SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 THE LAND AND ITS PEOPLE THE LAND AND ITS PEOPLE 1

The distinctive charm of South Africa comes from rest of Africa, Europe and Asia and who maintain its history and also by moments of great change a strong cultural identity. A few members of the and strides of progress brought about by a people Khoi and the San also live in South Africa. united in a diversity of religious beliefs, cultures and languages. The country’s physical features Languages range from bushveld through deserts and forests, According to the Constitution of the Republic of up majestic mountain peaks down to wide un­ South Africa, 1996, everyone has the right to use spoilt beaches and coastal wetlands. the language and participate in the cultural life of South Africans are ready to become the centre his or her choice, but no one may do so in a man­ of the world’s attention, pulling out all the stops to ner that is inconsistent with any provision of the showcase the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ and make Bill of Rights. Each person has the right to instruc­ it the best World Cup ever. tion in his or her language of choice where this is reasonably practicable. The people According to Statistics South Africa’s (Stats SA) Official languages Mid-Year Population Estimates, 2009, that were The diversity of the unique cultures of South Africa released in July 2009, there were 49 320 500 means that there are 11 official languages. These people in South Africa, of which 52% were fe­ are English, Afrikaans, isiXhosa, isiZulu, isiNdebe­ male. le, Sesotho sa Leboa, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Of the total population, 79,3% classified them­ Tshivenda and Xitsonga. The Constitution also selves as African; 9,1% as white; 9% as coloured; requires the Pan South African Language Board and 2,5% as Indian/Asian. Africans were in the to promote the use of the Khoi, Nama and San majority with more than 39 million of the total languages, and sign language. South African population. The white population According to Census 2001, isiZulu is the moth­ was estimated at 4,5 million, the coloured pop­ er tongue of 23,8% of the population, followed by ula­tion at 4,4 million and the Indian/Asian popula­ isiXhosa (17,6%), Afrikaans (13,3%), Sesotho sa tion at 1,3 million. Leboa (9,4%) and English and Setswana (8,2% Nearly one third (31,4%) of the population were each). younger than 15 years and 7,5% (3,7 million) The least-spoken indigenous language in South were 60 years or older. Africa is isiNdebele, which is spoken by 1,6% of The South African population consists of the the population. following groups: the Nguni (comprising the Although English is the mother tongue of only Zulu, Xhosa, Ndebele and Swazi people); Sotho- 8,2% of the population, it is the language most Tswana, who include the Southern, Northern and widely understood, and the second language of Western Sotho (Tswana people); Tsonga; Venda; the majority of South Africans. However, govern­ Afrikaners; English; coloureds; Indians; and those ment is committed to promoting all the official who have immigrated to South Africa from the languages.

Estimates by population group and gender

Male Female Total Population Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage group of total of total of total population population population African 18 901 000 79,2 20 235 200 79,5 39 136 200 79,3 Coloured 2 137 300 9,0 2 295 800 9,0 4 433 100 9,0 Indian/Asian 635 700 2,6 643 400 2,5 1 279 100 2,6 White 2 194 700 9,2 2 277 400 9,0 4 472 100 9,1 Total 23 868 700 100,0 25 451 800 100,0 49 320 500 100,0

Source: Mid-Year Population Estimates, 2009

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 2 Religion Christian churches Religious groups There are various Christian churches throughout According to the Constitution, everyone has the the country. right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, The Church of England in Southern Africa has belief and opinion. congregations among all sections of the commu­ Almost 80% of South Africa’s population fol­ nity. Church attendance in South Africa is favour­ lows the Christian faith. Other major religious able in both rural and urban areas, and churches groups are the Hindus, Muslims, Jews and Bud­ are well served by a large number of clerics and dhists. A minority of South Africa’s population do officials. not belong to any of the major religions, but re­ On the whole, training for the church ministry is gard themselves as ­traditionalists of no specific thorough and intensive. religious affiliation. Apart from the work of the churches, a number of Christian organisations (para-church organisa­ Number of individuals by church tions) operate in South Africa, doing missionary and evangelical work, and providing aid and train­ Churches Number ing. Regular religious programmes on radio and Dutch Reformed 3 005 698 televi­sion, and the abundance of places of wor­ Zion Christian 4 971 932 ship, reflect the importance of religion in South Catholic 3 181 336 Africa. Many newspapers carry a daily scriptural message, and various religious magazines, news­ Methodist 3 305 404 papers and books are produced and sold in reli­ Pentecostal/Charismatic 3 422 749 gious bookshops. There are many official and unofficial ecumeni­ Anglican 1 722 076 cal relations between the various churches. Apostolic Faith Mission 246 190 One of the most important of these links is the South African Council of Churches (SACC), al­ Lutheran 1 130 987 though it is not representative of all churches. Presbyterian 832 495 The major African indigenous churches, most of Bandla Lama Nazaretha 248 824 the Afrikaans churches, and the Pentecostal and charismatic churches are, as a rule, not members Baptist 691 237 of the SACC, and usually have their own coordina- Congregational 508 825 ting liaison bodies. Orthodox 42 251 African independent churches (AICs) Other Apostolic churches 5 609 070 The largest grouping of Christian churches is Other Zionist churches 1 887 147 the AICs, represented by the Zionist or Apostolic churches. The Pentecostal move­ment also has its Ethiopian type churches 880 414 independent offshoots in this group. Other Reformed churches 226 495 The Zion Christian Church (ZCC) is the largest Other African independent churches 656 644 of these churches in South Africa and the largest church overall. The teaching is a syncretism be­ Other Christian churches 3 195 477 tween Christianity and African Traditional Religion. African Traditional Belief 125 903 More than a million members gather twice a year Judaism 75 555 at Zion City, Moria, east of Polokwane in Limpopo, at Easter and for the September festival. Hinduism 551 669 Traditionally, Easter is the religious highlight of Islam 654 064 the year. The ZCC members, estimated to exceed Other beliefs 269 200 four million, are not obliged to make the pilgrim­ age, but have loyally observed the tradition for No religion 6 767 165 more than 80 years. Undetermined 610 971 The 4 000 or more independent churches have Total 44 819 778 a membership of more than 10 million people, making this movement the most important reli­ Source: Statistics South Africa (Census 2001) gious group in South Africa.

3 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 The independent churches attract people in groups such as the Church Alliance of South from both rural and urban areas. There are, for Africa, and operate in all communities. example, hundreds of separate churches in rural Hundreds of independent charismatic churches KwaZulu-Natal, and at least 900 from all ethnic have mushroomed across the country. The largest groups in the urban complex of Soweto alone. In of these groups is the International Fellowship of northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga, these Christian Churches (IFCC). Rhema Church, with its churches serve more than half the population. 32 000-member congregation, spearheads the movement. The IFCC, representing more than 400 Afrikaans churches churches, is also a member of the SACC. The Afrikaans churches are predominantly Pro- Also active in South Africa, among the smaller testant. Of these churches, the Dutch Reformed groups, are the Greek Orthodox Church, the Sev­ Church family of churches in South Africa is the enth-Day Adventist churches, the Church of the largest and represents about 3,5 million people. Nazarenes, Church of Scientology and the Salva­ The Dutch Reformed Church, also known as tion Army. the Nederduitse Gerefor­meerde Kerk, with its sis­ ter churches, the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk African traditionalists and the Gereformeerde Kerk, have congregations Because the traditional religion of the African countrywide. people has a strong cultural base, the various The Dutch Reformed Church also has six fully groups have different rituals, but there are certain fledged English-language congregations, one con- common features. gregation for Dutch-speaking people, and four A supreme being is generally recognised, but for Portuguese-speaking people. There are about ancestors are of far greater importance, being the 2 000 members in each of these congregations. deceased elders of the group. They are regarded The Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Af­ as part of the community; indispensable links rica, the Dutch Reformed Church in Africa and the with the spirit world and the powers that control smaller Reformed Church in Africa, with predomi­ everyday affairs. These ancestors are not gods, nantly Indian members, are some of the smaller but because they play a key part in bringing about churches. either good or ill fortune, maintaining good rela­ Other churches with Afrikaans-speaking adher­ tions with them is vital and they have to be ap­ ents, some with very large memberships, include peased regularly through a variety of ritual offer­ the Apostolic Faith Mission and the Afrikaanse ings. Protestantse Kerk. While an intimate knowledge of herbs and other therapeutic techniques and the use of Roman Catholic Church supernatural powers can be applied for the The Roman Catholic Church has grown signifi­ benefit of the individual and the community, some cantly in number and influence in recent years. practitioners are masters of black magic, creating It works closely with other churches on the fear among people. As a result of close contact socio-political front. The Southern African Catholic with Christianity, many people find themselves in Bishops’ Conference, founded more than 50 years a transitional phase between African Traditional ago, is the representative body of this church in Religion and Christianity. southern Africa. Other religions Other Christian churches The majority of Indians who originally came to Other established churches in South Africa include South Africa were Hindu. They retained their the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, the Meth­ Hindu religion and today some two thirds of South odist Church, various Lutheran and Presbyterian Africa’s Indians are Hindus. The rest are Muslims churches, and the Congregational Church. and a minority are Christians. Although the different Baptist groups are not The Muslim community in South Africa is small, large, they represent a strong church tradition. but growing rapidly, with a number of people from Together, they form the nucleus of the SACC. The South Africa’s different cultural groups embracing largest traditional Pentecostal churches are the the religion. Apostolic Faith Mission, the Assemblies of God The Jewish population numbers less than and the Full Gospel Church, and there are nu­ 100 000. Of these, the majority are Orthodox merous others. Many of them enjoy fellowship Jews. Buddhism is barely organised in South Af­

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 4 rica. However, the Nan Hua Buddhist temple has heavy sediment load and steep gradients of most been built at Bronkhorstspruit near Pretoria. The South African rivers. Only the largest rivers, such number of Parsees has decreased, while there is as the Orange and Limpopo, maintain narrow a small group of Jains in Durban. Followers of the permanent channels through the bars. For these Baha’i faith are establishing groups and temples reasons, the country has no navigable rivers. in various parts of the country. Relief features The land South Africa’s surface area falls into two major South Africa occupies the southernmost tip of physiographic categories: the interior plateau, Africa with a coastline of about 3 000 km. The and the land between the plateau and the coast. country stretches latitudinally from 22° to 35° S Forming the boundary between these two areas and longitudinally from 17° to 33° E. is the Great Escarpment, the most prominent and Its surface area is 1 219 090 km2. The country continuous relief feature of the country. Its height has common boundaries with Namibia, Botswana above sea level varies from about 1 500 m in the and Zimbabwe, while Mozambique and Swazi­ dolerite-capped Roggeveld scarp in the south- land lie to the north-east. Completely enclosed west, to a height of 3 482 m in the KwaZulu-Natal by South African territory in the south-east is the Drakensberg. mountain kingdom of Lesotho. Inland from the escarpment lies the interior To the west, south and east, South Africa borders plateau, which is the southern continuation of on the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Isolated, some the great African plateau stretching north to the 1 920 km south-east of Cape Town in the Atlan­ Sahara Desert. tic, lie the Prince Edward and Marion islands, an­ The plateau itself is characterised by wide nexed by South Africa in 1947. plains with an average height of 1 200 m above sea level. The oceans The dissected Lesotho plateau, which is more South Africa’s biggest neighbours are the Atlan­ than 3 000 m above sea level, is the most promi­ tic and Indian oceans, which meet at the south- nent. In general, the escarpment forms the high­ western corner of the continent. est parts of the plateau. The warm Mozambique-Agulhas current skirts Between the Great Escarpment and the coast the east and south coasts as far as Cape Agulhas, lies an area which varies in width from 80 km to while the cold Benguela current flows northwards 240 km in the east and south, and a mere 60 km along the west coast as far as southern Angola. to 80 km in the west. At least three major subdivi­ The contrast in temperature between these two sions are recognised: the eastern plateau slopes, currents partly accounts for important differences the Cape folded belt and adjacent regions and the in climate and vegetation between the east and western plateau slopes. west coasts of South Africa. It also accounts for the differences­ in marine Climatic features life. The cold waters of the west coast are much Although the country is classified as semi-arid, richer in oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and plank­ it has considerable variation in climate. The sub­ ton than those of the east coast. Consequently, tropical location, on either side of 30° S, accounts the South African fishing industry is centred on for the warm temperate conditions so typical the west coast. of South Africa, making it a popular destination for foreign tourists. Being in the southern hemi­ The coasts sphere, the seasons in South Africa are opposite The coastline itself is an even, closed one with to those of Europe and North America. few bays or indentations naturally suitable for The country also falls squarely within the sub­ harbours. The only ideal natural harbour along tropical belt of high pressure, making it dry, with the coastline is Saldanha Bay on the west coast. an abundance of sunshine. However, the area lacks fresh water and does The wide expanses of ocean on three sides of not offer natural lines of penetration to the inte­ South Africa have a moderating influence on its rior. climate. More apparent, however, are the effects Most river mouths are unsuitable as harbours of the warm Agulhas and the cold Benguela cur­ because large sandbars block entry for most of rents along the east and west coasts respectively. the year. These bars are formed by the action of While Durban (east coast) and Port Nolloth (west waves and currents, and by the intermittent flow, coast) lie more or less on the same latitude, there

5 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 is a difference of at least 6° C in their mean an­ ern plateau areas bordering on the escarpment. nual temperatures. Frost decreases to the north, while the coast is Gale-force winds are frequent on the coasts, virtually frost-free. especially in the south-western and southern Average annual relative humidity readings coastal areas. show that, in general, the air is driest over the western interior and the plateau. Along the coast, Rainfall the humidity is much higher, and at times may South Africa has an average annual rainfall of rise to 85%. Low stratus clouds and fog frequently 450 mm, compared with a world average of occur over the cool west coast, particularly during 860 mm. About 65% of the country receives less summer. The only other area that commonly ex­ than 500 mm per year, which is generally accepted periences fog is the “mist belt” along the eastern as the minimum amount required for successful foothills of the escarpment. dry-land farming. About 21% of the country, mainly the arid west, Sunshine receives less than 200 mm per year. South Africa is famous for its sunshine. Gene- In Cape Town, the capital city of the Western rally speaking, April and May are the most pleas­ Cape, the average rainfall is highest in the win­ ant months when the rainy season over the ter months, while in the capital cities of the other summer-rainfall region has ended, and before the eight provinces, the average rainfall is highest rainy season in the winter-rainfall area has begun. during summer. At this time of the year, the hot summer weather South Africa’s rainfall is unreliable and unpre­ has abated and the winds are lighter than during dictable. Large fluctuations in the average annual the rest of the year. rainfall are the rule rather than the exception in In certain areas, however, notably the hot, humid most areas of the country. KwaZulu-Natal coast, Mpumalanga and Limpopo, Below-average annual rainfall is more com- June and July are the ideal holiday months. monly recorded than above-average total annual rainfall. South Africa is periodically afflicted by The provinces drastic and prolonged droughts, which often end South Africa is divided into nine provinces, each in severe floods. with its own legislature, premier and executive councils. The provinces, with their own distinc­ Temperatures tive landscapes, vegetation and climate, are Temperature conditions in South Africa are the Western Cape, the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu- characterised by three main features. Firstly, tem­ Natal, the Northern Cape, Free State, North West, peratures tend to be lower than in other regions at Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. (See Chap­ similar latitudes, for example, Australia. ter 22: Tourism.) This is due primarily to the greater elevation of the subcontinent above sea level. Western Cape Secondly, despite a latitudinal span of 13 de­ The Western Cape’s natural beauty, complement­ grees, average annual temperatures are remark­ ed by its hospitality, cultural diversity, excellent ably uniform throughout the country. Owing to the wine and colourful cuisine, make the province one increase in the height of the plateau towards the of the world’s greatest tourist attractions. north-east, there is hardly any increase in temper­ The cold Atlantic Ocean along the west coast is ature from south to north as might be expected. a rich fishing area, while the warmer Indian Ocean The third feature is the striking contrast be­ skirts the province’s southern beaches. tween temperatures on the east and west coasts. Visitors to the Western Cape can disembark at Temperatures above 32° C are fairly common Cape Town International Airport, George Airport or in summer, and frequently exceed 38° C in the at the ports of Cape Town, Mossel Bay or Saldan­ lower Orange River Valley and the Mpumalanga ha. A network of roads also leads to Cape Town, Lowveld. fondly known as the “Mother City”. Cape Town houses Parliament and is the coun­ Frost, humidity and fog try’s legislative capital. Frost often occurs on the interior plateau during Other important towns in the province include cold, clear, winter nights, with ice forming on still Saldanha, a notable harbour for iron exports and pools and in water pipes. The frost season (April the fishing industry; Worcester and Stellenbosch to October) is longest over the eastern and south­ in the heart of the winelands; George, renowned

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 6 Western Cape Agriculture and marine fisheries Capital: Cape Town The Western Cape is rich in agriculture and fisher­ Principal languages: Afrikaans 55,3% ies. The sheltered valleys between the mountains isiXhosa 23,7% provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of top- English 19,3% grade fruits, such as apples, table grapes, olives, Population: 5 356 900 (Mid-Year Population peaches and oranges. In the eastern part of the Estimates, 2009) Western Cape, a great variety of vegetables is Area (km2): 129 370 cultivated. The province can be divided into three climatic regions. The area around the Cape Penin­ sula and the Boland, further inland, is a winter- for its indigenous timber and vegetable produce; rainfall region with sunny, dry summers. Oudtshoorn, known for its ostrich products and the Towards George, along the south coast, the world-famous Cango caves; and Beaufort West on climate gradually changes to year-round rainfall, the dry, sheep-farming plains of the Great Karoo. while inland, towards the more arid Great Karoo, The Western Cape boasts one of the world’s six the climate changes to summer rainfall. accepted floral kingdoms. Although it is the small­ The Western Cape is known as one of the est of them all, the Cape Floral Kingdom, which world’s finest grape-growing regions. Many of its is characterised by fynbos, contains more plant wines have received the highest accolades at in­ species than the whole of Europe. These include ternational shows. the famous proteas and heathers. The wheat-growing Swartland district around Covering an area of more than 553 000 ha, Malmesbury, and the Overberg around Caledon, the Cape Floristic Region World Heritage Site form the bread basket of the country. comprises eight separate protected areas The inland Karoo region (around Beaufort West), stretching from the Cape Peninsula into the East­ and the Overberg district (around Bredasdorp), ern Cape. produce wool and mutton, and pedigree Merino The Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden is breeding stock. included in this area, which makes it a world-first Other animal products include broiler chickens, for South Africa, since no other world heritage site eggs, dairy products, beef and pork. The West­ includes a botanical garden. ern Cape is the only province with an outlet for the The Knysna-Tsitsikamma region has the coun­ export of horses. This earns the country millions try’s biggest indigenous forests; a fairyland of of rands in foreign revenue. ancient forest giants, ferns and colourful birdlife. The province has also established itself as the Products of the forests include sought-after fur­ leading facilitator in the export of ostrich meat to niture made from the indigenous yellowwood, Europe. In addition to meat, fine leatherware and stinkwood and white pear trees. ostrich feathers are also exported to destinations The province has a strong network of higher all over the world. education (HE) institutions, including the Univer­ The plankton-rich cold Benguela current flows sity of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University, the along the west coast of the province, which is University of the Western Cape and the Cape considered to be one of the world’s richest fish­ Peninsula University of Technology. ing grounds. This resource is protected from overfishing by foreign vessels by means ofa The people 300-km commercial fishing zone and a strict More than 5,3 million people live in the Western quota system. Snoek, Cape lobster, abalone, Cape on 129 370 km2 of land (Mid-Year Popula- calamari, octopus, oysters and mussels are tion Estimates, 2009). Afrikaans is spoken by the among the most sought-after piscatorial delights majority, with isiXhosa and English being the other from this region. main languages. A potpourri of diverse cultural back­grounds Industry gives the province a cosmopolitan ambiance, The province has the lowest unemployment rate resulting in a demographic profile quite different in the country, namely 19,7% (Labour Force Sur- from the national pattern. vey, 2009), compared with the national average The profile draws on elements from different of 23,2%. parts of Europe, south-east Asia, India and Africa, The backbone of the Western Cape’s economy which are richly reflected in the diversity of the is small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs). area. Between 2004 and 2008, the province spent

7 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 R56 million in financial and mentoring support to • developing public viewing areas (PVAs) assist 38 121 SMMEs (of which 80% were histori­ • provincial road-infrastructure upgrades, inclu- cally disadvantaged). ding the Koeberg interchange and the N2 Cor­ These and 4 355 tourism SMMEs and 6 267 ridor entrepreneurs were beneficiaries of support- • FIFA’s Centre of Hope in Khayelitsha infrastructure programmes. • opportunities for volunteers and young people The Provincial Government implemented an to develop skills and experience during the initiative called “Die Plek Plan”, to create eco­ event nomic opportunities in rural and peri-urban areas. • upgrading the Philippi Stadium at a cost of “Plek” is a contraction of the words “plaaslike” R54 million as a “venue-specific” training site (local) and “ekonomiese” (economic). It works • building at least six new hotels in the Western with municipalities and communities to identify Cape projects that can create economic opportunities, • building overall capacity in delivering health and whose development is subsidised by the services. Rural Economic Assistance Fund with R20 mil­ The Final Draw on 4 December 2009 at the Cape lion. Town International Convention Centre attracted Many of South Africa’s major insurance com­ a worldwide television viewership of 700 million panies and banks are based in the Western Cape. people. The majority of the country’s petroleum companies and the largest segment of the print­ Eastern Cape ing and publishing industry are located in Cape The Eastern Cape, with its vast natural resources, Town. offers the adventurer and ecotourist a memorable Information and communications technology­ experience. The province, with its undulating hills, (ICT) is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the expansive sandy beaches, majestic mountain province, and operations are being expanded to ranges and emerald green forests, is the second- other provinces. After Gauteng and KwaZulu- largest of the nine provinces in terms of surface Natal, the Western Cape’s manufacturing sector is area. the third-largest contributor to the national manu­ The region boasts remarkable natural diversity, facturing sector. ranging from the dry, desolate Great Karoo to the The clothing and textile industry remains the lush forests of the Wild Coast and the Keiskamma most significant industrial source of employment Valley; the fertile Langkloof, renowned for its rich in the province. apple harvests; and the mountainous southern Cape Town is the economic hub of the pro- Drakensberg region at Elliot. vince, encompassing industrial areas such as The Eastern Cape’s main feature is its spec­ Epping, Montagu Gardens, Parow and Retreat. tacular coastline lapped by the Indian Ocean. With Along the west coast, the Saldanha Steel Project its long stretches of pristine sandy beaches, rocky has led to increased economic activity. coves, secluded lagoons and towering cliffs, the coastline provides the province with an unsur­ 2010 FIFA World CupTM passed natural tourist attraction. Government is using the hosting of the 2010 World The graceful curve of Algoa Bay provides an Cup to fast-track the growth and development of ideal setting for the Port of Port Elizabeth. East the country. Towns and cities have geared up to London offers equally favourable harbour fa­ host thousands of ticket holders during 2010. cilities. The province is serviced by airports situ­ The investment in 2010 will benefit South Afri­ ated in Port Elizabeth, East London, Mthatha and cans long after the tournament. Bhisho. Cape Town is ready to host the World Cup. Preparations include: • Green Point Stadium, which will host eight Eastern Cape matches during the tournament, including a Capital: Bhisho quarter-final and a semi-final Principal languages: isiXhosa 83,4% • R12 billion of investment in the Cape Town Afrikaans 9,3% International Airport English 3,6% • developing the Integrated Rapid Transport Population: 6 648 600 (Mid-Year Population System Estimates, 2009) Area (km2): 169 580

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 8 The architecture of many of its cities and towns fruit orchards, while the Karoo interior is an im­ reflects the rich heritage of its people. portant sheep-farming area. Angora wool is also Important towns in the province include Bhisho, produced here. the capital; Uitenhage, which has important motor The Alexandria-Grahamstown area produces vehicle-manufacturing and related industries; King pineapples, chicory and dairy products, while cof­ William’s Town, rich in early settler and military fee and tea are cultivated at Magwa. People in history; Grahamstown, also known as the “City the former Transkei region are dependent on the of Saints” because of its more than 40 churches; farming of cattle, maize and sorghum. Graaff-Reinet, with its interesting collection of An olive nursery has been developed in collabo- historic buildings; Cradock, the hub of the Cen­ ration with the University of Fort Hare to form a tral Karoo; Stutterheim, the forestry centre of the nucleus of olive production in the Eastern Cape. province; Aliwal North, famous for its hot sulphur Extensive exotic forestry plantations in the high springs; and Port St Johns, the largest town on rainfall areas of Keiskammahoek provide employ­ the Wild Coast. ment for large numbers of the population. The In the Eastern Cape, various floral habitats province is a summer-rainfall region with high meet. Along the coast, the northern tropical for­ rainfall along the coast, becoming gradually drier ests intermingle with the more temperate woods behind the mountain ranges into the Great Karoo. of the south. The Eastern Cape Provincial Government plans This makes for an interesting forest habitat of to develop the province’s forestry and timber in­ various species endemic to this region. dustry by creating up to 100 000 ha of plantations Age-old forests occur at Keiskammahoek, over the next 10 years. Dwesa, Port St Johns and Bathurst; dune forests The basis of the province’s fishing industry is are found at Alexandria; and man­groves along the squid, some recreational and commercial fishing Wild Coast. for line fish, the collection of marine resources Rolling grasslands dominate the eastern in­ and access to line-catches of hake. terior of the province, while the western central Ostrich exports are flourishing and the provin­ plateau is savanna bushveld. The northern inland cial Department of Agriculture has been hailed is home to the aromatic, succulent-rich Karoo. for the support it is giving this industry. Each The province has a number of HE institutions, ostrich-export establishment has a resident official including the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Uni­ veterinarian, which is a requirement for exporting versity, the University of Fort Hare and the Walter ostrich products to the European Union (EU). Sisulu University of Technology. The game industry is enjoying unprece­dented demand in the international market due to health- The people conscious consumers increasingly­ demanding The Eastern Cape has almost seven million lean organic game meat. people living on 169 580 km2 of land (Mid-Year Population Estimates, 2009). The majority of the Industry people speak isiXhosa, followed by Afrikaans and Trends in the Gross Domestic Product by Region English. (GDP-R) figures over the past five years sug­ gest that the province experienced growth in Agriculture, fishing and forestry line with the national average of above 4% per The Eastern Cape Provincial Government has year. The Expanded Public Works Programme approved the Provincial Cooperative Strategy played a critical role in creating employment op­ to establish a cooperative development fund in portunities, especially for youth and women. From 2009/10. Rural development and agrarian trans­ 2004 to 2008, over 212 000 employment op­ formation are strategic priorities. Resources were portunities were created and more than 50 000 provided to enable ownership by worker groups, people trained. namely pineapple farming in Peddie, chicory The Mzimvubu Project is key to turning around farming in Alexandria, citrus on the banks of the the economy of the region to establish a modern Kat River and at Addo, fruit farmers in Langkloof agro-industrial economy centred around Mthatha, and the paprika farmers in Keiskammahoek. in the same way that the industrial development The Eastern Cape has excellent agricultural zones (IDZs) of Coega and East London are clus­ and forestry potential. The fertile Langkloof Val­ tering industrial development in those areas. The ley in the south-west has enormous deciduous Provincial Government has allocated additional

9 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 resources to the Coega Development Corpora­ 2010 World Cup tion for the further development of the Automotive The Eastern Cape is ready to play its part in host­ Supplier Park. ing the 2010 World Cup. By mid-2009, the Provin­ The Provincial Industrial Strategy outlines cial Government had invested R50 million in the broad government efforts that are necessary to refurbishment of sports facilities in Buffalo City. transform the structure and distribution of indus­ The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium was com­ trial activity in the Eastern Cape to meet particular pleted a year before the 2010 kick-off. economic, social and political objectives. Hospitality services were expanded to ensure The metropolitan economies of Port Elizabeth that a sufficient number of beds are available to and East London are based primarily on manufac­ accommodate tourists who will visit the province. turing, the most important industry being motor More than 1 200 people have been trained in the manufacturing. The province is the hub of South hospitality sector. Africa’s automotive industry. Parallel to the football spectacular, there will be Several of the world’s biggest motor manu­ an arts and culture programme. A crafters’ data­ facturers, such as Volkswagen, Ford (Samcor), base was compiled, together with three additional General Motors (Delta) and DaimlerChrysler, have crafter hubs in Dimbaza, Dispatch and Flagstaff. plants in the Eastern Cape. During 2008/09, the Fan parks – PVAs with large-screen televisions, automotive sector in the province attracted in­ entertainment and food and beverage stands – vestment in excess of R3 billion. will be established for the tournament. The Provincial Government uses state procure­ The Eastern Cape is becoming more accessi­ ment to build the cooperative and SMME sectors. ble as the Provincial 2010 Public Transport Plan, In the 2008/09 financial year alone, government, which links air, road, rail, maritime, taxi and bus through the Eastern Cape Development Corpora­ operations, is being implemented. tion, disbursed R95 million in loans to the Emer- The extension of the N2 from Kei Mouth to Port ging Contractor Programme and another St Johns – the Wild Coast meander – will unlock R114 million to SMMEs. the tourism potential of the scenic coastline. In With two harbours and four airports offer­ addition, the 248-km road will also facilitate agri­ ing direct flights to the main centres, and an cultural and economic productivity, and access to excellent road and rail infrastructure, the province government services at schools, clinics and police has been earmarked as a key area for growth stations. and economic development. Environmentally Phase One of the Bhisho Airport was completed friendly projects include the Fish River Spatial in 2008 and Mthatha Airport is being upgraded at Development Initiative (SDI), the Wild Coast SDI a cost of R60 million. and the East London and Coega IDZs. The lat­ ter, 20 km east of the Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage KwaZulu-Natal metropoles, was the first IDZ to be earmarked, KwaZulu-Natal is South Africa’s domestic tour­ and is one of the biggest initiatives ever ism leader. Aptly called South Africa’s “Garden undertaken in South Africa. Plans for the devel­ Province”, KwaZulu-Natal is one of the country’s opment of the area as an export-orientated zone most popular holiday destinations. This verdant include the building of the port of Ngqura. region includes South Africa’s lush subtropical The railway from Mthatha to East London was east coast. Washed by the warm Indian Ocean, refurbished. it stretches from Port Edward in the south, and The East London IDZ plans to establish a “sci­ northwards to the Mozambique boundary. ence” or technopark, where a culture of innova­ In addition to the magnificent coastline, the tion and competitiveness of its associated busi­ province also boasts sweeping savanna in the ness and knowledge-based institutions will be east, and the majestic Drakensberg mountain enhanced. range in the west. The Eastern Cape Provincial Government in­ Visitors to KwaZulu-Natal can either disembark tends to support a number of key interventions at Durban International Airport, which handles to enhance the performance of Coega, including more than 2,5 million passengers a year, or at linkages with a number of logistical interventions Durban harbour. Alternatively, they can make use in the Nelson Mandela area. Despite the economic of the extensive national road network. downturn, Coega was expected to secure at least The ports of Durban and Richards Bay are some eight new investors for about R5,1 billion in the of the busiest in South Africa. Richards Bay is an 2009/10 financial year. important coal-export harbour.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 10 The province has several popular coastal holi­ Agriculture and industry day resorts, such as Port Shepstone, Umhlanga According to Stats SA, the average economic Rocks and Margate. In the interior, Newcastle is annual growth for KwaZulu-Natal for the period well known for steel production and coal mining, 2004 to 2008 was 4,1%, compared to 3,65% Estcourt for meat processing, and Ladysmith and from 2001 to 2004. Richmond for mixed agriculture. The manufacturing sector is the largest in this The KwaZulu-Natal coastal belt yields sugar province in terms of contribution to GDP (21%). cane, wood, oranges, bananas, mangoes and The Gijima SMME Upliftment Programme, co- other tropical fruit. ordinated by the Department of Economic Devel­ The province is also well known for its active opment and funded by the EU, is on track to reach conservation activities. There are several reserves its target of creating or saving 3 000 jobs accord­ in the province such as the Royal Natal National ing to the funding agreement. Park, Giant’s Castle and the Kamberg Nature From the inception of the Land Reform Pro­ Reserve. gramme of the former Department of Land Affairs Some of South Africa’s best-protected indig­ in 1999 to 2009, the Provincial Land Reform Of­ enous coastal forests are found along the sub­ fice had transferred 602 projects, resulting in the tropical coastline of KwaZulu-Natal; for example, relocation of 329 070 ha to 106 694 beneficiar­ at Dukuduku and Kosi Bay. It is also along this ies. coast that the magnificent St Lucia Estuary and Richards Bay is the centre of operations for Kosi Bay lakes are located. The iSimangaliso South Africa’s aluminium industry. The Richards Wetland Park is a world heritage site. Separating Bay Coal Terminal is instrumental in securing the KwaZulu-Natal from Lesotho, the Drakensberg country’s position as the second-largest exporter runs 200 km along the western boundary of the of steam coal in the world. Richards Bay Minerals province. is the largest sand-mining and mineral-process­ The northern part of the province, south of ing operation in the world. the Swaziland border, is typical African savanna, In recent times, the province has undergone providing a natural backdrop for its rich wildlife, rapid industrialisation owing to its abundant which is protected in several game parks. water supply and labour resources. Industries The province boasts several universities of are found at Newcastle, Ladysmith, Dundee, technology, universities and other educational Richards Bay, Durban, Hammarsdale, Richmond, institutions, including the University of KwaZulu- Pietermaritzburg and Mandeni. Natal and the Durban Institute of Technology. The sugar-cane plantations along the Indian KwaZulu-Natal is the only province with a mon­ Ocean coastal belt form the mainstay of the archy specifically provided for in the Constitution. economy and agriculture of the region. The coast­ al belt is also a large producer of subtropical fruit, The people while the farmers in the hinterland concentrate on KwaZulu-Natal has more than 10 million people vegetable, dairy and stock farming. living on 92 100 km2 of land (Mid-Year Population Another major source of income is forestry in Estimates, 2009). The principal language spo­ the areas around Vryheid, Eshowe, Richmond, ken is isiZulu, followed by English and Afrikaans. Harding and Ngome, which is also known for its Remnants of British colonialism, together with tea plantations. Zulu, Indian and Afrikaans traditions, make for an The summer-rainfall coastal regions of this interesting cultural mix in the province. province are hot and humid with a subtropical climate. The KwaZulu-Natal Midlands between the coastal strip and the southern Drakensberg Escarpment are drier, with extremely cold condi­ KwaZulu-Natal tions in winter and snow on the high-lying ground. Capital: Pietermaritzburg In the north, the subtropical strip extends around Principal languages: isiZulu 80,9% Swaziland to the edge of the escarpment. English 13,6% Afrikaans 1,5% 2010 World Cup Population: 10 449 300 (Mid-Year Population KwaZulu-Natal has recently seen the biggest in­ Estimates, 2009) vestment in infrastructure programmes in its his­ Area (km2): 92 100 tory. This included:

11 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 • the R2,6-billion Moses Mabhida Stadium, which cessible from South Africa’s major cities, harbours boasts a 350-m arch spaning the stadium and airports. • R259 million that was made available for Important towns are Upington, centre of the infrastructure development of stadiums in four karakul sheep and dried-fruit industries, and district municipalities. the most northerly wine-making region of South All of Durban’s public-transport projects, which Africa; Springbok, in the heart of the Namaqua­ are being funded by national government to the land spring-flower country; Kuruman, founded amount of R1,2 billion, were expected to be com­ by the Scottish missionary Robert Moffat; and De pleted by the first quarter of 2010. Aar, second most important junction of South Af­ These include additional dedicated public rica’s railway network. Sutherland is host to the transport lanes, an innercity distribution system, southern hemisphere’s largest astronomical park-and-ride facilities using existing car parks observatory, the multinational-sponsored South­ and buses, upgrades to major intersections, a ern African Large Telescope. freeway management system, a closed-circuit South Africa has been shortlisted as one of two television (CCTV) road-monitoring system and a countries to host the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), traffic call centre. a giant next-generation radio telescope being Durban’s new King Shaka International Airport developed by scientists from 17 countries. The was expected to start operating in May 2010, in proposed SKA will be located in the Northern time for the FIFA World Cup, and a shuttle service Cape. Other important Northern Cape towns would be provided for passengers between the include the sheep-farming towns of Carnarvon, airport and a central transport hub in the city. Colesberg, Kenhardt and Prieska, which are re­ A 10- to 15-m-wide promenade along the nowned for their semi-precious stones and vari­ beachfront will give access to the fan park and to ety of succulents. the stadium through an existing underpass, which Apart from a narrow strip of winter-rainfall area will be widened and upgraded. along the coast, the Northern Cape is a semi-arid The pilot People Mover System – a wheelchair- region with little rainfall in summer. The weather friendly service with large windows – travels conditions are extreme – cold and frosty in winter, along a designated route within the city and along with extremely high temperatures in summer. the beachfront, servicing over 500 000 people a The largest part of the province falls within year. The service, which is monitored by cameras the Nama-Karoo Biome, with a vegetation of low to make it safe, runs every 15 minutes between shrubland and grass, and trees limited to water 06:00 and 23:00. courses. The area is known for its spectacular display of spring flowers that attracts thousands Northern Cape of tourists every year. The Northern Cape is noted for its San rock art, This biome is home to many wonderful plant diamond diggings, 4X4 safaris and the Kgalagadi species, such as the elephant’s trunk (halfmens), Transfrontier Park. It is a vast stretch of semi- tree aloe (kokerboom) and a variety of succu­ desert land. The distance from the capital, Kim­ lents. berley, on the eastern border to Springbok (in the The province has several national parks and west) is more than 900 km. It is a large, dry region conservation areas. The Kalahari Gemsbok of fluctuating temperatures and varying topogra­ National Park, together with the Gemsbok Nation­ phies. al Park in Botswana, is Africa’s first transfrontier The Northern Cape lies to the south of its most game park, known as the Kgalagadi Transfrontier important asset, the mighty Orange River, which Park. It is one of the largest nature-conservation provides the basis for a healthy agricultural in­ areas in southern Africa and one of the largest dustry. The landscape is characterised by vast arid plains with outcroppings of haphazard rock piles. The cold Atlantic Ocean forms the western Northern Cape boundary. Capital: Kimberley This region covers the largest area of all the Principal languages: Afrikaans 68% provinces and has the smallest population. Its Setswana 20,8% major airports are situated at Kimberley and at Population: 1 147 600 (Mid-Year Population Upington. The Northern Cape has an excellent Estimates, 2009) road network, which makes its interior easily ac­ Area (km2): 361 830

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 12 remaining protected natural ecosystems in the Keimoes, grapes and fruit are cultivated inten­ world. The park provides unfenced access to a sively. Wheat, fruit, peanuts, maize and cotton are variety of game between South Africa and Bot­ produced at the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme near swana. Warrenton. The Ai-Ais-Richtersveld Transfrontier Conser­ The Integrated Provincial SMME Strategy vation Park spans some of the most spectacular allows the province to implement effective scenery of the arid and desert environments in second-economy interventions to address pover­ southern Africa. Bisected by the Orange River, ty, underdevelopment and marginalisation. Small which forms the border between South Africa Enterprise Development Agency offices have been and Namibia, it comprises the Ai-Ais Hot Springs established in all five districts to offer non-finan­ Game Park in Namibia and the Richtersveld cial support, and business advice and counselling National Park in South Africa. Some of the distinc­ to SMMEs. tive features in the area include the Fish River The Northern Cape has identified business Canyon (often likened to the Grand Canyon in process outsourcing and offshoring as one of the United States of America) and the Ai-Ais hot the projects capable of providing a consider­ springs. This arid zone is further characterised by able number of job opportunities through the a unique and impressive variety of succulent plant establishment of call centres. The first-ever call species. centre in Ga-Segonyana in the Northern Cape was Nowhere is the Orange River more impressive launched in February 2008. than at the Augrabies Falls, which ranks among Agriculture is still one of the mainstay sectors the world’s greatest cataracts on a major river. of the Northern Cape’s economy and is therefore The Augrabies Falls National Park was established critical in overall economic planning. In this regard, to preserve this natural wonder. agricultural development programmes such as the Farmer Support and Development Programme The people and the Comprehensive Agriculture Support The Northern Cape is sparsely populated and Programme were expected to be strengthened houses just more than one million people on by funding of R49 million in 2009. More than 361 830 km2 of land (Mid-Year Population Esti- R7 million of this was allocated to wine devel­ mates, 2009). About 68% of the population speak opment. In 2009/10, more than R90 million was Afrikaans. Other languages spoken are Setswana, allocated to farmer support and development. isiXhosa and English. The last remaining true San (Bushman) people live in the Kalahari area Mining of the Northern Cape. The area, especially along Kimberley is often referred to as the “Diamond the Orange and Vaal rivers, is rich in San rock Capital of the World”. engravings. A good collection can be seen at the The Northern Cape is rich in minerals. The McGregor Museum in Kimberley. The province is country’s chief diamond pipes are found in the also rich in fossils. Kimberley district. In 1888, the diamond indus­ try was formally established with the creation of Agriculture and industry De Beers Consolidated Mines. Alluvial diamonds The Northern Cape is enjoying tremendous growth are also extracted from the beaches and the sea in value-added activities, including game farming. between Alexander Bay and Port Nolloth. Food production and processing for the local and The Sishen Mine near Kathu is the biggest export market are also growing significantly. source of iron ore in South Africa, while the cop­ Underpinning the growth and development­ plan per mine at Okiep is one of the oldest mines in of the province are the investment projects that the country. Copper is also mined at Springbok link up with the existing plans of the Namaqua and Aggeneys. The province is rich in asbestos, Development Corridor, where the focus is on the manganese, fluorspar, semi-precious stones and beneficiation and export of sea products. The marble. economy of a large part of the Northern Cape, Until recently, the majority of small- to medium- the interior Karoo, depends on sheep farming, scale alluvial operations were concentrated along while the karakul-pelt industry is one of the most or near the Vaal River system. With the deposits important in the Gordonia district of Upington. The available for mining declining rapidly, there has province has fertile agricultural land. In the Orange been a gradual shift towards the Orange River River Valley, especially at Upington, Kakamas and system.

13 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Two recent larger-scale investments also show duced by the local people; and Bethlehem, gate­ continued prospects in this sector. way to the Eastern Highlands of the Free State. As part of the implementation of economic- Nestled in the rolling foothills of the Maluti development initiatives, the province established mountains in the north-eastern Free State, the the Diamond, Gemstone and Jewellery Hub that Golden Gate Highlands National Park is the prov­ will host the State Diamond Trader. ince’s prime tourist attraction. The park derives its The Gold Chain Technology Project, focusing on name from the brilliant shades of gold cast by the the production of gold and silver chains for the sun on the spectacular sandstone cliffs, especially export market, was launched in 2008. The total the imposing Brandwag rock, which keeps vigil investment amounts to R82 million. over the park. The Provincial Government and private inves­ The N1, which is the artery between Gau­ tors opened a gold jewellery-manufacturing facil­ teng and the Western and Eastern Cape, passes ity worth R100 million in Kimberley, in an effort through the middle of the Free State. The annual to ensure that more value is added to precious Mangaung African Cultural Festival, popularly metals locally, with finished products destined for called Macufe, is hosted in partnership with the export markets. Tourism Authority and the Performing Arts Centre of the Free State. 2010 World Cup The 2010 Mass Mobilisation Programme was The people launched in Kimberley in January 2009. The According to the Mid-Year Population Estimates, Northern Cape will not be hosting any matches 2009, there are more than 2,9 million people in during the 2010 FIFA World CupTM. Buses will the Free State on about 129 480 km2 of land. The travel from the province to other host cities. main languages spoken are Sesotho and Afri­ PVAs will provide the people of the Northern kaans. Cape with the opportunity to participate in the Many of the towns display a cultural mix that is World Cup. clearly evident in street names, public buildings, monuments and museums. Dressed-sandstone Free State buildings abound on the Eastern Highlands, while The Free State, a province of wide horizons and beautifully decorated Sotho houses dot the grass­ blue skies, farmland, mountains, goldfields and lands. Some of South Africa’s most valued San widely dispersed towns, lies in the heart of South rock art is found in the Free State. The districts Africa, with Lesotho nestling in the hollow of its of Bethlehem, Ficksburg, Ladybrand and Wepener bean-like shape. Between the Vaal River in the have remarkable collections of this art form. north and the Orange River in the south, this im­ mense rolling prairie stretches as far as the eye Agriculture can see. Agriculture has always been considered to be the The capital, Bloemfontein, has a well-estab­ main sector in the province’s economy. lished institutional, educational and administra­ The Free State is a summer-rainfall region, tive infrastructure, and houses the Supreme Court which can be extremely cold during the winter of Appeal. months, especially towards the eastern moun­ The city, also referred to as the “City of Roses”, tainous regions. The western and southern areas is home to some of the province’s many tertiary are semi-desert. educational institutions, including the University Known as the “Granary of the Country”, the of the Free State and the Central University of Free State has cultivated land covering 3,2 million Technology. ha, while natural veld and grazing cover 8,7 mil­ Important towns include Welkom, the heart of lion ha. Field crops yield almost two thirds of the the goldfields and one of the few completely pre- gross agricultural income of the province. Animal planned cities in the world; Odendaalsrus, another products contribute a further 30%, with the bal­ gold-mining town; Sasolburg, which owes its ex­ ance generated by horticulture. istence to the petrol-from-coal installation estab­ Ninety percent of the country’s cherry crop is lished there; Kroonstad, an important agricultural, produced in the Ficksburg district, while the two administrative and educational centre; Parys, on largest asparagus-canning factories are also situ­ the banks of the Vaal River; Phuthaditjhaba, well ated in this area. known for the beautiful handcrafted items pro­

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 14 Soya, sorghum, sunflowers and wheat are cul­ The largest deposit of bentonite in the country tivated, especially in the eastern Free State, where occurs in the Koppies district. farmers specialise in seed production. About 40% The Free State Provincial Government has ap­ of the country’s potato yield comes from the high- proved the establishment of two biofuel plants in lying areas of the Free State. Bothaville and Hoopstad. The province produces about 100 000 t of vegetables and 40 000 t of fruit each year. Manufacturing and industry The main vegetable crop is asparagus, both The Provincial Government has developed a white and green varieties. The industry is expand­ number of strategies and policy documents to ing and becoming increasingly export-orientated. bring about shared benefits of freedom in the eco­ In terms of floriculture, the Free State has an nomic front. These include the policy to support advantage due to the opposing seasons of the SMMEs and a supply chain management policy to southern and northern hemispheres. The prov­ ensure preferential procurement. By June 2008, ince exports some 1,2 million t of cut flowers per the Free State Development Corporation had ap­ year. proved loans totalling over R32 million primarily The development of agriculture as a sustain­ for SMMEs. able economic contributor, especially regarding Some 14% of the province’s manufacturing is emerging and small farmers, is one of the high- classified as being in high-technology industries, impact projects which are underway. which is the highest percentage of all the provin­ cial economies. Mining An important manufacturing industry in the pro- The province is the world’s fifth-largest gold pro­ vince can be found in the northern Free State, ducer, with mining the major employer. It is also which is one of the most important chemical hubs a leader in the chemicals industry, being home to in the southern hemisphere. the giant synthetic-fuels company, Sasol. The province has competitive advantages in Some 82% of the region’s mineral production the production of certain fuels, waxes, chemicals value is derived from this activity, primarily in the and low-cost feedstock from coal. goldfields region, which comprises the districts of The growth in high-tech industries is signifi­ Odendaalsrus, Virginia and Welkom. cant in the context of the changing contribution Twelve gold mines operate in the province. of the gold-mining industry to gross geographic Roughly 30% of South Africa’s gold is obtained product. The province’s development strat­ from this region, and the province lies in fifth posi­ egy centres on competitiveness, empow­er­ment, tion as a global producer. capacity-building and bene­fi­­ciation. Harmony Gold Refinery and Rand Refinery are the only two gold refineries in South Africa. 2010 World Cup Gold mines in the Free State also supply a The upgraded Free State Stadium in Bloemfon­ substantial portion of the total silver produced tein will host five first-round matches and one in the country, while considerable concentra­ second-round match during the World Cup. Re­ tions of uranium occurring in the gold-bearing furbishment was completed by November 2008, con­glomerates of the goldfields are extracted as ahead of the FIFA-required deadline. a by-product. Other projects included: Bituminous coal is mined in the province and • Mangaung activity corridor and the establish­ converted to petrochemicals at Sasolburg. Dia­ ment of the intermodal facility monds from this region, extracted from kimberlite • finalising funding and business plans for the pipes and fissures, are of a high quality. upgrading of access roads from the N8 to Bloemfontein Airport and the airport itself • revamping resorts, water distribution and pu­ Free State rification works Capital: Bloemfontein • ICT development and upgrade Principal languages: Sesotho 64,4% • establishing a sports museum Afrikaans 11,9% • installing CCTV cameras in Mangaung. isiXhosa 9,1% Cooperation with Lesotho and the Northern Cape Population: 2 902 400 (Mid-Year Population will extend the economic benefits of the event far Estimates, 2009) beyond the borders of the Free State. Area (km2): 129 480

15 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 North West Manufacturing North West boasts a year-round sunny climate, North West’s manufacturing sector is centred exciting wildlife destinations like the Pilanesberg around the municipalities of Brits, Rustenburg, National Park and Madikwe Game Reserve, various Potchefstroom, Klerksdorp and Mafikeng, which cultural and historical attractions and Sun City and account for more than 50% of total manufacturing Lost City. Also known as the “Platinum Province”, production in the province. North West is centrally located on the subconti­ The industries in Brits concentrate mostly on nent with direct road and rail links to all southern manufacturing and construction, while those at African countries, and with its own airport near Klerksdorp are geared towards the mining in­ the capital city, Mafikeng. Most economic activity dustry, and those at Vryburg and Brits towards is concentrated in the Southern Region (between agriculture. Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp), Rustenburg, and In the manufacturing area, automotive parts, the Eastern Region, where more than 83,3% of electrical machinery, electronic, and audio and GDP-R of the province is generated. medical equipment are being manufactured in An amount of R3,1 billion was allocated to ad­ the province using local material. dress infrastructure needs in the 2009/10 finan­ The Centre for Advanced Manufacturing (CFAM) cial year. was originally started in Potchefstroom. It is a self-sufficient business that initially supplied a The people comprehensive re-engineering service to the ex­ Of the 3,4 million people living in the North West, trusion and mining industry. The CFAM has also 65% live in the rural areas (Mid-Year Population developed equipment that can be used to add val­ Estimates, 2009). ue to affordable cereals such as maize meal and thus offers food that is ideal for low-cost feeding Mining schemes in rural areas. Mining has always been strong in the North West, With the assistance of Invest North West, the and more is being done in terms of mineral ben­ North West is keeping up with the global trend eficiation in the province, making the most of the of developing science parks. The proposed North natural advantage that the province enjoys. West Science Park in Potchefstroom will include Mining is responsible for more than a third a related community employment and entrepre­ of the province’s GDP. Platinum comes from the neurial centre. Initial grant funding of R40 million Rustenburg and Brits districts, which produce is required to ensure self-sustainability, even at more platinum than any other single platinum- only 60% occupancy. production area in the world. Diamonds are mined The Platinum SDI, situated on the Coast-to- at Lichtenburg, Koster, Christiana and Bloemhof. Coast Highway that links the port of Maputo in Fluorspar is exploited at Zeerust. Granite and Mozambique to Walvis Bay in Namibia, is expected marble are also mined, and copper and nickel by- to unlock further development. About 200 poten­ products also yield substantial earnings annually. tial project opportunities in tourism, manufactur­ Recent pojects included: ing, agriculture and mining have been identified. • the development of a granite-beneficiation operation that involves the cutting and polish­ Agriculture ing of granite slabs and tiles for both the local Agriculture is of extreme importance to the North and export market West. It contributes about 2,6% to the total GDP-R • new investments to mine and process limestone and 19% to formal employment. into cement for export have been concluded for Some 5,9% of the South African GDP in agricul­ the Mafikeng area ture and 16,96% of total labour in agriculture are • International Ferro Metals, a successful new ferrochrome mine in the North West with a processing plant adjacent to the mine, is North West expected to be one of the lowest-cost produc­ Capital: Mafikeng ers of ferrochrome in the world, minimising Principal languages: Setswana 65,4% chrome handling Afrikaans 7,5% • the Minerals Park Project in the Mafikeng IDZ isiXhosa 5,8% will focus on, among other things, diamond- Population: 3 450 400 (Mid-Year Population beneficiating operations, including the cutting, Estimates, 2009) polishing and manufacturing of diamond jewel­ Area (km2): 116 320 lery.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 16 based in the North West (Provincial Economies, the struggle against apartheid was fought in and 2004). The province is an important food basket in from Soweto, which is estimated to be inhabited South Africa. Maize and sunflowers are the most by over two million people. Soweto is a city of en­ important crops, and the North West is the major terprise and cultural interaction. producer of white maize in the country. It is also a popular tourist destination, with sites Some of the largest cattle herds in the world such as Kliptown, where the Freedom Charter was are found at Stellaland near Vryburg, which ex­ drawn up; the home of former President Nelson plains why this area is often referred to as the Mandela; the Hector Petersen Memorial site; and “Texas of South Africa”. Marico is also cattle restaurants and shopping malls. It boasts one of country. The areas around Rustenburg and Brits the largest public hospitals on the continent, the are fertile, mixed-crop farming land. Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital; and one of the largest shopping malls, the 65 000-m2 Maponya 2010 World Cup Mall, which attracts on average 1,5 million people Rustenburg is the official hosting city in the North a month. West, with the Royal Bafokeng Stadium being the Some 50 km north of Johannesburg lies Preto­ official match venue. ria, dominated by government departments and The stadium was also used for the Confedera­ the diplomatic corps of foreign representatives in tions Cup in June 2009. the country. Pretoria is the administrative capital of South Gauteng Africa and home to the Union Buildings. Pretoria, Gauteng continues to serve as the economic en­ also known as the “Jacaranda City”, is known for gine room of the country and the subcontinent, its colourful gardens, shrubs and trees, particular­ responsible for over 34,8% of the country’s GDP. ly beautiful in spring when some 50 000 flowering Although it is the smallest of South Africa’s jacaranda trees envelop the avenues in mauve. nine provinces, covering only 1,4% of the coun­ The city developed at a more sedate pace than try’s land area, it contributes about a third of the Johannesburg, and town planners had the foresight country’s total GDP. Gauteng is the powerhouse of to include an abundance of open space. Pretoria South Africa and the heart of its commercial busi­ has more than 100 parks, including bird sanctua- ness and industrial sectors. ries and nature reserves. Johannesburg, nicknamed “Egoli” (Place of An air of history pervades much of central Gold), is the capital of the province and a city Pretoria, especially Church Square, around which of contrasts. Mine-dumps and headgear stand the city has grown. Many buildings of historical proud as symbols of its rich past, while modern and architectural importance have been retained architecture rubs shoulders with examples of or restored to their former splendour. 19th-century engineering prowess. The industrial area of Rosslyn and the town­ Gleaming skyscrapers­ contrast with Indian ba­ ships of Soshanguve and GaRankuwa are situated zaars and African muti (medicine) shops, where north of Pretoria. Mamelodi; and Cullinan, known traditional healers dispense advice and traditional for its diamonds, lies to the east. To the west, lies medicine. Atteridgeville. The three most important sectors contributing Other important Gauteng towns include to GDP-R are finance, real estate and business Krugersdorp and Roodepoort on the West Rand; services; manufacturing; and general government and Germiston, Springs, Boksburg, Benoni, Brak­ services. pan and Kempton Park on the East Rand. Gauteng is also the financial-services capital Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging in the south of of Africa. More than 70 foreign banks have their the province are major industrial centres, while head offices here, as do at least the same number Heidelberg, Nigel and Bronkhorstspruit, to the of South African banks, stockbrokers and insur­ east, are of agricultural importance. ance giants Although the province is highly urbanised and The province blends cultures, colours and first- industrialised, it contains wetlands of international and third-world traditions in a spirited mix that is importance, such as Blesbokspruit near Springs. flavoured by many foreign influences. The province houses some of the most impor­ Most overseas visitors enter South Africa via tant educational and health centres in the country. OR Tambo International Airport. South of Johan­ Pretoria boasts the largest residential university in nesburg is Soweto, devel­oped as a township for South Africa, the University of Pretoria, and what black people under the apartheid system. Most of is believed to be the largest correspondence uni­

17 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 versity in the world, the University of South Africa, Agriculture and industry known as Unisa. Gauteng’s agricultural sector is geared to provide In addition, Gauteng is home to leading the cities and towns of the province with daily research institutions such as the Council for Sci­ fresh produce, including dairy products, vegeta­ entific and Industrial Research, the Agricultural bles, fruit, meat, eggs and flowers. Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Insti­ A large area of the province falls within the tute and the Human Sciences Research Council. so-called “Maize Triangle”. The districts of More than 60% of South Africa’s research and Bronkhorstspruit, Cullinan and Heidelberg hold development (R&D) takes place in Gauteng. important agricultural land, where groundnuts, Johannesburg has two residential universities, sunflowers, cotton and sorghum are produced. namely the University of the Witwatersrand and This summer-rainfall area has hot summers the University of Johannesburg. There are also and cold winters with frost. Hail is common dur­ several teacher-training colleges, technical col­ ing the summer thunderstorms. leges and universities of technology in the prov­ Gauteng is an integrated industrial complex ince. with major areas of economic activity in three subregional areas, namely the Vaal Triangle; the The people East, West and Central Rand; and Pretoria. Gauteng is the most densely populated province in The Vaal Triangle has a strong manufacturing South Africa. About 10,53 million of the country’s sector; the West Rand concentrates on primary people (Mid-Year Population Estimates, 2009) live mining; and the Central Witwatersrand is domi­ in this province. The level of urbanisation is 97%. nated by the manufacturing and finance sectors, with mining capital playing a major role. Manufacturing All sectors rely heavily on the Vaal Dam (on the Manufacturing is one of the key drivers of the Vaal River), from where water is piped across the economy of the province. Mining dominates the province. western areas of Gauteng and manufacturing the Most steel in South Africa is produced and eastern parts. consumed in Gauteng. South Africa is also one Gauteng is the centre of the country’s motor- of the top-10 primary producers of aluminium in manufacturing industry. The manufacturing sec­ the world. The value of this industry in Gauteng is tor alone employs about 600 000 people in over worth about US$20 million. 9 000 enterprises. This includes basic iron and Johannesburg houses the JSE Limited, the steel, fabricated metal products, food, machinery, largest securities exchange in Africa. electrical machinery, appliances and electrical supplies, vehicle parts, accessories and chemical 2010 World Cup products. By August 2009, the refurbishment of Soccer City, Loftus Versfeld and Ellis Park stadiums was on Technology track. Johannesburg will host the International A large number of institutions engaged in R&D Broadcasting Centre and develop a multimillion and innovation choose Gauteng as their preferred rand precinct around Nasrec. site of operation. The Innovation Hub in Pretoria Soccer City, near Soweto, Johannesburg, will is Africa’s first internationally accredited science host the opening and final matches of the 2010 park and a full member of the International As­ World Cup as well as the opening and closing sociation of Science Parks. Its community has be­ ceremonies. come a regional centre of innovation and know- ledge creation, linked to the fast moving world of global interconnectivity. Gauteng The Innovation Hub has created a unique Capital: Johannesburg space for high-tech entrepreneurs, world-class Principal languages: isiZulu 21,5% businesses, academics, researchers and venture Afrikaans 14,4% capitalists to meet, network and prosper. In 2008, Sesotho 13,1% there were 68 companies resident within The English 12,5% Innovation Hub precinct, made up of SMMEs and Population: 10 531 300 (Mid-Year Population multinational companies, employing in excess of Estimates, 2009) 1 000 people. Area (km2): 17 010

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 18 In 2009, the telecommunications infrastructure in the south-east is a production area for tropical was being upgraded to meet international stand­ fruit and sugar. ards as well as local and international demands. A large sugar industry is also found at Malelane The roads and transport infrastructure was in the east; Ermelo is the district in South Africa being revamped to ensure quick and easy travel­ that produces the most wool; Barberton is one of ling to the match venues and tourist destinations the oldest gold-mining towns in South Africa; and while OR Tambo International Airport, which is the Sabie is situated in the forestry heartland of the main port of entry, is ready to welcome and pro- country. cess large numbers of soccer lovers and tourists. The Maputo Corridor, which links the province In 2009, the hospitality industry was working to with Gauteng and Maputo in Mozambique, her­ improve accommodation and related services. alds a new era in terms of economic development­ Dedicated police, emergency, medical, health, and growth for the region. traffic and disaster-management services were As the first international toll road in Africa, the preparing to ensure quality service delivery. Maputo Corridor is attracting investment and releasing the local economic potential of the land­ Mpumalanga locked parts of the country. The best-performing Mpumalanga is aptly called “Paradise Country” sectors in the province include mining, manufac­ and people are drawn to the province by the mag­ turing and services. Tourism and agriprocessing nificent scenery, the fauna and flora and the saga are potential growth sectors in the province. of the 1870 gold-rush era. Mpumalanga means Mpumalanga falls mainly within the Grassland “Place where the Sun Rises”. With a surface area Biome. The escarpment and the Lowveld form a of only 79 490 km2, the second-smallest province transitional zone between this grassland area and after Gauteng, it has the fourth-largest economy the Savanna Biome. in South Africa. Long stretches of undulating grasslands Bordered by Mozambique and Swaziland in the change abruptly into thickly forested ravines and east and Gauteng in the west, it is situated mainly thundering waterfalls of the escarpment, only to on the high plateau grasslands of the Middleveld, change again into the subtropical wildlife splen­ which roll eastwards for hundreds of kilometres. dour of the Lowveld. Sabie and Graskop provide a In the north-east, it rises towards mountain peaks large part of the country’s total forestry products. and terminates in an immense escarpment. In These forestry plantations are an ideal backdrop some places, this escarpment plunges hundreds for ecotourism opportunities, with a variety of of metres down to the low-lying area known as popular hiking trails, a myriad waterfalls, patches the Lowveld. of indigenous forest and many nature reserves. The area has a network of excellent roads and Lake Chrissie is the largest natural freshwater railway connections, making it highly accessible. lake in South Africa and is famous for its variety of Because of its popularity as a tourist destination, aquatic birds, especially flamingos. Mpumalanga is also served by a number of small airports, such as the Kruger Mpumalanga Inter­ The people national Airport. Over the past five years, the provincial economy Nelspruit is the capital of the province and achieved an average growth of 4,7%. Even though the administrative and business centre of the it is one of the smaller provinces, Mpumalanga Lowveld. Witbank is the centre of the local coal- has a population of about 3,6 million people. mining industry; Standerton, in the south, is known for its large dairy industry; and Piet Retief Agriculture and forestry Agriculture in Mpumalanga, which holds 17% of the medium-potential arable land in South Africa, Mpumalanga is characterised by a combination of commercial­ Capital: Nelspruit ised farming, subsistence and livestock farming Principal languages: siSwati 30,8% and emerging crop farming. Higher demands for isiZulu 26,4% agricultural products due to continuing popula­ isiNdebele 12,1% tion growth in the country, increases in the ex­ Population: 3 606 800 (Mid-Year Population port of agricultural goods via Maputo harbour and Estimates, 2009) potential for increased agricultural production are Area (km2): 79 490 expected to boost this sector in future.

19 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 The province is a summer-rainfall area divided going investment project that has presented op­ by the escarpment into the Highveld region with portunities to municipalities in the province. cold frosty winters, and the Lowveld region with One of the country’s largest paper mills is mild winters and a subtropical climate. situated at Ngodwana, close to its timber source. The escarpment area sometimes experiences Middelburg produces steel and vanadium, while snow on high ground. Thick mist is common dur­ Witbank is the biggest coal producer in Africa. ing the hot, humid summers. An abundance of The province’s flagship programmes include citrus fruit and many other subtropical fruits – the Maputo Development Corridor, which was mangoes, avocados, litchis, bananas, pawpaws, launched in December 2008; the Moloto Rail granadillas and guavas – as well as nuts and a Development Corridor; Water for All, Heritage, variety of vegetables are produced here. Greening Mpumalanga; and various tourism pro­ Nelspruit is the second-largest citrus-produc­ grammes. ing area in South Africa and is responsible for one third of the country’s export in oranges. The Insti­ 2010 World Cup tute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops is situated In June 2009, work on developing the show­ here. grounds into a world-class outdoor events and Groblersdal is an important irrigation area, recreational and cultural hub began. The facility which yields a wide variety of products such as will stage various shows, exhibitions and cultural citrus fruit, cotton, tobacco, wheat and vegeta­ events ahead of and beyond 2010. bles. Carolina-Bethal-Ermelo is mainly a sheep- The Mbombela Stadium, with a capacity of farming area, but potatoes, sunflowers, maize and 46 000 seats, will host four matches in Nels­ peanuts are also produced in this region. pruit. In 2008, construction had commenced on the Matsafeni access road, the R40 high- Industry and manufacturing occupancy vehicle lane, and the P166 and N4 Most of the manufacturing production in Mpu­ interchange site. An integrated 2010 Safety and malanga occurs in the southern Highveld region, Security Plan has been developed. especially in the Highveld Ridge where large pet­ rochemical industries such as Sasol II and III are Limpopo located. Large-scale manufacturing occurs espe­ Limpopo, South Africa’s northernmost pro- cially in the northern Highveld area, in particular, vince, borders onto Mozambique, Zimbabwe and chrome alloy and steel manufacturing. Botswana, making it the ideal entrance to Africa. In the Lowveld subregion, industries are con­ Named after the Limpopo River that flows along centrated around the manufacturing of products its northern border, the province is rich in wildlife, from agricultural and raw forestry material. The spectacular scenery and a wealth of historical and growth in demand for goods and services for ex­ cultural treasures. port via Maputo will stimulate manufacturing in Limpopo has a strong rural basis. Its growth the province. strategy centres on addressing infrastructure Since 2005, the Mpumalanga Economic Growth backlogs, the alleviation of poverty and social de­ Agency has facilitated more than R1,2-billion in­ velopment. vestment into the province. The province is linked to the Maputo Develop­ During 2008, 16 657 SMMEs accessed busi­ ment Corridor through the Phalaborwa SDI, which ness-development support and 284 SMMEs re- is a network of rail and road corridors connect­ ceived financial support. ing to the major seaports, which will open up Mpumalanga is very rich in coal reserves. The Limpopo for trade and investment. This is com­ country’s major power stations, three of which are plemented by the presence of smaller airports in the biggest in the southern hemisphere, are situ­ centres such as Phalaborwa and Musina, as well ated here. Unfortunately, these cause the highest as the Gateway International Airport in Polokwane. levels of air pollution in the country. The airport caters for about 38 000 passengers a Anglo Coal, Sappi, Columbus Stainless and York year. Timbers invested R11,3 billion in the province be­ Polokwane is the capital city and lies strategi­ tween 2004 and 2008 and created close to 5 000 cally in the centre of the province. jobs. The Great North Road, running through the The recommissioning of three power stations centre of the province, strings together a series in the province by Eskom is another important on­ of interesting towns. Bela-Bela, with its popular

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 20 mineral spa, is near the southern border of the Agriculture province. Limpopo contributes 6,7% to the national GDP. Further north lie Modimolle with its table-grape The bushveld is cattle country, where controlled industry and beautiful Waterberg mountain range; hunting is often combined with ranching. About Mokopane; Polokwane; Makhado at the foot of 80% of South Africa’s hunting takes place in this the Soutpansberg mountain range; and Musina, province. As the largest producers of various crops with its thick-set baobab trees. The crossing into in the agricultural market, Limpopo is exploit­ Zimbabwe is at Beit Bridge. ing this capacity as a resource for agritourism. Other important Limpopo towns include For instance, the Modimolle Grape Festival is cel­ the major mining centres of Phalaborwa and ebrated in January. Thabazimbi; and Tzaneen, producer of tea, forestry The province developed the Limpopo Agricul­ products and tropical fruits. This province is in the tural Development Strategy, whose priority lies in Savanna Biome, an area of mixed grassland and the development of agricultural hubs – a concept trees, which is generally known as bushveld. A adapted to suit areas with the greatest potential trip through this summer-rainfall area shows that to increase land availability for agricultural pro­ this is tree country. duction while enhancing the broader economy Rich in natural beauty, culture and wildlife, of such areas. Two of the five hubs identified are Limpopo is an ideal breakaway destination for Nandoni in the Vhembe District and Nebo Plateau tourists. The province’s natural resources include in the Sekhukhune District. more than 50 provincial reserves, as well as sev­ Sunflowers, cotton, maize and peanuts are cul­ eral private game reserves. The largest section tivated in the Bela-Bela­-Modimolle area. Tropical of the Kruger National Park is situated along the fruit, such as bananas, litchis, pineapples, man­ eastern boundary of Limpopo with Mozambique. goes and pawpaws, as well as a variety of nuts, Several museums and national monuments are grown in the Tzaneen and Makhado areas. bear testimony to ancient people and fear­ Extensive tea and coffee plantations create many less pioneers who braved the unknown. Living employment opportunities in the Tzaneen area. museums include the Bakone Malapa Museum The climatic conditions in this province allow near Polokwane, where Bapedi tribespeople prac­ for double harvesting seasons, which ultimately tise age-old skills for the benefit of visitors; and translate into Limpopo becoming the national food the Tsonga Open-Air Museum near Tzaneen. basket. It produces about 60% of the country’s Mapungubwe (“Place of The Jackal”) Hill, some tomatoes; 75% mangoes; 65% papaya; 33% or­ 75 km from Musina, used to be a natural fortress anges; 36% tea; 25% citrus, bananas and litchis; for its inhabitants from about AD 950 to 1200. and 60% of its avocados. It has initiated a process It was declared a world heritage site in 2003. to open market access for exporting some of its Valuable archaeological artefacts, including many fresh produce to the People’s Republic of China. golden objects, have been discovered in this area, More than 45% of the R2-billion annual turno­ as well as in the northern part of the Kruger Na­ ver of the Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market tional Park. comes from Limpopo. The largest tomato farm in South Africa lies between Tzaneen and Makhado. The people Extensive forestry plantations are also found According to the Mid-Year Population Estimates, here. 2009, about 5,2 million people live on about Plantations of hard wood for furniture manu­ 123 910 km2 of land in Limpopo. facturing have also been established and many of the rural people practise subsistence farming. The northern and eastern parts of this summer- Limpopo rainfall region are subtropical with hot, humid Capital: Polokwane summers and mist in the mountainous parts. Principal languages: Sesotho sa Leboa 52,1% Winter throughout the province is mild and mostly Xitsonga 2,4% frost free. Tshivenda 15,9% The revitilisation of the Tshivhase Tea Estate in Population: 5 227 200 (Mid-Year Population the Vhembe District has reached a stage where Estimates, 2009) rural people of Limpopo can proudly produce their Area (km2): 123 910 own tea.

21 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Industry and mining tured goods and services. It has high potential and Major international mining operations contribute capacity with appropriate economic develop­ 20% to Limpopo’s economy, making mining the ment, and is an attractive location for investors. primary driver of economic activity. The province Resources such as tourism, rain-fed agriculture, is also the world’s largest producer of antimony, a minerals and an abundant labour force offer strategic element used in alloys and medicine. viable investment opportunities. Limpopo is rich in mineral deposits, including platinum-group metals, iron ore, chromium, high- 2010 World Cup and middle-grading coking coal, diamonds, anti­ The Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane mony, phosphate and copper, as well as mineral will host five of the 2010 World Cup matches. reserves such as gold, emeralds, scheelite, mag­ Following a major refurbishment, Polokwane netite, vermiculite, silicon and mica. Base com­ International Airport was re-launched at the end modities such as black granite, corundum and of 2008, and has the capacity to cope with the feldspar are also found in the province. expected influx of tourists to the region. The province is a typical developing area, ex­ porting primary products and importing manufac­

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 22 Acknowledgements Original text by Theuns and Heila van Rensburg www.gdace.gpg.gov.za Pan South African Language Board www.geda.co.za Bulletin of Statistics (March 2004), published by www.gov.za Statistics South Africa www.inw.org.za Labour Force Survey (March 2009), published by www.limpopo.gov.za Statistics South Africa www.mpumalangainfotourism.info Provincial Economies (May 2003), published by www.nwpg.gov.za the Department of Trade and Industry www.pansalb.org.za Community Survey 2007, published by Statistics www.places.co.za South Africa www.sacc.org.za Mid-year Population Estimates, 2009, published www.sa2010.gov.za by Statistics South Africa www.sagoodnews.co.za www.capegateway.gov.za www.sa-venues.com www.cesa.org.za www.southafrica.info www.cr/commission.org.za www.southafrica.net http://cms.privatelabel.co.za www.tourismnorthwest.co.za www.fs.gov.za www.tradeinvestsa.co.za www.gauteng.net www.yeboweb.co.za www.gautengonline.gov.za www.zulu.org.za

Suggested reading Balson, S. 2007. Children of the Mist: The Lost Tribe of South Africa. Queensland, Aust: Interactive Presentations. Bonner, PL and Nieftagodien, N. 2008. Alexandra: A History. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Brodie, N (ed). 2008. The Joburg Book. Northlands: Pan Macmillan South Africa. Brown, D. 2007. To Speak of this Land: Identity and Belonging in South Africa and Beyond. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Cadman, M. 2007. South Africa: Exploring our Provinces. Johannesburg: Jacana. Calabrese, JA. 2007. The Emergence of Social and Political Complexity in the Shashi-Limpopo Valley of Southern Africa, AD 900 – 1300: Ethnicity, Class and Polity. Oxford: Archaeopress. Chipkin, I. 2007. Do South Africans Exist? Nationalism, Democracy and the Identity of the People. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Cuvelier, P (ed). 2007. Multilingualism and Exclusion: Policy, Practice and Prospects. Hatfield: Van Schaik. De Villiers, B. 2007. The Future of Provinces in South Africa: The Debate Continues. Johannesburg: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Delius, P (ed). 2007. Mpumalanga: History and Heritage. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Denis, P and Ntsimane, R. 2008. Oral History in a Wounded Country: Interactive Interviewing in South Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Desai, A and Goolam V. 2007. Inside Indenture: A South African Story 1860 – 1914. Durban: Madiba Publishers. Field, S, Meyer, R and Swanson, F (eds). 2007. Imagining the City: Memories and Cultures of Cape Town. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Press. Forum for Religious Dialogue. Symposium (University of South Africa [Unisa]). 2008. Goldblatt, D, Krog, A and Powell, I. 2007. Some Afrikaners Revisited. Cape Town. Heath, GL. 2009. A War with a Silver Lining: Canadian Protestant Churches and the South African War, 1899 – 1902. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Hewitt, R. 2008. Structure, Meaning & Ritual in the Narratives of the Southern San. 2nd ed. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Hollman, JC (ed). 2007. Customs and Beliefs of the /Xam Bushmen. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.

23 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Jenkins, E. 2007. Falling into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names. Cape Town: David Philips. Jensen, S. 2008. Gangs, Politics, & Dignity in Cape Town. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Jeppie, S. 2007. Language, Identity, Modernity: The Arabic Study Circle of Durban. Cape Town: HSRC Press. Lewis, CA (ed). 2008. Geomorphology of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. 2nd ed. Grahamstown: NISC. Marindo, R, Groenewald, C and Gaisie, S (eds). 2008. The State of the Population in the Western Cape Province. Cape Town: HSRC Press. Martin, J. 2008. A Millimetre of Dust: Visiting Ancestral Sites. Cape Town: Kwela Books. Mendelsohn, R and Shain, M. 2008. The Jews in South Africa: An Illustrated History. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Motlhabi, MBG. 2008. African Theology/Black Theology in South Africa: Looking Back, Moving on. Pretoria: Unisa. Murray, MJ. 2008. Taming the Disorderly: The Spatial Landscape of Johannesburg after Apartheid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Ndebele, NS. 2007. Fine Lines from the Box: Further Thoughts about our Country. Roggebaai: Umuzi. Nuttall, S and Mbembe, A (eds). 2008. Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Park, YJ. 2008. A Matter of Honour: Being Chinese in South Africa. Auckland Park: Jacana. Pollak, JB. 2009. The Kasrils Affair: Jews and Minority Politics in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Cape Town: UCT Press. Robbins, D. 2007. On the Bridge of Goodbye: The Story of South Africa’s Discarded San People. Cape Town: Jonathan Ball. Schadeberg, J. 2007. Tales from Jozi: Photographs. Edited by S Fraser. Pretoria: Protea Book House. Waldman, L. 2007. The Griqua Conundrum: Political and Socio-Cultural Identity in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Oxford: Peter Lang. Wauchope, IW. 2008. Isaac Williams Wauchope: Selected Writings 1874 – 1916. Edited and translated by J Opland and A Nyamende. Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society. Wittenberg, G. 2007. Resistance Theology in the Old Testament: Collected Essays. Pietermaritzburg: Cluster Publications.

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