“Divergent” Novel Written by Veronica Roth

BUDDHI DHAMA UNIVERSITY

THE ANALYSIS OF GENOCIDE IN “DIVERGENT” NOVEL

WRITTEN BY VERONICA ROTH

Presented as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Undergraduate

Program

DANI APRIANTO

20150600006

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

TANGERANG

2019

BUDDHI DHARMA UNIVERSITY

THE ANALYSIS OF GENOCIDE IN “DIVERGENT” NOVEL

WRITTEN BY VERONICA ROTH

Presented as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Undergraduate

Program

DANI APRIANTO

20150600006

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

TANGERANG

2019

THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name : Dani Aprianto

Student Number : 20150600006

Faculty : Social Sci<;nccs and I lumanitics

Study Program : English Litcratur<;

Title of final project : The Analysis of Gl'noci,lc in Divergent Novel Written

by Vcronil'a Roth

This thesis has hccn cxamincd by the Board of the Examiners.

July 24 11\ 2019.

Name of Examiners

I I. Examiner I : I wan, S.Pd., M.M., M.Pd. A -

NIDN: 0421056201

2. Chairman : flot Saut llalomoan, S.Pd M.llum

NIDN: 032004610 I

3. Examiner II : lrpan Ali Rahman, S.S., M.Pd

NIDN: 0405027807 Acknowledged by, Dean

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, the writer would like to thank Almighty God for blessing the writer until completing this research as one of the requirements in his study at the

Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Buddhi Dharma University,

Tangerang. The writer know that this thesis cannot be resolved without the help and a lot of guidance from the most honorable people around him. For that, on this occasion, the writer would like and really appriciate to extend his to the following that help him complete this thesis.

1. Dr. Sofian Sugioko, M,M., CPMA. Rector of Buddhi Dharma University

who has academically and organize the rule of writing this thesis.

2. Dr Lilie Suratminto, M.A., Dean of Social Sciences and Humanities in

Buddhi Dharma University, Tangerang who has gives support and

guidance to finishing his research.

3. Iwan, S.Pd., M.M., M.Pd., Vice Dean of Social Sciences and Humanities,

Buddhi Dharma University who has gives support and guidance to finish

his research.

4. Riris Mutiara Paulina S, S.Pd., M.Hum. Head of the strata I Study program

of English Literature who has given a lot of information during the writing

of this research.

5. Special thanks to Adrallisman, S.S, M. Hum., the best supervisor, who has

given all his best to guide him to finish the research and the writing of his

thesis.

6. All the lecturers and staff members of Faculty of Social Science and

Humanities, Buddhi Dharma University who have given a lot of

information and guided him patiently from the first until the last semester.

7. The writer’s beloved parents, his mother and father for their best prayers

and support for him every time the writer had difficulty.

8. The writer’s friends in Theconversion office; Anton Hartanteng, Yolanda

and Julio Andrian, who have prayed and made jokes in reducing the

writer’s pressure when he conducted the research and wrote this paper.

9. The writer’s best friends Tania, Yosephine, Edward and Handoko for their

time to listen to him in conducting the research and completing the writing

of this thesis.

10. All parties who have helped and supported the writing process of this

thesis.

Tangerang, June 27th, 2019.

The Researcher

______

Dani Aprianto

20150600006

vii

ABSTRACT

The writer used Divergent Novel as Subject Material to analyze the Genocide. Genocide is hatreds or discrimination, undemocratic systems of government and dysfunctions in society play a much smaller role in mass killing and genocide than is commonly assumed. This research focused on Benjamin A Valentino’s theory to analyze the aspects and families causes in genocide. The writer chose the theses of Ruvebana and Wisniew as his previous studies. This research employs qualitative method which is the type of method that use feelings, words, image, etc except numbers according on Walliman’s theory. The references for this study are collected from websites and directly collecting the data about genocide. The writer found that there are three aspects of genocide. They are Intentional, Massive Number and Noncombatant. In addition, genocide also happened due to three causes - Deep social cleaveages, Revolutions; Wars & National Crisis and Political Power.

Keywords: Qualitative Research, Genocide, Aspects of Genocide and Familes Cause in Genocide.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THESIS PROPOSAL ...... i APPROVAL ...... ii RECOMMENDATION FOR THE ELIGIBILITY OF THESIS EXAMINATION ...... iii THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ...... iv STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY ...... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vi ABSTRACT ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix CHPATER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Story ...... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problems ...... 3 1.3 Research Question ...... 4 1.4 Goal and Function ...... 4 1.5 Scope and Limitation ...... 4 1.6 Conceptual Framework ...... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Previous Study ...... 7 2.2 Literature ...... 8 2.3 Genocide ...... 9 2.3.1 Elements of Genocide ...... 14 2.3.2 Cause of Genocide ...... 14 2.3.3 The Effect of Genocide ...... 14 2.3.4 Categories of Genocide ...... 16 2.3.4.1 Physical Genocide ...... 16 2.3.4.2 Biological Genocide ...... 16

2.3.4.3 Cultural Genocide ...... 16 2.3.5 Typology of Genocide...... 16 2.3.6 The Convention Article of Genocide ...... 17

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Subject Material ...... 20 3.2 Subject Matter ...... 20 3.3 Approach ...... 21 3.5 Procedure...... 21

CHAPTER IV ANAYLSIS 4.1 The Aspect of Genocide ...... 22 4.1.1 Intentional in Genocide ...... 25 4.1.2 Massive Number ...... 29 4.1.3 Noncombatant ...... 32 4.2 The Families Causes of Genocide ...... 33 4.2.1 Deep Social Cleavages ...... 34 4.2.2 Wars, Revolution and National Crisis ...... 35 4.2.3 Political Power ...... 39

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion ...... 41 5.2 Suggestion ...... 42

REFERENCES APPENDIXES

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

What is literary work means? Many people thought that is only a work from artist, but if we explore deepest find the real mean about literary work. According to

Webster (2005), literature itself is body of writings on a particular subject. And expresses life that is even more ambigious, it means that the literature is come up from the events happend in the society. So that, the author presents a work to delivers his/her ideas to the reader, many work has its own characteristic author‟s objective. Of course, the author‟s ideas in a work really influence to the reader‟s mindset. Moreover, the definitions of literature cannot only stop in one person‟s opinion. Many researcher and experts come to define their ideas.

Jones (1986) states if literature is broaden sense includes all written materials. The grouping of materials are history books, philosophical works, novel, poems, plays, scientific articles, school textbooks, dictionaries, maganizes, music, etc. Hence, he also divides those literature into two general group. The first group is writing that mainly present information, this writings has purpose to inform the reader what is happening in the world. Second group is imaginative literature, on the other hand, aims to arouse thought and feelings, when someone reads a poem, singing a song, watching a play or reading a folktale.

Based on the writer, literature is a work that is formed from an author‟s experience or imagination, so it‟s not about an artist do a work but everybody can

do a literary work. Literary works have function to teach something to the readers, they entertain and interested about literary works.

Literature is divided in any work such as movie, poem, song, novel, etc.

According to Eagleton‟s Article novel is a piece of prose fiction of a reasonable length. Even a definition as toothless as this, however, is still too restricted.

“Divergent” is one of best Novel in 2011, written by Veronica Roth, Divergent has big fans in the world. Novel has element such as intrinsic element which included; theme, plot, event, conflict, climax and characters. For each element divided with several part like round character and flat character.

Veronica Roth wrote “Divergent novel” based on her imagination with unique theme and each character so that The Novel is one of best novels in 2011.

She appreciated her experience, imagination or maybe problem through literary work to create “Divergent”.

“Divergent” takes background in a post-apocalyptic Chicago, survivors are divide into five factions or group based on their dispositions such as Abnegation,

Amity, Candor, Dauntless and Erudite. Each group has their ability. But, there is one group who wanted to conquer the government so that they kill all people on goverment who was held by Abnegation. In Divergent, Any characters here faced with two options, remain with family or their faction. One family have 2 or 3 different faction and for each member of family may choose their faction by themselves, so that they can go through their life more independently.

Focus case on this novel contains genocide, it also the part of racism.

Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group such as killing

members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life, imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group, forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Genocide already happened when Nazi destroyed all

Yahudi race, in Divergent, Erudite want to lead the government and assumed that

Abnegation should be destroy so that the world more better. If merged, genocide is the next level of discrimination to several group, faction, gender not only about race, religion, etc.

Why did the writer choose the topic? Because it related on Indonesia when presidential election, some groups used political strategy such as racism issue, hoax, etc to depose the president and revolutionize the goverment system.

According to Valentino (2013) there are 3 main to causes the genocide such as

Deep Social Cleavages, Wars, Revolutions & Genocide and Political Power.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problems emphasizes on the plot of Divergent novel plot about genocide. Some groups said if people will do anything in politic to get their domination even plan a genocide project. The writter interested about the problem of this era in genocide theory. The genocide bring us to the destruction and will wipe out within hatred feeling to each other, the genocide is like extremely racism. Moreover, writter focus for genocide analysis of Divergent novel here from (Valentino, 2013). This novel shows us about genocide which means destroying a group to get domination from the people because of several factor.

1.3 Research Question

Reading clearly is the most important way of identifying a good research question. It probably to keep up to date with recent advancements and identify certain issues. So the writer propose the research question:

1. What are the aspects of genocide?

2. What types of the families causes genocide?

1.4 Goal and Function

The goals of the study on this thesis follow about to obtain information of the aspects and families causes of genocide. Divergent really bring us about what nowadays happened like presidential election. The functions of the study following to provide readers of the aspects and families causes of genocide.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

In this research, the writer know if plot has many definition and material to analyze but the writer limit it to choose Valentino‟s theory with his aspect and families causes of genocide to discuss, the writer discusses about main problem for genocide happened in a story. Due to the domination and other things, the writer focus for it.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

THE ANALYSIS OF GENOCIDE IN DIVERGENT NOVEL

WRITTEN BY VERONICA ROTH

Aspect of Genocide Families Cause of Genocide

Theory of Genocide: Theory of Genocide: Benjamin A Valentino Benjamin A Valentino

1. Intentional 1. Deep Social Cleavages 2. Noncombatants 2. Wars, Revolutions 3. Massive Number 3. Political Power

Conclusion: According to analysis in Divergent, the genocide can be cause with 3 factors and divided with 3 aspects.

The main problem of Divergent novel is about the Erudite‟ revolution against government which was led by Abnegation faction. Erudite wants to dominate and taking control of government so that Erudite released genocide project to

Abnegation and the writer found two interesting theories about genocide which are the aspect of genocide and the families cause that led some group to do

Genocide.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Previous Study

The first research entitled "Prevention of genocide under International law" which was done by Ruvebana (2014) from University of Groningen in Kahele, Congo. In this research, she provides An analysis of the obligations of States and the United

Nations to prevent genocide at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Her method on this research is prevention method of genocide. She analyzed the discrimination, genocide perspective and genocide in law. The researcher uses

Raphael Lemkin' theory to analyze this research whereas Barthes explains a co- coordinated plan of different actions, aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves.

The second previous study which the writer used is by Wisniew (2012) from School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and

General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In this thesis, he use Martin

Shaw method in Indications and Warning of Genocide and Mass Atrocity. This research investigates the usefulness of GMA prevention advocates. It examined several methodologies for detecting GMA warning signs and indicators against criteria and asked: How effective are third party methodologies to provide warnings and indicators to possible mass atrocity and genocide events?

2.2 Literature

Literature according to Klarer (2004:1) is referred to as the entirety of written expression which poured into works with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word.

Klarer added literature usually include additional adjectives such as aesthetic or artistic to distinguish literary works from texts such as The author expression newspapers, scientific textbooks, magazines, legal documents, brochures, novel and so on. There are five intrinsic elements in Novel such as plot, character, theme, setting and point of view. In literature, characters take important role to because characters is first thing to do while author write a novel.

Gill (2006) said if plot is the author's most powerful device to make the story, in addition Gill said if plot is the order of events and the reader's knowledge that follows all story. But plot needs specific features in order to be created such as situation and disjunction. Moreover, according to Russel (2009) plot is a series of interconnected events in which every occurrence has a specific purpose. A plot is all about establishing connections, suggesting causes, and showing relationships. Russel adds if there are four types of plot structure such as:

1. A Dramatic or Progressive Plot: This is a chronological structure which

first establishes the setting and conflict, then follows the rising action

through to a climax (the peak of the action and turning point), and

concludes with a denouement (a wrapping up of loose ends).

2. An Episodic Plot: This is also a chronological structure, but it consists of a

series of loosely related incidents, usually of chapter length, tied together

by a common theme and/or characters. Episodic plots work best when the

writer wishes to explore the personalities of the characters, the nature of

their existence, and the flavor of an era.

3. A Parallel Plot: The writer weaves two or more dramatic plots that are

usually linked by a common character and a similar theme.

4. A Flashback: This structure conveys information about events that

occurred earlier. It permits authors to begin the story in the midst of the

action but later fill in the background for full understanding of the present

events. Flashbacks can occur more than once and in different parts of a

story.

2.3 Genocide

Genocide lssues in modern society is still a topic laden with gossip 'The modern world is known as the world where freedom is highly valued: Everyone has the right to develop his potential as much as possible. Human values are highly rewarded as the most vital human rights even though in practice there are still various forms of racism both openly and veiled. History records a long journey related to racism in various parts of the world.

Genocide itself has been a factor driving social discrimination, segregation and racial violence, including genocide. The term racist has been used with bad connotations before century, and the identification of a group or person as genocide is often controversial.

According to Lemkin (1945), Generally speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a nation, except when

accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation. It means when you slaughter a group until the roots and no trace of them left, it is called as genocide.

Like the main focus of “Divergent” novel, Erudite want to finish up Abnegation group.

The definition of genocide is still controversial, and many scholars have sought to broaden the identification and recognition of groups that have experienced genocide. Dr. Gregory Stanton (1998) sought to illuminate the genocidal process by defining genocide in 10 stages:

1. CLASSIFICATION (“Us” vs. “Them”)

2. SYMBOLIZATION (names or symbols)

3. DISCRIMINATION (deny targeted group‟s rights)

4. DEHUMANIZATION (deny targeted group‟s humanity)

5. ORGANIZATION (establish formal or informal plans)

6. POLARIZATION (“with us or against us”)

7. PREPARATION (plan infrastructure and implementation)

8. PERSECUTION (identify or separate targeted group)

9. EXTERMINATION (murder of targeted group)

10. DENIAL (cover up murders or blame the targeted group).

However according on Horowitz (1976) genocide defined as “a structural and systematic destruction of innocent people by a state bureaucratic apparatus.

Jonassohn‟s (1990) definition of genocide is broader than just physical destruction of a group and it included attacks on political and social institutions, culture, national feelings, religion and the economic existence of the group.

On a social spectrum he placed genocidal society on the far left followed by repressive society, liberal society in the center and permissive society on the far right.

Jones on his “Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and

Complicity believe (2014) that many crimes against humanity are committed by governments and/or opposition forces that benefit from direct assistance. It is clear, however, that support for genocidal regimes appears in many guises, regardless of whether we ascribe to Western actors an intention to commit such crimes.

Valentino (2013) found that ethnic hatreds or discrimination, undemocratic systems of government, and dysfunctions in society play a much smaller role in mass killing and genocide than is commonly assumed. He shows that the impetus for mass killing usually originates from a relatively small group of powerful leaders and is often carried out without the active support of broader society. Mass killing, in his view, is a brutal political or military strategy designed to accomplish leaders' most important objectives, counter threats to their power, and solve their most difficult problems.

In order to capture the full scope of mass killing during the twentieth century, Valentino does not limit his analysis to violence directed against ethnic groups, or to the attempt to destroy. In addition to avoid mass killing and other difficulties with the term "genocide," He utilize the term of mass killing. Mass killing here defined as the intentional killing of a massive number of noncombatants. Valentino says there are three aspects of the definition of mass killing warrant further elaboration:

1. First, the mass killing must be intentional, which distinguishes it from

deaths caused by natural disasters, outbreaks of disease, or the

unintentional killing of civilians during war.

2. The second aspect of the definition of mass killing that requires further

specification is the meaning of “a massive number.” Unlike most scholarly

definitions of genocide, mass killing does not specify that perpetrators

must possess the intent to destroy an entire group or even a specific

percentage of it.

3. The third aspect of the definition of mass killing that warrants clarification

is the term “noncombatant.” This definition focuses on the killing of

noncombatants because it is violence directed against noncombatants that

distinguishes mass killing rom other forms of warfare and that most

offends our moral sensibilities.

Moreover, Valentino (2013) added some families of genocide. Three broad families of writing on genocide and mass killing will be examined below.

Each family identifies a different set of factors as central causes or important preconditions of genocide. The first family focuses on the importance of deep social cleavages between groups as a primary cause or precondition of genocide and mass killing. A second family suggests that factors such as wars, revolutions, and other national crises provide the spark for mass killing. The third family emphasizes the concentration of political power in certain forms of government as the most important cause of this kind of violence. Although each of these perspectives offer important insights and observations about mass killing.

Valentino (2013) assumed that, one of the factors most commonly cited as a central cause or precondition of genocide is the presence of deep divisions between different groups living in the same society in plural theory. He used Leo

Kuper‟s theory as a pioneer of comparative genocide studies, although several other scholars have proposed similar explanations, social cleavages can lead to genocide by polarizing society, by increasing the likelihood of intergroup conflict, by sparking rebellions among oppressed groups, by facilitating the identification of enemies, or by eroding norms of moral responsibility.

Besides that he release the scapegoat theory, that is one of the most common and carefully articulated social psychological theories of mass killing.

This approach combines features of sociological research, often including some of the same factors and explanations highlighted by the plural society theory, with insights from individual and social psychology.

According to the scapegoat theories, individuals suffering from exceptionally difficult life conditions have a powerful psychological need to understand and identify the sources of their problems and frustrations. Proponents of the scapegoat theory hold that choosing a scapegoat allows individuals to comprehend the source of their problems, to believe that these problems can be predicted and controlled, to project their fears or insecurities onto others, and to escape feelings of guilt and personal responsibility for life‟s difficulties.

2.3.1 Elements of Genocide

Stanton (2013) divided about element of genocide. Genocide has element called intention. “Intentional” means purposeful. Intent can be proven directly from statements or orders. But more often, it must be inferred from a systematic pattern of coordinated acts. Intent is different from motive. Whatever may be the motive for the crime (land expropriation, national security, territorial integrity, etc.,) if the perpetrators commit acts intended to destroy a group, even part of a group, it is genocide.

2.3.2 Cause of Genocide

Valentino (2013) in his masterpiece talking about genocide, the causes of modern genocide will be investigated using genocides as case studies. There are various reasons why genocide may occur and it is often a combination of circumstances that leads to genocide. The present essay will investigate the underlying conditions that make genocide possible, while leaving out catalytic events that may trigger genocide.

The correlations between war and economic crisis will be subject to analysis in the second part of the essay. Finally, the creation of out-groups and in- groups will be explored. While these are certainly not the only causes of genocide, they may be deemed to be pre-conditions.

2.3.3 The Effect of Genocide

Leo (1982) defined about genocide as the removal or massacre small or large group. How the word “group” should be defined is very important as perpetrators

can use this loophole to make a socially acceptable group look like an anti-social one and thus liable for destruction. In this thesis, group is defined as pro-social, not anti-social such as gangs, thieves or terrorists. It includes, but is not limited to, national, ethnic, racial, religious, political and socio-economic groups.

In Leo‟ master piece, the scope of genocide under the Convention is defined not only by the number of protected groups, but also by the range of actions qualified as genocide. The fields in which genocide was being carried out as the political, social cultural, economic, biological, physical, religious and

Moral. Also three of these categories appear in the first draft of the Convention by the secretariat – „physical‟ genocide (acts causing the death of members of protected groups or injuring their health or physical integrity), the second is

„biological‟ genocide (restriction of birth) and cultural genocide (destruction of the spesific character of the persecuted group by forced transfer of children, forced exile, profibition of the use of the national language, destruction of books, documents, monuments and objects of historical, artistic or religious value).

In addition, Leo said the plural society provides the structural base for genocide, the presence of a diversity of racial, ethnic and/or religious groups being the structural characteristic of the plural society and genocide a crime, committed against these groups. This is not to say that genocide is inevitable in the history of plural societies, but only that plural societies offer the necessary conditions for domestic genocide. After that, Leo also write about genocidal conflicts in plural societies suggest an intimate relationship between the plural society and genocide.

2.3.4 Categories of Genocide

The scope of genocide under the Convention is defined not only by the number of

"protected groups", but also by the range of action qualified as genocide. The fields in which genocide was being carried out as the political, social, cultural, econimic, biological, physical, religious and moral. Three of these categories appear in the first draft of the Convention by the secretariat are:

2.3.4.1 Physical Genocide

The death of members of protected groups or injuring their health or physical integrity).

2.3.4.2 Biological Genocide

The restriction of births will make the number of birthrate decreased because people massacred by the perpetrator.

2.3.4.3 Cultural Genocide

Destruction of the spesific character of the persecuted group by forced transfer of children, forced exile, prohibition of the use of the national language, destruction of books, documents, monuments and objects of historical, artistic or religions value.

2.3.5 Typology of Genocides

Dandrian in Leo‟ Book said about typology of genocides, he lists the following forms such as

1. Cultural

2. Violent-latent

3. Retributive

4. Utilitarian

5. Optimal (Massive, relatively indiscriminate, ustained and aiming at total

obliteration).

2.3.6 The Convention Article of Genocide

Having considered the declaration made by the General Assembly of the United

Nation in its resolution 96 dated 11 Dec 1946 that genocide is a crime under international law, they release the article in order to liberate mankind from such an odious scourge, international cooperation is required:

1. The first article is contracting parties confirm that genocide whether

committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under

international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish.

2. In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts

committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical,

racial or religious group, as such:

- Killing members of the group.

- Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group.

- Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to

bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part.

- Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.

- Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

3. The following acts shall be punishable:

- Genocide.

- Conspiracy to commit genocide.

- Direct and public incitement to commit genocide.

- Attempt to commit genocide.

- Complicity in genocide.

4. The fourth article is about persons committing genocide or any of the other

acts enumerated in third article shall be punished, whether they are

constitutionally responsible rulers public officials or private individuals.

5. The contracting parties undertake to enact, in accordance with their

respective constitutions, the necessary legislation to give effect to the

provisions of the present Convention and in particular to provide effective

penalties for persons guilty of genocide or any of the other acts

enumerated in third article.

6. Perons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in third

article shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the state in the territory of

which the act was committed, or by such international penal tribunal as

may have jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Parties which shall

have accepted its jurisdiction.

7. Genocide and other acts enumerated in third acticle shall not be considered

as political crimes for the purpose of extradition. The contracting parties

pledge themselves in such cases to grant extradition in accordance with

their laws and treaties in force.

8. And the last article is Contracting Party may call upon the competent

organs of the United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the

United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and

suppression of acts of genocide or any of the acts enumerated in third

article.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Subject Material

The writer used "Divergent" Novel as the subject of this research, Divergent written by Veronica Roth and became popular on 2011, Divergent is first series from her other novel such as Insurgent, Allegian and Four. The series linked each other but the writter only use Divergent because the main problem of this novel interesting and related on what happened nowadays, when people want to control the goverment they will do anything even mass killing a group who prevent what they want to aim. Erudite, the faction who want to take goverment decide to mass killing Abnegation which is the faction who control the goverment there. With their intelligence skill, Erudite utilize Dauntless (The Powerful Faction) to erase all of Abnegation. Erudite inject a serum to Dauntless so that what does the

Dauntless mind is just to kill Abnegation, this case which trigger genocide.

3.2 Subject Matter

The writer used many data that were related to the genocide, like the articles, thesis, ebook from internet and also study a lot about the history case in genocide.

Both of material supports the writer to analysis this thesis.

3.3 Approach

The approach of this thesis is a qualitative research. According to Walliman

(2011) this type research is based on data expressed mostly in the form of words descriptions, accounts, opinions, feelings, etc rather than on numbers. However, this type of data is common whenever people are the focus of the study, particularly in social groups or as individuals. This research focuses on image, words, sound, feelings, etc except a number.

3.4 Procedure

To complete this thesis, the writer took several steps. The first is choosing a good novel related to this country about politics. Second, reading the novel until the writer found the meaning of the novel. Third, finding related theory about genocide on internet and University of Indonesia' Library. Fourth, analyzing the problem of this novel with Valentino‟s theory about theory to process analyzing

Genocide on Divergent Novel. The last is reading the history about genocide case to find deeply what the preparator aim in genocide.

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

In this section, the writer analyzed about genocide of “Divergent Novel”,

“Divergent” is about a girl called Tris. She lives in a world which has a divided society but is not only about Tris. “Divergent” also tell people about the action to take the domination control even to kill all members of the group as known as genocide. Genocide is like deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group.

In Divergent, Erudite stired dissent against the city's Abnegation leadership and accused their leader Marcus of abusing his son, the rumors are fueled by the fact that Marcus' son as well as Tris and Caleb left the Abnegation faction which is also alleged to be hoarding supplies. The Dauntless initiated are injected with a "tracking" serum, it transforms the Dauntless into hypnotized soldiers to attack Abnegation. This case started genocide on “Divergent”, Erudite did a mistake and do not know about Tris‟s ability, she has “Divergent” and the serum not affected to her then the genocide not fully happened because Tris with

Four success to stop them. Erudite leader, Jeanine defeated and the control of serum is disappeared.

4.1 The Aspect of Genocide

This section, the writer focus on analyzing a genocide action in “Divergent”.

Genocide appear when Erudite want to dominate the country and decide to kill all abnegation faction who was lead the country. Genocide become final solution to

do this plan for Erudite so that they can dominate the country. It because the

Abnegation already held the government with their ability "Selfless", so the government are not selfish. This assumption lead people to choose the

Abnegation.

Mass killing, in his view, is a brutal political or military strategy designed to accomplish leaders' most important objectives, counter threats to their power, and solve their most difficult problems. It said from page 261 – 262 about the political strategy from Erudite.

Monologue

“Erudite has released two articles about Abnegation. The first article accuses Abnegation of withholding luxuries like cars and fresh fruit from the other factions in order to force their belief in self-denial on everyone else. And the second article discusses the failings of choosing government officials based on their faction, asking why only people who define themselves as selfless should be in govertment.”( Page 261 – 262).

Monologue

“It promotes a return to the democratically ellected political systems of the past. It makes a lot of sense, which makes Beatrice suspect it is a call for revolution wrapped in the clothing rationality.”(Page 261 – 262).

This is the main problem that appear in Divergent novel, when Erudite release a project to massacre all the Abnegation and this is written when Beatrice found the documents as the following quote below. It said that the faction that

controls the government must be erased and the faction who control it is

Abnegation

Monologue

“The faction that controls the government should be erased, all those reports are supposed to stir up dessension against Abnegation, Evidently the Erudite now want to speed up the process to change the government system. ” (Page 376)

They use political strategy perfectly and plan to make great soldier to defeat all Abnegation. As it can be see on the following quotes.

Monologue

“Eric said if every Dauntless was injected yesterday and so now the entire of faction is brain-dead, obedient, and trained to kill. Perfect soldiers. All case must be linked and it is already planned by Erudite so that this project intentional and perfectly planned.”(Page 418)

They use political strategy perfectly and plan to make great soldier to defeat all Abnegation. As it can be seen on the following quotes.

Monologue

“All case must be linked and it is already planned by Erudite so that this project intentional and perfectly planned.” (Page 418)

All the things that Erudite did is just for taking control and change government systems. The example that Erudite did in their political strategy is

making a hoax issues through the Articles which attack Abnegation indirect as the following quote below.

Monologue “Erudite has released two articles about Abnegation. The first article accuses Abnegation of withholding luxuries like cars and fresh fruit from the other factions in order to force their belief in self-denial on everyone else. And the second article discusses the failings of choosing government officials based on their faction, asking why only people who define themselves as selfless should be in govertment.” (Page 261 – 262).

They manipulated the people by Abnegation‟s work and their‟s lives were used luxurious cars, house and food whereas people of the other factions lived in bad conditions as shown on page 261 elevant quotation is given below.

Monologue

“Abnegation of withholding luxuries like cars and fresh fruit from the other factions in order to force their belief in self-denial on everyone else. And the failings of choosing government officials based on their faction, asking why only people who define themselves as selfless should be in govertment.”(Page 261)

There are three aspects of the definition of mass killing warrant that need further elaboration:

4.1.1 Intentional in Genocide

First, the mass killing must be intentional. It distinguishes it from deaths caused by natural disasters, outbreaks of disease, or the unintentional killing of civilians during war.

The first aspect by Valentino for definition of mass killings must be intentional which distinguishes it from deaths caused by natural disasters, outbreaks of disease and so on so that this statement linked by this quote below.

Monologue

“One: Colored serum contains transmitters. Two: Transmitters connect the mind to a simulation program Three: Erudite developed the serum Four: Eric and Max are working with the Erudite”. (Page 415).

First action when Dauntless injected by a serum as planned by Erudite and it said in statement below.

Monologue

“When Four holds a syringe with a long needle in one hand, his thumb against the plunger. The liquid in the syringe is tinted orange, after that Beatrice was injected.” (Page 230 – 231)

Erudite decided to team up with Dauntless because they don‟t have weapon and can not fighting, they don‟t know how to fight or kill people so that they choose Dauntless as the statement said below.

Monologue

“ Erudite team up with Dauntless because Erudite doesn‟t have weapons and they don‟t know how to fight but the Dauntless do.” (Page 376)

On page 418, when Beatrice thought again about all the cast and it had already been planned by Erudite. The project about Abnegation Erased was intentional as the stated by the statement below.

Monologue

Dauntless as the most powerful and bravest faction could do everything about fighting, weapon and war. That is why Erudite injected the serum and controlled Dauntless‟ mind to kill all Abnegation as the statement said below.

Monologue

“When Four holds a syringe with a long needle in one hand, his thumb against the plunger. The liquid in the syringe is tinted orange, after that Beatrice was injected. ” (Page 230 – 231)

This case which Erudite use Dauntless as their soldier, Beatrice (Tris) and Four the member of Dauntless injected by the serum.

Also, Tris realize what Caleb said to Tris about something big which happened.

Then she thought about the War on Abnegation as stated in the statement below.

Monologue

“And what Caleb said earlier, „Something big is happening Beatrice‟ ”(Page 376)

Beside that, the documents which were found by Tris is about end up the

Abnegation.

Monologue

What did Erudite needed was about best soldier to help them control the government so that Dauntless was the best choice for them as it can seen on quote below.

Monologue

“Erudite team up with Dauntless because Erudite doesn‟t have weapons and they don‟t know how to fight but the Dauntless do.” (Page 376)

In addition, Tris also realized when she met with Caleb and he told that

Erudite knew how to manipulate people as stated in the quotation below.

Monologue

“Erudite know how to manipulate and controlling people mind. They could coerce some of us into fighting with misinformation, or by appealing to greed any number of ways. But the Erudite are as meticulous as they are manipulative, so they would not leave it up to chance.” (Page 376- 376).

And it continued when Beatrice realized something after all moment or case collected, and she assumed that all conditions linked as quoted below.

Monologue

After that on page 418 Beatrice realize what Eric said about injected and

Dauntless was changed as the quoted below.

Monologue

“Eric said if every Dauntless was injected yesterday and so now the entire of faction is brain-dead, obedient, and trained to kill. Perfect soldiers.” (Page 418)

All cases had to be linked and it was already planned by Erudite so that this project was intentional and perfectly planned. Erudite collected the serum.

They injected Dauntless, killed all Abnegation and took control on the government.

4.1.2 Massive Number

The second aspect of the definition of mass killing that requires further specification is the meaning of “a massive number.” Unlike most scholarly definitions of genocide, mass killing does not specify that perpetrators must possess the intent to destroy an entire group or even a specific percentage of it.

About the second aspect, definition of mass killings requires specification like “A Massive Number”. It appear when Beatrice see Dauntless soldier push a gray clothed man to his knees in its quote below.

Monologue “I Walk a half mile before I get an answer to that question. I start to hear popping sounds, I can not look around to see where they are coming from, but the farther I walk, the louder and sharper they get, until I recognize the as gunshots. I clench my jaw. I must keep walking; I have to stare straight ahead. Far ahead of us, I see a Dauntless soldier push a gray clothed man to his knees.” (Page 422 Paragraph 1-2)

This is the first people who was seen by Tris. Then continued

Monologue

“The Dauntless soldiers carry out unspoken orders without hesitation and without question. Some adult member of Abnegation are herded toward one of the nearby buildings, along with the Abnegation children. A sea of black-clothed soldiers guard the doors. The only people i do not see are the Abnegation leaders. Maybe they are already dead.” (Page 422 Paragraph 1-2)

Without any reason and heartless, Dauntless kill Abnegation it appear when a man of Abnegation herded toward. All killed and only people Tris do not see is the Abnegation leaders which assumed by Tris if they are already dead in that condition and it said in statement below.

Monologue

Also another gunshot heard on Tris ears, from the corner of her eye. There is a man collapse because of he got shot like what the quote below said.

Monologue

“Another gunshot. From the corner of my left eye, I see a gray blur collapse to the pavement. All the Abnegation will die if this continue”. (Page 423 Paragraph 1)

Beatrice see with herself that the Dauntless kill people in every step Tris away in quote below.

Monologue

“One by one, the Dauntless soldiers in front of me step away to perform one task or another. Soon the leaders will notice that whatever signals everyone else is getting. I‟m not getting them. What will i do when that happens?” (Page 423 Paragraph 3).

The Dauntless kill Abnegation one by one, every Tris step away they perform one task or another to kill the Abnegation faction. Tris focus to find her family, while the holocaust act happened around her. The massive number wrote more clear when Dauntless concentrated in Abnegation sector of the city that which mean all Abnegation was killed according the quote below said.

Monologue

“Erudite and Dauntless forces are concentrated in the Abnegation sector of the city, so as long as we run away from the Abnegation sector, we are less likely to encounter difficulty” (Page 455 Paragraph 1)

The keyword is Abnegation sector of the city which mean almost all Abnegation in the city was murdered by the soldiers.

4.1.3 Noncombatant

The third aspect of the definition of mass killing that warrants clarification is the term “noncombatant.” This definition focuses on the killing of noncombatants because it is violence directed against noncombatants that distinguishes mass killing from other forms of warfare and that most offends our moral sensibilities.

The last aspect according to him about genocide‟s aspect is focuses on the killing of noncombatants because it is violence directed against noncombatants that distinguishes mass killing from other forms of warfare and that most offends our moral sensibilities.

The Abnegation is selfless as can be seen in the synopsis

Synopsis

“Abnegation is one of the five factions in the world of Divergent. Members from Abnegation value selflessless to the point of forgetting themselves for the sake of others. Their substance in the Choosing Ceremony are smooth gray stones.” (Divergent Synopsis).

They could not fight and many number of Abnegations died without resistance to

Dauntless or Erudite. This case appeared when Beatrice escaped in chase as quoted below.

Monologue

“The Dauntless soldiers carry out unspoken orders without hesitation and without question. Some adult member of Abnegation are herded toward one of the nearby buildings, along with the Abnegation children. A sea of black-clothed soldiers guard the doors. The only people I do not see are the Abnegation leaders. Maybe they are already dead.” (Page 422 Paragraph 1-2)

Adult members of Abnegation were herded toward one of the nearby buildings which meant there was no resistance from him and no Abnegation to encounter Erudite.

Monologue

“Some adult member of Abnegation are herded toward one of the nearby buildings, along with the Abnegation children. A sea of black-clothed soldiers guard the doors” (Page 422 Paragraph 1-2)

And confirmed clearly when the Dauntless and Erudite dominate and conquer Abnegation sector without any resistance by the Abnegation like the quote below said.

Monologue

What the Abnegation can do without weapon and fighting skill to encounter them. All Abnegation do is nothing, but Tris and Four come to help as the member of Dauntless.

4.2 The Families Causes of Genocide

Moreover, Valentino added some families of genocide. Three broad families of writing on genocide and mass killing will be examined below. Each family identifies a different set of factors as central causes or important preconditions of genocide and mass killing.

4.2.1 Deep Social Cleavages

The first family focuses on the importance of deep social cleavages between groups as a primary cause or precondition of genocide and mass killing. Social cleavages will be the genocidal issue if one group being envy to another group, so that one group will do what they should take and do whatever they want until the objectives of the group is achieved.

The first family according to Valentino about deep social cleavages refers to the synopsis of Divergent about the diversity group, in the first people read the book.

Synopsis

“People are divided into five factions: Abnegation, the selfless; Amity, the peaceful; Candor, the honest; Dauntless, the brave; and Erudite, the intelligent. All sixteen-year-olds are tested to determine which faction they are best suited for, but select their own faction at the Choosing Ceremony. Those who do not complete initiation become factionless, living on the streets.” (Divergent Synopsis)

The social dividing is lead to cause genocide, while one faction feel they are best and think other faction is not so that they will do anything to defeat or even erase them. As it can be seen in the quote below.

Synopsis “Each faction thinks one virtue is the best: Dauntless think bravery is keen, Erudite love knowledge, Abnegation is pro-self-sacrifice, Amity hearts friendship, and Candor is into telling it like it is. Each faction proud about their ability and this cleavages approach to little problem, especially between Erudite and Abnegation.” (Divergent Synopsis)

Factions has different ability and when each faction proud about their ability and this cleavages approach to little problem, there will be something happened.

4.2.2 Wars, Revolution and National Crisis

A second family suggests that factors such as wars, revolutions, and other national crises provide the spark for mass killing. It is decent while wars, revolution and national crises become genocidal issues, wars identify to attacking individual or group, revolution refers to change something in the nation and it need sacrifice to do it even murder a group.

4.2.2.1 Wars

War is a state of armed conflict between states, government, societies and also some informal paramilitary groups. Violence, aggression, destruction and morality always included in war. And this showed in Divergent Novel, It contains in the core of problems, while Erudite want revolution then taking the control of country they decided to war between the government. It refers to page 375-376 when found Dauntless secure files as the following quote below.

Narrative

“A few weeks ago, before Tris training started, she was at work and she found a way into the Dauntless secure files. Apparently they are not as skilled as the Erudite are at security, and what she discovered was what looked like war plans. Thinly veiled commands, supply lists maps. Thing like that. And those files were sent by Erudite”

This plan really happened when Dauntless kill The Abnegation with heartless and approached as said below.

Monologue

4.2.2.1 Revolution

Revolution is like a state to fight with the government when people are willing to change the government and its system. This oppression can lead wars and violence. The people will do anything to coup d‟etat the government. They spread hoax issues, for instance, when Erudite wanted to do divided at impera between people and the government as quoted below.

Monologue

“Erudite released two articles about Abnegation. The first article accuses Abnegation of withholding luxuries like cars and fresh fruit from the other faction in order to force their belief in self-denial on everyone else. The Second Article discusses the failing choosing government officials based on their faction, asking why only people who define themselves as selfless should be in government. It promotes a return to the democratically elected political systems of the past. It makes a lot of sense, which makes it suspects it is a call for revolution wrapped in the clothing of rationality, “ (Page 261 – 262) .

In addition, the evidence above is just the indirect attack of Erudite to

Abnegation. Erudite using “Hoax” issues about Abnegation then the people become respectless to Abnegation. This is a common action to do when a group want to strike down the opponents. Erudite did it because they want a revolution of government and change the government system by erase the Abnegation.

Moreover, the evidence of second family approached on page 261-262. It said

Monologue

“ It promotes a return to the democratically elected political systems of the past. It makes a lot of sense, which makes it suspects it is a call for revolution wrapped in the clothing of rationality. “ (Page 261 – 262) .

And of course, it was more assured when Dauntless & Erudite made a war plans in Dauntless‟ secure files.

Narrative

4.2.2.3 National Crisis

National crisis is a situation when people have a tension with the government, in

“Divergent” Novel, Erudite has a tension with the government (Abnegation) so that they trying change the government and its system. This tension written in

Conversation between Beatrice and her mom. Tension between Erudite and

Abnegation is higher than ever. That appear on page 180 when Beatrice talking to her mom as it can seen to following quotes below.

Conversation:

Tris: “Will you visiting Caleb? Tris says. Her mom: “I wish i could” She says, “But, the Erudite have prohibited Abnegation visitors from entering their compound. If I tried, I would be removed from the premises” add her. Tris: “What? Thats Terrible” Said Tris. Her mom: “Tensions between our factions are higher than ever” reply her. (page 180)

This case drove to something that was related with what Tris discovered.

In revolution section. It also appeared on page 376 of the first paragraph when

Tris realized what Caleb said to her about something big was happening. Then she thought about War on Abnegation as quoted below.

Monologue

“ The faction that controls the government should erased, all those reports are supposed to stir up dessension against Abnegation, Evidently the Erudite now want to speed up the process to change the government system. ” (Page 376)

Tris did not get shocked at all to hear that a faction could be planning a war and helped Erudite to fight with the government, because the group was willing to change the government system as seen in the quotation below.

Monologue “The faction that controls the government. Yes” (Page 376)

4.2.3 Political Power

The third family emphasizes the concentration of political power in certain forms of government as the most important cause of this kind of violence. When government has issues, it will become nation crisis if the problem is critical, at last the people in the country play as a victim. The political power lead everything in the country, even the country has democracy system but political power play the important role in the country.

And the last is about concentration of political power, Valentino said genocide will happen because of the concentration of political power and this theory refers in page 423 paragraph 2. As it can see in quote below.

Monologue

“ The Dauntless soldiers carry out unspoken orders without hesitation and without question. Some adult members of Abnegation are herded toward one of the nearby building, along with the Abnegation children.”

This quote is the proof of political power, when the soldiers attacking the people or the victims. Moreover the political power of this family also contains in another page, It said from page 261 – 262 about the political strategy from

Erudite. As the following quote below.

Monologue

It continue about the revolution system which progress by Erudite which mentioned by quote below.

Monologue

In politics, when there was a trouble in the government, people will be involved as victims.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing genocide on this novel, the writer concludes that genocide has aspects and the families cause to happen. In the aspects, the perpretator used the genocide as the project for the final solution in taking control of a government or a nation. Many genocide aspects appear on Divergent Novel such as Intentional,

Massive Number and Noncombatant. Massive number is relative. If it talks about genocide it should involve a nation.

In addition, Genocide is also caused at least by three things such as Deep

Social Cleaveages, Wars; Revolution; National Crisis and the last is Political

Power. The social cleavages bring a genocidal, beside that wars; revolution; national crises also lead the genocide. The last family is political power, when political talk, the people will play roles as victims so that many political powers bring a negative and positive thing to a nation which following on Divergent novel that the writer analyze here.

5.2 Suggestion

For readers or audience who would like to analyze genocide using Divergent novel, this thesis could be recommended as your sub material. And for the scholars who still find the preview studies about analyzing your paper, this thesis could help as well. If the readers are willing to analyze Divergent Novel, the

author highly recommends that this thesis can be used as a reference because the theory that the writer used is clear to understand.

REFERENCES

Jones, Adam (2014). Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. Zed Books from https://www.scribd.com/read/326041008/Genocide-War- Crimes-and-the-West-History-and-Complicity. Downloaded on 05-03-2019

Valentino, Benjamin A (2013). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century.Cornell University Press from https://www.scribd.com/book/352380717/Final-Solutions-Mass-Killing-and- Genocide-in-the-20th-Century. Downloaded on 05-03-2019

Gill, Richard. (2006) Mastering English Literature (3rd Ed.). London, MacMillan. Collected on 10-04-2019

Jones, David (1986:1).Review of Related Literature. FromTulungagung.http://repo.iain- tulungagung.ac.id/98/3/CHAPTER%20II.pdf. Collected on 04-20-2019

Leo, Kuper (1982). Its Political Use In the Twentieth Century. Collected on 03-23- 2019

Wisniew, MAJ Stephen Matthew (2012). Early Warning Signs and Indicators to Genocide and Mass Atrocity. School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=732038. Collected on 05-06-2019

Ruvebana, Etienne (2014). Prevention of genocide under International law.University of Groningen. https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/12854790/20140612_Thesis_Ruveban a.pdf. Collected on 05-06-2019

Lemkin, Raphael (1948). What is Genocide. The Armenian Genocide museum Institute Foundationhttp://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/genocide.php. Collected on 03-04-2019

Roth, Veronica (2011). Divergent Novel. Katerin Tegen Books. Collected on 02-20- 2019

Webster, Merriam. (2005). Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th Ed.). Springfield,Massachusetts. Collected on 03-04-2019 Dr Gregory Stanton. Genocide Defining. Holocaust Museum Houston. https://www.hmh.org/media/filer_public/cd/00/cd0060c2-2dbd-4b87-822e- 910990afd4cb/what_is_genocide.pdf. Collected on 03-04-2019 APPENDIXES

The researcher found the ebook of genocide theory which taken from scribd website and take a picture the cover of it directly also the researcher found another book from University of Indonesia from Leo Kuper which titled “Its Political Use In the Twentieth Century”.

1. From Scribd

2. From University of Indonesia

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Details

Full Name : Dani Aprianto

Place, Date of : Tangerang, 28 April 1994

Birth : Indonesia

Nationality : Indonesia

Marital Status : Single

Religion : Buddha

Address : Jl. Moh Toha Pasar Baru No 3 RT 004/002 Tangerang

E-mail : [email protected]

Educational Background

2000 - 2006 : Elementary school of Pasar Baru 1, Tangerang.

2006 – 2009 : Junior high school of Bonavita, Tangerang.

2009 – 2012 : Vocational high school of Bonavita, Tangerang.

2015 – Present : Buddhi Dharma University, Tangerang. Qualification

1. Social Media specialist

2. SEO (Search Engine Optimization)

3. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Google, Youtube and Linkedin Advertising

4. Content writer

5. Computer literate (MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point)

6. Internet Literate

7. Internet Marketing.

Working Experience

1. Worked at PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk, Tangerang.

Period : January - March 2011

Purpose : Internship

Position : Document Controller

Job’s Description:

 Checked documents

 Scan documents

 Input data and documents to the folder

 Sorted documents by the time 2. Work at The Conversion, Tangerang.

Period : 2012 - Present

Purpose : Permanently working

Position : Advertising Manager

Job’s Description:

 Mastering all the parts about digital marketing advertising such as

Facebook, Instagram, Google, Youtube, Twitter and Linkedin

advertising.

 Help promote big brands on social media such as Siloam, ITB, Panca

Budi, Nutrafor Radiance Beauty, Forvita Margarine, Plaza Indonesia,

Top Lady, BMW, etc.

 Creating landing page to help maximize ad results such as Siloam, AXA

Insurance, Wiraland, ITB, etc.

 Creating business plan for ads to be promoted later

 Analyzing the right target market on social media

 Get leads that are prospects from advertisements through social media

 Read Facebook / Instagram Analytics

 Helps to edit videos to maximize adverts later.

 Mastering SEO and how to optimize a website on a Search Engine  Manage digital campaigns as an Account Executive for large clients such

as LG, Hero Supermarket, BCA, Forvita Margarine, Tropical Cooking

Oil, etc.