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Newborn Metabolic Profile Associated with Hyperbilirubinemia with and Without Kernicterus Citation: Clin Transl Sci (2019) 12, 28–38; doi:10.1111/cts.12590 ARTICLE Newborn Metabolic Profile Associated with Hyperbilirubinemia With and Without Kernicterus Molly E. McCarthy1,2,*, Scott P. Oltman3, Rebecca J. Baer4,5, Kelli K. Ryckman6, Elizabeth E. Rogers7, Martina A. Steurer-Muller8, John S. Witte9 and Laura L. Jelliffe-Pawlowski10 Our objective was to assess the relationship between hyperbilirubinemia with and without kernicterus and metabolic profile at newborn screening. Included were 1,693,658 infants divided into a training or testing subset in a ratio of 3:1. Forty- two metabolites were analyzed using logistic regression (odds ratios (ORs), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), 95% confidence intervals (CIs)). Several metabolite patterns remained consistent across gestational age groups for hyperbilirubinemia without kernicterus. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and C- 18:2 were decreased, whereas tyrosine and C- 3 were increased in infants across groupings. Increased C- 3 was also observed for kernicterus (OR: 3.17; 95% CI: 1.18–8.53). Thirty- one metabolites were associated with hyperbilirubinemia without kernicterus in the training set. Phenylalanine (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.85–1.97), ornithine (OR: 0.76; 95% 0.74–0.77), and isoleucine + leucine (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.61–0.65) were the most strongly associated. This study showed that newborn metabolic function is associated with hyper- bilirubinemia with and without kernicterus. Study Highlights WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC? WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE? ✔ A variety of neonatal and maternal characteristics are ✔ Forty-one infant metabolites collected at newborn known to be associated with increased risk of hyperbili- screening were shown to be associated with neonatal hy- rubinemia. Hyperbilirubinemia is known to be associated perbilirubinemia with and without kernicterus. with several metabolic disorders. HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS? PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE? ✔ This study sought to address whether newborn meta- ✔ Metabolic profile may, therefore, be important to con- bolic profile is associated with hyperbilirubinemia with and sider when investigating etiology and risk and in identifying without kernicterus. new targets for treatment. Hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) is one of the most common and treatment have led to dramatic decreases in kernicterus conditions in the first weeks of life, occurring in 60% of term rates in the United States and other industrialized nations,4 infants and 80% of preterm infants.1 Although some degree but the global burden is far from eliminated. More than of hyperbilirubinemia is often benign in newborns, signif- 481,000 term or near-term babies develop severe hyperbili- icant unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia may have adverse rubinemia worldwide and 114,000 succumb to it each year, consequences. Unconjugated bilirubin is difficult to excrete with 75% of cases occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa and and can be neurotoxic at high levels.2 Southeast Asia.4 Severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can damage the It is well established that preterm infants are more likely basal ganglia and deep grey nuclei, resulting in chronic bili- to develop hyperbilirubinemia due to an immature gastroin- rubin encephalopathy (also called “kernicterus”) and some- testinal tract and hepatic conjugating system.2,5 Preterm in- times death.2,3 Advances in hyperbilirubinemia screening fants are also more susceptible to bilirubin toxicity because 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Global Health Sciences and the Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; 2Department of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; 4California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; 5Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA; 6Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; 7Department of Pediatrics and the California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; 8Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pediatrics and the California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; 9Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; 10Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. *Correspondence: Molly E. McCarthy ([email protected]) Received: 25 July 2018; accepted: 14 September 2018; published online on: 28 October 2018. doi:10.1111/cts.12590 Newborn m metabolites lked to hyperbilirubinemia McCarthy et al. 29 of an immature blood brain barrier and clinical instability.6–8 education, MediCal (California’s insurance for low- income Phototherapy is an effective treatment for hyperbilirubin- persons – a proxy for socioeconomic status), hypertension, emia, and guidelines for phototherapy in preterm infants are diabetes, obesity, infection during pregnancy, and smoking based on total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels.2–5,9,10 However, during pregnancy were analyzed along with metabolites to the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy is not directly associated determine their association with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia with TSB levels; kernicterus can occur in premature infants with and without kernicterus (Table 1). Characteristics and with only modestly elevated TSB levels.5 metabolites were chosen based on known or suspected as- In addition to gestational age, there are several other sociations with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. known clinical risk factors, including Asian race, previous Amino acids and carnitines were measured using stan- sibling with hyperbilirubinemia, and exclusive breastfeed- dardized mass spectrometry. Fluorometric enzyme assay ing.2,9 However, predicting who will eventually develop sig- was used to measure galactose-1- phosphate uridyl trans- nificant hyperbilirubinemia remains difficult.11 A number of ferase and high- performance liquid chromatography was investigators have explored creation of screening tools that used to measure thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and utilize characteristics to identify high- risk infants. Existing 17- hydroxyprogesterone.17 All metabolites were measured predictive models are based upon characteristics, such as in units of μmol/L (see Table 2 for a complete list of metab- TSB levels, mode of delivery, gestational age (GA), and body olites measured and included in analyses). mass loss.12–14 Derangements of the metabolism are known to be a major Statistical analyses cause of decreased bilirubin clearance.2 As such, we sus- All metabolites underwent natural log transformation prior pect that metabolic function itself may be associated with to analysis to minimize skewness and the influence of out- hyperbilirubinemia. liers, and were treated as continuous variables. We per- 2 Here, we explore whether 42 metabolites collected as formed χ comparisons, Student’s t tests, and univariate part of routine newborn screening (NBS) in California are as- logistic regression to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% sociated with hyperbilirubinemia occurring with and without confidence intervals (CIs) comparing infant/maternal char- kernicterus and whether patterns may aid in identification acteristics and metabolic markers in cases and controls. of infants at increased risk of hyperbilirubinemia and new All tests were two- sided and the threshold for significance targets for treatment. was set at a Bonferroni- corrected P value of P = 0.0012 (0.05/42). Backward stepwise multivariable logistic regres- METHODS sion was used to determine which variables were associ- ated with hyperbilirubinemia with and without kernicterus We performed a population- based retrospective cohort after adjustment for other factors. For hyperbilirubinemia analysis utilizing data collected by the California Office of without kernicterus modeling, all characteristics and me- Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) for tabolites that met Bonferroni significance in the univariate California livebirths between 2007 and 2011. The OSHPD tests were considered for inclusion and removed from the database contains information about infant and maternal model at P > 0.05. Given small sample size, for infants characteristics, and was combined with NBS data using with kernicterus, variables were considered for inclusion date of birth, hospital of birth, birth weight, and birth time at P < 0.10 and removed from the model at P > 0.05. Due to obtain metabolic marker information. The California to the well- documented tendency of feeding type and age Department of Public Health screens all newborn infants at NBS to influence metabolite levels,18,19 we adjusted for for inborn metabolic diseases by measuring markers in a these factors in all models. Multicollinearity among predic- heel- stick blood spot taken between 12 hours and 8 days tors was assessed using variance inflation factors (VIFs). after birth.15 Logistic regression was performed in various different After linkage with OSHPD data, there were 1,826,145 in- subpopulations.
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