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Californio to American: a Study in Cultural Change

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Californio to American: a Study in Cultural Change National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change (Photo by Beth Boland) (Photo by Beth Boland) Surrounded today by all the bustle of a metropolitan area, Rancho Los Alamitos (Ranch of the Little Cottonwoods) began as an outpost shelter for vaqueros (cowhands) away from the main ranch property. The rudimentary structure was situated on a small hill overlooking thousands of acres of open space. The land, with its natural spring, was once part of the Indian village area of Puvungna. Later, Californios, Spanish settlers in what is now the state of California, erected several small adobe dwellings in the midst of their cattle ranges. Successive owners made changes to one of these adobes until it was transformed into an elegant 18-room ranch house. Today, Rancho Los Alamitos provides a tangible example of the physical and cultural change that took place in the region from the Spanish colonial days through the Mexican territorial era to the modern American period. National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change Document Contents National Curriculum Standards About This Lesson Getting Started: Inquiry Question Setting the Stage: Historical Context Locating the Site: Maps 1. Map 1: California 2. Map 2: Southern Los Angeles area Determining the Facts: Readings 1. Reading 1: The History of Rancho Los Alamitos 2. Reading 2: The Construction of Rancho Los Alamitos Visual Evidence: Images 1. Aerial view of Rancho Los Alamitos, 1936 2. Site plan of Rancho Los Alamitos 3. Floor plan of Rancho Los Alamitos 4. Exterior views of Rancho Los Alamitos 5. Interior view of Rancho Los Alamitos Putting It All Together: Activities 1. Activity 1: The Ranch House 2. Activity 2: Imagining Life at Rancho Los Alamitos 3. Activity 3: Determining National Register Eligibility 4. Activity 4: Locating Significant Local Properties References and Endnotes Additional Resources National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change Where this lesson fits into the curriculum Time Period: 19th century Topics: The lesson could be used in units on the history of westward movement or multiculturalism in America. Californio to American will help students understand how Americans modified the Californio building style, at the same time adopting aspects of that style and way of life. Relevant United States History Standards for Grades 5-12 This lesson relates to the following National Standards for History from the UCLA National Center for History in the Schools: US History Era 2: • Standard 1A: The student understands how diverse immigrants affected the formation of European colonies. • Standard 1B: The student understands the European struggle for control of North America. • Standard 3: The student understands colonial economic life and labor systems in the Americas. US History Era 4: • Standard 1C: The student understands the ideology of Manifest Destiny, the nation's expansion to the Northwest, and the Mexican-American War. • Standard 2A: The student understands how the factory system and the transportation and market revolutions shaped regional patterns of economic development. • Standard 2E: The student understands the settlement of the West. US History Era 6: • Standard 1A: The student understands the connections among industrialization, the advent of the modern corporation, and material well-being. • Standard 1C: The student understands how agriculture, mining, and ranching were transformed. National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change Relevant Curriculum Standards for Social Studies This lesson relates to the following Curriculum Standards for Social Studies from the National Council for the Social Studies: Theme I: Culture • Standard C: The student explains how language, literature, the arts, architecture, other artifacts, traditions, beliefs, values, and behaviors contribute to the development and transmission of culture. Theme III: People, Places, and Environment • Standard G: The student describes how people create places that reflect cultural values and ideals as they build neighborhoods, parks, shopping centers, and the like. Theme V: Individuals, Groups, and Institutions • Standard I: The student analyzes groups and institutional influences on people, events, and elements of culture. Theme VI: Power, Authority, and Governance • Standard C: The student analyzes and explains ideas and governmental mechanisms to meet needs and wants of citizens, regulate territory, manage conflict and establish order and security. Relevant Common Core Standards This lesson relates to the following Common Core English and Language Arts Standards for History and Social Studies for middle and high school students: Key Ideas and Details • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.1 • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.3 Craft and Structure • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.5 • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.6 Integration of Knowledge and Ideas • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.7 Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity: • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.10 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change About This Lesson This lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration file, "Rancho Los Alamitos," [http://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/3a843445-401e-40c3- b9e8-3796a708305c/?branding=NRHP] (with photographs [http://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/cd4b8e48-881d-42b0-8d43- 5367dbe65418?branding=NRHP]) and other source material. It was written by Peter Cheoros, a mentor teacher and history social science department chairperson at Lynwood High School, Lynwood, California. It was published in 2000. TwHP is sponsored, in part, by the Cultural Resources Training Initiative and Parks as Classrooms programs of the National Park Service. This lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into the classrooms across the country. Objectives 1. To describe the history of California prior to 1848 and its early Californio culture; 2. To relate how the Californios were changed by the coming of the Americans; 3. To analyze documents and plans that describe Californio architecture 4. To explain how the architecture of buildings can reflect basic changes in the way people live. 5. To investigate properties in their own community listed in or potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Materials for students The materials listed below can either be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied, and distributed to students. 1. Two maps of California; 2. Two readings on the history of Rancho Los Alamitos; 3. A site plan of Rancho Los Alamitos; 4. A floor plan of Rancho Los Alamitos showing different construction phases; 5. Five photographs of Rancho Los Alamitos. Visiting the site Rancho Los Alamitos Historic Ranch and Gardens is owned by the city of Long Beach and operated by the Rancho Los Alamitos Foundation. It is open to the public Wednesday through Sunday, 1-5 p.m. Admission is free. Located on Bixby Hill Road, National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change the rancho can be reached by exiting the San Diego Freeway at Palo Verde Avenue and turning south on Palo Verde. Enter through residential guard gate at Anaheim and Palo Verde. For more information, contact Rancho Los Alamitos Historic Ranch and Gardens, 6400 Bixby Hill Road, Long Beach, California 90815, or visit their website. National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change Getting Started Based on the floor plan, what purpose might this structure serve? National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change Photo Analysis Worksheet Step 1: Examine the photograph for 10 seconds. How would you describe the photograph? Step 2: Divide the photograph into quadrants and study each section individually. What details--such as people, objects, activities--do you notice? Step 3: What other information--such as time period, location, season, reason photo was taken--can you gather from the photo? Step 4: How would you revise your first description of the photo using the information noted in Steps 2 and 3? Step 5: What questions do you have about the photograph? How might you find answers to these questions? National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change Setting the Stage In 1542, Juan Cabrillo was sent to California from the newly conquered Spanish province of Mexico to search for gold. He sailed along the coast of Alta (Upper) California and prepared the first written description of the region. Because Cabrillo's exploration party failed to find gold, the Spanish more or less ignored the region for the next two centuries. It was not until 1769 that the first permanent European settlers arrived, led by Gaspar de Portola and Father Junipero Serra. Within the next decade, missions and presidios, or military forts, were established along the coast at San Diego, Monterey, San Gabriel, and San Francisco. In 1781, the pueblo, or town, of Los Angeles was created. By the end of the century, nearly a dozen more missions had been established in California. Most Spanish settlers established themselves on ranchos, or ranches, where they soon developed a distinct culture centered around cattle-raising. To stimulate colonization, the Spanish, and later the Mexican, government issued huge land grants. During the Spanish period these were awarded mostly to retired soldiers. A grant entitled the individual to live on and work the land, but it did not convey ownership.
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