Diversity and Dispersion Patterns of Echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines
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Environmental and Experimental Biology (2016) 14: 213–217 Original Paper http://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.14.28 Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines Mara Elena J. Llacuna1, Angelo Mark P. Walag2*, Elaine A. Villaluz3 1St. Mary’s Academy of Talisayan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines 2Department of Science Education, Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines 3Department of Biology, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. Key words: Acanthaster planci, diversity, echinoderms, Protoreaster nodusus, Philippines, sea stars. Introduction the English Channel and Irish Sea, where 24 species were identified and high diversity was noted (Ellis, Rogers 2000). Echinoderms represent one of the most conspicuous, In the Philippines, a study of temperature tolerance of six successful, and ancient phyla of invertebrates in the Animal intertidal echinoderms showed that these species will only Kingdom (Souto et al. 2014). There are 7000 known species survive at temperature < 35 °C (Ubaldo et al. 2007). In of echinoderms and about 13 000 are known to be extinct another study of microbenthic diversity conducted in the (Campbell, Reece 2008). These are all marine species Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines, it was found out and members form bottom communities from poles to that echinoderms were the second most abundant group the tropics. The Phylum Echinodermata is divided into of animals in the area (Walag, Canencia 2016). A study on four classes: Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea and Holothuridea of Tubbataha reefs, Philippines found out Crinoidea. The majority of these organisms are found in that the lack of human impact contributed to high diversity benthic marine environments except for some in brackish of sea cucumbers (Dolorosa 2015). environments (Barnes 1987). Echinoderms play a vital role Human activities and physico-chemical factors such as in marine environments where representatives are found in temperature, salinity, and pH may affect the abundance and almost every ecosystem. Many are keystone species, playing distribution of echinoderm and macrobenthic invertebrate significant and valuable roles (Dupont et al. 2010). Thus, it species (Walag, Canencia 2016). These physico-chemical is very important to study their distribution, abundance, factors may affect growth rate, metabolic activity, and and diversity. immune response of organisms, shown by relationships The Indo-Pacific region, and particularly Philippines, is between stress and reproductive success (Lawrence, Herrera the most species rich region of echinoderms in the world 2000). Various studies have linked physico-chemical and (Stöhr et al. 2012). Various studies have been conducted hydrological parameters to diversity of microbenthic to study the distribution and diversity of echinoderms. invertebrates, for example, in Malaysia (Md Rawi et al. Along the southwest coast of India, echinoids were found 2014). to be most abundant and crinoids and ophiuroids were Various stresses ranging from increasing human least abundant echinoderm groups (Rajakumar, Ebanasar intervention, over exploitation and continuous degradation 2008). Macroepibenthic echinodersms were also studied in have threatened the diversity in coastal areas of Talisayan Environmental and Experimental Biology ISSN 2255-9582 213 M.E.J. Llacuna, A.M.P. Walag, E. Villaluz Coasts. Destructive methods of fishing, siltation and (Clark, Rowe 1971; Barnes 1987; Vandenspiegel et al. 1998; sedimentation, and pollution of marine water caused by Schoppe 2000; Stöhr et al. 2012; Pechenik 2015). agricultural runoff and irresponsible disposal of wastes have affected the resources in coastal areas of Talisayan. Data analysis The main aim of this study is to determine the distribution Relative abundance is the proportion of a species in and diversity of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, an ecosystem or sample of a community. The relative Misamis Oriental, Philippines. This study specifically abundance (pi) of each species was expressed as aimed to: (i) collect and identify echinoderm species; (ii) pi = ni / N ×100, determine the coefficient of distribution for echinoderm where ni is the number of individuals of the same species species; and (iii) determine the relative abundance, species and N is the total number of individuals for all species. diversity, and evenness of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Coefficient of dispersion (CD) is a measure used Talisayan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. to quantify whether a set of organisms are clustered or dispersed (Walag, Canencia 2016). It was expressed as Materials and methods CD = variance / mean; where CD lesser than 1 (< 1) is regular/uniform, greater Establishment of the study area than 1 (> 1) is clumping, equal to 1 (= 1) is random. The study was conducted in the intertidal zone of The Shannon diversity index H’ (Margalef 1957) and Babanlagan (8°59’59”N, 124°52’50”E), Talisayan, which evenness J’ (Pielou 1975) were calculated. is situated in Misamis Oriental, Philippines. It is located 96.8 km northeast of Cagayan de Oro City between the Results and discussion municipalities of Balingoan and Medina. The coastline is 325 m and intertidal zone is 100 to 150 m (Fig. 1). Sampling Species composition and abundance was performed three times in September 2015 during low Three hundred eighty seven (387) individuals were tide. The transect-quadrat method was used in the study. collected along the intertidal zone of Babanlagan, Talisayan, Seven transects were laid perpendicular to the shore at 50 Misamis Oriental at three sampling times in September m intervals. Ten 0.25 m2 plots were located 1 m from the 2015 from four classes of echinoderms (Echinoidea, transect at 5 m intervals, alternating sides (Fig. 2). Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea). The majority of the individuals (Fig. 3) belonged to class Asteroidea with Collection and identification of echinoderm species relative abundance 64%, followed by Echinoidea (24%), Echinoderms present within each quadrat were recorded. Holothuroidea (11%), and Ophiuroidea (1%). Similar Two to three representative samples per species were results were obtained in a study conducted by Alvarado et collected using tweezers and sticks and were placed in al. (2012) in the Gulf Chiriqui, Panama, where the majority containers with 10% formaldehyde solution. The collected of echinoderms collected were in class Asteroidea and and preserved samples were used for further identification Echinoidea. Asteroidea and Echinoidea abundance can be in the laboratory. Morphology was used for identification attributed to the higher coral diversity and cover, which Fig. 1. Location of study area at Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. 214 Diversity and dispersion of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Philippines observed in the study area, which may be due to its narrow temperature tolerance range (Johnson, Babcock 1994). In the study area the temperature ranged from 28 to 32 °C, which is beyond the tolerance of A. planci. High mortality rates were also observed due to predation; due to its small size it might be vulnerable as prey, but actual predation was not observed (Keesing et al. 1996). Ophiomastix sp. and Nardoa tuberculata were found to be least abundant in the study conducted. Ophiomastix sp., although readily observable, can easily hide and escape, as it moves quickly and can easily hide under rocks and Fig. 2. Establishment of transects and plots in the study area. sediment (Walag, Canencia 2016). This might explain the low abundance. The low abundance of N. tuberculata may be due to its preference for deeper habitats > 3 m (Bos et can serve as both food and habitat for these organisms. al. 2008). Any impact to the coralline environment can directly affect the abundance of these classes of echinoderm corallivores Coefficient of dispersion (Alvarado et al. 2012). Low diversity can be caused by The distribution pattern of each echinoderm species was various anthropogenic activities that affect the intertidal determined using the coefficient of dispersion as used by zone like waste disposal from coastal communities in the Walag and Canencia (2016).