acts by causing pain to the chicken out of the tree and then animal which in turn results in the humanely euthanize. expression of alarm and panic. This

product was trialed in Bermuda during Useful for: 2006 and discontinued for the above • Private landowners or groups who reasons. This does not meet the aim of can manage the problem at night the program, which is to remove the when they know exactly where the animals from the environment by the chickens roost. most efficient and humane means

possible. Challenges: • This method relies on knowing Over proof alcohol. Alcohol soaked where the chickens roost at night, bread acts as a sedative on birds and is being able to access the area and used as a traditional method of capture physically reach the bird. in the Caribbean. Experiments were • Relies on working after hours, at conducted in Bermuda and found to be night. ineffective.

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Alpha-chloralose paste. Alpha- approved for use of the Department chloralose is a commercially available of Conservation Services. pest control product that has been • Complaints from concerned recently used in Bermuda for bird members of the public who have control (2012). witnessed its soporific effect. • Concerns over possible secondary Alpha-chloralose is classified as a poisoning of non-target species, soporific or narcotic agent that including protected bird species, as anaesthetizes birds. It is designed not to well as cats and dogs who kill but instead depress central nervous accidently consume the bait. • activity, slowing heart and respiration Secondary poisoning of other pest rates, as well as eliminating the sense of bird species that have similar pain. It is considered the most humane feeding habits as feral chickens of the available avicides (Tracey et al. (e.g. sparrows, starlings, pigeons 2007). and kiskadees). • Consumption of feral chickens by Alpha-chloralose is a paste that can be scavengers or humans. spread on bread and hand fed to target birds as per the pest control guidance All of the above concerns can be note (appendix 1). Once ingested, mitigated by following the strict comatose birds can then be collected guidelines as set out in the Pest and humanely euthanized. Non-target Guidance Note - Alpha-Chloralose species can be revived by placing them (Appendix 1). in a warm dark place for a few hours. Alpha-Chloralose treated wheat The culling operation typically lasts for 1 product. A treated wheat version -2 hours, during which as large numbers coated in alpha-chloralose product was of feral birds can be sedated, captured trialed in Bermuda (2012). Its use was and humanely euthanized. It should be discontinued due to its greater impact noted that extreme care must be taken on non-target species (e.g. protected in bait management to minimize birds) and the difficulty of retrieving any exposure to non-target species. unused bait.

Useful for: B. Sterilization • Efficiently removing large numbers Research was undertaken into of feral chickens in an area. Alpha- sterilization methods for Bermuda’s feral chlorolase has proven to be the only chicken population. The intent was to effective and humane method of allow existing chickens to remain in the clearing large infestations. wild but stop population expansion through reproduction. Challenges: • Uncontrolled and unregulated use of Birth control. Chemically treated feed poison is illegal under the Care and (e.g. “Ovocontrol” designed for pigeon Protection of Animals Act. The use control) is fed on a daily basis to the of Alpha-chloralose is not authorized same birds as a mean of birth control. for use by the public and is only

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Useful for: 4.3. Biological Control • Homeowners who wish to have a pet population but who do not want Caponizing (testicle removal) of to breed their chickens or have roosters. The testicles are located eggs. internally which makes this a relatively complicated and costly procedure to Challenges: undertake by surgery. This method is • Damage and nuisance is still also costly as it includes trapping, caused by existing birds. surgery and recovery (estimated $200- • Costly, time consuming and 300 per bird 20 ). technically difficult to ensure that the adequate dosage of chemical is on Useful for: average regularly administered • Allowing rooster to live out natural during the 7 breeding years for each span of life. female bird. • Secondary impacts on native and Challenges: song bird populations. • Must capture rooster. • Not a practical solution for the • High labour cost. majority of sites. • Needs the services of a licensed veterinarian. Rendering eggs non-viable . • Rooster still crows and impacts the Eggs can be coated in paraffin oil or environment after being released. corn oil to suffocate the developing embryo inside, or they can be pierced Introduction of a pathogen or with a nail and addled. predator . This type of control was not considered due to the potentially long Useful for: term and unknown risks to Bermuda’s • Encouraging the hen to brood for the ecology. normal incubation period, thereby prohibiting her from laying additional 4.4. Team organization eggs.

Challenges: It has been determined that teams of 2 to 3 persons are most effective, • Time consuming. regardless of the means of control. • High labour cost. • Furthermore, in order to be successful Great difficulty in finding enough the teams must have transport. nests to make a discernible difference to the feral chicken population. 4.5. Technique Summary • Damage and nuisance is still caused by bird. Observations from the field trials:

• Trapping . The most successful traps used to control feral chickens

20 Bermuda Veterinarian Association, meeting discussion, 4 th September 2013

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in Bermuda are the Snap traps, 5.0. Implementation rather than the labour intensive Cage traps, for flocks of up to 4 Realizing the long term and open ended birds. However Cage traps are nature of the problem the plan useful for small numbers of birds in recommends a pragmatic control rural situations or farm fields. strategy with no finite date for

• eradication. Rather it sets a target to cull Shooting . The most versatile tool is 8,000 birds per year, which it is the air rifle for single or dispersed anticipated will reduce the problem to a birds. This type of firearm is both manageable level in 6 years while best quiet and accurate and any using the available resources. This management program must include number will be adjusted on an annual the use of an air rifle. The shot gun basis. is useful as it can to target multiple chickens with one shot. However it It is useful to restate the goal of the plan can only be used in certain situations and as such should be which is eradication within priority areas, considered as an ancillary method. coupled with population suppression to limit spread and reduce impacts in all • Chemical control . The most other areas, until such time as efficient tool to manage large flocks eradication is possible. of pre-baited birds is the sedative Alpha-chloralose. This plan This section outlines accepted recognizes the potential negative methodology, requirements for impacts that it has upon on non- personnel, equipment, and other target species; however this can be resources, anticipated budget and offset by controlled use of the priorities necessary to meet the goals chemical using the pesticide and objectives of the plan. guidance note (Appendix 1). 5.1. Authority • Netting, sterilization, restriction

and snatching were methods tested but found to have limited Plan approval effectiveness. Further sterilization The Plan is approved under Section 4 of using products such as Ovocontrol Protection of Birds Act 1975 by the were deemed to be impractical and Minister of the Environment after expensive but might find use in consultation with stakeholders listed specific situations. below and consideration by Cabinet.

In summary, the most efficient means to address most situations of feral chicken • The Board of Agriculture infestations is the combined use of • The National Parks Commission alpha-chloralose paste on bread and the • Bermuda Audubon Society air rifle to enable an efficient removal • Bermuda Farmers Association and retrieval rate. • Poultry Fanciers

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• Society for the Protection and Care 5.2. Management organization of Animals (SPCA) • Bermuda Feline Assistance Bureau The plan will be carried out by (BFAB) government staff with limited • participation of private landowners and Bermuda Veterinarian Association commercial pest control companies. • Bermuda National Trust In order to increase efficiency an inter- ministerial working group will be created Legislation comprising officers and non-government It is proposed to create or amend stakeholders to coordinate the program. legislation to make it illegal to allow This will be coordinated by the Director of Conservation Services. invasive species, including chickens to wander, be released, fed and or The primary team will be led by the supported in the wild. Furthermore, it is Wildlife Ecology team of the Department proposed to make it an offense to of Conservation Service using interfere with an officer in the course of department approved volunteers and their duty and/or to interfere with their specialist contractors as required. equipment. Until such time as this Assistance will be provided as required legislation is developed the Summary from the: Offenses Act (19) (i) and the Protection of Birds Act 1975 will be the legislative Ministry of Environment and tools used to manage this issue. Planning • Department of Environmental Notice and prosecution Protection In addressing a suspected infestation • Department of Parks the first course of action will be to investigate whether the subject chickens Ministry of the Public Works are indeed feral and not owned. • Waste Management • Bermuda Land Development Should they be owned, the landowner Company will be advised that it is an offense to • West End Development Company allow poultry to wander from his/her property and that they will be required to Ministry of Health coop the chickens within two weeks of • Department of Environmental Health official notice. Ministry of Tourism Development & If after that time the chickens have not Transport been cooped or restrained, the land • Department of Airport Operations owner will face prosecution under the /BAS Serco Summary Offenses Act 1926 . The • Golf courses landowner will be given the option of using a private contractor or the Ministry of Home Affairs government service, which is free of • charge, to remove the birds. Corporation of St Georges • Corporation of Hamilton

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• Bermuda Housing Corporation This on-line application will allow • Bermuda Housing Trust technical staff and members of the public to quickly detect new areas where Non-Government Organisations feral chicken populations have become • Bermuda National Trust established, as well as monitor areas • Bermuda Audubon Society already under management

Support can take several forms such as: Information to be captured will include GPS location (latitude and longitude), • personnel on a case by case basis. general site description, species • providing transport such as golf identification, estimated number carts or other internal transport. observed, site picture (wherever • informing staff of plans. possible), date and time of observation. • keeping facilities open after hours. • trapping. This, coupled with the web based incident reporting process, will create a • providing trapping data. robust early detection system. • on site direction. • providing security during operations. 5.4. Rapid response & incident reporting Advisory stakeholders Information meetings with selected Incident reporting and response stakeholders will be held to gain input All requests for assistance must be and address concerns as needed. submitted via the online form on the Department of Conservation Services’ 1. Bermuda Audubon Society website http://environment.bm/feral-bird- 2. Farmers Association control 3. Bermuda Poultry Fanciers 4. Society for the Protection and Care Information required includes address, of Animals parish, contact details, pest species, 5. Bermuda Feline Assistance Bureau estimated number in pre-established 6. Bermuda Veterinarian Association ranges, pets on the property and acknowledgement of the methodology 7. Bermuda National Trust used. Upon submittal of the form, the 5.3. Early detection date and time, as well as IP address of the sending computer are captured. An

automatic acknowledgement of receipt The Department will develop an internet is sent back to the submitter if an email based map reporting form pinpointing address has been supplied. sightings of not only this target species but eventually all invasive species. The The information from each form application will be hosted on the automatically populates an excel department’s website database which is used by technical (www.conservation.bm). staff to track work activities on each site.

The system also generates a work order

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and sends it automatically via email to • non-migratory and territorial staff. • restocked in the wild through local Requests can also be made in person at release and/or natural breeding the Department’s main office. • omnivorous and have no significant predators in Bermuda Department of Conservation Services • a pest and not protected under Shorelands, #17 North Shore Road legislation Flatts, Hamilton, FL03 • Only active during the day (T) 441-293-2727

Requests will be addressed by the date Understanding the many scenarios in received. which feral chickens can be found and the nature of these birds, no one single Field teams will record locations and control method has proven completely numbers culled on a monthly basis. This effective; rather a variety of methods will be consolidated into a single report must be employed. All of the methods and distributed to team members as well have been reviewed for effectiveness as the Bermuda Police Service to and will be employed to minimize any support firearms license requirements. element of cruelty. As such an Integrated Management Priority Strategy will be used based on the Priority will be given to the following general strategy outlined below. This areas due to commercial damage, strategy will be amended as necessary human health & safety or impact to to best manage each individual protected species and threatened situation. habitats:

• Agricultural fields • Ports of entry A. Primary methods • High density residential areas 1. Chemical – alpha chloralose paste • Nature reserves and parks • Health institutions and senior Situation - 5+ birds that have been pre- housing baited • Dairy farms Will be used under strictly controlled • Horse stables conditions and by authorized • Golf courses government employees, only as per the • Restaurants pest guidance notes for alpha- • Schools chlorolase (Appendix 1).

All other areas will be addressed as 2. Air rifle soon as possible. Situation 1-2 birds and/or dispersed wild populations 5.5. Control & management Will be used under strictly controlled The proposed management conditions and by authorized methodology recognizes that feral government employees. All proper chickens are: precautions will be taken with

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landowner’s permissions given and use. These will be signed out as police notified of action. needed. Shot Gun 3. Combined use of chemical control & Situation – 3-5 bird flocks in rural/open air rifle areas (e.g. parks, nature reserves and golf courses). It is recommended that the most effective combination of methods is the All proper precautions will be taken with use of alpha-chlorolase paste to reduce landowner’s permissions gained and chicken numbers and the air rifle to police notified of action. The use of the remove any residual individuals from an shot gun will be employed as a area. secondary method after all other methods have been deemed impractical B. Secondary methods for the situation.

The methods detailed below will be Air powered net launcher employed when necessary and in combination, depending on the specific Situation – 5+ birds in level and open situation. rural or private areas (e.g. farmer’s fields, gardens or parks). Traps All proper precautions will be taken with landowner’s permissions gained and Snap traps police notified of action. The use of the Situation – 1-4 birds that have been pre- air powered net launcher will be baited in areas where the approved employed as needed for large groups in chemical, cage trapping or shooting is situations where there is a possibility of problematic. (E.g. a small number in a high by-catch of non-target species. public space).

A snap trap could also be issued to Netting, restriction and snatching will each stakeholder group from the be used as and when needed. Department of Conservation Services.

That member will report back catch statistics on a monthly basis. 5.6. Disposal Cage traps Retrieved carcasses will be disposed of at no cost at the Tynes Bay Waste Situation – 5+ birds in rural or private Treatment facility. Carcasses will not be areas with limited public accessibility to buried. reduce vandalism (e.g. farmer’s fields).

Cage traps are a longer term solution 5.7. Hours of operation & fees than the above methods and require In order to encourage the public to daily supervision of each trap. support the management of feral birds Cage traps will be built and stored at the the government will provide a full Department of Conservation Services’ complement of service, as noted in storage facility at Cooper’s Island for Section 5.5. Control and Management, with no fee for service.

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This service will be provided, during 5.9. Research & risk normal business hours - Monday to assessment Friday 8:30am to 5pm excluding public holidays, unless otherwise approved. The plan will provide guidance on Users of the government service must research monitoring and assessment use the approved application system, tools. This will support statistically sound agree to the terms and conditions of the and repeatable standard techniques that service and on the understanding that can be applied to multiple habitats. the service is provided on a first come/first serve basis - unless in a noted priority area. 5.10. Education & outreach Education and outreach is vital to the Should members of the public require success of this plan especially with service outside of the above parameters gaining understanding of the public, the government will encourage the use of private pest control services to special interest groups, pet owners, as undertake management of feral birds, well as provide current information on using unlicensed methods, that do not the target species, impacts, methods of contravene the Care and Protection of and control. Animals Act 1975 e.g. trapping and traditional methods such as Snatching - Training. Mandatory training will be using humane euthanasia practices. given to all new employees including Members of the public who chose this techniques to catch, euthanize and service will be charged at market rates monitor the target species. directly by the contracted company. Public relations and education 5.8. Monitoring campaign. Press statements will be DCS will monitor its outputs against the released as needed to update the plan’s objectives and protocols in order public. to monitor effectiveness. All information will be placed on the Tracking and Mapping. DCS will Department of Conservation Services compile request sites and statistics into website http://environment.bm/feral-bird- a single database which in turn will be control linked to a GIS generated map. The map will be issued in conjunction with Signage will be develop and placed in the monthly report. feeding hot spots to advise the public not to feed feral chickens. Follow up visits. Sites will be revisited the day after any baiting has been used A handbook, pamphlet and poster will and monitored every two weeks for be developed to promote responsible residual populations or secondary chicken ownership; require persons populations that claim territory from the owning chickens to keep them cooped removed primary group. or otherwise controlled. These will be distributed to pet stores, stakeholders and will also be made available

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electronically on the Department of 5. Create an early detection web- Conservation Services’ website. based form to be hosted on http://environment.bm/feral-bird- In the interim, the Departments of control Environmental Protection and Environmental Health Department to 6. Amendment/creation of legislation give advice on care and welfare issues. to address release of and feeding of invasive species, including feral 5.11. Budget chickens. The plan will use existing government personnel, as well as registered 7. Public education campaign volunteers and contractors, to deliver promoting good ownership the program. practices, the damage invasive species do to Bermuda’s habitats The expected budget for the plan, and wildlife, fines etc. excluding costs associated with government staff is $30,000 per annum.

This operating budget will cover the fees for firearm licenses, security alarm costs, materials for traps, chemicals and contractor wages. This level of budget is accounted for in the forecasted operating budget of the Department of Conservation Services.

5.12. Action plan priorities Action items will be updated on a yearly basis:

1. Creation of working group expanding on the existing program.

2. Approval of recommended management methods, service request system, data tracking and mapping system.

3. Manufacture of cage traps by DCS. To be stored at the maintenance building at Cooper’s Island.

4. Supply approved traps to farmers/team members and the public.

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Information Sources Cannon-netting manual, Appleton, G.F. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, The Bermuda Islands: An account of U.K, undated. their Scenery, Climate, Productions, Physiography, Natural History and Bird trapping and bird banding: a Geology, with Sketches of Their handbook for trapping methods all over Discovery and Early history and the the world, Schemnitz, S.D., Cornell, Changes in Their Flora and Fauna due Ithaca, New York, USA. to Man, Verril, AE, 1902, Harvard University Useful Websites

Options for controlling peafowl ( Pavo http://medical- cristatus) in New Zealand, Envirolink dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/domesti Advice Grant HZLC81, Landcare cated+bird Research, March 2011. www.wildlifecontrolsupplies.com Virginia Invasive Species Management Plan, Virginia Invasive Species Council, http://www.thehuntinglife.com Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2005. References Lord Howe Island ducks abundance impacts and management options. A Foer, Jonathan Safran (2009). "Eating report to the World Heritage Unit. Lord Animals"Little, Brown and Company, Howe Island Board, Invasive Animals USA. Cooperative Research Centre, January 2008. Mr. Drew Pettit, Director, Department of Conservation Services Davenport, John et al, Bermuda- an Island Biodiversity Transported, Dr. Ian Walker, Principal Curator, Department of Conservation Services, Bermuda, Aquarium, Museum and Zoo 2009. Mr Jeremy Maderios, Principal Animal pest control- Environment topic, Terrestrial Conservation Officer Hawke’s Bay Regional Council, New Zealand, 2003. Mr. Tom Wadson, Wadson Farm, Lukes Pond, Southampton How humane are our pest control tools, Landcare Research, Ministry of Mr Shervon DeLeon, Chief Agriculture and Forestry, New Zealand, Microbiologist, Atlantis Mobile 2010. Laboratory, Study – Environmental sources of Salmonella G in Bermuda , A guide to cage trapping birds in 2013 premises to preserve public health or public safety, Guidance note, Natural England, 18 th December 2009.

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APPENDIX 1

ALPHA-CHLORALOSE PESTICIDE GUIDANCE NOTES

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Alpha-chloralose for Feral Chicken Control Pesticide Guidance Note 2012

1.0 Introduction (Tracey et al. 2007). As a result This product is to be used as part of an comatose birds can then be collected integrated pest management program to and humanely euthanized. Non-target species can be revived by placing them manage Bermuda’s feral chicken population ( Feral Chicken in a warm dark place for a few hours. Management Plan 2012). Alpha- Alpha-chloralose was developed in the 1940s by the USDA.APHIS Wildlife chloralose is to be used specifically in Research Centre in the United States, to urban situations where trapping has meet the need for an effective, safe, proven ineffective or air rifle use is not slow-acting toxicant to allow control of possible. bird pests including starlings and

blackbirds. Today it is used under This guidance noted includes a specialized license in the U.K and is one description of alpha-chloralose, pharmacology, toxicity, of the main control methods used in recommendations for safe preparation, New Zealand for nuisance bird control use and disposal. It describes its health since the 1950s. effects, first aid, treatment of non-target species, limited environmental Alpha-chloralose is a white crystalline powder, with melting point 187deg C concerns, and symptoms of poisoning. and low solubility in cold water. It may Observations have been included from be dissolved in hot water and is much trials conducted by the Department of more soluble in alcohol. It is converted Conservation Services (August 2012). by acids and alkalis into glucose and

chloral. Baits under trial include alpha- These notes are issued as guidance chloralose treated wheat supplied in 10 only. Always READ THE PRODUCT kg pails and alpha-chloralose paste in LABEL and comply with all handling 500g tubes. Active Ingredient: 10% instructions before using, and alpha-chloralose powder. understand symptoms of poisoning and the recommended first aid treatment. 1.2. Pharmacology - How does it 1.1. What Is Alpha-chloralose? work? Alpha-chloralose is classified as a Following ingestion alpha-chloralose is soporific or narcotic that metabolised in the body to chloral, anaesthetizes/immobilizes birds rather which in turn is largely converted to trichloroethanol. The latter compound is than as a lethal poison. It typically does a CNS depressant, which combines with not kill but acts on the central nervous glucouronic acid in the liver to form a system, depressing central nervous pharmacologically inactive urochloralic activity, slowing heart and respiration acid. This derivative is readily excreted rates and eliminating the sense of pain. in urine. (Segec et al. 2006). It is generally considered the most humane of the available avicides

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Studies of the effects of alpha- Comparative values of alpha-chloralose chloralose on birds report alpha- in a range of species (Krieger 2001). chloralose-induced sedation did not appear to cause stress. Untreated birds Acute oral LD50 for rats 400mg/kg, mice showed no negative response to birds in 32 mg/kg, cats 100 mg/kg, dogs 600 to the same cage undergoing alpha- 1000 mg/kg (Cornwell 1969). The chloralose-induced sedation’ compound is often more toxic to birds (Woronecki et al. 1990). Affected birds than most mammals. Oral LD50 for in this study displayed torticollis (lateral starling 75 mg/kg, pigeon 178 mg/ kg, flexion contracture of the cervical spine house sparrow 42 mg/kg, chicken 42 musculature so that the head is tilted to mg/ kg, mourning dove 42 mg/kg one side), fluid in the oral cavity, (Schafer 1972). respiratory irregularities and shivering. Tonic convulsions such as those Fatal secondary poisoning as a result of induced by strychnine poisoning were eating a bird that has ingested alpha- not observed, but convulsion-like was chloralose should be considered, behavior observed when birds in mid- to however it is highly unlikely for domestic deep sedation were disturbed or startled animals to receive a fatal dose in this by other affected birds staggering in manner, as the quantity consumed is near proximity (Woronecki et al. 1990). too small. The latter observation is suggestive of hypersensitivity, and was also reported It is probable that hypothermia always with alpha-chloralose use on gulls accompanies anesthesia with alpha- (Woronecki et al. 1990). chloralose in all species of animals. The deeper the level of anesthesia the The main advantage of alpha-chlorolase greater the fall in body temperature. is that is does not induce pain and This explains why lethal toxicity is more therefore panic in the birds as some likely when ambient temperature is other avicides do. It has selective oral below 15 deg celsuis (59 Fahrenheit). toxicity to birds, with mammals This temperature range is limited in apparently less susceptible. Bermuda to only the coldest winter months. However it is noted that the Typically, active concentrations of 2–2.5 optimum time to use Alpha-chloralose is percent alpha-chloralose in cold during the cooler months of the year. climates is suitable to stupefy birds that ingest it, allowing them to be collected 1.3. Effects of alpha-chlorolase and either recovered and released, or Symptoms of narcosis in birds proceed killed humanely. Concentrations in bait through the following stages greater than 6 percent are necessary in (Department of Conservation Services warmer climates presumably due to the trials 2012) limited effects of alpha-chloralose on a) After ingestion normal activity will thermoregulation. Due to weight of feral continue (1-15 minutes). chickens 10% concentration will be used b) Some reduced activity and for effect and appropriate precautions affected birds will begin to will be taken to minimize by catch of stagger ‘drunkenly’ but still be non-target species. interested in bait. Eyes remain

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open and affected birds cannot feed for up to 10 days where chickens readily be captured (15-25 are naive to hand feeding. If using grain minutes). baits, lay in bait trays or on smooth c) Affected birds still interested in surfaces (this allows for the recovery of bait but stand with difficulty or in any uneaten bait). Observe birds a hunched position with eyes feeding to ensure that the target species closed or flickering. They will not (rather than non-target species) are move if approached quietly but eating the bait. will elude capture if disturbed. (25-35 minutes). Always lay baits at the same time each d) Affected birds become recumbent day and wear similar coloured clothing. with head drooping and eyes closed. They remain still, apart Approach and depart from the operation from occasional wing and tail area in the same direction each day and flapping, but will move when avoid any unnecessary disturbance of touched or handled. Birds can be the operation area. captured with a hand net (35-45 minutes). Prior to laying alpha-chloralose bait e) Affected birds remain motionless ensure that all pre-feed bait has been even when touched and may die eaten or removed. from hypothermia if left undisturbed (45+ minutes). The day before you use it, half the pre- feed to ensure that no un-eaten non- 2.0. General procedure toxic bait is left and that the birds will be The following lays out the general steps hungry and readily eat the treated bait. for successful application: 1. Pre-baiting 2.2. Preparation of bait 2. Preparation of bait Pre- Treated Pest Off Wheat 3. Laying of bait Use pre-treated pest off wheat as per 4. Euthanasia & collection of manufacturer’s instructions. Generally carcasses and bait keep wheat in sealed container until 5. Disposal and decontamination immediate use. 6. Monitoring Keep all body parts covered, in 2.1. Pre-baiting (feeding) particular use surgical plastic gloves at The key to success for toxic feed is feed all times, and pour into plastic acceptance. Pre-feeding with untreated dish/plate. feed before using treated feed is essential. This may take a few days or Pest Off Paste on bread bait as long as two to three weeks for some Note chickens have limited ability to bite individuals. Any change in routine will be or chew off pieces of food, and rely on noticed by the birds, adversely affecting side to side shaking of their head and the result. beak to break up bread pieces that are too large to swallow whole. Pre-feeding for 3-5 days will usually be sufficient, but it may be necessary to

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Select thinly sliced white sandwich bread at least one day old but not too All alpha-chloralose and treated feed stale. Before applying the paste, should be safely stored in a dry locked massage the tube well to mix the bait container and be clearly labeled. thoroughly. Spread the paste onto each piece of bread 1mm thick, like butter 2.3. Laying of bait and make into sandwiches. Flatten Baits can be laid at any time during the “sandwich” to reduce thickness using day, however early morning and dusk heal of hand. Cut each “sandwich” in are the most active periods for feral about 10mm squares to give about 25 chickens. small baits. For maximum control, more than one If the baits are larger, they may not day’s baiting will be necessary, but allow swallow them easily. at least two days between successive baitings. To increase the amount of alpha- chloralose paste on bread, warm it in a Baiting should continue for 1 to 2 days microwave after applying the first layer for best results. of paste (clean your microwave thoroughly afterwards). This will melt the Alpha-chloralose works quickly. Hand paste into the bread allowing another feed or lay treated bait out when you layer of paste to be applied. can be sure that the birds will not be disturbed for at least 30 minutes. Ideally Health and Safety precautions allow 30-40 minutes to pass before All persons handling alpha-chloralose in entering the area again, by then the pure form or as a treated feed must use birds should have had enough and will all the protective clothing and equipment be asleep. listed in the material safety data sheet. All product must be handled in a well For treated bread bait best results are ventilated area, using a fume hood obtained by throwing bait piece by piece where possible. Avoid contact with skin to single feral chickens. Bait in the open and eyes. When preparing treated feed where possible to make it easier to wear long pants, long sleeves (or retrieve target birds. Field trials show 4- equivalent coveralls) a washable hat, 5 pieces of bait for each bird are elbow-length PVC gloves, effective eye effective for full sedation. protection and a respirator fitted with dust particle cartridge. Place prepared For treated feed lay at the same time of bait in a sealed tupperware container. day as the untreated feed was being put out. Feed should be placed in protected Place all unused materials in separate areas where wind will not blow it away, tupperware containers including bread, and where remains may be collected up cutting board & knife and paste. and removed. Feed should be spread in After use and before eating, drinking or several bands rather than a single heap, smoking, wash hands, arms and face to maximise the number of birds feeding thoroughly with soap and water. After at one time. each day’s use, wash clothing, gloves and safety equipment. Precautions to follow:

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• Prior to the operation warn anyone After the treated feed has been placed, who has access to the area not to watch the area from an appropriate touch bait or carcasses. Gain location in a calm manner. Note number permission, name and contact of chickens feeding and the direction details from the land owner. Ensure that any wander too. that all pets are restrained or housed, as they are attracted to To ensure success collect comatose flapping (semi-comatose) birds and birds with a hand net at 40 minute to 1 will scare other birds from the bait hour intervals. This can be done area. Ideally the general public carefully during the operation without should be excluded from the panicking the target birds. Birds will operation area and close surrounds. remain comatose for 2-3 hours. • Never leave bait unattended. Maintain supervision while feed • Ensure that no birds are removed for placement is underway, monitoring human or animal consumption. any non-target birds or animals • Ensure that there is no interference taking the feed and following up on from other people or dogs. their fate. • Do not drop treated feed in water or 2.5. Disposal & Decontamination allow it to fall into water. All carcasses are to be disposed of at • Do not place treated feed if the Tynes Bay incinerator to limit significant numbers of non-target secondary poisoning. Once all birds species are present and likely to take have been destroyed or revived, all feed. surplus bait must be collected, stored for • If possible place the treated feed on immediate re-use or incinerated. days when no rain is expected and the temperature low. Make a final search for affected birds 45 minutes after all alpha-chloralose bait 2.4. Euthanasia & collection of has been picked up. carcasses and bait All chickens must be quickly and After use all chemicals and/or treated humanely euthanized by cervical bait to be placed in an approved dislocation or use of a CO2 chamber. chemical storage. Bodies must be placed immediately in a heavy duty trash bag. 2.6. Monitoring Reintroductions of chickens are likely to It is unknown what diseases chickens occur. As such monitoring will be might carry or transmit so as a required, even if eradication of the precaution staff collecting and disposing resident population is successful. of narcotized chickens must wear appropriate equipment such as Continued monitoring and a combination coveralls, rubber gloves and dust mask. of shooting and targeted poisoning All equipment should be thoroughly using alpha-chloralose is recommended washed after the operation. to remove the last individuals. Allow at least two days between successive placements of treated feed.

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• Skin: avoid contact with skin 3.0. Environmental concerns • Inhaled: harmful if inhaled, use a Alpha-chloralose is very stable in respirator. sunlight and treated feed can remain toxic for several weeks. Treated feed left 5.1. First aid out may dry and harden and appear If poisoning occurs call 911 immediately unpalatable to birds, but will readily re- and get to a doctor or hospital quickly. soften when exposed to dew or light rainfall. If swallowed: induce vomiting if patient is conscious. As mentioned it is important to carefully collect all uneaten treated feed and Eye: immediately flush with plenty of dispose of it properly. Uneaten treated water for 15 minutes. feed should be collected in a sealed plastic bag and burned at the Tynes Bay Skin: wash skin thoroughly with soap Incinerator. and water. If inhaled: remove to fresh air. If not 4.0. Treatment for non-target animals breathing give artificial respiration. If If bait is consumed by non-target breathing is difficult give oxygen. animals the following treatments are recommended to maximise the chance References of a full recovery. As the hypothermic Cornwell, P.B. (1969). Alphakil – a new action of the drug contributes to its rodenticide for mouse control. toxicity, sufficient warmth should be Pharmaceutical Journal 202, 74-75. applied to keep the animal close to normal temperature level (25 - 28 deg Hawke’s Bay Regional Council, Animal C). Pest, Alpha-chloralose for bird control, Environmental Topics. The animal should be gently restrained in a towel to prevent self-injury. Place Krieger R ed, 2001. Handbook of the animal in a well-padded cage or box pesticide toxicology . 2 nd Ed San Diego. and placed in a warm dark and quiet CA, USA, Academic Press, 1908p. place. Affected animals will need to be kept Nelson PC 1994. Bird control in New under the above conditions until fully Zealand using alpha-chlorolase and recovered and released. DRC1339 , Vertebrate Pest Conference 16 Pp 259-264. Alpha-chlorolase should only be use on feral chickens and not purposefully used Schafer, E.W (1972) The acute oral to target other pest species such as toxicity of 369 pesticide, pharmaceutical feral pigeons without further study. and other chemicals to wild birds. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 5.0. Human Health effects 21, 315-330. • Swallowed: poisonous if swallowed Segac, G, Yas-Natan E, Shloserg A, • Eye: avoid contact with eyes Aroch I 2006. Alpha-chlorolase

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poisoning in dogs and cats. A retrospective study of 33 canine and 13 feline confirmed cases. The Veterinary Journal 172:109-113.

Tracey, J.P. Woods, R. Roshier, D, West, P and Saunders G (2004). The role of wild birds in the transmission of avian influenza for Australia; an ecological perspective , pp109-124.

Woronecki, P.P. Dolbeer, R.A and Seamans, T.W. 1990. Use of alpha- chlorolase to remove waterfowl from nuisance and damage situations . In ‘proceedings of the 14 th Vertebrate Pest Conference’ pp 343-349.

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