DOCSLIB.ORG

Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Production and Marketing Edited by Lemenih Mulugeta and Habtemariam Kassa of Gums and Resins in Ethiopia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Production and Marketing Edited by Lemenih Mulugeta and Habtemariam Kassa of Gums and Resins in Ethiopia Opportunities and challenges for sustainable production and marketing of gums and resins in Ethiopia Opportunities and challenges for sustainable production marketing Opportunities and challenges for sustainable production and marketing Edited by Mulugeta Lemenih and Habtemariam Kassa and Habtemariam Mulugeta Lemenih by Edited of gums and resins in Ethiopia Editors Mulugeta Lemenih Habtemariam Kassa Opportunities and challenges for sustainable production and marketing of gums and resins in Ethiopia Editors Mulugeta Lemenih Habtemariam Kassa © 2011 Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved ISBN 978-602-8693-57-8 Lemenih, M. and Kassa, H. (eds) 2011 Opportunities and challenges for sustainable production and marketing of gums and resins in Ethiopia. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia Photographs by Mulugeta Lemenih or Habtemariam Kassa, unless otherwise indicated. CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] www.cifor.cgiar.org Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the authors’ institutions or the financial sponsors of this publication. Contents Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements vii Foreword viii 1 Challenges and forest-based opportunities in the drylands of Ethiopia 1 1.1 Drylands of Ethiopia 1 1.2 Challenges facing the drylands of Ethiopia 2 1.3 Opportunities for forest-based enterprises 4 1.4 Dryland vegetation resources of Ethiopia 6 2 Resource base of gums and resins and challenges of productivity 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Gum- and resin-producing species and their spatial coverage 13 2.3 Yield and productivity 24 2.4 Economic and ecological significance 27 2.5 Degradation of gum and resin resources and major causes 33 2.6 Options for restoration 40 3 Production, handling and quality control 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 History of gum and resin production in Ethiopia 47 3.3 Production processes and gum handling 48 3.4 Post-harvest handling 55 3.5 Quality of gums and resins 56 3.6 Quality control 63 3.7 Challenges related to production and supply 64 4 Value-added processing and marketing of gums and resins 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Industrial application and local use of gums and resins 70 4.3 Value-added processing and implications 74 4.4 Advantages of value-added processing 75 4.5 Trade and marketing of gums and resins 79 4.6 Marketing chain 81 5 Challenges, opportunities and actions for sustainable gum and resin production 87 5.1 Challenges and opportunities 87 5.2 Future actions 91 List of tables and figures Tables 1.1 Estimated extent of drylands in Ethiopia 1 2.1 Common and potential gums and resins producing Acacia, Commiphora 14 and Boswellia species found in the drylands of Ethiopia 2.2 Estimated extent of area containing vegetation with gum- and resin- 16 producing species in Ethiopia by regional state 2.3 Commercial gums and resins with botanical sources and local 16 designations 2.4 Gum- and incense-producing tree species found in the Borana area 22 2.5 Estimated potential and annual production of gum and incense in 25 Ethiopia 2.6 Natural gums (gum olibanum, gum arabic, myrrh/opoponax) exported 25 from Ethiopia by various enterprises during the past 15 years 2.7 Comparison of actual and potential gum and resin production in 26 Ethiopia, based on figures for 2003/04 2.8 Local uses of gums and resins and their source species in lowland areas 30 of Ethiopia 3.1 Grades of gum olibanum (Tigray type) 55 3.2 Data on the physico-chemical properties of gum arabic from A. senegal 58 from the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia 3.3 Assessment of gum arabic from Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia against 59 international specifications and gums from other sources 3.4 Composition (%) of the essential oils of different grades (G-1A to G-5) of 62 frankincense from B. papyrifera 4.1 Major world and African exporters of gum arabic in 2005 76 4.2 Major world and African exporters of gums and resins other than gum 77 arabic in 2005 4.3 Natural gum and resin exports from Ethiopia by destination in 2005/06 78 Ethiopian Fiscal Year 4.4 Global imports of gum arabic and other gums and resins (‘natural 80 gums’) in 2006 4.5 Minimum, maximum and average selling prices (Birr/quintal) of 80 different products by main players Figures 1.1 Examples of dry afromontane forests in Ethiopia 7 1.2 Combretum–Terminalia (broad-leaved deciduous) woodlands dominated 7 by B. papyrifera species (a) during the rainy season and (b) during the dry season in the western lowlands of Ethiopia (Metema) 1.3 Acacia–Commiphora (small-leaved deciduous) dryland forest dominated 8 by Commiphora and Boswellia species in the southeastern and northeastern parts of Ethiopia 1.4 Semi-desert vegetation with scattered Commiphora and other species in 10 northeastern Ethiopia (Afar) 2.1 Some of the gum- and incense-producing species in the woodlands 15 of Ethiopia 2.2 (a) White Tigray type incense of various grades obtained from 17 B. papyrifera, and (b) black Borana incense obtained from B. neglecta 2.3 (a) True myrrh from C. myrrha and (b) opoponax from C. guidotti species 18 2.4 (a) Gum arabic from A. senegal var. senegal and (b) var. kerensis 19 2.5 Population structure of A. senegal at 2 contrasting sites in Central Rift 21 Valley of Ethiopia: (a) protected and (b) farmland 2.6 Population structure of B. papyrifera species in Metema, Ethiopia: 21 (a) during the rainy season and (b) during the dry season 2.7 Diameter class distribution of 3 gum- and resin-producing species in 23 Borana showing impacts of human disturbances on population structure 2.8 Women sorting and grading gums and resins 28 2.9 Population structure of B. papyrifera in Metema district, northwestern 33 Ethiopia (The predicted curve was derived using the Weibull distribution function) 2.10 Settlement parcels and agricultural fields in the midst of Boswellia forest 35 in Metema district 2.11 Change in land cover/land use over a 15-year period (percentage) 36 2.12 High livestock populations in the dryland forests of (a) Metema and (b) 37 Borana lowlands, resulting in overgrazing 2.13 Dry forests of Metema district damaged by fire 38 2.14 Signs of damage from improper tapping 39 2.15 Vegetative propagation of B. papyrifera (top) and planted stand of 41 A. senegal (bottom) 3.1 Historical development of commercial gum and resin production 48 in Ethiopia 3.2 (a) Two of the most commonly used tapping tools (mingaf and sonke) 49 and (b) tapping an incense tree 3.3 Solidifying tear of frankincense after artificial wounding of B. papyrifera 49 3.4 Tapping of B. papyrifera after 1 year (left), 2 years (centre) and more than 50 2 years (right) 3.5 Picking of incense tears from stems after maturity and collection vessels 50 used in the north 3.6 (a) Naturally oozing gum of A. senegal and (b) incense from B. neglecta 51 3.7 (a) Children collecting gum and incense and (b) collection vessel 53 3.8 Evolution of gum and resin exploitation systems in 3 sites in Ethiopia 54 3.9 Shades constructed for incense seasoning at or near production sites 55 3.10 (a) Commonly used collection vessels and (b) transportation sacks 63 Abbreviations ADA Austrian Development Agency ASAL Arid and semi-arid land masl Metres above sea level BP British Pharmacopoeia CBC Convention on Biodiversity Conservation CCD Convention to Combat Desertification CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CRV Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia DBH Diameter at breast height EC Ethiopian calendar EFAP Ethiopian Forestry Action Program EFY Ethiopian fiscal year (from 7 July to 6 July) EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FRC Forest Research Centre IP International Pharmacopeia IPCC Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change JECFA Joint Expert Committee for Food Additives MOARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development NCSS National Conservation Strategy Secretariat NGARA Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa NGO Nongovernmental organisation NGPME Natural Gum Processing and Marketing Enterprise NTFP Non-timber forest product P Precipitation PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty PET Potential evapotranspiration TLU Tropical livestock units UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States dollar USP United States Pharmacopeia WHO World Health Organization Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) for financing CIFOR’s dry forest project in Ethiopia (2007-2009), which led to the compilation of an earlier version of this publication. We gratefully acknowledge the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) for financing CIFOR’s ongoing community forestry project in Ethiopia. ADA’s support has enabled us to revise, edit, print and distribute this publication to users. Thanks are also due to all those who contributed as authors. Unless indicated otherwise, all photographs were contributed by the editors. Foreword Ethiopia has widely differing agro-ecological zones, commonly classified into highlands – areas above 1500 metres above sea level – and lowlands, those below. Arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), a class of drylands, are important in both the highlands and the lowlands of Ethiopia. These areas are poverty- stricken and largely food insecure, despite being endowed with resources that could provide alternative and sustainable livelihoods if they were properly exploited and developed. Vegetation in Ethiopia’s ASALs includes diverse plant species that produce commercially important oleo-gum resins such as gum arabic, frankincense, myrrh and opoponax. These products have been traded both locally and internationally for centuries and make a significant contribution to the national and local economies.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Flora of Chad: a Checklist and Brief Analysis 1 Doi: 10.3897/Phytokeys.23.4752 Research Article Launched to Accelerate Biodiversity Research
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 23: 1–17 (2013) The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.phytokeys.com Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis Giuseppe Brundu1, Ignazio Camarda1 1 Department of Science for Nature and Environmental Resources (DIPNET), University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy Corresponding author: Giuseppe Brundu ([email protected]) Academic editor: Sandra Knapp | Received 23 January 2013 | Accepted 9 May 2013 | Published 13 May 2013 Citation: Brundu G, Camarda I (2013) The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1–17. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752 Abstract A checklist of the flora of Chad has been compiled by the authors, based on literature, on-line data-bases, herbarium collections and land surveys (1998-2011). It counts 2,460 records, i.e. 2,288 species (including 128 autonyms), 83 subspecies, 81 varieties, 8 forms, while all the previous available information reported 1,600 species. They belong to 151 Families, with 48.7% of the taxa belonging to the 6 largest families, i.e. Poaceae (14.6%), Fabaceae (13.6%), Cyperaceae (7.0%), Asteraceae (6.2 %), Malvaceae (3.9%) and Rubiaceae (3.4%). A total number or 2,173 species (88.3%) are native to Chad, including 55 (2.2%) endemic species, while 274 (11.0%) are alien to Chad, and 13 (0.5%) are considered cryptogenic, i.e. of uncertain status. It represents a considerable update on previous knowledge on the alien flora of Chad that counted for 131 taxa (5.3%).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Common Name Scientific Name Description of Plant Picture of Plant
    Plant common name Description of Plant Picture of Plant Scientific name Strangler Fig The Strangler Fig begins life as a small vine-like plant Ficus thonningii that climbs the nearest large tree and then thickens, produces a branching set of buttressing aerial roots, and strangles its host tree. An easy way to tell the difference between Strangle Figs and other common figs is that the bottom half of the Strangler is gnarled and twisted where it used to be attached to its host, the upper half smooth. A common tree on kopjes and along rivers in Serengeti; two massive Fig trees near Serengeti; the "Tree Where Man was Born" in southern Loliondo, and the "Ancestor Tree" near Endulin, in Ngorongoro are significant for the local Maasai peoples. Wild Date Palm Palms are monocotyledons, the veins in their leaves Phoenix reclinata are parallel and unbranched, and are thus relatives of grasses, lilies, bananas and orchids. The wild Date Palm is the most common of the native palm trees, occurring along rivers and in swamps. The fruits are edible, though horrible tasting, while the thick, sugary sap is made into Palm wine. The tree offers a pleasant, softly rustling, fragrant-smelling shade; the sort of shade you will need to rest in if you try the wine. Candelabra The Candelabra tree is a common tree in the western Euphorbia and Northern parts of Serengeti. Like all Euphorbias, Euphorbia the Candelabra breaks easily and is full of white, candelabrum extremely toxic latex. One drop of this latex can blind or burn the skin.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Myrrh Combat COVID-19?
    IBEROAMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 03 (2020) 223-229 Journal homepage: www.iberoamericanjm.tk Review Can Myrrh Combat COVID-19? Najat Alyafeia,* aHead of Oral Public Health Operations, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper reviews the therapeutic effects of Commiphora myrrh in different Received 25 April 2020 diseases. It is organized by sub-themed sections: nature and history of myrrh, its Received in revised form 08 May use in different cultures, its chemical action, and effect on virus or/and 2020 bacteria, benefits of its utilization for respiratory problems and oral diseases. Accepted 15 May 2020 A literature research for the Myrrh or C. myrrh was performed using Cochrane Library databases and Medline. Forty two papers, including abstracts and full Keywords: articles published from 2007 to 2020, in the area of interest were reviewed. It was Myrrh found that Myrrh or C. myrrh is one of the medicinal plants believed to have COVID-19 therapeutic effects in various diseases. It has medicinal properties, such as Oral Health immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, Qatar hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, and analgesic activities. Besides, Myrrh Mouthwash has also shown to have antiviral properties that help in preventing different Chemistry types of viral diseases. It noticed in the State of Qatar, sales of herbs and Myrrh Gargle has escalade since the surgency of COVID-19 cases, so is there a belief in Myrrh's effectiveness to be used during COVID-19? Studying the effectiveness of Myrrh mouthwashes to combat COVID-19 can emerge as a promising avenue in the field of research.
    [Show full text]
  • Cop18 Doc. 66
    Original language: English CoP18 Doc. 66 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Eighteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Colombo (Sri Lanka), 23 May – 3 June 2019 Species specific matters TRADE IN BOSWELLIA SPP. (BURSERACEAE) 1. This document has been submitted by Sri Lanka and the United States of America.* Overview 2. The genus Boswellia is the source of the aromatic resin known as frankincense, a semi-solid, yellow-brown substance derived from the gummy sap of the tree. Also known as olibanum, this resin and resin-derived essential oils and alcohol extracts are widely traded internationally and are incorporated into a variety of healthcare, home care, aromatherapy, cosmetics and toiletries, and dietary supplement products. Bark, extracts of bark, wood products, and live plants of these species may also be traded internationally. Boswellia species provide economic and ecological benefits across their range. However, there is growing concern that increasing demand and unregulated international trade of this high value commodity might threaten the survival of these species. This document provides background information to serve as a background and seek input from Parties and insights from the Plants Committee for further information gathering, review, and discussion to better understand the impact of international trade on these species. The species and their status 3. Boswellia species are the sole source of frankincense, also known as olibanum (Coppen 1995; Hassan Alaamri 2012). The genus includes includes about 18 small to medium tree species that are native to the arid tropical regions of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Boswellia Sacra, a Resin-Producing Plant in Oman
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The First Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Boswellia sacra, a Resin-Producing Plant in Oman Abdul Latif Khan1, Ahmed Al-Harrasi1*, Sajjad Asaf2, Chang Eon Park2, Gun-Seok Park2, Abdur Rahim Khan2, In-Jung Lee2, Ahmed Al-Rawahi1, Jae-Ho Shin2* 1 UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman, 2 School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea a1111111111 * [email protected] (AAH); [email protected] (JHS) a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 Boswellia sacra (Burseraceae), a keystone endemic species, is famous for the production of fragrant oleo-gum resin. However, the genetic make-up especially the genomic informa- tion about chloroplast is still unknown. Here, we described for the first time the chloroplast OPEN ACCESS (cp) genome of B. sacra. The complete cp sequence revealed a circular genome of 160,543 Citation: Khan AL, Al-Harrasi A, Asaf S, Park CE, bp size with 37.61% GC content. The cp genome is a typical quadripartite chloroplast struc- Park G-S, Khan AR, et al. (2017) The First ture with inverted repeats (IRs 26,763 bp) separated by small single copy (SSC; 18,962 bp) Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Boswellia sacra, and large single copy (LSC; 88,055 bp) regions. De novo assembly and annotation showed a Resin-Producing Plant in Oman. PLoS ONE 12 the presence of 114 unique genes with 83 protein-coding regions. The phylogenetic analysis (1): e0169794. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169794 revealed that the B. sacra cp genome is closely related to the cp genome of Azadirachta Editor: Xiu-Qing Li, Agriculture and Agri-Food indica and Citrus sinensis, while most of the syntenic differences were found in the non-cod- Canada, CANADA ing regions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of the Frankincense (Boswellia Spp.) Resin Harvesting in Somaliland (Somalia)
    sustainability Article Ecological and Economic Sustainability of Non-Timber Forest Products in Post-Conflict Recovery: A Case Study of the Frankincense (Boswellia spp.) Resin Harvesting in Somaliland (Somalia) Anjanette DeCarlo 1,*, Saleem Ali 2,3 and Marta Ceroni 4 1 The Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA 2 Department of Geography and Spatial Science, University of Delaware, 125 Academy St., Newark, DE 19711, USA; [email protected] 3 Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel, Global Environment Facility, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi 00100, Kenya 4 Academy for Systems Change, 29 Evenchance Road, Enfield, NH 03748, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 April 2020; Accepted: 22 April 2020; Published: 28 April 2020 Abstract: Non-timber forest products have often been held out as potential tools for conservation and sustainable development, but sustainability assessments are frequently difficult and time-consuming, especially in conflict areas. Thus, rapid assessments can be useful in providing a broad overview of the harvesting system in order to generate meaningful conservation or development recommendations. Here, we use rapid assessment methodology, including semi-structured interviews and direct observations, to examine the frankincense harvesting system in Somaliland in 2010 and again in 2016 and 2017. We identified significant levels of overharvesting, driven by a breakdown of the traditional management system. Demand for resin and resin prices increased dramatically from 2010 to 2017, at the same time as the tree populations were declining, resource tenure security was weakening, drug use was increasing, and the supply chain was becoming more complex.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Domestication and the History of Plantations - J.W
    THE ROLE OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES IN HUMAN NUTRITION – Vol. II - Tree Domestication and the History of Plantations - J.W. Turnbull TREE DOMESTICATION AND THE HISTORY OF PLANTATIONS J.W. Turnbull CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Canberra, Australia Keywords: Industrial plantations, protection forests, urban forestry, clonal forestry, forest management, tree harvesting, tree planting, monoculture, provenance, germplasm, silviculture, botanic gardens, arboreta, fuelwood, molecular biology, genetics, tropical rainforest, pulpwood, shelterbelts, rubber, pharmaceuticals, lumber, fruit trees, palm oil, Eucalyptus, farm forestry, dune stabilization, clear-cutting, religious ceremony Contents 1. Introduction 2. Origins of Planting 2.1. The Mediterranean Lands 2.2. Asia 3. Movement of Germplasm 3.1. Evidence of Early Transfers 3.2. Role of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta 3.3. Australian Tree Species and Their Transfer 3.4. North Asia as a Rich Source 4. Tree Domestication 4.1. Domestication by Indigenous Peoples 4.2. Selection and Breeding of Forest Trees 4.3. Forest Genetics 5. Plantations 6. Forest Plantations 1400–1900 6.1. European Experiences 6.2. Tropical Plantations 7. Plantations 1900–1950 8. Plantations 1950–2000 8.1. Global Overview 9. Protection Forests 10. Amenity Planting and Urban Forestry 11. Plantation Practices 11.1. TheUNESCO Mechanical Revolution – EOLSS 12. Sustainability of Plantations Glossary SAMPLE CHAPTERS Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Trees have been planted for thousands of years for food, wood, shelter, and religious purposes. The first woody plants to be cultivated were those yielding food, such as the olive. Trees were moved around the world by the Romans, Greeks, Chinese, and by others during military conquests. Voyages of discovery by European navigators to the ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) THE ROLE OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES IN HUMAN NUTRITION – Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Status and Resin Quality of Frankincense Boswellia Neglecta (Burseraceae) Growing in South Omo, Southwestern Ethiopia
    Journal of Sustainable Forestry ISSN: 1054-9811 (Print) 1540-756X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wjsf20 Population Status and Resin Quality of Frankincense Boswellia neglecta (Burseraceae) Growing in South Omo, Southwestern Ethiopia Alemayehu Hido, Motuma Tolera, Bekele Lemma & Paul H. Evangelista To cite this article: Alemayehu Hido, Motuma Tolera, Bekele Lemma & Paul H. Evangelista (2020): Population Status and Resin Quality of Frankincense Boswellianeglecta (Burseraceae) Growing in South Omo, Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, DOI: 10.1080/10549811.2020.1721302 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2020.1721302 Published online: 31 Jan 2020. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=wjsf20 JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2020.1721302 Population Status and Resin Quality of Frankincense Boswellia neglecta (Burseraceae) Growing in South Omo, Southwestern Ethiopia Alemayehu Hidoa, Motuma Tolerab, Bekele Lemmac,d, and Paul H. Evangelistad aDepartment of Forest Research, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Jinka Agricultural Research Center, Jinka, Ethiopia; bWondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Shashamane, Ethiopia; cDepartment of Chemistry, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; dNatural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS A study was conducted in South Omo Zone, Ethiopia with the aim of Abundance; essential oil; assessing the population status of the frankincense tree Boswellia frankincense tree; neglecta and investigating its resin essential oil chemical composi- importance value index; tion. The status of populations of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Biodiversity Heritage Library OAI Repository -JOURNAL OF THE EAST AFRICA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY AND NATIONAL MUSEUM JULY 1982 No. 175 ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF ACACIA-COMMIPHORA WOODLAND NEAR KIBWEZI,KENYA M. Fenner Botany Department, Kenyatta University College, Nairobi, Kenya* INTRODUCTION Approximately one quarter of Kenya is covered in some form of arid bushland or woodland (Kenya National Atlas, p. 31). Much of this lies within Machakos, Kitui and Taita Districts, and is included in the Eco-climatic Zone V of Pratt & Gwynne (I 977). The density of the vegetation of this vast area varies locally from woodland thicket to sparse bushland. Because of its aridity most of this zone is unsuitable for cultivation except in situations where a source of water other than rainfall is available. At present it is mainly used for browsing livestock, and as a source of firewood and charcoal. The marginal character of this zone with respect to agriculture makes it ideal for wildlife conservation, and large tracts of it have been incorporated into the Tsavo and Amboseli National Parks (Lind & Morison, 1974). Since such a large proportion of the country's area is involved, research on the economic potential of this arid zone is of great importance to the development of Kenya. At Masalani (G.R. DH 0244) 20 km NE of Kibwezi, a substantial area (in the region of 20-30 km2) of Acacia• Commiphora woodland has been allocated to the University of Nairobi to set up a dry land far• ming research station, the purpose of which is to select crops and develop techniques of cultivation appropriate to the climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees of Somalia
    Trees of Somalia A Field Guide for Development Workers Desmond Mahony Oxfam Research Paper 3 Oxfam (UK and Ireland) © Oxfam (UK and Ireland) 1990 First published 1990 Revised 1991 Reprinted 1994 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 0 85598 109 1 Published by Oxfam (UK and Ireland), 274 Banbury Road, Oxford 0X2 7DZ, UK, in conjunction with the Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3LG, UK Typeset by DTP Solutions, Bullingdon Road, Oxford Printed on environment-friendly paper by Oxfam Print Unit This book converted to digital file in 2010 Contents Acknowledgements IV Introduction Chapter 1. Names, Climatic zones and uses 3 Chapter 2. Tree descriptions 11 Chapter 3. References 189 Chapter 4. Appendix 191 Tables Table 1. Botanical tree names 3 Table 2. Somali tree names 4 Table 3. Somali tree names with regional v< 5 Table 4. Climatic zones 7 Table 5. Trees in order of drought tolerance 8 Table 6. Tree uses 9 Figures Figure 1. Climatic zones (based on altitude a Figure 2. Somali road and settlement map Vll IV Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by the following organisations and individuals: Oxfam UK for funding me to compile these notes; the Henry Doubleday Research Association (UK) for funding the publication costs; the UK ODA forestry personnel for their encouragement and advice; Peter Kuchar and Richard Holt of NRA CRDP of Somalia for encouragement and essential information; Dr Wickens and staff of SEPESAL at Kew Gardens for information, advice and assistance; staff at Kew Herbarium, especially Gwilym Lewis, for practical advice on drawing, and Jan Gillet for his knowledge of Kew*s Botanical Collections and Somalian flora.
    [Show full text]
  • Commiphora Molmol Engler, Gummi-Resina
    12 July 2011 EMA/HMPC/96910/2010 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Commiphora molmol Engler, gummi-resina Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use) Final Herbal substance(s) (binomial scientific name of Commiphora molmol Engler, gummi-resina the plant, including plant part) Herbal preparation(s) Tincture (ratio of herbal substance to extraction solvent 1:5), extraction solvent ethanol 90 % (V/V) Pharmaceutical forms Liquid dosage forms for oromucosal or cutaneous use Rapporteur Per Claeson 7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 7418 8400 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7523 7051 E-mail [email protected] Website www.ema.europa.eu An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2011. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents Table of contents ...................................................................................................................2 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................3 1.1. Description of the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) or combinations thereof . 3 1.2. Information about products on the market in the Member States .............................. 3 1.3. Search and assessment methodology.................................................................... 5 2. Historical data on medicinal use ........................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Aromatherapy Journal
    The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy Aromatherapy Journal The Resin and Balsam Issue • Balsam Essential Oils for Aromatherapy • The Ancient Gift of Myrrh • Frankincense Hydrosol • Honey, Honey, Honey! • Combating the Common Cold with Aromatherapy and Herbs Aromatherapy E-Journal Winter 2019.4 © Copyright 2019 NAHA Aromatherapy Journal Winter 2019.4 2 Aromatherapy Journal A Quarterly Publication of NAHA Winter 2019.4 AJ575 Table of Contents The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy, Inc. (NAHA) A non-profit educational organization Boulder, CO 80309 Adminstrative Offices 6000 S 5th Ave Pocatello, ID 83204 Phone: 208-232-4911, 877.232.5255 Fax: 919.894.0271 PAGE NAVIGATION: Click on the relevant page number to take you Email: [email protected] a specific article. To go back to the Table of Contents, click on the Websites: www.NAHA.org arrow in the bottom outside corner of the page. www.conference.naha.org Executive Board of Directors Editor’s Note ..........................................................................5 President: Annette Davis Vice President: Balsam Essential Oils for Aromatherapy ..............................9 Jennifer Hochell Pressimone By Cheryl Murphy Public Relations/Past President: Kelly Holland Azzaro Secretary: Rose Chard Combating the Common Cold with Treasurer: Eric Davis Aromatherapy and Herbs ....................................................15 Director Coordinator: Sharon Falsetto By Jaime Vinson Journal Committee The Difference between Resins and Gums for Chief Editor: Sharon Falsetto
    [Show full text]