AUGUST

AXIS REVERSES A ND CONFLICTS • THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION ROBERT MINbR • WE CAN WIN IN 1943 ! JAMES S. ALLEN • FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT MAX WEISS • CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS TIM BUCK • ON THE DISCUSSlON OF WAR AIMS AND POST-WAR PROBLEMS N. MALININ NEW PUBLICATIONS

Labor Parties 1827-1834 by Alden Whitman . . I . .25 A new study of labor's ih!li,al steps in independent political oction during the formotive years of workers' organizations in the United States.

The War of Nati onal Liberation by J o s~ph Stalin (In two parts) each A collection of the wartime addresses of the Soviet' Premier ond Morshal of the Red Army, covering two years of the war against the Axis. I

..,Co Ftstitution of the - U.S.S.R. -. . 10 I A new edition of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, with all a mendnwnts as odopted by the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R.

Whither Germa ny? by Paul Merker . . I . .10 An outhoritotive study of the economic, social and politic,al st-ructure of German fascism, and the inner contr!!dictions which are undermining ' it written by former member of 1 ~ the Gerrnen Reichstag.

Thomas Jefferson: Selections From His Writin9s . .25 Jefferson's writings on democr

CONTENTS

Axis Reverses and Conflicts 675

We Can Win in 1943! James S. Allen 680

The Schneiderman Decision . Robert Minor 688

Fifth-Column Diversion in Detroit Max Weiss 698

The 78th Congress A. E. BLumberg 711

On the Discussion of War Aims and Post­ War Problems . N. MaUnin 720

Canada Needs a Party of Communists Tim Buck 725

June 22 in the United States . A. Landy 742

Tasks of the British Unions for Victory Communist Party of Great Britain 753

The British Labour Party Conference . WiLliam Rust 757

The Communists of Cuba and the Cabinet Bras Roca 761

Entered as second class matter November 2, 1927, at the Post Of]ice at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. THE COMMUNIST is published Monthly by Workers Library Publishers, Inc., at 832 -Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. (mail address, P. 0. Box 148, Station D), to whom subscriptions, payments and correspondence should be sent. Subscription rate: $2.00 a year; $1.00 for six months; foreign and Canada, $2.5tt a year. Single copies 20 cents. PRINTED IN THE U. S. A. ._.,zot NEW AND FORTHCOMING PAMPHLETS

Congress and You $.1 0 By Frank Ryhlick Soviet Trade Unions and Allied Labor Unity . .05 By William Z. Foster The Schneiderman Case .05 United States Supreme Court Opinion with an intro­ duction by Carol King Anti-Semitism; What It Means to You .05 By William Gallacher and Earl Browder Marxism and the Woman Question . .I 0 By A. Landy Soviet Russia and the Post-War World . .05 By Corliss Lamont Behind the Polish-Soviet Break . .03 By Alter Brody • SPECIAL VICTORY -AND AFTER By Earl Browder Just published in a new half-million edition, this fighting war program for the nation is now available for broad distribution complete at the low price of I0 cents per copy. It presents brilliantly the position of the Communist Party on the war and its problems. Ten copies for a Dollar. Regular paper edition 50¢; cloth $2.00 • • WORKERS LIBRARY PUBLISHERS P. 0. Box 148, Station D {832 Broadway), New York 3, N. Y. AXIS REVERSES AND CONFLICTS*

HE German-Italian coalition is a joint blow at fascist Germany and T today experiencing a profound her satellites. The German-Italian crisis. From its very inception this fascist camp found itself on the coalition contained irremediable or­ brink of disaster. ganic deffcts. As the unreality of the The defects inherent in the Ger­ mad plans of the Hitlerite imperial­ man-Italian coalition had developed ists to win world domination re­ into a deadly disease. The first de­ vealed itself in the course of the fect was that this coalition was war, these defects had to lead and formed as robber-alliance which actually did lead to grave conse­ calculated on easy gains in the hope quences which could not but upset of a speedy victory for Hitlerite the further "normal" functioning of Germany in the war. But the mo­ the coalition and make its very ex­ ment it became increasingly clear istence questionable. that the war would be neither short The heroic struggle of the Red nor easy; that aggression, plunder, Army was of decisive significance in and crimes would not go unpun­ disrupting the plans of the Hitler­ ished; and that Germany was going ites. The foundation of the military to lose the war, rifts and cracks in might of Hitlerite Germany was un­ the fascist camp were unavoidable. dermined as a result of the crushir{g And this -is precisely what hap­ blows dealt by the Red Army to the pened. German, Italian, Rumanian and Another defect of the German­ Hungarian troops. The struggle Italian coalition was the fact that waged by the Red Army against from the very outset there was not Germany and her allies gave Eng­ a semblance of equality among the land and the United States the op­ component states. Hitlerite Germany portunity to develop a mighty war openly declared herself the "su­ industry, to build up an army many preme power" in Europe. The Hit­ million strong, and to win air su­ lerite coalition thus revived the periority in the West and South of medieval feudal dependence which Europe. Thus there were prepared had existed at one time in the Ger­ the necessary conditions for the man [Holy] Roman Empire. And al­ armed forces of the U.S.S.R., Eng­ though Hitler's first vassal-Italy­ land and the United States to strike was formally announced to be on a level of equality with fascist Ger­

• Arr editorial in W aT ami the Working Class, many, this equality always remained fortnightly magazine issued by the newspaper very illusory. It could not be other­ TruJ, central organ of the Soviet trade unions, in Moscow. wise, for the simple reason that 675 676 AXIS REVERSES AND CONFLICTS Italy, not possessing its own base of against other nations. The reaction­ raw materials and cut off from im­ ary rulers sacrificed the real na­ ports from other countries, was eco­ tional interests of their countries nomically wholly given over by for the sake of the aims o:f this plot. Mussolini and his fascist clique to It is easy to understand that· as the mercy of Hitlerite Germany. soon as the power of Hitlerite Ger­ But apart from the fact that from many was seriously shaken the arch­ the very beginning there was no reactionary coalition was _affected in equality between the participants in a like manner. This is exactly what the German-Italian fascist coalition, is happening. the reactionary rulers of the states The third inherent defect in the forming the coalition renounced in German-Italian coalition was the advance the sovereignty of their fact that Hitler thrust into it just countries in favor of Hitlerite Ger­ those very states of Europe whose in­ many. Thus, the Rumanian and Bul­ terests were divided by the sharpest garian rulers went so far as to per­ and most crying contradictions. It mit the Hitlerite troops under the suffices to cite but a few examples guise of "friendship" oc "assistance" to illustrate this. Who, for instance, to enter their countries and actually could deny that had Hitler succeeded to occupy them. This partly hap­ in realizing his "New Europe" there pened in Italy too. The reactionary would have been no place in it for . rulers of the countries of Hitler's Italy as a big independent state? It vassals agreed to play the role of is a fact that in all the European lackey assigned to them by the Ger­ countries captured by them the Hit­ man fascists, primarily because they lerites hastened to remove practi­ feared their own people more than cally all Italian influence. The Ital­ the subordination of their countries ian fascist press has on more than to robber German imperialism. In one occasion bitterly complained their political shortsightedness they that Italy, which, prior to the war, reckoned that they would get some carried on a very lively trade with of the booty which they thought France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, would be bagged by Hitlerite Ger­ and Norway, has now lost all these many. Hoping thereby to partici­ commercial ties. pate in the division of future spoils, Take the instance of Hungaro-'Ru­ the reactionary rulers of the vassal manian relations. It was none other states, upon the· demand of fascist than Hitler who, on the eve of war, Germany bent on monopolizing cut off the northern part of Transyl­ Europe, were prepared to reject the vania from Rumania and ~nded it economic ties with England and the over to Hungary, 'thus turning Ru­ U.S.A. which had been advantage­ mania and Hungary into two ever­ ous to their countries. lastingly hostile and irreconcilable The German-Italian coalition enemies. Only after this did he make arose as a plot of the most reaction­ the two countries allies of Germany ary rulers of the European states in its robber war. Thus the enemies against their own people as well as Rumania and Hungary found them- AXIS REVERSES AND CONFLICTS 677 selves "allies" against their will. On Party, the overwhelming majority the other hand, the Hungarian rul­ of prefects, and a considerable num­ ing circles dream of getting back all ber of ambassadors. Tens of thou­ or most of the territory wrested from sands of members of the Fascist Hungary under the Trianon Peace Party were expelled or left its ranks Treaty and given to Hungary's allies of their own accord. The Fascist -Rumania, Germany, and Italy. In Party is torn by fierce internal particular, the Hungarian rulers struggle. The authority of the "Mar­ have not given up the idea of also shal of Defeats," Mussolini, has been getting Southern Transylvania from greatly undermined. While crisis and Rumania and of annexing Slovakia, confusion reign in fascist circles, the which is today a colony of Hitlerite people, led to despair by senseless Germany. sacrifices, deprivations, hunger, and These examples reveal the fascist bombings of Italian cities, are be­ coalition to be more like a men­ ginning to stir. In March 300,000 agerie in which hostile wild beasts workers went on strike, mostly in have been gathered than a real al­ Turin and Milan. Since then strikes liance of states based on mutual in­ in Italy have not ceased. terests. As long as the Hitlerite beast These facts go to show that fascist was sufficiently strong to impose its Italy represents the weakest link in will on the other smaller beasts a the Hitlerite "allied system" today, semblance of "order" in the men­ which may mark the beginning of agerie could still be maintained. the collapse of the system as a However, the weakening of fascist whole. Germany and the loss of all hopes of "settling" the contradictions be­ * * * tween the members of the fascist coalition at the expense of the ex­ The other main line along which .J;>ected war booty had to result in a the disintegration of the German­ condition in which perpetual hos­ Italian coalition is proceeding is the tility inside the coalition is growing growing contradiction bet;ween its increasingly acute. individual members, the growing The process of disintegration of mistrust of the vassals in their the German-Italian coalition is pro­ sovereign, Hitler, and vice versa. ceeding along two main lines. On The members of the Hitlerite coali­ the one hand, it is developing within tion are extensively resorting to the individual component countries, double-dealing methods in their re­ finding expression in a crisis in the lations with Germany and among reactionary upper circles. Most char­ themselves. Despite the fact that acteristic in this respect is present­ Mussolini and his fascist clique day Italy. Starting with February of linked their fate with that of Hitler this year, Mussolini removed from and his gang, a desperate struggle their posts all ministers, the entire is taking place behind the scenes be­ leadership of tile army and navy, the tween German and Italian ruling general secretary of the Fascist circles. Today it no longer is a dis- 678 AXIS REVERSES AND CONFLICTS pute as to who will win the laurels lation to their German master. The of victory, it is no longer a question Hitlerites have publicly accused about dividing the expected spoils; their Hungarian allies of "playing today it is a question as to which of foul." In the Hungarian Parliament the two partners will hold out the Hitler's paid agents-former Min­ longest. ister Jaros and Parliamentary Dep­ After the defeat in Tunisia and uty Rainis, a colleague of Goebbels the loss of Pantelleria Italy found -attacked the government, whose herself in the first line of fire. She policy in their opinion suffers from does not possess the necessary man­ "insincerity toward the Axis P?W­ power and equipment to offer re­ ers." sistance on her own territory to the Hitler's Finnish servants accused lal'lding of Anglo-American troops. his Rumanian lackeys of the same But the Hitlerites, themselves ex­ thing. The Helsinki Radio broadcast periencing a shortage of manpower information that Antonescu put out and equipment, are concerned above feelers regarding the possibility of all with ensuring, not the defense of concluding a separate peace. Italy, but the front they consider, The question arises: how shall we and not without reason, as the most explain the fact that the rulers of dangerous one for them, namely, the Hitler's vassal states continue to Soviet-German Front. The Italian fight on the side of fascist Germany, fascist chiefs fear that in the event although each passing day makes it of an acute worsening of the situa­ increasingly clear that the war holds tion the Hitlerites may abandon no perspective for Hitler? Italy to the mercy of fate and take At the beginning of the war, when up the defense at Brenner Pass. Hitlerite Germany was still gaining Neither can one say that the rela­ military victories, they reckoned on tions between Hitlerite Germany Germany's winning the war and on and the rest of its vassals are idyllic. getting away unpunished. Now they These vassels cannot but realize that are staking their hopes on securing the rout of Hitlerite Germany is in­ amnesty. They hope their reaction­ exorably approaching. Therefore, al­ ary frienas in the United States and though still supporting Hitler's war, in England-all kinds of isolation­ they are doing so with very moder­ ists and the concealed fifth column ate enthusiasm. They are trying to -will not abandon them to their retain within their countries a part plight. Hitler's Finnish lackeys, for of the army reserves that have sur­ instance, are speculating on the fact vived destruction. This is true, for that their American friends have example, of the Hungarians, who are succeeded so far in preventing the waiting for an opportune moment to rupture of diplomatic relations be­ "settle" the question of Transyl­ tween the United States and Fin­ vania with Rumania. There is no land and a declaration of war by doubt whatsoever that the rulers of the United States against Hitler's all these countries are pursuing an Finnish ally. obvious double-dealing policy in re- Horthy, Kallay, and their pro-fa~- AXIS REVERSES AND CONFLICTS 679 cist clique in Hungary still hope of the war and that they will learn that reactionary circles in the United nothing. Rather it would be correct States and England will forgive to assume that these peoples, taught them Hungary's participation in by bitter experience, will draw les­ Hitler's war against the U.S.S.R., sons from their disastrous tolera­ that these circles will eventually tion of their criminal, worthless rescue them, that with the help of bankrupt rulers. these circles they will succeed in During the First World War the retaining power against the will of weakness and instability of German the Hungarian people. imperialism's allies proved to be its But all these calculations are built Achilles' heel. In the present Second on sand. It is hopeless for Hitler's World War the vulnerability of Ger­ Finnish, Hungarian, and other ac­ man imperialism in this sphere is complices to expect amnesty. It is much greater than in the war of hopeless, first of all, because the re­ 1914-1918. At that time the German actionary rulers of the Hitlerite vas­ coalition was not racked by such sal states overrate the strength and crying contradictions and inequality influence of their patrons in the among the components of the coali­ United States and England and un­ tion. But then, too, the collapse of derrate the growing strength and in­ Kaiser Germany started with the fluence in these countries of the pro­ collapse of her allies. A similar gressive forces and trends. They course of events is all the more likewise underestimate the serious­ probable in the present war. ness of the rapprochement between However, in order that the present the members of the Anglo-Soviet­ serious processes of disintegration American coalition, the alliance be­ may rapidly lead to the utter col­ tween the three biggest states in the lapse and dissolution of the Hitlerite world, which forms the basis for coalition, new · powerful military solving, not only the current prob­ blows must be delivered by the lems of the conduct of the war, but Anglo-Soviet-American fighting al­ also postwar political problems. liance. The Second Front in Europe However, the main reason that the must be delayed no longer. And, staking of all these accomplices of above all, it is necessary, through Hitler on amnesty will be shattered the opening of the Second Front in is that they will not be granted am­ Europe, to close to Hitler's accom­ nesty by their own peoples. It would plices in the vassal states the em­ be foolish to think that the popular ergency exit which they still use in masses in the vassal states have order to escape from defeat and un­ learned nothing since the beginning conditional surrender.

/

680 680

1943. 1943. Co., Co., Boston, Boston, and and Brown Brown Little, Little, • • and and necessary necessary is is Europe Europe in in front front

second second coalition coalition the the requirements requirements the the not not although although obstacle, obstacle, portant portant

strategic strategic and and military military of of viewpoint viewpoint im­ an an been been has has mistake mistake This This

the the from from

that that show show to to is is tribution tribution Germany. Germany. Hitler Hitler overestimating overestimating

con­ main main His His judgments. judgments. final final and and while while Union Union Soviet Soviet the the derestimate derestimate

analysis analysis broader broader his his in in apolitical apolitical un­ to to tended tended have have America America and and

almost almost

being being of of weakness weakness the the Britain Britain form. form. reverse reverse the the in in appears appears

possesses possesses he he the the of of Baldwin Baldwin Times, Times, mistake mistake this this coalition coalition anti-Hitler anti-Hitler

Hanson Hanson of of type type the the of of specialist specialist the the In In enemy. enemy. the the underestimate underestimate to to

a a demilitarized demilitarized have have that that kind kind the the and and allies allies the the overestimate overestimate to to was was

of of prejudices prejudices political political by by hampered hampered alliances alliances previous previous of of failing failing mon mon

un­ vision vision military military clear clear a a of of com­ the the notes, notes, sagely sagely Werner Werner As As

advantage advantage the the has has Werner Werner while while For For writers. writers. military military many many

advisedly. advisedly. factors factors military military say say I I ·of ·of judgment judgment the the warped warped have have that that

Europe. Europe. in in warfare warfare coalition coalition to to prejudices prejudices political political of of kind kind the the avoid avoid

relating relating factors factors military military the the anew anew to to able able is is he he that that shows shows it it trary, trary,

assess assess to to book book new new his his by by forded· forded· con­ the the On On contribution. contribution. Werner's Werner's

af­ opportunity opportunity the the of of advantage advantage from from detract detract to to said said not not is is This This

take take to to profitable profitable is is it it also also reason reason now. now. Europe Europe in in front front ond ond

that that For For events. events. of of test test the the under under sec­ major major a a of of opening opening the the for for call call

well well up up stood stood have have matters matters military military who who laymen laymen of of millions millions as as clusions clusions

on on opinions opinions earlier earlier whose whose analysts, analysts, con­ same same the the much much at at arrives arrives

military military reliable reliable most most the the of of one one he he but but analyst, analyst, military military a a of of that that is is

he he reason reason that that For For is is judgment. judgment. of of departure departure of of point point His His pages. pages. these these

failure failure that that from from suffered suffered never never whc whc in in time time some some for for expounded expounded been been

West West the the in in those those of of one one is is Werner Werner have have which which views views the the of of firmation firmation

conceptions. conceptions. mistaken mistaken these these down down con­ specialist's specialist's a a is is book book Werner's Werner's

breaking breaking now now is is history history to to known known of of readers readers the the To To Communist Communist The The

warfare warfare intensive intensive most most the the of of years years '43.* '43.* book, book, in in new new Win Win Can Can Attack Attack

his his in in argument argument and and two two fact fact over over of of in in array array Front Front Eastern Eastern the the on on

mighty mighty a a by by buttressed buttressed is is view view This This Army Army Red Red the the by by provided provided evidence evidence

1943. 1943. in in struck struck be be can can Hitler Hitler against against unmistakable unmistakable most most and and plainest plainest the the

blows blows decisive decisive the the that that tion tion

Only Only Germany. Germany. against against warfare warfare tion tion I

convic­ firm firm Werner's Werner's Max Max IS IS T T coali­ of of evolution evolution the the to to one, one, only only

ALLEN ALLEN S. S. JAMES JAMES BY BY

! ! 1943 1943 IN IN WIN WIN CAN CAN WE WE WE CAN WIN IN 1943! 681

possible beyond any doubt. This is This judgment, based on the ex7 an important enough contribution periences of the whole German-So­ in itself, which undoubtedly has viet war and particularly on the helped to shape the thinking of success of the Soviet winter of­ many leaders of public opinion. But fensive from Stalingrad, is now much more is needed to explain why being confirmed by the events on the previous opportunities to open the Orel-Kursk-Belgorod sector of the second front were not seized the Eastern Front. For the first time and why, despite the overripeness of a German offensive, spearheaded by the present military position, the the greatest concentration of arm­ correct orientation of the British ored power ever gathered at one and American governments is not point, was stopped cold by the Red being more rapidly and effectively Army before any strategic gains implemented by two front coalition could be made, and a counter-of­ warfare in Europe. fensive immediately launched. For, as Werner makes clear, there The Red Army has registered a can be no sensible argument based b:emendous qualitative change in on military factors alone against the relation of forces. Unlike the the proposition of striking now tactic used in meeting the previous against Hitler Germany simulta­ German offensives of sacrificing neously from the East and the space and position to bleed the West. enemy and turn on him when ex­ Reviewing the experiences on the hausted, in the slimmer· of 1943 the Eastern Front he shows, as already Red Army during the first two stated by authoritative Soviet weeks of the German offensive has spokesmen, that a change in the sacrificed neither space nor posi­ relation of forces has taken place tion, inflicted tremendous losses and there in favor of the Red Army, made important gains. More Ger­ which he terms the greatest land man tanks were destroyed in the army of the anti-Hitler coalition. first week of combat than exist The German army can no longer throughout Western Europe and win; it has not yet been smashed probably more planes than could be but it has been battered and weak­ mustered by the Germans to meet ened; its strategy has been proved an invasion in the West. About bankrupt. Already by February, thirty German divisions, half of 1943, says Werner, the German them panzers (also half of all Ger­ ~rmies in Russia were on the brink man mechanized units), were halted of the abyss. The Red Army, which on this narrow 165-mile sector be­ has established its superiority in fore they could break through any­ strategy, in operational skill on both where. New German giant tanks, the defensive and offensive, and in the Tigers, and the new tank tactic quality -of weapons, can win on the were countered successfully by So­ Eastern Front. viet anti-tank tactics and Soviet • • • weapons.

/ 682 WE CAN WIN IN 1943! This success registered at the very recaptured all the areas seized by start of the offensive marks the cul­ Hitler and, conversely, that the Ger­ mination of a progressive qualitative mans will remain on the offensive improvement of the Red Army over as long as they remain on Soviet the Nazi. That improvement has soil. As Stalin made clear last No­ reached the point where a pre­ vember, the German army can be Stalingrad phase of defense in depth brought to catastrophe well on the and strategic withdrawal of the Soviet side of Pinsk, Minsk, Zhito­ main forces is no longer necessary mir and Odessa. To defeat the to perform a Stalingrad. enemy armies on the Eastern Front Thus, in mid-July, 1943, the Red it is not at all necessary for the Army was ready to launch its Red Army first to regain lost ter­ "winter" offensive in the summer. ritory. The battle of encirclement Hitler's army had not yet recovered and annihilation at Stalingrad from the heaVY blows of the winter. showed that. The Red Army, even stronger than But it is necessary for the Red last November, held lines much Army to gain that edge over the 211 closer to the area of strategic de­ German divisions on the Eastern cision. As Werner points out, the Front which will assure the success German policy of throwing avail­ of a strategic offensive without risks able front-line reserves into desper­ of such magnitude as will endanger ate offensive action has led to the not only the Soviet Union but the sacrifice of their best divisions, with whole anti-Hitler coalition. thE' result that the German reserves Such assurance must be provided are of second-rate quality. On the by coalition warfare, by bringing c.ther hand, the Soviet policy of into effective play upon Europe's preserving and guarding its fighting strategic centers the great accumu­ cadres and of keeping some of its lated power of Anglo-American best divisions in reserve for the arms in coordination with Soviet counter-attack assures the fighting blows in the East. This general superiority of the Red Army over proposition need not be argued in the German army, which has de­ these pages. The events in Sicily teriorated in quality. This is already emphasize again that all the mili­ counting heavily in the present de­ tary prerequisites are at hand, and cisive battles. are now being strengthened further, * * * to assure the success of two-front -In connection with the immediate warfare against Hitler Germany. perspectives of the war it is well to Werner musters all the necessary keep in mind the point emphasized data and arguments to prove it. He by Werner that the German army shows that as a result of the bat­ will collapse not on German, but on tering received on the Eastern Front Russian soil. He considers com­ Germany is no longer able to wage pletely false the conception that the a protracted war. She has already Red Army cannot win until it has suffered defeat of her whole stra- WE CAN WIN IN 1943! 683 tegic concept of war. The Wehr­ even more conclusively, we may macht has nothing to hope for. The add, in the brilliant performance of army is deteriorating. The Luftwaffe the Allied armies in their Sicilian is declining, and stands absolutely operations, as well as in the superior no chance of surpassing Anglo­ performance of Allied planes over American aviation. The German Europe. army can no longer hope to surpass Soviet weapons and fighting skill. * * * Hitler has no secret military Another advantage enjoyed by is in the weapon. Hitler Germany the Anglo-American armies is that same position as Imperial Germany they are fresh. Up to the summer was at the beginning of 1918. of 1943 British losses amounted to On the other hand, the anti-Hitler about 300,000 men, while American coalition has overwhelming mate­ losses were less than 100,000. The rial superiority over Germany. U. S. Army has at least seventy Werner points out that one of the fully-trained divisions, and many features of a coalition is that no more in the process of training, single member of it alone has full while the British have an equivalent superiority to assure victory. But number on the British Isles alone. already, in Werner's opinion, as a The preparation of the coalition result of the last winter campaign, for the offensive has reached such a kind of military equilibrium was a stage, according to Werner, that established between the German and everything the United States now Red armies. The specific task fac­ contributes raises the Allied margin ing Britain and America is to utilize of superiority. their vast accumulation of power, Today the Allies can lose only the great military reserve of the through mistakes of their own, anti-Hitler coalition, to turn the through "crude military blunders," scales decisively and irretrievably as Werner puts it. For the war has against Germany. To do this, it will entered the phase when each opera­ not be necessary for the Western tion must become a link in the Allies to utilize all their strength. strategy of victory. The basis for Werner estimates that about one­ bringing victory can be only the fourth of the effort now being put more effective fusion of strategy forth by the Soviet Union is all that and common fighting action of the is necessary for Britain and the Anglo-American forces and the Red United States to deliver immediate Army. The'main danger confronting ·and decisive blows at Germany. the Allies, says the author, is that He also points out that the prob­ strategic isolation on the part of any lems of technical quality of arms one of them may prolong the war. and of fighting skill have been By this he means that failure on solved by Anglo-American anns. the part of Britain and the United This was shown in the North Afri­ States to implement rapidly enough can campaign and is being shown a full common strategy with the

opera- offensive offensive Such Such there. there. struck struck which which of of scheme scheme broader broader the the of of

be be cannot cannot Hitler Hitler over over victory victory for for nature nature exact exact the the know know to to early early teo teo

blows blows decisive decisive the the But But struggles. struggles. still still is is it it writing writing of of time time the the At At

liberation liberation people's people's the the of of w.ave w.ave Hitler. Hitler. of of weakening weakening further further

new new a a releasing releasing and and satellites satellites its its the the consequently consequently and and Axis Axis Rome Rome

from from further further still still Germany Germany Hitler Hitler Berlin­ the the of of disintegration disintegration the the

isolating isolating in in resulting resulting operations, operations, to to leading leading blows blows of of round round new new a a cf cf

important important be be can can These These Balkans. Balkans. the the first first the the be be to· to· out out turn turn would would Sicily Sicily

and and Italy Italy of of peninsulas peninsulas the the at at aimed aimed on on landing landing the the France, France, Southern Southern in in

operations operations to to only only limited limited be be it it can can or or Balkans Balkans the the in in operations operations fensive fensive

Nor Nor Europe. Europe. of of fringe fringe the the on on bases bases of­ other other by by accompanied accompanied and and if if

additional additional winning winning of of one one merely merely mainland mainland Italian Italian the the against against action action

accounting, accounting, possible possible any any by by not, not, rapid rapid by by followed followed as as F.specially F.specially

is is problem problem the the however, however, Today, Today, blow. blow. such such another another war, war, the the of of cut cut is is

Europe. Europe. in in war war Italy Italy knocking knocking at at aimed aimed obviously obviously is is

the the of of expense expense the the at at defense defense empire empire which which operation, operation, Sicilian Sicilian The The

for for concern concern predominant predominant of of policy policy Hitler. Hitler. smash smash to to sufficient sufficient be be would would

British British in in phase phase the the ending ending in in and and Army Army Red Red the the of of attacks attacks the the with with

armies, armies, Japanese Japanese and and German German the the unison unison in in struck struck blows blows mighty mighty more more

of of juncture juncture a a preventing preventing Suez, Suez, ing ing three three or or two two that that show show to to and and blows blows

safeguard­ in in role role its its was was significant significant merged merged of of beginning beginning the the of of pondent pondent

less less No No Europe. Europe. upon upon attack attack an an for for co~res­ Press Press Associated Associated the the to to ter ter

springboard springboard important important another another still still let­ his his in in speak speak to to Stalin Stalin led led which which

of of possession possession into into forces forces American American action action Anglo-American Anglo-American the the of of scope scope

Anglo­ large large bringing bringing of of advantage advantage the the and and timing timing the the was was fensive. fensive. It It

the the had had Africa, Africa, North North in in situated situated of­ winter winter Soviet Soviet tremendous tremendous the the

time time that that at at periphery, periphery, the the at at blow blow of of beginning beginning the the and and Stalingrad Stalingrad at at

a a November November Last Last offensive. offensive. ranean· ranean· turn turn the the with with simultaneously simultaneously place place

Mediter­ a a beyond beyond much much go go autumn autumn took took landing landing African African North North The The

and and summer summer this this possible possible are are November. November. last last of of events events Africa Africa

and and needed needed are are which which blows blows merged merged Stalingrad-North Stalingrad-North the the and and July July

of of

kind kind the the But But victories. victories. political political in in events events Orel-Sicily Orel-Sicily the the between between

and and military military important important provide provide and and

parallel parallel a a of of something something is is There There

periphery, periphery, European European Southern Southern the the of of * * * * * *

areas areas other other to to out out fan fan will will operation operation

Sicilian Sicilian the the that that probable probable July. July. is is of of It It offensive offensive

ends. ends. July July this this German German and and the the against against November November last last successes successes viet viet

between between So­ the the parallelism parallelism with with the the here here But But simultaneously simultaneously place place

taking taking Mediterranean, Mediterranean, the the in in fensive fensive _ _ area. area.

of­ Allied Allied the the of of extension extension the the by by Mediterranean Mediterranean the the in in plans plans tious tious

eliminated, eliminated, means means no no by by ambi­ more more although although even even have have must must Italy, Italy,

reduced, reduced, been been has has danger danger This This of of direction direction the the in in force force great great such such

fronts. fronts. frozen frozen in in and and embarked embarked stalemate stalemate of of once once Allies, Allies, the the that that

danger danger the the to to lead lead may may Union Union Soviet Soviet clear clear is is it it However, However, part. part. a a is is Sicily Sicily

1943! 1943! IN IN WIN WIN CAN CAN WE WE 684 684 WE CAN WIN IN 1943! 685 tions can be important supplements factors which enter into the prob­ to the struggle on the Eastern Front, lem. But there is no purely military but they cannot substitute for the problem, except in carrying out an two-front war in which the main operational task. And the second blow~ have to be given from West­ front cannot be viewed merely as ern Europe and the Soviet front. an operational task, for if that were On this point Werner is especially the case we would have had it mucb precise and clear. In his opinion the earlier. The second front was and is invasion of Europe must consist of primarily a political problem, a combined operations of many kinds. problem which, with the common types. The These are chiefly of three blows from the Eastern Front, first is the crucial offensive from North Africa, and now Sicily, comes the British Isles into Western nearer to solution. This political Europe. The second are flanking problem encompasses within itself operations, chiefly in two directions all the complexities inherent in the -from the British Isles to Northern anti-Hitler coalition and in the dy­ Europe and the other from North namic of world relationships. It Africa to Southern Europe. The must be solved by avoiding, not only third type of action consists of many "crude military blunders," but also diversions in all directions, accom­ crude and even more damaging po­ panying the main strategic blow as litical mistakes. It must be solved, well as the flanking operations. All not alone by the actual war devel­ three types are necessary and sup­ opments, such as the impelling ar­ plement each other, but they cannot gument of a Soviet offensive earlier replace one another. Within this and in greater force than generally general pattern he sees many pos­ expected in the West; it must and sible variations, such as merged will be solved also as a result of the Soviet-Anglo-American moves in improvement of relations between the Balkans and Anglo-Soviet sea Britain, the United States and the and land action in the Baltic region. Soviet Union. Its solution also is But the pivot. of the coalition vic­ accelerated by the strength and the tory, if it is to be obtained most scope of the people's liberation rapidly and with least sacrifice for movement within Europe, and the all the Allies, has to be the second development of more adequate re­ front in the West. lations between the Allies and this movement. And, finally, to enumer­ * * * ate only the most decisive elements, the problem of the s·econd front is Werner attempts to reduce this affected in a basic sense by political problem to the following formula: relations within Britain and es­ "Today the invasion of Europe is no pecially the United States. longer a problem, it is an opera­ All these things are involved and tional task." That may be true from it would be a mistake to reduce the the purely military viewpoint, tak­ second front, which is the key to ing into account only the material the further strengthening of the 686 WE CAN WIN IN 1943! anti~Hitler coalition, to merely its render of Nazism-fascism by push­ military components. Once it is ing fiercely for the unconditional made clear that the material and surrender of Roosevelt or his defeat military factors are no longer a and a negotiated peace. problem-that is, that they have been solved-then the political ob~ * * * stacles can be seen more clearly. In fact, the fifth column and the The advanced stage of military defeatists recognize this very well. preparation and the successes in In the main, they no longer em~ battle in North Africa, Sicily, the phasize in their agitation the vari~ Solomons and in the air, coinciding ous material factors which were with the Red Army's body blows to supposed to make a second front Hitler's Reichswehr, are cause for unfeasible. After Tunisia and even new confidence and strength in the more after Sicily, they can no longer victory camp of our country. The exploit or prolong the old Allied danger is that this will lead to over­ sense of inferiority to German arms confidence, general laxness, a sense and skill. In so far as they continue of leisure with respect to winning to couch their agitation in military the war, and the perilous notion terms, they are forced to do it on that our tremendous economic and the grounds of broader strategic military power, still mainly in re­ considerations, such as the Pacific serve, offers the nation the unre­ First line or the victory~by~air~ stricted opportunity to force its power-alone theory. And even these views upon the other members of have less and less appeal as crowd­ the coalition. The danger also is ing events expose their fallibility. that while succumbing to such It is precisely because they rec­ temptations there should arise ognize that the main military prob­ simultaneously the feeling that the lems relating to two-front war in richness of war power permits the Europe have been solved, that the luxury of easing up at home, of defeatists and pro-fascists pin their tolerance and middle-of-the-road main hopes on the political struggle dexterity toward the defeatists at home. Of course, they have never and fascists, and a general rever­ neglected it in the past, no more sion to pre-war political standards than they now neglect to exploit and practices. every military difficulty. But their In reality, the high level of mili­ main chance today to prevent a tary readiness and the great power coalition victory and to advance the on hand can constitute the greatest cause of fascism abroad and within asset of the United States, provided the country depends upon what they it is put to immediate and most ef­ can do on the home front to distort, fective use. Our need is to calculate, divert, dilute and eventually over­ not how long we can delay our great throw the war policy of the nation. military action against Hitler Ger­ They aim to avert or at least delay many, but to calculate how quickly indefinitely the unconditional sur- we can bring about its defeat. WE CAN WIN IN 1943! 687 From every consideration the in Europe and the impetus of our military requisites for victory are own blows. Big changes in the di­ so preponderant that the second rection of stepping up the offensive front cannot be delayed much strategy and of reshaping the plans longer wihout serious political con­ of last January and even of Jurie to sequences for our nation. The solu­ permit the speedier emergence of tion of the problem rests not only the two-front war are possible and in the hands of the United States. even likely. The Soviet Union holds the main, Labor, the progressives, the anti­ the gigantic front, and the key po­ fascists must do everything within sitions for smashing Hitler's army. their power to facilitate this de­ The Soviet Union can be counted velopment. Their means are pri­ upon to take full advantage of marily through production and the whatever situation develops for political struggle against defeatism striking heaVY military blows, as and its allies within the labor move­ she is even now doing. Britain, ment, a struggle which requires the which holds the decisive base of the firmest labor and people's support West, is most immediately and di­ to the Commander in Chief while rectly affected by the course of war pushing for more consistent appli­ and peace on the European con­ cation of his victory policies in the tinent and is pulled most persis­ war and on the home front. Also tently by events elsewhere and by required is a stiffening of the whole her own national interest in the di­ victory camp, greater boldness in rection of full coalition war. Our the political attack and an end to problem in the United States is to the partial retreats and compro­ assure that our great armament and mises wfiich in the main can no power be used in such a way as to longer be defended even as expedi­ accelerate and increase the force of ents. the main blow from the West, while We are moving more rapidly in completing and extending the flank­ the direction of the two-front war. ing and diversionary actions which Labor must play its rightful role in we are now developing against holding the home front against the Southern Europe. diversions, maneuvers and obstruc­ The war is developing at such a tion of the fascists and the defeat­ furious pace that no pattern drawn ists, while strengthening itself as up in advance can possibly suffice the backbone of national unity. which does not take fully into ac­ Labor must devote all it has to the count the great power of the Red task of making this the year of de­ Army, the rising liberation struggle cision against Hitler Germany.

688 688

his his fight fight against against the the Alien Alien bune, bune, and and Se- 1, 1, 1862. 1862. Sept, Sept,

Words Words of of Karl Karl New New Marx Marx York York Tri· Tri· the the in in

0 0

citizens-to-be. citizens-to-be. After After Jefferson Jefferson won won -----' -----'

of of all all who who came came to to portance portance live live in in and and as as the the nationally nationally unifying unifying it it

No No one one migrants migrants will will understand understand used used to to the the think think im­ naturally naturally

the the world."* world."* A A nation nation founded founded solely solely by by im­

"the "the only only popular popular government government in in

birth birth to to the the close close of of the the 1860's 1860's as as Citizenship Citizenship

to to speak speak of of it it from from the the day day of of its its I. I. Integrity Integrity of of American American

caused caused all all of of progressive progressive mankind mankind

ter ter of of our our government government which which and and association. association.

the the conserving conserving of of that that basic basic charac­ right right of of political political thought, thought, speech speech

2. 2. aspect, aspect, In In reaffirming reaffirming in in the the sense sense the the of of American American conservative conservative

sion sion best best cans. cans. who who see see most most clearly clearly its its

Those Those will will understand understand the the deci­ citizenship citizenship of of naturalized naturalized Ameri­

life. life. In In reasserting reasserting the the integrity integrity 1. 1. of of

most most critical critical period period of of the the nation's nation's pects: pects:

life, life, will will have have salutary salutary effect effect on on a a The The decision decision has has two two main main as­

whole whole nation, nation, and, and, if if carried carried into into * * * * * *

of of enormous enormous consequence consequence to to the the

affirms affirms a a traditional traditional national national policy policy price price of of survival survival as as a a nation. nation.

that that the the Schneiderman Schneiderman decision decision re­ human human sacrifices sacrifices that that may may be be the the

estimate. estimate. My My purpose purpose is is to to show show costs costs and and the the hitherto hitherto incredible incredible

Many Many not not agree agree with with such such will will an an scale scale at at astronomical astronomical economic economic

in in the the great great sweep sweep of of our our history. history. war war on on the the necessary necessary huge huge all-out all-out

the the epoch-marking epoch-marking decisions, decisions, seen seen social social strain, strain, its its capacity capacity to to make make

cision cision that that I I think think will will rank rank among among its its capacity capacity to to absorb absorb an an enormous enormous

preme preme Court Court has has made made another another de­ nal nal fabric fabric of of the the nation, nation, increases increases

gest gest war war crisis crisis of of all all time, time, the the Su­ ic ic character character strengthens strengthens the the inter­

Now, Now, in in the the midst midst of of the the big­ its its reassertion reassertion of of America's America's histor­

States States Supreme Supreme Court. Court. only only is is the the fact fact fully fully apparent apparent that that

fected fected by by decisions decisions of of the the United United survival survival is is at at stake. stake. In In this this light light

of of our our national national life life has has been been af­ great great war war in in which which our our national national

been been marked marked and and the the development development the the great great war war that that we we are are in, in, a a

ica:n ica:n history history milestones milestones have have not not study study its its issues issues in in relation relation to to

A

character character of of the the decision decision who who does does T T SOME SOME high high moments moments in'Amer­

BY BY ROBERT ROBERT MINOR MINOR

THE THE SCHNEIDERMAN SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION DECISION THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION 689 dition laws, and after he had with against Negroes in war production a stroke of the pen in the purchase centers. of the Louisiana Territory pledged Schneiderman is a prominent "all the rights, advantages and im­ Californian of many years' stand­ munities of citizens of the United ing,, active in civic and labor af­ States" to "the inhabitants of the fairs, a former candidate for Gov­ ceded territory" of more than a ernor, and State Secretary of the million square miles from the Gulf Communist Party. of Mexico to Canada and the Mis­ A California federal district sissippi River to the Rocky Moun­ court decided to cancel the citi­ tains-it is not surprising that the zenship of Schneiderman on the nation regarded the conferring of ground-as now described by the full citizenship upon all its perma­ Supreme Court: "that petitioner's nent inhabitants as the normal certificate of naturalization was il­ course. legally procured [seventeen years But times change, and there came ago] because the organizations to several waves of attack on non­ which petitioner belonged were op­ citizens and foreign-born Americans. posed to the principles of the Con­ In my opinion, an essential part stitution and advised, taught and of the background of the action to advocated the overthrow of the nullify Schneiderman's citizenship Government by force and violence, is the fact that it was begun in and [that] therefore petitioner 'by 1939, in the midst of a h,eavy reason of his membership in such groundswell against foreign-born organizations and participation in Americans. their activities, was not "attached I know of no more striking side­ to the principles of the Constitu­ light on this case than the cam­ tion of the United States and well paign carried on by the newspaper disposed to the good order and chain of Roy Howard against "for­ happiness of the same." ' " eigners" in general and Italians in The. nature of the Attorney Gen­ particular, and for depriving natu­ eral's claim was that anyone has ralized Americans of the right to the right to challenge the citizen­ hold public office or employment, a ship of a naturalized citizen and proposal made in the "column" of to hail him into court at any mo­ Howard's' labor-baiting specialist ment of his lifetime after the origi­ Pegler. The more recent drive nal finding of the naturalization stimulated by the pro-Nazi Hearst colirt, and that the naturalized citi­ newspapers against American citi­ zen must again prove "the. evidence zens of Mexican parentage in the underlying that finding." Southwest in the form of "zoot­ In the Opinion of the Supreme suit" riots, just at the moment to Court just delivered by Mr. Justice affect critical war-time relations Murphy (p. 1741), this means that with Latin America, very easily " ... the Government seeks to turn and quickly fused into the huge the clock back twelve years after successes of the Axis agents in riots full citizenship was conferred.... " 690 THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION Mr. Justice Douglas, concurring, "And whenever a person's right adds that to support the Attorney to citizenship is drawn in question, General's position would mean the it is the judge's duty loyally to see authorities "at any time could ob­ to it that those conditions have not tain a trial de novo on the political been disregarded." faith of the applicant." Mr. Justice "Whenever"?!! The dissenting Rutledge points out what he be­ opinion seems to be that the ad­ lieves is "at the bottom of the judication of the original court that case": granted naturalization has no final­ "Actually, though indirectly, the ity whatever. All rights as an decision affects millions. If, sev­ American are suspended for him enteen years after a federal court and must be proven over again on adjudged him entitled to be a citi­ demand. zen, that judgment can be nullified Finality does not exist for the and he can be stripped of this most act of naturalization. But the two precious right, by nothing more courts which, twelve years later, than reexamination upon the mer­ reopened and rejudged the evi­ its of the very facts the judgment established, no naturalized person's dence in this case and "canceled" citizenship is or can be secure. If the citizen's most sacred rights, are it can be done after that length of seen by the dissenting opinion (p. time, it can be done after thirty 1778) as entitled to "the finality or fifty years. If it can be done which ordinarily saves them from for Schneiderman, it can be done an appellate court's intermeddling. for thousands or tens of thousands . .. ."!! of others.... This concept is decisively re­ "If this is the law and the right jected. Of the deprivation of citi­ the naturalized citizen acquires, his admission creates nothing more zenship, once granted, the opinion than citizenship in attenuated, if of the court read by Mr. Justice not suspended, animation. . . . Murphy says: "No citizen with such a threat hanging over his head could be "In its consequences it is more free .... serious than a taking of one's prop­ "It may be doubted that the erty, or the imposition of a fine or framers of the Constitution in­ other penalty. For it is safe to as­ tended to create two classes of citi­ sert that nowhere in the world to­ zens, one free and independent, one day is the right of citizenship of haltered with a life-time string tied greater worth to an individual than to its status." · it is in this country." This strong language seems to Mr. Justice Murphy condemns me to be confirmed as a descrip­ the view of unstable character of tion of the nature of the case on a the citizenship of naturalized reading of the dissenting opinion of Americans in this country whose Chief Justice Stone and Justices very schools in some cities, he re­ Roberts and Frankfurter (p. 1780). minds us (p. 1739), contain a ma­ Among its rather startling claims jority of children "only one gener­ ,is: ation, if that far, removed from the THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION 691 ·steerage of the immigrant ship, But there is such vast difference children who sought refuge in the that the contrast is disturbing. The new world from the cruelty and German "anti-socialist law" was oppression of the old. passed in the peaceful time of 1878; and for twelve years Bismarck con­ "Here they have hoped to ducted a struggle to suppress the achieve a political status as citi­ German Marxist workers' party­ zens in a free world in which men a fight which ended in the dismissal are privileged to think and act and of Bismarck in 1890 and the emer­ speak according to their convictions, without fear of punishment or fur­ gence of a highly developed Ger­ ther exile so long as they keep the man Social-Democratic Party of peace and obey the law." (p. 1740.) nearly a million supporters and a " ... In view of our tradition of far more advanced Marxist political freedom of thought it is not to be outlook. presumed that Congress . . . in­ But we are not in such a time tended to offer naturalization only now. What would be the practical to those whose political views coin­ result of suppression of the right of cide with those considered best by political association for the United the founders in 1787 or by the ma­ jority in this country today." (pp. States now in the midst of this 1753-54.) war? All of America gained by this "Organized Government'' and decision. "Disorganized Liberty" II. Right of Political Association The case had turned heavily on But deep down at the root of the two points of political theory in the matter is the great ·question of District Court that attempted to an­ American political freedom in its nul the citizenship. The first ques­ largest aspect. For, all rights, for tion was whether at the time of his foreignborn or native, will in the naturalization Schneiderman as a end be held or lost according to Communist must have "disbelieved whether Americans as a whole peo­ in organized government" and ple retain the right of free political whether the Communist Party to thought and free political associa­ which he was affiliated was an or­ tion. ganization that "taught disbelief in In Justice Murphy's first sen­ and opposition to organized govern­ tence in reading the Opinion he ment.'' The second question was said the court has brought the case whether as a Communist he would "because of its importance and its have believed in the "overthrow of possible relation to freedom of the Government by force and vio­ thought." lence." The Attorney General's office had Let us take the first of these: suffered from a peculiar reappear­ "Organized government." ance of an ambition once held by The accusation that Communists Prince Bismarck: the ambition to "disbelieve in organized govern­ enjoy a modern industrial society ment" had not been contained in without a political labor movement. the original complaint, and there- 692 THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION :ore the Supreme Court, in view of eral's office deduced that a Com­ the vital interest involved in the munist, since admittedly he speaks case, quite naturally declined to of a future "withering away" of the consider this point in general form. state, is a "disbeliever in organized But under the structure of the At­ government." The conclusion is torney General's claim this huge that he who subscribes to the Marx­ falsification of historic fact lay like ian view of history can not be "at­ a cornerstone of crumbling clay. tached to the United States Con­ Upon it, as a "fi11-ding of fact," the stitution." attempted annulment of citizenship The Attorney General in his had been partly b"!sed. brief found "the test," among other In previous cases we have had to things, in " ... whether he believes meet generally the crude assump­ in an ordered society, a government tion that achievement of Marxist of laws ...; whether, in sum the objectives would bring as an imme­ events which began at least no diate result a general condition of further back that the Declaration disorder amounting to anarchy. of Independence, followed by the Anything set up by the working Revolutionary War and the adop­ class, it was claimed, would be a tion of the Constitution, establish chaos of weakness and disorganiza­ principles with respect to govern­ tion. ment, the individual, the minority But the course of world history and the majority, by which ordered made that crudity untenable. From liberty is replaced by disorganized the beginning of this war it began liberty." (Brief, p. 106.) to be admitted that strength and or­ After the decision of the Supreme ganization were evident in Com­ Court had been handed down, the munists' achievements. Therefore a Solicitor General thundered back new approach was required of the into court with a petition for re­ Attorney General's office in prepar­ hearing in which the contention ing this case for. the Supreme Court, that the Communist Party is "an what we may call some "refine­ organization disbelieving in or­ ment" of thought on the question of ganized government" was exalted the Communist view on "organized to new heights. The completely government." And so the case erroneous statement appears in his argued before the Supreme Court petition that: was that the Marxist doctrine, "There is no dispute in the record though it calls for a first setting up that the ultimate end of the Party of government, holds that in course was the 'withering away' and dis­ of time an "organized government" appearance of the State." set up by the working class would Most certainly we do dispute this cease to exist, would be gotten rid vulgarization. The Solicitor General of, made to "wither away," and tries to make a deep "theoretical" that this would mean that ordered dive, but in shallow water. liberty is replaced by disorganized Must we go in deep? liberty. Out of this new and heady Very well, let's recapture the book-learning rthe Attorney Gen- views of the revolutionary fathers THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION 693 on the question of "organized gov­ fluence of these on the sentiments ernment." For both Thomas Jeffer­ and views of the respective pro­ son and the "master-builder of prietors, ensues a division of the the Constitution," James Madison society into different interests and and several others considered and parties." wrote about all sides of the ques­ "Zeal for different opinions" aris­ tion of "organized government," of ing from this source, Madison said, "ordered liberty" and "disorganized had "divided mankind into parties, liberty." inflamed them with mutual animos­ In the need to persuade the ity," "the most common and durable loosely confederated thirteen states of the necessity of a central na­ source of" which "has been the va- tional government through accept­ . rious and unequal distribution of ing the Constitution, they were ob­ property." He could think of but liged to go deeply into the whole "two methods of removing the theory of the necessity of organized causes of faction: the one, by de­ government. stroying the liberty which is essen­ Madison expressed the view that tial to its existence" (i.e., by repres­ "the first object of government" sion of the right of political associ­ was the protection of the "diversity" ation); and "the other, by giving to of the "faculties" of man, and par­ every citizen the same opinions, the ticularly diversity in the "faculty" same passions, the same interests." to acquire property, from which But "giving to every citizen the "diversity" he said "the rights of same opinions, the same passions, property originate." (The Federalist, the same interests" was an impos­ No. 10,) From this Madison reasoned sibility because "different degrees that class divisions and political and kinds of property" inescapably parties representing the respective created different "sentiments and diverse interests of the property­ views." Therefore "the causes of holding and non-property holding faction" would remain. This being classes would result. He concluded true, there must be a government that, this condition being historical­ instituted, but the right of political ly necessary, there could be among association must be preserved, be­ cause to destroy this right would be civilized peoples no society without "worse than the disease" of con­ a state. He shared the apprehensions tending political parties. For, said of Washington and Jefferson about Madison, "It could not be less folly the rise of political strife in the new to abolish liberty, which is essential nation, and of two contending politi­ to political life, because it nourishes cal parties. But he reasoned that: faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is "From the protection of different essential to animal life, because it and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different imparts to fire its destructive degree and kinds of property im­ agency." mediately results; and from the in- And here we have the reasoning 694 THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION of the "Master-Builder of the Con­ of communal society of the Indians stitution," who wrote the conclu­ was the better. sions into the fabric of the Consti­ But Jefferson himself in his gar­ tution: That organized government gantuan use of centralized authority is made necessary by divisions for such achievements as the Louisi­ among the people based upon dif­ ana Purchase proved in practice best ferent "degrees and kinds" of prop­ of all the historic need of "organized erty; that the preservation of liberty government" and the building up of is of supreme importance and re­ the great national state. His prefer­ quires the right of political associ­ ence for the primitive communism ation for both propertied and prop­ of the Indian tribes whose life he ertyless classes. admired was utopian, unscientific, Washington wished, "if parties did because the primitive form of com­ exist, to reconcile them." Hamilton munism lies irrevocably in the past, didn't think we need keep the lib­ in the childhood of mankind. erty of political association for the The makers of the Constitution "turbulent and changing" "mass of were not crude men but were among the people," but had better assure the most cultured minds of a bril­ rule by "the rich and well-born." liant revolutionary century. Fa­ Jefferson was not as sure as his miliar to Jefferson, Madison, Mon­ colleagues were that there could roe and Franklin were the writings not be a classless society, and said of the French Encyclopedists, and he remained "not clear in mind" currently before them at the time whether organized government need of the American Revolution were be had at all. the ideas of Rousseau, whose Social Contract had been published in 1762, "Societies exist under three forms and much· of the brilliant work of -(1) without government, as among Diderot. From Rousseau Jefferson our Indians; (2) under governments paraphrased most of the formula­ wherein the will of everyone has a tions of general principle in the just influence ... ; (3) under gov- Declaration of Independence, such ernments of force ..... It is a prob- as "inalienable rights," "Nature's lem not clear in my mind that the first condition is not the best." God," "we hold these truths to be (Writings of Jefferson; Ford. ed. IV. self-evident," etc. 362-63, 467.) It was a half century later that an end was put to the utopian "dis­ To the end of his life Jefferson belief in [the necessity of] organ­ weighed in a utopian way wheth­ ized government." For the first time er "too much law among the civi­ modern scientific method began to lized Europeans" submitted man to be applied to the problems of so­ "greater evil" than "no law, as ciety. Those who did it we~e Karl among the savage Americans (the Marx and Frederick Engels} It is Indians)" and declared that as be­ extremely interesting that an Amer­ tween the two "conditions of exist­ ican, Lewis Henry Morgan, be­ ence" he thought the stateless form came another great figure in the de- THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION 695 velopment of Communist theory by French Encyclopedists that were the independent scientific support also the interest of Jefferson and that he found for the view of Marx Madison: in his long years of study of the "As soon as there is no longer any same !~dian life which has so fas­ class of society to be held in sub­ cinated Jefferson. jection; as soon as, along with class Marx and Engels were the great domination and the struggle for in­ masters who were able in a scientific dividual existence based on the way to develop the profound dialec­ former anarchy of production, the collisions and excesses arising from tical thought of the French Encyclo­ these have also been abolished, pedists. They found what they there is nothing more to be re­ called "masterpieces of dialectic" in pressed which would make a special the same writings of Diderot and repressive force, a state, necessary. Rousseau from whom Jefferson and ... The government of persons is re­ Madison strengthened their wisdom placed by the administration of for the good of this nation. Marx things and the direction of the processes of production. The state is and Engels could do this because not 'abolished,' it withers away." they had the enormous advantage (Anti-Duhring, pp. 306-7) of the developments of modern The whole concept of attenuation science and social thought far be­ or "atrophy" of the coercive organs yond Jefferson: " ... German philos­ of state is not one of "disorganized ophy culminating in Hegel," "the liberty" but of a highly organized greatest merit of which was the re­ "administration of things" which adoption of dialectics of the highest would differ from the former char­ form of thinking"; the classic po­ acter of "organized government•• litical economy of England; and the (which is properly called "state") developing Socialist movement of only by the absence of crime and France. Therefore it is precisely disorder and therefore the lack of Marx and Engels and the modern anything for criminal-c·atchers to Communist Parties that destroyed do. Only when and if, and because, in the labor movement and in all and to the extent that the need of advanced minds the anarchist doc­ the "repressive arm" disappeared, trine of "disbelief in organized would there be any "withering government." .away" of that repressive machinery; It was against the anarchists and life as well as theory can reassure their contention that the state must you of that; therefore the whole be "abolished" that Marx and En­ concept is (from the juridical point gels directed their famous formula­ of view) hypothetical. tion: "the state is not abolished; it Indeed, if there is serious objec­ 'withers away.'" tion to the "withering away" of the Engels gave his and Marx's rea­ police arm for lack of crime, or of soning in these words which took the military art for lack of war, it hold of and developed further in a would be entirely acceptable to scientific way the thoughts of the Marxists if we retain an annual 696 THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION «token" crime or disorder to be flamed them with mutual animos­ staged periodically as a public cere­ ity," is its one point of correspon­ mony, with, say, Mr. Biddle's great dence to what Jefferson loved in the grandson in uniform with a cotton­ primitive communism of the Indian stufied club chasing someone for a tribes he knew. If it is the realiza­ "token" disorder, somewhat as in tion of Jefferson's dream of liberty, my native town of San Antonio we it is liberty certainly on a higher have every year a street parade stage of development than "as with a sym!-~olic Battle of San Ja­ among our Indians" of his time. cinto to make sure we haven't for­ And with equal certainty it is a gotten the brave achievements of liberty made possible only by a de­ General Sam Houston. gree of order and organization in­ "Ordered liberty" is, of course, comparably more complex and not the antithesis of the Communist higher than the happy freedom of aim, but the essence of it. It would "cops and robbers" which seems to be sheer idiocy to contend that a be the Attorney General's dream. lack of crime to give business to The Supreme Court rejected the the coercive organs of government­ straitjacketing of thought on this the aim of all reformers and ideal­ subject, and banished from the case ists--would be a "lack of organized the primitive, childish reasoning government." And in this sense through which an undermining of how does the Communist view com­ our national life was being at­ pare to the idealistic preoccupation tempted. In doing so the Court of Thomas Jefferson as to a society served the stability of the nation "without government, as among the somewhat as its founding was Indians"? served by the interplay of free thinking of Jefferson and Madison, The elimination of what Madison the Adamses and Hamilton and Ben called "the various and unequal dis­ Franklin that resulted in the Con­ tribution of property," which he stitution and the great "organized correctly saw would be, for the government" that we have. young American society of his time, Let it be firmly reasserted that undesirable, harmful, even impos­ the theory that is described as "dis­ sible, becomes in modern society belief in organized government" something vastly different; it be­ owes its banishment from the minds comes the nationalization of the of serious men-precisely to Marx gigantic modern instruments of pro­ and Engels, to the Communists. duction and distribution. But that And for the sake of history let us it would be the elimination of those add the following: property relations (or relationships to the means of production) among Stalin's Development of the,Theory men which Madison said were "the of the State most common and durable source" The Marxian theory of the state, of that social antagonism which like all scientific theory, could not "divided mankind into parties, in- remain static. In the tremendous de- THE SCHNEIDERMAN DECISION 697 velopment and shocks of history in ferently from France, in France which an entirely new form of state differently from Germany, and in grew to a colossal strength, it is Germany differently from Russia." inevitab~e that the theory of the "It would be ridiculous to expect state, and particularly of the con­ that the classical Marxist writers cept of "withering away" of the should have elaborated for our organs of repression, have under­ benefit ready-made solutions for gone change. The change is not a each and every theoretical problem refutation but a further develop­ that might arise in any particular ment of theory on the scientific country fifty or one hundred years foundation laid by Marx and Engels. afterwards. . . ." Four and a half years ago, after "Will our state remain in the the completion of the clean-up of period of Communism also? the Trotskyite conspiracy in the "Yes, it will, unless the capitalist Soviet Union, there was a general encirclement is liquidated, and un­ appraisal of that experience, in­ less the danger of foreign military cluding a frank discussion of the attack has disappeared. Naturally, "blunder" that was made in not of course, the forms of our state sooner catching the criminals. The will again change in conformity conclusion was expressed by Stalin with the situation at home and that there had been an "underesti­ abroad. mation of the capitalist encircle­ "No, it will not remain 1md will ment" and "also an underestimation atrophy if the capitalist encircle­ of the role and significance of the ment is liquidated and a socialist bourgeois states and their organs, encirclement takes place. which send spies, assassins and "That is how the question stands wreckers into our country and are with regard to the socialist state." waiting for a favorable opportunity (Stalin: Report to the 18th Congress, to attack it by armed force"; [as 'communist Party of the Soviet Germany and Japan did], and Union, March 10, 1939.) "an underestimation of the role and So much for "disbelief in organ­ signitl.cance of our socialist state ized government"-the first of the and of its military, punitive and in­ two main contentions in the realm telligence organs . . ." of political theory employed in this Stalin pointed out "that certain case in a struggle against the right of the general propositions in the of free political thought and free M~xian doctrine of the state were political association of the Ameri­ incompletely worked out and inade­ can people. quate." With the other of the two main There had been an "unpardon­ points-the accusation that the ably heedless attitude to matters Communists "advocate the over­ pertaining to the theory of the throw of the Government by force state.... " The Marxist theory on and violence"-! will deal next this subject "provides only general month. guiding principles, which, in par­ (To be concluded in the Septem­ ticular, are applied in England dif- ber issue.) FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT

BY MAX WEISS

ITH the beginning of coalition extent of these Hitler diversion­ W warfare already realized by ary tactics to the attention of the United Nations, Hitler's agents the nation. The insurrectionary in America place their main reliance character of these Axis-inspired on attempting to throw the home riots can actually be seen in the front into confusion and chaos, to physical evidence of killed and · create diversion in order to block wounded-thirty-four dead in De­ the speedy establishment of the Sec- troit, two dead in Beaumont, one ond Front or to weaken it when it dead in Newark, and countless is opened by preventing the full hundreds injured in all of the cities force of a United Nation from being in which these riots were en- put behind it. gineered. The pattern of this Axis fifth- The direct results acpieved by column plan to disrupt and divert the fifth-column forces responsible the home front can be seen in its for these outrages can actually be major outlines in the Lewis-Woll- measured in terms of man-hours of Hutcheson conspiracy to provoke war production lost-more than a strikes; in the Congressional war- million in Detroit, and hundreds of fare against the Administration's thousands in Beaumont, Mobile, and policies on such issues as price con- other places! trol, subsidies, anti-labor Connally- Equally, and in the long run more, Smith bill; and finally in the wide- important ls the heavy blow dealt spread fifth-column instigation of at the nation's morale and unity by anti-Negro (in the case of Los these Axis-inspired and organized Angeles anti-Mexican) riots in the riots. For the disruption of Amer­ chief war production centers of the lea's national unity is a prize country. valued above all else by Hitler and The nation has been the shocked his agents in America, who base witness of such Axis-inspired riots their hopes on bringing about such in Mobile, Beaumont, Los Angeles, a disruption of our nation111 unity Chester, Newark-and their cui- that will t·ender it impossible for mination in the insurrection in our country to make the full force Detroit-which brought the full of its blows felt on the battle front. 698 FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT 699 At the same time serious damage Beaumont, Chester, Los Angeles, was done internationally by these Newark, and Detroit were not "race anti-Negro and anti-Mexican riots. riots." They were, in actual truth, The Axis radio has not overlooked exactly what President Roosevelt a single propaganda possibility of called the Detroit riots-insurrec­ exploiting these outrages against the tions. It is impossible to stress this Negro and Mexican minority pop­ fact too much. For, so long as un­ ulation in our country. Goebbels un­ thinking people unwittingly echo derstands full well their assistance the propaganda of the defeatists that to him in his att~mpt to win away these were "race riots," they un­ from the cause of the United Na­ consciously and automatically ab­ tions the millions in Asia and solve the Axis and its American Africa, as well as the masses in the fifth column from their direct and Latin American countries. immediate responsibility.. They fall The Negro people (and also, in into the trap which the Axis and the case of Los Angeles, the Mex­ its fifth column have set to cover up ican people) have been the principal their own responsibility by prevail­ victims of these riots. At the same ing on the American people to con­ time, the blow struck against them sider the outrages in "purely Amer­ had as its main target the war pro­ ican terms," that is, "merely the un­ duction of our country, the strength fortunate but inevitable outbreak on and unity of the labor movement, a larger scale" of what the country the national war leadership and saw once before during the Chicago policies of President Roosevelt and and East St. Louis "race riots," the nation. events having no connection with The Axis-inspired riots should the work of Hitler's agents. help to refresh America's under­ These riots were no more "race standing of the cause for which we riots" between Negro and white fight. For rampant on the streets of than the murder and rapine of the Beaumont, Chester, Los Angeles, Jewish masses in Germany by the and Detroit was the ugly force of fas'cist gangs are "race riots" be­ fascism which would be raised to tween "Aryan" and "non-Aryan." positions of government power We have long since learned to should Hitler's plan to enslave our estimate these pogroms for what country be realized. It is to prevent they are-techniques of fascist ter­ the pattern of these riots from be­ ror and intimidation ag!'linst all coming the established policy of democratic forces with the Jewish government-a result which is people as the immediate victims. It inevitable should the Axis forces is high time that we understand the prevail-that our country fights. events which have disgraced our In order to understand these country during the past weeks for events correctly, it is necessary to what they are-techniques of fifth­ establish one thing above all. The column insurrection against the na­ events that took place in Mobile, tion's war effort with the Negro 700 FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT people (and in Los Angeles-the lum elements; or else it is another Mexican people) as the immediate name for the incitement against Ne­ victims. groes whipped up especially by the The glib, unthinking assertion Hearst gutter press. that what happened in Beaumont, That kind of "tension" bears all Chester, Newark, and Detroit was a the earmarks of Berlin. The Nazis series of "race riots" can be sus­ showed us exactly what stuff such tained only by flying in the face of "tension" is made of by manufactur­ the most obvious facts, and can have ing it in the Sudetenland. The the effect only of diverting attention Voelkischer Beobachter as well as from the real criminal, Hitler's fifth Der Sturmer specialize in exactly column in the United States, which such "tension." What is really true is plotted, organized, and instigated that there has been a growth of Nazi­ these anti-Negro riots. inspired, fifth-column-directed in­ There has even been an attempt citements to violence, actualized to buttress such false "race riot" violence, against the Negro people. versions of the events in these cities But why should patriots allow by mystic references to an alleged themselves to be duped by such growth of what is called "tension" transparent mystification? This so­ between Negro and white during the called growth of "tension" between past period. This mystic "tension" Negro and wb.ite is nothing but a is adduced as "proof" that the rela­ euphemism for the preparatory tions between Negro and white have work of the fifth column for the or­ deteriorated and, in fact, reached ganization of the anti-Negro riots. the breaking point under pressure The same kind of "tension" is now of this "tension." The riots are, then, being manufactured by the fifth col­ quite simply interpreted as the re­ umn against the Jewish people sult, or the violent expression, of through the development to unprec­ such a deterioration of relations be­ edented proportions of an ugly cam­ tween Negro and white due to this paign of anti-Semitism. mystic quality called "tension," and hence, forthwith, labeled "race * * * riots." What about the relations between But when we examine this mystic. Negro and white masses? Have phenomenon called "tension be­ these relations, that is, has the tween Negro and white," we find unity of Negro and white deterior­ that, insofar as there is anything ated in the past period? more tangible to it than the mystifi­ The actual fact is that the exact cation with which spiritualists but opposite is true. The fact is that un­ not realists concern themselves, this precedented advances have been so-called "tension" is nothing but a made especially during the\past pe­ series of incidents consisting almost riod in welding the unity of Negro exclusively of attacks against in­ and white, in heightening the feel­ dividual Negroes by fascist or hood- ings of solidarity between the people FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT 701 of the United States and the peoples will admit-who can deny?-that of Latin America. This is precisely the riots in Mobile, Beaumont, the periSpain. ganizations, and newspapers that This is Been quite clearly by so 702 FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT able a military commentator as persuasion, :will do well to reflect George Fielding Eliot, who wrote in on these words. A wave of strikes the New York Herald Tribune of is sweeping the country, culminat­ June 23: ing in the great coal strike which threatens to paralyze o~ industri­ "The German high command is al output. Race riots break out in faced with decisions which grow areas as far apart from each other more painful and desperate day by as Detroit and east Texas. Troops day. The terrors of two-front war which should have no other task have come upon Germany not in than preparation to meet the ene­ the full flower of her strength, but my in battle are compelled to turn in the declining years of her weak­ their weapons against their fellow ness and war weariness. citizens. "But to desperate men, desperate "Can it be that these events, measures. Her leaders have set not which serve the cause of the enemy only their power but their lives so well, have come, at this crucial upon success. If Germany goes down moment, by mere coincidence? Is to defeat, they will not survive it. it not likely, is it not indeed almost Therefore they will not fail to ex­ certain that enemy agents have haust every expedient in their been at work to bring these things power to retard the day of that de­ to pass? This is not, of course, to feat. Their greatest danger comes say that all concerned are in the from America. The source of that pay of Hitler. That would be sheer danger is beyond their military nonsense. But remember that Hit­ reach. But is it beyond the reach ler's own words show that he un­ of every form of attack? derstands how to play upon 'ambi­ " 'There are new weapons which tion and delusion, party squabbles are available in such cases,' Adolf and self-seeking arrogance.' Why Hitler once observed in private has every effort to settle the coal conversation, as reported by Her­ strike failed at the last moment? mann Rauschning. 'America is Why did the 'rumors' which bred permanently on the brink of revo­ the Detroit riots spread so fast? lution. It will be a simple matter Why do these things happen now, for me to produce unrest and· re­ in the hour of Germany's greatest volts in the United States, so that need and greatest peril?" these gentry will have their hands full with their own affairs.' It is of decisive importance to see "Hitler never doubted his ability clearly and beyond all shadow of to enlist the ·human instruments doubt the fact that Hitler's fifth of such an attack from within. column in the United States is di­ "'We shall find such men,' he rectly responsible for these diver­ · boasted. 'We shall find them in sionary riots. This fifth column every country. We shall not need operates through the Ku Klux Klan, to bribe them. They will come of through Gerald K. Smith's America their own accord. Ambition and delusion, party squabbles and self­ First Party, through the National seeking arrogance will drive them.' Workers League, through the Pacific "Americans of every walk of life, Firsters, through the Hearst Press of every race, of every political incitements, as well as through the FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT 703 pages of innumerable fifth-column Black Legion. A new investigation sheets published by these organiza­ would undoubtedly reveal that sec­ tions-~-Ray, The Cross and the tions of the police in these and other Flag, etc: cities are members of the Klan, of It is necessary at this point to the Christian Front, of Gerald K. .add the fact that these fifth-column Smith's organization. elements have been aided and abet­ Very serious, indeed, is the fact ted by the unprecedented brutality that the police officials in New and Negrophobia of sections of the York have whitewashed the activi­ police force in all of the cities in­ ties of the police in participating in volved. In Detroit, for example, the activities of these seditious 90 per cent of the Negroes killed groups. In New York City, for ex­ were killed by police! Eighty-five ample, Patrolman Drew-who was per cent of those arrested by the proven to be a close personal friend police were Negroes. In Los Angeles of the fascist Christian Front lead­ er, Joe McWilliams, whose home the police stood by laughing and had been used as a storehouse for joking while Mexicans and Negroes vast quantities of anti-Semitic lit­ were being beaten up on the public erature-was cleared of charges of streets of that city. In various cities un-American activities and rein­ throughout the country the police stated on the police force. This ac­ are the actual instigators of violence tion will undoubtedly be taken as a against the Negro people by their green light signal by Christian continued, unrestrained, and un­ Fronters to continue their nefarious punished brutality against the work. Negro people. Symbolic of this attitude of sec­ * * * tions of the police force is the photo­ Unless the responsibility of the graph widely reproduced in Axis fifth column for inciting, or­ newspapers and magazines showing ganizing, and instigating these riots two Detroit policemen holding a is understood, it will be difficult, if Negro by the arms and making no not impossible, to understand the attempt to prevent a white rioter full meaning of these events, to from striking the helpless Negro take action victim whose arms were pinioned against those responsible by the police. and to prevent their recurrence in All of this is not accidental. It has other cities in the future. been clearly established that the As a matter of fact, the main aim fifth column has, through one or of the defeatists is to steer the wrath another of its many agencies, pene­ of the American people away from trated quite extensively into ·the the fifth column, to whitewash the police force in a number of cities. It Axis and its agents of all respons­ is a matter of record that numbers ibility in order to compound their of the Detroit and Toledo police crimes by attempting to pin the were members of the now outlawed responsibility for these events upon 704 FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT the Negro people themselves, upon Pegler, "race prejudice is as native the labor movement, upon the to America as ham and eggs." Roosevelt Administration and its In this same category is to be war policies. placed the accusation made by un­ Unfortunately, they have been named persons as reported in vari­ aided in this attempt to whitewash ous "inspired" news stories that the Hitler's fifth column of its criminal "Communist Negroes" of Detroit are responsibility for these riots by the responsible because of their uncom­ attitude taken by various govern­ promising leadership of the Negro ment officials, committees, and law people in the fight for full integra­ enforcement agencies. This is true, tion in the war effort. for example, of the Governor of This is a fascist slander against Michigan, the Mayor of Detroit, the the justified demands of the Negro Michigan Governor's .Fact Finding people for the granting of their simple American constitutional Committee, the Detroit F. B. I. director, the Mayor of Los Angeles, rights. The cloven hoof of Hitler as well as the Police Departments logic is clearly apparent in it. It in the cities concerned. These and was precisely with such logic that other government figures have re­ Hitler placed the responsibility for peatedly declared that there is no the destruction of the independence connection between the riots which of Czechoslovakia upon the Czech took place in these cities and the people, for the invasion of Poland work of Axis agents. Strengthened upon the Polish people, etc. The by such obvious whitewashing, the crime committed by these peoples defeatists have turned the full fury was that they insisted upon rec­ of their fascist attack upon the ognition of their "inordinate de­ Negro people, upon the labor move­ mands" for national independence. ment, upon the Roosevelt Admin­ Hence, they "provoked" Hitler to istration, upon the whole war effort. attack them! The fascists attempt to place This fascist slander is at the same the responsibility for the riots time a complete distortion of the upon the Negro people them­ facts. The demands of the Negro selves, no less! According to this people for complete integration into degenerate logic, the anti-Negro the war effort and into the life of riots are a result of the "inordinate the nation are not the demands of demands" put forward by the the Negro people alone. They are Negro people which "meet with the demands of our nation itself; resistance from the whites." they are the life-and-death require­ Westbrook Pegler makes the ments of our nation for victory. charge even more specific by ac­ They are supported and fought for, cusing the editors of the Negro press not only by the Communists in the of being responsible for the riots ranks of the Neg1'oes, not only by because they advocate the end of the Negro people alone, but by Jim Crow, whereas, according to growing masses of patriotic white FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT 705 Americans and, in the first place, by organization of violence against the the organized labor movement. Negro people has been irrefutably These demands do not meet with documented and brought to the at­ resistance'from "the whites." They tenticn of the Federal Government. meet with resistance from the fifth­ Interestingly, and , significantly column elements, from the poll­ enough, a few short weeks after taxers, from the forces of reaction, such accusations were made, the and from backward sections of the F. B. I. released the information that white population influenced by their the copy editor of the New York fascist propaganda. Daily News has been in the pay of Another variation of this attempt the Japanese government for the to fasten responsibi1ity for the Axis­ last ten years. The New York Daily inspired riots upon the Negro peo­ News is one of the chief purveyors ple-the chief victims of the riots-­ of anti-Negro slander and incite­ is to be seen in the allegation that ment. An investigation of the the riots were the result of work Hearst press as well as the Klan, among the Negro people by Gerald K. Smith, and the National Japanese agents. In a similar Workers League would undoubtedly fashion, efforts were made to place reveal similar connections. responsibility for the anti-Mexican riots in Los Angeles upon the Mex­ * * * ican-Americans by insinuating that The fact that these· anti-Negro Japanese and Sinarquist agents riots have as their aim more than were at work among them. This the Negro people alone is made connection between the Mexican clear in the instantaneous effort of population and the Japanese was the defeatists to turn the indignation even dignified by a degenerate race of the American people away from theory advanced by the "foreign the real instigators and direct it relations" expert of the Los Angeles against the Roosevelt Administra­ sheriff's office. According to this tion and the war effort. typically fascist theory, the Mex­ Representative John Rankin of icans are half-savage Orientals. The Mississippi has openly used the implication clearly is that they are House of Representatives as a forum therefore susceptible to the work to accuse President Roosevelt and of Japanese agents. his Administration of being respons­ While there can be no doubt that ible for provoking the riots through Japanese agents are at work among the policy of integrating the Negroes the Negro people, any attempt to into the war effort. He has de­ turn the investigation in this direc­ manded that the policy of our gov­ tion is nothing but an effort to cover ernment be scrapped and that it be up the criminal responsibility of the replaced by the fascist policy of the Klan, of Gerald K. Smith, and the segregation of the Negro people. National Workers League, whose Similarly, Martin Dies has brazen- 706 FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT ly announced that the factors be­ Norman Thomas "Socialists" and hind the riots on the West Coast and the Trotskyites at the recent in Detroit, "were not purely un­ Michigan C. I. 0. convention. Head­ American." In this way, Dies in­ ing up the resolutions committee of sinuates that it is the policy of the that convention, they brought to Roosevelt Administration in "cod­ the floor a resolution which stated: dling" the Negro people, that is, in "We should not criticize Hitler following a policy of support to the for his race theories while events Negro people in the fight for their like anti-Negro riots occur in Amer­ full integration into the war effort, ica." which is responsible for the riots. Hitler must not be criticized! That The objective of this fascist at­ is the conclusion which the Norman tack upon President Roosevelt's Thomas "Socialists" and the Trot­ policies, as exemplified in Executive skyites draw from the anti-Negro Order 8802, in the F. E. P. C., in riots. And certainly it follows, as the ruling of the War Labor Board night follows day, that if Hitler barring pay differentiations between cannot even be critized, then most Negro and white, is to smash all certainly he should not be fought. of the advances made so far in in­ This is the treasonable content ol. tegrating the Negro people into the the conclusions which the Norman life of the nation and the war ef­ Thomas "Social~sts" and Trotskyites fort, thus striking a heavy blow publicly advance. against victory itself. The defeatist attempt to white­ In this same category must be wash Hitler's fifth column from all placed the defeatist accusations of responsibility for the anti-Negro the Norman Thomas "Socialist" and anti-Mexican riots has been paper, The Call, which stated: given unwitting support even by "It is the government's war well--meaning and patriotic liberal against Japan that inspired the leaders who maintain that these riots. riots are the result solely of "objec­ "If white Americans are stirred tive conditions" with which Axis up to kill colored peoples, some will and fifth-column agents have no start killing without military or­ connection, such as the housing, ders." transportation, and recreation short­ This direct echo of Goebbles' prop­ ages in the war production centers; aganda insinuates that America's or the factor of juvenile delin­ war against Japan is a race war. Its quency, especially as it relates to the logic is quite clear. To stop further riots in Los Angeles, Newark and rioting, America must stop fighting Detroit, where large masses of against Japan! That is, it must ne­ young people were involved. It is to gotiate peace with the Japanese fas­ be regretted that Father Haas should cist marauders. In fact, this was lend himself to such an evasion of exactly the line followed by the the fundamental facts. FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT 707 It is most certainly true that these by seeing clearly that the enemy factors must enter into any full un­ is the Axis fifth column which derstanding of the causes behind enlists in its support even patriotic the Axis-inspired diversionary riots, Americans who are victims of un­ and must be seen as very im­ American, anti-Negro prejudice, portant contributing causes. It is that the slightest progress can be clear that all patriotic forces are made in improving the housing, ·obligated to move swiftly in for­ transportation and recreation short­ mulating policies and taking action ages. to solve the scandalous housing, The fact that large numbers of transportation, and recreation short­ young people were involved in the ages in the war centers of the coun­ rioting in Los Angeles, in Newark, try and to combat a growing war­ and in Detroit has been made the time juvenile delinquency. It would occasion for advancing a theory to be absolutely wrong to minimize the effect that these riots were a these problems in the slightest result of the growth of wartime degree, or to fail to see them as juvenile delinquency. As in the case contributing factors to the events of housing, transportation, recre­ which have been taking place. ation, the role of juvenile de­ As a matter of fact, the slightest linquency must be seriously exam­ concrete action to make a definite ined as a contributing factor helping improvement in the inadequacies to explain the involvement of young which now exist in the field of hous­ people in the rioting; but in no case ing, transportation, and recreation can it be seriously entertained as a will at once disclose the fact that basic cause of the rioting. The shameful participation of large the same fifth-column forces who numbers of young people in the utilized the inadequacies in these events in Los Angeles, Newark and fields c.s the starting point for their Detroit is a blot on the record of anti-Negro riots, are the very ones brilliant and heroic achievement by who attempt to block any sub­ the youth of our country on the stantial improvements in this direc­ battlefield, in war industry and on tion. The struggle to improve these the home front. It is not representa­ conditions-especially as they affect tive of any trends among American the Negro people, among whom the youth. Rather, it stands out in sharp worst conditions are to be found­ contrast to the important role which is part and parcel of the fight America's youth is playing in help­ against the fifth-column elements ing to win victory. who are responsible for provoking The youth who took part in the these riots. The Klan-inspired anti­ rioting in these cities were the un­ Negro riots which took place in con­ suspecting tools of the fifth-column nection with the opening of the forces which instigated and organ­ Sojourner Truth Housing project ized these riots. To the extent that in Detroit two years ago is the best the growth of war-time juvenile de­ illustration of this fact. It is only linquency created a situation among 7Q8 FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT youth which made it possible for the real criminal-the fifth column. sections of them in the cities in To bring these objective factors question to be manipulated for fifth­ forward, as problems which the column objectives, the responsibil­ anti-Negro riots sharply dramatize, ity falls upon the defeatists and and press for immediate solution is fifth-column forces who have fought imperative. But it would be simple­ tooth and nail against any Federal minded and naive as well as danger­ program for organizing the partici­ ous to explain the pattern of anti­ pation of youth in the war effort, Negro riots by these factors. These who have resisted any attempt by are the factors which the Axis the Federal, state or city govern­ agents find ready at hand to manip­ ments to provide for adequate war­ ul,ate for their own purposes. It is time educational programs among an axiom of the Axis fifth column youth and to expand facilities for to turn these so-called "objective satisfaction of the recreational factors" to their own end. needs of youth. It is an axiom of Hitler's plan The · crassest expression of this for world conquest that in almost fact was seen in the scuttling of the all countries--especially the United Youth Division of Civilian Defense States-there are such "objective by the defeatists in Congress. The factors" which can be turned to fas­ program of the Youth Division for cist account. The Axis reckons with the organization on an over-all basis of the war service activities of such "objective factors" in organiz­ youth, their education in the objec­ ing its fifth-column work, just as it tives for which the war is fought, reckons with the "objective fac­ was precisely what was--and is­ tors" of heat and lack of water in needed to channelize the energies organizing its desert warfare, just and resources of American youth as it reckons with the "objective into constructive, patriotic war factors" of oceans and islands in work. The absence of any such Fed­ organizing its amphibian op~rations. eral program or local equivalent of Patriotic Americans must in­ such a program is the fundamental tensify every effort to put an end cause for the growth of war-time to the scandals of housing, trans­ juvenile delinquency. portation and recreation shortage; The participation of young people but they must do it as part of the in the riots in Los Angeles, Newark fight against the fifth-column plot­ and Detroit dramatizes the necessity ters. for moving swiftly to combat the fundamental causes of a growing * * * war-time juvenile delinquency, but It is in the first place the labor must under no conditions be ac­ movement which must recognize cepted as any real explanation for the pattern of Hitler's fifth column the events in these cities. Any at­ in the riots which have broken out tempt to do so can only have the in important war production centers effect of diverting attention from throughout the country. It is the la- FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT 709 bor movement which must take a for example, that R. J. Thomas bold and decisive stand in pinning spoke up on the riots as an individ­ responsibility on the fifth-column ual, but that the U.A.W. did not of­ forces responsible for these outrages ficially take action as an organiza­ and in pressing for the swift and tion, except for its later participa­ immediate punishment of those re­ tion in a conference of a number of sponsible. national organizations. In this respect, the policies of It is essential that the la­ R. J. Thomas, U.A.W. president, bor movement be saturated with have been particularly important. this understanding and see the full The statements made by Thomas connection of these diversionary during the anti-Negro Packard outbreaks with the John L. Lewis strike which was provoked by conspiracy as well as with the the Klan elements in the Packard conspiracy of the defeatist Con­ local, his forthright stand in con­ gressmen on Capitol Hill in ·at­ nection with the anti-Negro riots tempting to wreck President Roose­ in Detroit, undoubtedly did much velt's war program. The labor to rally labor for the fulfill­ movement must take the lead in ment of its responsibilities. It is arousing the whole working class indeed a matter of pride that during and all patriotic and civic :forces, Ne­ the whole period of the anti-Negro gro and white, to bring about the insurrection on the streets of De­ criminal prosecution and punish­ troit, not a single incident was re­ ment of the fifth-column agents who ported to have taken place within instigated these riots, as the only any shop in Detroit. A number of preventative for threatened out­ other trade unions as well as trade breaks in other war production cen­ union leaders spoke out. In Newark, ters with large Negro populations. for example, the C.I.O. immediate­ ly and decisively spoke up and * * * took the lead in the struggle against the fifth column responsible for the .The present situation calls for the anti-Negro riots there. Similar immediate establishment of Federal action was taken by the C,I.O. on grand juries in all cities in which the West Coast during the Los these anti-Negro and anti-Mexican Angeles riots. riots have taken place to investigate But the fact remains that as yet and immediately suppress the Ku the labor movement and its leader­ Klux Klan, the National Workers ship have not :fully realized the far-, League, Gerald K. Smith's America flung nature o:l the Hitler conspiracy First Party; to arrest and imprison to disrupt our home front by creat­ the leaders of these organizations; ing diversions such as those which to outlaw and shut down the sedi­ took place in Detroit, Mobile, Beau­ tious newspapers and other publica­ mont, Chester, Newark, and Los tions issued by these organizations Angeles. It is a matter of record, and individuals. Those already un- 710 FIFTH-COLUMN DIVERSION IN DETROIT der indictment in the Sojourner of brutality inflicted upon the Ne­ Truth case must be imprisoned. gro people, and in each case of in­ The thirty-three seditionists already citement to such violence. under indictment must be brought President Roosevelt should answer to trial without further delay. the request advanced by many All patriotic forces must press patriotic and c1v1c forces and energetically for this demand, espe• agencies to speak to the nation over cially because the Department of the radio in order to acquaint the Justice and the Attorney-General's entire American people with the office under Biddle show absolutely nature of the fifth-column conspir­ no inclination to take any needed acy revealed in the anti-Negro step. In fact, the F.B.I. Director in riots. He should issue an executive Detroit, Mr. Bugas, has been among decree outlawing all forms of dis­ the most vociferous in denying­ crimination. without any investigation whatso­ In addition, .the whole program ever-that the fifth column is in any for the thorough integration of the way involved in the Detroit riots. Negro people into the war effort Attorney General Biddle, who al­ must be energetically advanced. lowed no grass to grow under his The anti-lynching and anti-poll tax feet in instantaneously following up bills must be passed by Congress. the Supreme Court decision on Discrimination against Negroes in Schneiderman by an announcement the armed forces must be ended. that he intended to work for the reversal of that decision, has not is­ Swift and adequate punishment sued a single statement on the riots must be meted out to those mem­ to date. bers of the police force in Detroit who were guilty of acts of brutality It would be criminal solely to and outright murder against the wait until the Axis fifth column Negro people in Detroit. strikes again in other cities. What Severe penalties must be en­ is needed is prompt and decisive forced against all purveyors of anti­ preventative action in all the chief Semitism. centers of Negro population and war It is through such decisive action production by the government of­ to crush the fifth-column conspiracy ficials of those cities as well as the to throw our home front into chaos labor and civic forces and organiza­ by large-scale diversions that Ne­ tions, both Negro and white. The gro-white unity will be promoted, attempt of Hitler's agents to insti­ national unity advanced, and the gate such anti-Negro riots in other path cleared to victory for a United cities must be nipped in the bud Nations throwing every ounce of its by the arrest and conviction of those full strength into the offensive in responsible for each specific case the European continent. THE 78TH CONGRESS

BY A. E. BLUMBERG

I. After Six Months recess came the Anglo-American invasion of Sicily, another impor­ WHEN the 78th Congress ad­ tant step toward the full operation journed on Thursday, July 8, of coalition warfare and a two-front for an extended recess, the majority war against Hitler Germany, the of its members left behind an un­ heart of the Axis. paralleled record of obstruction of On June 11, Earl Browder, ad­ the war effort and disruption of the dressing the National Committee of home front. Reactionary and de- the Communist Party, said: featist gains registered in the 1942 "Hitler and his associates are ful- · elections soon made themselves felt. ly aware that the hour of decision After a few polite bows to the slo- is approaching. . . . It would be an gan of a Victory Congress, the de- unforgivable mistake to under­ featist-inspired coalition of Hoover estimate Hitler's remaining power, Republicans and poll-tax Democrats above all· Hitler's fifth column in went to war against President the United States. Axis hopes are now centered upon creating diver­ Roosevelt's win-the-war policies. sions behind the main battlefronts Raising the battle-cry of "indepen- in order to create diversions among dence" of the legislative arm from the Allies, disrupt our internal the executive, they proceeded to ob- unity, sap our strength and prevent struct and undermine the powers it from reaching the battlefields. of the nation's Chief Executive in To hold the home front line is now the conduct of the war. In the clos- of equal importance to holding the ing days of the session this policy battle line. The home front must be protected from Hitler's diversions. of obstruction reached such ex- Events have already demonstrated tremes that some conservative anti- that this is our most vulnerable Administration organs which had point. That is why we must con­ welcomed and promoted this "in- centrate our attention in this period depend~nce" began to view the en the home front, safeguarding situation with some alarm. national unity, upholding our Com- The developing military situation mander-in-Chief in the direction made this obstructionist drive all of the war, securing maximum and the more serious. Just a few days uninterrupted production, mobiliz­ ing the masses for most efficient ap- before the recess, the expected Nazi plication of all war measures- offensive on the Eastern Front broke rationing, war savings, civilian de­ into full fury. A few days after the fense, etc.-perfecting the structure 711 712 THE 78TH CONGRESS of our war economy and, above all, program of the Administration. But unmasking the hidden enemy the "domestic" and the "foreign­ within, the Copperheads, the de­ military" policies are, of course, in­ featists, the advocates of a nego­ separable. Disruption on the home tiated peace, the profiteers, the front endangers the military front. black-marketeers, and all their agents and accomplices." (The Com­ The reactionary-defeatist major­ munist, July, 1943, pp. 579-89.) ity sought to prevent the stabiliza­ Today it is obvious that one of tion of our war economy. It passed the most urgent tasks facing labor a pay-as-you-go tax bill which and the win-the-war camp as we permitted the corporations to get enter the stage of decisive military &way with a billion and a half dol­ actions in Europe is to smash Hit­ lars in profits above last year's rec­ ler's diversion in the halls of Con­ Qrd profits. Yet it blocked the gress. An analysis of the record of President's $25,000 income limita­ the 78th Congress, and an examina­ tion ·proposal. It endangered the en­ tion of the · forces in the present tire price-control and rationing pro­ Congress, show that this can and gram through budgetary and other must be done now. The war won't attacks on O.P.A. It passed the wait for the 1944 elections to dis­ Bankhead Bill to force price in­ creases, and fought desperately to cipline Congress. Labor's leadership kill the price roll-back subsidy pro­ in the organization of nation-wide gram. It hampered the critical food legislative and political activity program by opposing production ift­ during the summer recess can isolate centives and cutting the Farm Se­ the small number of conscious de­ curity Administration program. featists in the present Congress, end National unity was the real target Congressional obstruction, and thus in the Lewis-provoked passage of vitally strengthen the home front. the Smith-Connally anti-labor bill Labor, especially the C. I. 0. at its over the President's veto, and in the National Executive Board Meeting continuation of the Dies Commit­ of July 7 and 8, has begun mel,'.e and tee, as well as . the creation of the more to appreciate the importance new witch-hunting Kerr, Smith and of labor's united legislative and po­ Cox committees directed against litical action in our national war. Administration circles. The first test of this growing aware­ ness can well be the summer recess But the defeatist clique in the campaign to influence the 78th Con­ 78th Congress was not at all times gress in the direction of full support able to sectlre a majority. In the of the war policies of the Com­ first place, on all matters of military mander-in-Chief and the nation. appropriations and lend-lease aid the Administratiqn received over~ The Record whelming support, the recipro­ Briefly put, the majority of the cal trade-treaty program pQssed, 78th Congress has centered its activ­ although with a fight. Of special ities on opposing the "domestic" significance was th11 passage by the THE 78TH CONGRESS 713 House in record time of the Mar­ "If we desire we can bring about cantonio Anti-Poll Tax Bill, H.R. 7. an unconditional surrender. We The protracted Senate fight against have the power with which to do it. the dismissal of three liberal anti­ As to whether or not our allies are going to insist upon an uncondition­ fascist victims of the Dies and Kerr al surrender, or whether there will committees was the first major Con­ be some sort of negotiation before gressional resistance to witch-hunt­ long, I do not know. Many people ing. The President's vetoes of both are commenting upon the fact that the Bankhead Bill and the subsidies there ha~ not been much activity ban were sustained. And on the between the Chinese troops and the final day, July 8, a last desperate at­ Japanese troops lately. Others com­ tempt to han subsidies and push up ment upon the fact that there has not recently been much gunpowder corn prices was defeated by an Ad­ wasted on the Russian front be­ ministration fighting aggressively tween the Germans and the Rus­ and backed by a rapidly growing sians." campaign of support by labor and the people. The small minority, however, per­ forms its traitorous role primarily Tile Line-up of Forces by utilizing the many Congressmen The number of outright defeatists who place profits, partisan politics, (i.e., those who seek to save Hitler and sectional interests above the from unconditional surrender be- needs of victory. Thus, through con­ ~ cause of their hatred of the Soviet fusion and distortion of issues, the Union and Britain and their fear of defeatist clique is able to manipu­ democracy) in the 78th Congress is late a majority drawn chiefly from probably very small. They include the Republicans and tory poll-tax the Hoover-Taft-Vandenberg-Nye­ Democrats. Especially does it capi­ Fish group among the Republicans, talize on the Republican partisan op­ the Wheeler:..clark-Reynolds-Cox­ position to the Commander-in-Chief. Dies group among the Democrats. Complacency with regard to the Representing the du Pont clique in outcome of the war has facilitated the National Association of Manu­ the defeatists' conspiracy. Following facturers, their activities are fully the Stalingrad and North African supported in the colurnris of the victories, there were those who Hearst-McCormick-Patterson press. adopted an attitude as though full They are highly vocal,· and some are Axis defeat was already "in the strategically placed. bag." This mood, together with the Thus, Senator Reynolds of North approach of the 1944 elections, Carolina, chftirman of the Senate brought a great many members of Military Affairs Committee, uses his Congress to permit business-as­ position to suggest a negotiated usual and politics-as-usual consid­ peace. In a recent speech in the erations to determine their con­ Senate (Congressional Record, June duct, thus playing into the hands of 25, 1943, p. 8657) he say!: the defeatists. 714 THE. 78TH CONGRESS Above all, it has been the absence weight is never exercised because of fighting labor unity that has of the widespread absenteeism, made possible this situation. The especially in the New York delega­ C.I.O. proposals to the A. F. of L. tion. Absenteeism on the home front and Railroad unions for joint labor helps Hitler just as much as would legislative action have been blocked absenteeism on the military front. by William Green and the Woll­ Labor and the people must make Hutcheson forces. The Woll-Hutche­ thil' fact clear to the Congressmen son-Frey leadership of the A. F. of involved. L. instead, has centered its legisla­ Another forty-odd Republicans tive work on fighting the N.L.R.B. voted with the President against the They are now scheming to bring Smith-Connally Bill, thus indicating about acceptance of the application the growing weight of labor's legis­ for entrance into the A. F. of L. of lative activity. Further, more than John L. Lewis, arch-traitor and de­ sixty Southern Congressmen voted featist in the labor movement. to sustain the President's veto on On the other hand, where all la­ the subsidy ban. Even though Dies bor united, as in the House passage and Smith, for demagogic purposes, of the Marcantonio Anti-Poll Tax joined in this vote, it nevertheless Bill and the fight for roll-back sub­ indicates that a large number of sidies, the results were immediately Southern Congressmen are not com­ evident. mitted to all-out opposition to the This reactionary-defeatist major­ President's win-the-war policies on ity can be shattered. Neither theRe­ the home front. publicans nor the poll-tax Demo­ In the recent Gallup and Fortune crats are an undifferentiated mass. polls, it was shown that the great If, for example, we glance over the bulk of the American people sup­ roll-call in the House on the two port the President's policies, foreign votes to over-ride the Presidential and domestic. This was especially veto on the Smith-Connally and true in the Gallup Poll of Southern subsidy-ban measures, we get the sentiment which showed 80 per cent following picture: Some 100 Con­ for President Roosevelt. Thus, the gressmen, in round numbers, pri­ "unholy alliance" of reactionary Re­ marily Democrats from industrial publicans and poll-tax Democrats centers, together with American­ finds no general popular support. Laborite Vito Marcantonio and sev­ When labor unites and rallies the en courageous Republicans, voted people in support of the President, with the President on both occasions and the Administration stands firm, (or would have, if they had been as in the subsidy fight, the alliance prE:sent). These Congressmen may can be defeated. be said to constitute the more or less Tell It to Congress This Summer stable win-the-war sector in Con­ gress at this time. However, it must Popular support for the Pres­ be clearly understood that their full ident's policies, if registered this THE 78TH CONGRESS 715 summer in the form of joint labor, made to secure Senate concurrence labor-farmer and broad people's in September. conferences and committees in all This prinCiple of joint action be­ Congressional districts throughout tween a group of win-the-war Con­ the country, can change the situa­ gressmen and a broad united front tion radically in the 78th Congress. including all labor likewise contrib­ As far as the House is concerned, uted materially to saving the Ad­ the aim of such Congressional dis­ ministration subsidy-roll-back pro­ trict conferences and committees gram. Here a group of forty (now must be to add several score Re­ fifty-two) Congressmen, headed by publicans to the seven who stood Representative Scanlon of Pitts­ firm, and to add several score South­ burgh, formed the Congressional ern and other Democrats to the Committee to Protect the Consumer. ninety-odd who championed the As a group of Congressmen, they President's policies. A well-organ­ took the unprecedented step of in­ ized program, led by labor and con­ viting all labor and people's organ­ centrating among the labor-influ­ izations to be represented at a con­ enced Republicans and Southern f:.>rence in support of the subsidy Democrats, can yield a new House program in the House caucus room majority-a non-partisan win-the­ on June 25. Over 300 delegates rep­ war alliance. Similar results can be resenting national labor, consumers', secused in the Senate, at least on Negro, women's and religious or­ some issues. This drive necessarily ganizations heard speeches by May­ also requires that labor, in express­ or La Guardia, Philip Murray of the ing its support of President Roose­ C.I.O., and greetings from William velt, at the same time establish a Green of the A. F. of L. A feature non-partisan approach to the elec­ of the conference was the official tion of win-the-war Congressmen participation of the national offi­ and Senators. cers of the A. F. of L., C.I.O. and The fruitful experience of the Railroad Brotherhoods, as well as the participation of delegates from successful campaign to pass the most of the national and interna­ Marcantonio Anti-Poll Tax Bill in tional unions affiliated with these the House should be drawn upon. three labor bodies. Here a broad unity (including A. F. of L., C.I.O., Railroad Brother­ Among the non-labor organiza­ hoods, and many religious, Negro, tions were the National Catholic civil rights and other organizations) Welfare Conference, the Federal in the form of the National Commit­ Council of Churches, ,the National tee to Abolish the Poll Tax, teamed Council of Negro Women, the Na­ up with a Congressional non-parti­ tional Council of Catholic Women, san coalition headed by Congress­ the National Council of Jewish men Marcantonio (A.L.P.), Baldwin \Vomen, and the League of Women (R.), Bender (R.) and Magnusson Voters. Congressman McMurray of (D.). A determined fight must be Wisconsin, for the committee ·of

that that the the labor labor and and other other req~res req~res 7 7 and and To To appreciate appreciate S. S. the the full full sig-

make make Congress Congress a a win-the-war win-the-war body, body, meeting meeting in in WMhington, WMhington, D. D. C., C., July July

disperse disperse the the unholy unholy alliance, alliance, and and of of the the C.I.O. C.I.O. held held a a very very important important

the the defeatists defeatists the the 78th 78th Congress, Congress, in in recess recess the the National National Executive Executive Board Board

In In to to additioll, additioll, the the drive drive isolate isolate On On the the eve eve of of the the Congressional Congressional

policies. policies.

Board Board Meeting Meeting

consistent consistent fight fight for for the the President's President's

II. II. National National The The Executive Executive C.I.O. C.I.O. put put up up a a much much more more effective effective and and

very very sharply sharply wili wili demand demand that that they they

Congress Congress reconvenes. reconvenes.

with with

its its returning returning Congressmen, Congressmen,

now, now, their their position position be be felt felt when when will will

summer, summer, in in discussing discussing the the

issues issues

nation. nation. the the people people are are organized organized If If

is is ineffective. ineffective. Certainly, Certainly, labor labor this this

program program of of the the President President and and the the

ership ership in in both both House· House· and and Senate Senate

brought brought fully fully behind behind the the victory victory

weeks weeks ago, ago, Administration Administration

lead­

that that of of food. food. Congress Congress must must be be

had had occasion occasion to to point point out out some some

control control and and production, production, especially especially

istrator. istrator. However, However, as as Philip Philip Murray Murray

battles battles will will be be fought fought over over price price

Chester Chester Davis, Davis, war war food food Admin­

A A new new tax tax program program comes comes up. up. New New

veto veto messages messages and and the the dismissal dismissal of of

bill bill and and make make it it the the law law of of the the land. land.

cially cially evidenced evidenced by by the the last last two two

· · Senate Senate must must

pass pass

the the

anti-poll anti-poll

tax tax

fighting fighting for for its its policies, policies, as as is is espe­

Congress Congress when when

it it reconvenes. reconvenes. The The played played by by the the Adminstration Adminstration in in

Vital Vital home home front front problems problems await await note note the the growing growing aggressiveness aggressiveness dis­

people people by by such such plain plain speaking. speaking. lative lative campaign, campaign, it it is is important important to to

service service was was rendered rendered

the the American American

In In developing developing the the summer summer legis­

enemy. enemy. In In both both instances instances a a signal signal recess. recess.

ler ler as as one one

who who

gives gives

comfort comfort

to to the the

will will face face when when it it returns returns from from the the

referred referred

to to

Chand­ Herald Herald

Tribune Tribune home home front front issues issues which which Congress Congress

of of the the government; government;

New New the the

York York

production, production, price price control control and and .other .other

branded branded

John John

L. L. Lewis Lewis as as an an enemy enemy vital vital questions questions of of taxation, taxation, food, food,

The The

National National

War War Labor. Labor. Board Board These These conferences conferences will will deal deal with with the the

as as

"gentlemen "gentlemen

of of the the opposition." opposition." gressmen gressmen throughout throughout the the country. country.

as as enemies enemies of of the the country country and and not not ganized ganized with with the the help help of of the the Con­

fought fought for for what what they they are, are, that that is, is, for for by by the the Committee Committee are are being being or­

is is that that the the defeatists defeatists be be openly openly Conferences Conferences along along the the lines lines called called

Another Another important important requirement requirement are are being being urged urged to to join join the the group. group.

price price control control program. program. their their full full backing. backing. All All Congressmen Congressmen

against against these these two two key key points points in in the the gressional gressional Committee Committee of of fifty-two fifty-two

an an effort effort to to build build up up sentiment sentiment patriotic patriotic groups groups will will give give this this Con­

bills bills ior ior workers, workers, has has been been used used in in Undoubtedly Undoubtedly all all labor labor and and other other

or or that that subsidies subsidies mean mean heavy heavy tax tax district. district.

means means a a cut cut in in the the farmers' farmers' income, income, the the work work in in every every Congressional Congressional

ample, ample, the the argument argument that that roll-back roll-back committee committee to to plan plan and and coordinate coordinate

on on such such issues issues as as subsidies. subsidies. For For ex­ resented resented to to set set up up a a continuing continuing

confusion confusion created created by by ask ask the the all all defeatists defeatists national national organizations organizations rep­

Congressmen, Congressmen, win-the-war win-the-war announced announced forces forces plans plans clear clear to to up up the the

716 716 THE THE 78TH 78TH CONGRESS CONGRESS THE 78TH CONGRESS 717 nificance of the actions taken by ident, Philip Murray, displayed a the Board, we should bear in mind labor statesmanship which all of la­ the situation immediately preceding bor can greet. Not only C. I. 0. the meeting. This was the first meet­ members, but all workers will see ing following the third miners' in the resolutions adopted at this strike provoked by John L. Lewis­ meeting basic measures to strengthen a strike which brought great dam­ labor's role in the war effort, in­ age to the war effort, the Smith­ crease labor unity and labor's in­ Connally Bill to labor, and nothing dependent political action, and pro­ to the miners that they did not mote national unity for victory in already have before the strike. the war against the Axis. The reactionary-defeatist major­ The C. I. 0. Board meeting struck ity in Congress had just defied the out against the defeatists and bus­ President by passing the Smith­ iness-as-usual bloc in Congress as Connally Bill over his veto, and had well as against the policies of the sought to prevent the roll-back in Lewis-Woll-Dubinsky cliques in the prices promised to labor, by voting ranks of labor, brought clarity into down subsidy payments. A com­ the pichtre and a positive program bination of Lewis supporters, Nor­ to meet the situation. While the man Thomas Socialists, "Social­ Board did not speak on the question Democrats" of the New Leader :>f the developing offensive against stripe, Trotskyites, K.K.K. elements Hitler and the Axis, its program and other reactionary forces at the of full support to the war policies Michigan C.I.O. convention had oi the Commander-in-Chief is the succeeded in confusing a majority key to that strengthening of the of the delegates and winning their home front required by the develop­ support for a resolution which ing military offensive. amounted to a repudiation of labor's Specific actions included, first, a no-strike pledge. The same com­ resolution reaffirming the no-strike bination at the Michigan convention pledge and all-out support of the had made some headway in an at­ win-the-war policies of the Ad­ tempt to set up a Lewis-Dubinsky ministration. Placing responsibility inspired "labor party," seeking to for the Smith-Connally Bill directly exploit the workers' desire for in­ upon Lewis, the resolution reads dependent political action in order in part: to break labor away from support of the war policies of the Com­ "1. Despite the disappointment mander-in-Chief. Finally, the Board which we experienced over the meeting took place two days after action taken by Congress in over­ the Nazis opened their 1943 offen­ riding the President's veto of the sive on the vital Eastern Front of Smith-Connally Act., we affiirm the this global war. determination of all the affiliated C. I. 0. organizations to maintain As in the past, the C. I. 0. Board, our no-strike pledge. under the leadership of its pres- "Because of our deep appreciation 718 THE 78TH CONGRESS of the issues involved in this war through "a program of overall ra­ we shall not tolerate or permit any tioning and of strict enforcement of interruption or stoppage of work. price levels by utilizing the assist­ We express our commendation to ance of labor organizations and President Murray, who immediately other local groups of consumers following the provocative action of Congress in overriding the Pres­ and housewives through the im­ ident's veto, clearly and emphatical­ position of severe penalties upon ly declared for the C. I. 0. that its price. violators and operators of firm no-strike policy shall continue. black markets." "2. We express our deep gratitude In this connection, labor must to President Roosevelt, our Com­ note the slowness and hesitation mander-in-Chief, for his statesman­ being shown by 0. P. A. Director like attitude in vetoing the Smith­ Connally Act. By this act President Brown in carrying out the roll-back Roosevelt demonstrated his under­ program and press for its full ap­ standing of the contribution being plication. made by labor toward winning the Of prime significance, in view of war and that any blow against la­ the present military situation and bor is :;t blow against the war effort. the growing activities of the de­ "We pledge to our Commander­ featists, was the C. I. 0. proposal to in-Chief that we shall continue, as the A. F. of L. and Railroad Broth­ we have in the past, to give him our ccmplete and unstinted support in erhoods for united labor action. The our nation's struggle in this patri­ C. I. 0. urged that otic war." "The heads of these organizations This is generally the attitude of should immediately meet for the the labor movement to the Smith­ purpose of establishing a program Connally Act. Thus it can be seen of joint action on all issues directed toward an intensified prosecution of that the defeatists and reactionaries the war, the protection of organized have failed in their attempt to use labor against its enemies, a fuller this anti-labor legislation to pro­ participation of labor in the war ef­ voke labor and split it away from fort, and for a complete mobiliza­ support of President Roosevelt. tion of the people in support of the A second resolution praises Pres­ war program of our Commander­ ident Roosevelt's veto of the anti­ in-Chief, Franklin D. Roosevelt." subsidy vote and calls for a roll­ And that back of prices to September, 1942. It calls for the immediate accomplish­ "The heads of these organizations ment of the roll-back, and resolves: should seek to create joint commit­ "continued support to the program tees on a local and state-wide basis of our Commander-in-Chief in the throughout the nation to encourage joint action between labor and all vital struggle to prevent inflation ether groups and organizations that and of controlling and stabilizing desire to give their wholehearted our wartime domestic economy." and complete support to the war It calls upon the 0. P. A. to carry program." THE 78TH CONGRESS 719 Further the C.I.O. Board pro­ Schenectady. Labor in every Con­ posed a national conference of labor gressional district can be expected and other win-the-war force:;;: to seek the establishment of similar committees, as well as to promote "The Presidents of the C. I. 0., joint action between such bodies the A. F. of L. and the Railroad and the farmers and other win-the­ Brotherhoods should convene a na­ war forces. tional conference of representatives There can be no doubt that one of organized labor al}d other sym­ pathetic groups and organizations in of the most important and far­ an endeavor to mobilize on a na­ reaching actions of the C.I.O. tional basis the entire population Board was the decision to establish to assure the successful prosecution a political action committee, headed of the war and the defeat of any ef­ by Sidney Hillman. The committee fort of our enemies to undermine, chairman's preliminary report, as weaken or sabotage the war policies well as Mr. Murray's statement to of our nation and of our Comman­ the press, already shows that the der-in-Chief. "Such a conference should estab­ C.I.O. will oppose with a positive lish the means and procedure for lo­ program of united political action cal mobilization of the people in or­ in support of the President all such der that they may on an organiza­ splitting "labor parties" as that tional basis create the means for projected by the Dubinskys and communicating to the Congressmen Norman Thomases in their alliance as they return home during the with Lewis. The creation of the coming recess and thereafter when they return to Congress, the deter­ committee makes it clear that the mination of all true Americans to C.I.O. is planning jointly with the preserve our democratic institutions rest of the labor movement to create such as labor unions and to support those instruments for political action our Commander-in-Chief in his that will provide the greatest unity challenge to the nation for a more of labor and the whole people be­ vigorous and affirmative prosecution hind the war policies of our· Com­ of the war." mander-in-Chief. This urgent appeal for united la­ The entire labor movement would bor action undoubtedly will meet do well to study the decisions of the with widespread support, despite C. I. 0. Board meeting. They are a the evident opposition expressed significant contribution to victory. to this proposal by William Green To the extent that they are under­ recently at the Ryan-dominated stood and acted upon, they will play I.L.A. convention. It must be a vital role in beating back defeatist fought for by all A. F. of L. organi­ disruption on the home front. At zations, all patriotic A. F. of L. lead­ this decisive moment of the war, ers. Joint labor legislative and po­ strengthening the home front for litical committees already exist in a full two-front war against Hitler many localities, such as Cleveland, in Europe is the supreme obligation Philadelphia, Milwaukee, Erie, and of all patriotic Americans. ON THE DISCUSSION OF WAR AIMS AND POST-WAR PROBLEMS

BY N, MALININ

OR a long time prominent rep­ their peoples from the lot of Hit­ F sentatives, politicians, publicists ler's slaves. and journalists in Great Britain and When people in the countries of the United States have been paying the anti-Hitler coalition speak of much attention to the question of war aims they have in mind also the so-called "aims of the war." To changes that must be introduced in us this term seems not quite apt. the organization of the world and Aims are set up by those who plan international relations to render the or initiate a certain action. There­ world safe from aggressions, save fore, it is for those to speak of the it from a repetition of the present aims of the present war who delib­ disaster and build a firm foundation erately planned, caused and started for world peace. it-the Axis countries and their in­ The confusion of the two concep­ spirer Hitler. tions, namely, war aims and the As for the aims of the war started post-war organization of the world, by Hitler, they have been pro­ seems to us not accidental, coming claimed over and over again by from the lips and pens of those cir­ him, long before his advent to power cles who before the war opposed and throughout the duration of his rebuff to the aggressors and who to dictatorship. this day put spokes in the wheels It is well nigh impossible to speak of their governments, trying in of war aims for representatives and every way to disrupt the combined citizens of those states on whom efforts of the anti-Hitler coalition war was forced, who did everything in bringing the war to a victorious to avert it and who were either at- conclusion. tacked or menaced with inevitable It is no accident that the question attack. They did not want war and of war aims engages American iso­ hence did not set themselves "war lationists, who persist in thinking aims." .These states are fighting be- that the United States could have cause they cannot help but fight if remained outside the war, that it they want to preserve the right to was drawn into it by the ill will of independent existence or restore President Roosevelt and · that a their lost independence and save separate peace with some, or even 720 WAR AIMS AND POST-WAR PROBLEMS 721 all, of the Axis countries could still such a program must be based on be concluded. Substituting the con­ common decisions and that prema­ ception of war aims for post-war ture discussion of disputable ques­ problems, they hope to prove that tions may have an unfavorable ef­ the aims of the war cannot be fect on the unity and the intensive­ achieved, and thereby prove that ness of action necessary for the the war itself is senseless and need­ achievement of the principal aim less. facing the coalition of the freedom­ With such a view in mind, they loving peoples-the speediest vic­ are representing war aims as the tory over the common enemy. desire to achieve a complete solu­ I by no means want to imply that tion of all international economic only isolationists in the United and political contradictions, to put States are concerned with the prob­ an end to age-old international dis­ lem of post-war organization, putes, to establish in all countries wrongly called the "aims of the an identical regime to their liking, war," or that this is always done in a word, heaven on earth. From with some malicious purpose. The here it is but a step to proving the less active a country is in direct unreality of such a Utopia and con­ fighting against the enemy, the sequently the impossibility of more energy and time . it can spare achieving the aims of the war and for this purpose. I am inclined to the needlessness of continuing it. suggest that even the governments It stands to reason that responsi­ themselves in countries of the bility for the impossibility of realiz­ Anglo-Soviet-American coalition do ing Utopia is placed by the isola­ not keep aloof from this question. tionists on the policy of some one Of course, the .greater the num­ or other member of the coalition, as, ber· of heavy blows dealt to the ar­ for example, . on Churchill's disin­ mies of the Italo-German coalition, clination to liquidate the British as was the case in the battle of Empire, or on the alleged desire of Stalingrad and in North Africa, the the U.S.S.R. to "bolshevize" Central greater the confidence of the Unit­ Europe. The discussion of "war ed Nations in complete victory over aims" by the isolationists frequent­ the common enemy and the near­ ly serves as a pretext for . attacks ness of the day of final triumph, on Great Britain and even more and the more urgent the task of frequently on the U.S.S.R. public discussion, if not of all, at In particular, the Soviet Govern­ least of the principal, problems of ment, among other things, is re­ post-war organization. The scope of proached for failure to reveal its these problems is incredibly great, aims, that is, to make public a com­ involving every aspect of life in plete program for the post-war or­ Europe and other continents. ganization of the world. Such ac­ * * * cusers fail to report, however, that What are these post-war prob­ ·neither the British nor the Ameri- lems discussed in the press, in can Government has done so, that books and theses abroad? 722 WAR AIMS AND POST-WAR PROBLEMS Outstanding among them, of which are to supervise all public course, is the question of the means education in Germany. by which to prevent another world There is also no lack of quite war, in other words, of rendering benevolent judges, who would ab­ harmless those forces that brought solve the culprits and their associ­ on the present bloodiest of wars, ates of all responsibility for their with all its horrors, and in the first crimes and everything would be in place those mainly responsible­ order. These views are energetically Hitler and his assistants and the advocated by German emigres in entire Nazi Party. A heated debate Britain and the United States, from has developed around the question the ex-Hitlerite Strasser to the whether only Nazis are to be con­ Social-Democrats. sidered responsible for the war, or Another project favors the dis­ also the leaders of the German ar­ memberment of Germany, the sepa­ my or even the entire German peo­ ration of Prussia, of the Junkers. ple, inasmuch as it tolerated Hitler's The punishment of Germany in­ dictatorship, failed to rebel against volves also problems of all sorts of it, and obediently took part in its compensations to the countries sub­ wars of plunder and in the perpe,. jected to Hitlerite attack, occupa­ tration of barbarous atrocities in the tion and destruction. Once again the occupied countries. well-known question, which occu­ There is a school of thought which pied the Versailles Conference, as considers that the German people, to reparations being paid in cash or who brought into being the militar­ in kind, is discussed. There are ist Junkers system and aggressive many who favor the export of in­ Hitlerism, have proved their com­ dustrial enterprises from Germany plete depravity and their incapa­ to the countries ruined by the Hit­ bility for peaceful cohabitation with lerite occupation. other peoples and must, therefore, Apart from the theory advocating be most severely punished and con­ Germany's dismemberment, there is demned to punishment for ages to the question of the frontiers of fu­ come. The representatives of this ture Germany, integral or dismem­ school forget, however, that the Hit­ bered, namely: whether she is to be ler clique must not be identified confined to strictly ethnographic with the German people. This school borders with the incorporation even is headed by one of Britain's out­ of the Sudetenland and Austria, or standing diplomats, in latter years whether her frontiers are to be not holding any official post, Lord determined by Versailles, or wheth­ Vansittart. er its territory is further to be There are also less severe judges ceded mainly to neighboring states. who propose to deprive the German Some plans call for the elimination people of their rights for a certain of the inconveniences created by the period of time while they are being Danzig corridor by giving East re-educated, the re-education to be Prussia to Poland. undertaken by the United Nations, It is known that Poland claims WAR AIMS AND POST-WAR PROBLEMS 723 also Eastern Silesia and even all These theories involuntarily bring territory to the east of the Oder. to mind the thought that there are Czechoslovakia naturally insists on treatments worse than the disease. the restoration of her former bor­ In Britain, along with an energetic ders and the removal of the Ger­ discussion of the economic and fi­ mans from Sudetenland, that is, ac­ nancial problems connected with the cording to the method suggested by post-war organization of the world Hitler's own practice in occupied (for example, very popular are the territories at present. so-called Beveridge and Keynes Comparatively few debates and plans), there are proposals for in­ projects are concerned with the fu­ ternational supervisiOn over na­ ture fate of Italy. There is a marked tional administration in the British leniency with regard to the Italian colonies (proposed by the Labor people and an inclination to absolve Party), •the formation of an inter­ it from responsibility for th'e war national armed force, including into which it was forced by Musso­ military air control, to prevent ag­ lini. If Italian anti-fascist emigres gression by any state. are to be excluded, there will hard­ Quite popular among Americans ly be many favoring leaving the is the theory of the necessity for a Afric11n colonies to Italy, but this radical change in the status of the question partly depends on the colonies of the British, as well as colonial problem as a whole. the French, Belgians, Dutch, and The question of post-war world others. Americans recently also organization touches, however, not placed on the agenda the problem only the fate of Germany, Italy and of international airlines and bases, the other vassals of Hitler. Wishes although it has no direct connection are expressed for a maximum radi­ with the war. cal solution also of the territorial No little concern is caused to the problems disputed among the Unit­ leadership of the United Nations by ed Nations themselves. Further, the problems of provisional govern­ there is great concern over the sta­ ments-until the peoples express tus of small nations. Granting them their will-in the countries occu­ the right to self-determination and pied by the Hitlerites and adminis­ full sovereignty, it is considered that tered by them directly or through isolated they might too easily be­ quislings. The existence of govern­ come a toy in the himds of the ments-in-exile or so-called National diplomacy of the Great Powers, Committees in some cases does not which would give rise to greater make this problem easier but, on international friction and pretexts the contrary, complicates it. I have for armed conflicts. There is the in mind governments and commit­ theory advocating Great Power tees into which not only arrant re­ guardianship over small nations or actionaries but also friends of the uniting small nations into federa­ Becks and Petains and even pro­ tions and confederations adapted to fascist elements have wormed their the needs of certain powers. way, as was recently shown by the

peace. peace. the the of of tion tion the the of of one-sixth one-sixth occupies occupies which which

viola­ new new a a preventing preventing in in terested terested continent, continent, the the on on state state powerful powerful

in­ especially especially is is Therefore Therefore omy. omy. most most it it the the Union, Union, Soviet Soviet The The zation. zation.

econ­ ruined ruined its its of of restoration restoration the the organi­ post-war post-war with with connection connection in in

for for peace peace lasting lasting need need will will Union Union developed developed or or debated debated problems problems the the

Soviet Soviet The The Nations. Nations. United United other other all all enumerated enumerated from from far far have have We We

the the than than more more correspondingly correspondingly them them Office. Office. Foreign Foreign don don

from from suffered suffered has has and and hordes hordes ler ler Lon­ the the and and Washington Washington in in ment ment

Hit­ the the of of onslaught onslaught the the of of brunt brunt Depart­ State State the the of of representatives representatives

the the of of withstood withstood them them has has toward toward Union Union attitude attitude Soviet Soviet favorable favorable

The The world. world. the the the the by by of of encouraged encouraged organization organization are are war war regretted. regretted.

post­ be be deciding deciding to to in in is is it it voices voices and, and, power power decisive decisive to to the the return return to to

of of one one hope hope have have also also who who admitted, admitted, politicians politicians un,iversally un,iversally promised promised

is is ·it ·it will, will, to to com­ old, old, resources, resources, and and unlimited unlimited thrones thrones and and pretenders pretenders

might might tremendous tremendous emigration emigration its its in in also also revealed revealed are are has has There There ment. ment.

war war present present the the Govern­ in in which which Sikorski Sikorski and and the the of of globe, globe, attitude attitude

PROBLEMS PROBLEMS POST-WAR POST-WAR AND AND AIMS AIMS 724 724 WAR WAR CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMl\HJNISTS

By TIM BUCK Chairmen: National Initiative Committee to Convene a Communist Constituent Convent·1on

vision and discord. The solemn duty of makmg the fullest possible con­ The sLu~t;; .• en: '-" i:zch roaows was tribution to the· supreme task of mad.e by Mr. Tim Buck, the out­ mobilizing our democracy for the standing leader of the Communist coming invasion of Europe renders · and left-wing progressive forces in it imperative, Mr. Buck observed, this country, to· a gathering of lead­ that Canadian Communists take ing Communists from across the Do­ steps to organize themselves pub­ minion, held in Toronto on June 13, hcly in their own political party. 1943. It is a major statement on Lieut. William Kardash, M.L.A., policy, containing as it does pro­ of Winnipeg, was thereupon elected posals for the launching of a new chairman of the conference, and Mr. political party of Communists in T. C. Sims of Toronto, secretary. Canada. In view of its vital import­ Following Mr. Buck's statement, the ance for the strengtl'!Mming of our following resolution was unani­ national unity in the titanic battles mously adopted: aga·tnst the fascist Axis, we are pub­ "Resolved: That this gatheri'Rg lishing the statement in both Eng­ constitute itself a National Initia­ ltsh and French in over two hundred tive Committee to Convene a Com­ thousand copies. We are confident munist Covstituep.t Convention." that it will arouse widespread in­ Members of th-e Initiative Com- terest and approval on the part of mittee are: Tim Buck, Stanley Ryer­ democratic Canadians. son, T. C. Sims, Aldermen J. B. Sals­ On opening the conference, Mr. berg and. Stewart Smith, Sam Carr, Buck explained that he had invited Lesli« Morris, Norman Freed, A. E. those present on his own initiative Smith, lJeckie Buhay, John Weir, and personal responsibilU:;, in order W. Kashtan, Beatrice Ferneyhough to initiate a discussion of certain and Fred Collins of Toronto. proposals. He pointed uut that nc:.­ Jean Sourget, Evariste Dube. and tional unity requires that action be Fred Rose, Quebec; OscCN Kane, taken to solve the problem crea~ed Windsor; Heizn Anderson, Hamilton; by continued use of the fals.e issue C. Mcatur.e, Sudbnry; H. Proctor, of "Communism" as a source of di- Timmins; A. T. HilL, Fort William; 725 726 CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS William Kardash, M.L.A., Manitoba; Smith. Florence Theodore, Saskatchewan; Finance and Arrangement Com­ James MacPherson, Alberta. mittee: Carr (chairman), Ferney­ Delegates from British Columbia hough, Annie Buller, T. Villeneuv~r, and N01Ja Scotia. were unable to at­ Kashtan. tend because of the time factor and Publicity Committee: Morris the desirt;l not to .interrupt vital war (chairman), R. S. Gordon and Henri work in which they are engaged. Richard. ' However, they are in complete Mr. Tim Buck was then elected agreement with these proposals. Chairman of the National Initiative The conference set up the follow­ Committee, and Mr. Stanley B. ing sub-committees to assist the Ryerson, Secretary. The Convention preparations for the convention: elate was set for August 21-22, to Program Committee: Tim Buck be held in the city of Toronto. (chairman), Morris, Ryerson, Dube, STANLEY B. RYERSON, Sec'y, Sims. National lnitiatwe Committee Constitution Committee: Alder­ to Convene a Communist Con­ man Salsberg (chairman), Carr, stituent Convention. Bourget, Freed, Weir, Ald. Stewart OMRADES: The war for world Winston Churchill was completely ·C freedom has entered the stage justified when he declared to the of combined United Nations' of­ members of the British House of fensive. The havoc wrought upon Commons on Tuesday, June 8: "The Germany and Italy by the round­ mellow light of victory is beginning the-clock air offensive is but an in­ to shine upon the Allies." dication of the crushing blows that will be rained upon the Axis powers We are approaching the climax of this year. The decisive defeats sus­ the war. We stand on the eve of the tained by the Axis military machine invasion of Nazi-held Europe, an at Stalingrad and in Tunisia marked operation in which the Canadian the final destruction of the myth of Army Overseas will play a proud Nazi superiority. The Red Army be­ and responsible part. There must be fore Stalingrad and the British and no doubt concerning the outcome of American armies in Tunisia out­ that invasion. There must be such classed the cream of the Nazi armies firm unity of all the democratic in their own chosen type of war­ people at home, and between them fare and, in the streets of Stalin­ and the troops at the fighting grad and before the German de­ fronts, as to ensure decisive victory fenses in Tunisia, Red Army men for our arms. Every ounce of and men of the Allied Expeditionary strength and enthusiasm in Canada Forces fought the Nazi troops to a must be harnessed to the task of standstill, forcing them into uncon­ imposing upon the fascist regimes ditional surrender. The United Na­ in Europe the terms enunciated by tions' alliance is now firmly estab­ Roosevelt and Churchill at Casa­ lished on solid foundations and blanca: "Unconditional Surrender." CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS 727 It must be emphasized that the be assured of an unlimited supply of war is not yet won. Unless Europe the finest arms, equipment, ammu­ is invaded very soon, Hitler will be nition, transport and other tools of able to concentrate all his forces on war that modern machines and hu­ the Eastern front for a third des­ man skill can produce. They must perate attempt to cripple or seri­ be assured of adequate reinforce­ ously weaken the offensive power of ments and the unequivocal support the Red Army before a second front of a united people here at home. is established. How Canadians overseas look for­ Gigantic battles are ahead. When ward to the coming invasion may be the soldiers of the United Nations gathered from the following letter invade Europe they will have to de­ received by Comrade Leslie Morris, stroy one of the most powerful editor of the Tribune, on Friday, armies ever organized, fighting June 11: desperately to maintain the evil power of Fascist tyranny. This de­ "Dear Leslie: "Do you know anyone who is struction will be achieved. The in­ against our invading Europe? You vasion by millions of British, Am­ do? I wish he had been with us the erican, Canadian, French, Polish other day when all ranks from my and other Allied troops, in the south unit helped in the rescue work after and west of Europe, combined with a vicious Hun sneak raid. Security the offensive of the Red Army from does not permit me to name the lo­ the east, will break the Nazi lines, cality, to mention the number of defeat their armies and crush their planes involved or to give any de­ military power. This, as Eduard tails as to the extent of damage and loss of life. But I can say that bombs Benes, President of the Czechoslovak were dropped in widely scattered Government-in-exile, declared in areas of a British city and that it Ottawa on Thursday, June 3rd, "can was working people, small shop be accomplished before the end of keepers, women and children who the coming winter," if an all-out were the victims. Five little shops effort is launched this summer. The in a row had disappeared, along with democratic people of the United Na­ the flats above them, at the spot tions are called upon to make their where I was. A butcher's shop was supreme effort to achieve victory demolished and we dug out the butcher, stone dead. His poor wife now. died the same day in hospital from Canada in the Coming Invasion shock. Many workingclass homes in the vicinity were completely or Canada, the fourth largest con­ partly wrecked. We don't know just tributor to the mighty combined how many people died there because military, air, naval and economic we dug out some in odd bits. Grim strength of the United Nations, is and horrible? Yes, Fascism is a grim and horrible beast that must be de­ called upon to gather her forces for stroyed by the invasion of Europe! an all-surpassing effort. When our I would much rather die here in sons and brothers cross the Channel Europe, if necessary, in the ranks and the Mediterranean they must of the victors, than slink home and 728 CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS have my wife and children visited has repeatedly urged that the ban by the craven Luftwaffe. McNaugh­ be lifted. C.C.F. members in the ton's men are ready! We want 100 House of Commons have pressed the per cent support from you folks at government to implement the recom­ home. mendations of the Special Parlia­ "Yours, "JACK." mentary committee. The Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, the To ensure that hundred per cent Canadian Congress of Labor, the support, to make our full contribu­ United Automobile Workers Union, tion to victory, we Canadians must dozens of centr2l trade union bodies, mobilize every ounce of our united and hundreds of local unions, the strength. We must do all in our Fellowship for a Christian Social power to strengthen national unity. Order, the leading body of the The forces of labor and of the United Church of Canada, and other whole people must assist the Gov­ Church bodies, have urged the lift­ ernment in clearing the decks for ing of the ban. City Councils, thou­ decisive action. sands of public men and other prominent citizens, two provincial Strengthen the War Effort premiers and the special inter-party By Lifting the Ban on Communism Parliamentary Committee of the Canadian· Communists want to House of Commons, set up to study make the fullest possible contribu­ the Canadian Defense Regulations tion to prepare our country's in 1942, have urged that it be lifted. strength for the coming invasion. The demand for the lifting of the We have worked consistently to S\\P­ ban from the Communist Party has port the Government's war effort become a national demand, express­ and we shall continue to do so. ing the widespread conviction that We have worked consistently to the maintenance of that ban is con­ strengthen national unity and to trary to the letter and spirit of the help overcome all elements of dis­ Atlantic Charter and violates the cord which tend to weaken the unity freedoms for which we are fighting and singlenass of purpose of the na­ in this war. tion and we shall continue to do so. Who are the interests and the in­ It is with the object of eliminating dividuals Who have opposed the lift­ Gne of the most serious seeds of dis­ ing of the ban? They are distin­ cord that we have emphasized the guished in every case by the fact need of lifting the ban from the that their attitude is one of either Communist Party. outright opposition to or extremely The demand for lifting the ban lukewarm support of the struggle from the Communist Party of Can­ for national unity and a total effort ada has become nation-wide. It hat to win the war. beiill endorsed by all the major dem­ They ~re typJified by the Toronto ocratic organizations. The Coopera­ Evening Telegram, the most glaring tive Commonwealth Federation, in example of demoralizing quisling­ provincial and national conventions, ism in Canadian journalism; the CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS 729 Financial Post with its bourbon-like from the otficial organ of the Com­ opposition to social progress and its munist Party of Great Britain, the slogan: "We must continue to stamp Daily Worker. Indeed, one must look out Communism here"; the mis­ to Axis countries or countries dom­ named "League for the Defense of inated by the Axis to find the sort Canada" and its defeatist organ, Le of governmental attitude towards Devoir; the sinister secret organiza­ men and women who hold Com­ tion of "The Knights of Jacques munist convictions, that is expressed Cartier," whichhas been exposed in by Mr. St. Laurent and enforced the public press as a subversive against them even now after dis­ fascist organization; and Professor · solution of the Communist Interna­ Watson Kirkconnell, whose anti­ tional has eliminated the last excuse Communist animus finds expression for maintaining the ban. not only in falsification of state­ Mr. St. Laurent's policy is one of ments of Premier Stalin on ques­ Attempting to suppress Communist tions of world affairs, but in out­ philosophy. It is essentially akin to right aid to pro-Nazi organizations the Japanese law against "danger­ operating in Canada. ous thoughts." In seeking to outlaw Such is the character of th* in­ the Communist viewpoint and phi­ terests which oppose lifting the ban. losophy the Minister of Justice vio­ It is clear, however, that they alone lates not only the rights of those would not have been able to thwart who hold Communist convictions, the expressed will of the great ma­ but equally those of people whose jority of Canadians, had they not experience may lead them to such had a champion of their undemo­ a viewpoint-and who are forbidden cratic policy right in the Cabinet, in by Mr. St. Laurent to adopt it! This the person of the Minister of Justice fantastic ukase of the Minister of the Honorable Louis St. Laurent. Justice is utterly repugnant to the Mr. St. Laurent's policy of depriv­ overwhelming majority of demo­ ing Communists of their democratic cratic Canadians. rights is a matter of concern to .all It is clear that Mr. St. Laurent's Canadians. It can no longer be ex­ policy is by no means calculated to cused today by casuistic arguments further the achievement of the anent the Comintern; and it weak­ broadest unity and the highest ens the nation's war effort by en'­ morale for the winning of the war. couragin~ the most vicious oppo­ His attitude and policy are, in a nents of total war. His policy inflicts large measur{l, a negation of the a stigma upon Canada in the eyes democratic aims of the present war. of democrats the world over. The They emphasize the fact that ours British Government has lifted the i!! one of the very few countries of ban from the Communist Party of the Unitect Nations in which Hitler's India. The Australian Government "secret weapon," the false issue of bas lifted the ban from the Com­ Communism, is still being nsed ef­ mYnisc Party of Australia. The Brit­ fectively to confuse and divide the ish Government has lifted the ban people. Enemies of national unity 730 CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS and of an all-out war effort are still impose fascist slavery upon the being aided in Canada by the world, came within an inch of se­ demagogic raising of the false issue curing sufficient supporters through­ of Communism. Continuation of the out the world to place victory with­ ban on Communism now when it in his grasp. cannot even be pretended that it is The first real defeat for Hitler's a ban against an organization, is "secret weapon" was when the open surrender to reactionary ob­ Churchill Government rejected the scurantism. The King Government proposal which Hess brought to must repudiate the attitude of the England. Winston Churchill and his Honorable Louis St. Laurent. The Government knew that Chamber­ ban must be removed. lain had been fatally wrong at Munich when he gave Hitler a free Hitler's Lie Is Exposed hand to master the European con­ Humanity has paid a terrible price tinent. They knew that should Hit­ in blood and treasure, shattered ler succeed in defeating the Soviet hopes and human misery, because Union, Britain would be next. The Hitler was temporarily successful in Churchill Government rejected Hit­ winning the sympathy of powerful ler's proposal and entered into a interests in the democratic countries fighting alliance with the Soviet and in duping governments with his· Union for war to the end against fable of the "Spectre of Com­ Hitlerite Germany and her vassals. munism." The character of the war changed. By utilizing the narrow preju­ British policy swung a full circle dices and selfish ambitions of un­ away from the shame and tragedy democratic interests and individuals of Munich to the twenty-years' in Europe, Hitler prepared the treaty with the Soviet Union. ground for his assaults against Today Hitler's "secret weapon" is Austria, Spain, Czechoslovakia, Po­ being destroyed. When the Execu­ land, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, tive Committee of the Comintern France and the Balkans, to such ef­ made its historic proposal to dis­ fect that he defeated these countries solve the International it struck very easily. It cannot be denied that from Hitler's hands one of his most he received valuable support from potent weapons for confusing the similar elements in Britain, support peoples of the lands he has con­ which aided him in his conquests in quered and for fomenting discord Europe and which, but for the un­ within the United Nations. It dealt flinching national will and the a death blow to Hitler's Anti­ dogged stamina of the British peo­ Comintern Pact. The dissolution of ple, might have enabled him to con­ the Comintern is already having a quer Britain also. His so-called profound influence upon all political "anti-Comintern" pact which united relationships. Although the Com­ Germany, Italy and Japan and their munist Party of Canada had discon­ fascist allies and satellites in the tinued its affiliation with the Com­ evil alliance which he hoped would munist International as far back as CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS 731 1940, we Communists welcomed the operation between the trade union proposal of the International Ex­ movements of Canada, the United ecutive. States, Britain and the Soviet Union. As Premier Stalin pointed out in Such friendly cooperation will be no his recent letter to a British journal­ less necessary if labor is to play its ist, the dissolution of the Commu­ full role in rebuilding the world nist International "exposes the lie of 2fter the war has been won. the Hitlerites to the effect that 'Mos­ The dissolution of the Communist cow' allegedly intends to intervene International strengthens the pros­ in the life of other nations and to pect for election of anti-fascist 'Bolshevize' them. An end is now governments, representing all sec­ being put to this lie." The masses of tions of the democratic people in the people are learning by their own the liberated countries. It clears the experience that the Communists are way for international co-operation among the most devoted defenders in the spirit of the new and fruit­ of democracy; and the Soviet Union ful epoch of democratic progress stands forward in the very front that victory will make possible. ranks of the United Nations in the The leaders of the United Nations war to destroy Hitlerism and all its have expressed their agreement with works. the dissolution of the Comintern be­ As Stalin pointed out: "It facili­ cause it strengthens the fight against tates the work of patriots in free­ Hitler by striking from his hands dom-loving countries for uniting the the weapon of "anti-Communism." progressive forces of their respec­ I declare that it is the plain duty tive countries, regardless of party or of the Canadian government to do religious faith, into a single camp likewise, and to march in complete of national liberation-for the un­ step with our Allies on this vital folding struggle against fascism." question of the war. That is one of This decision helps to guarantee the main reasons why I thought it that, in the post-war world, there necessary to call this meeting, be­ will be a continuation of Allied unity cause the need to destroy the false in esiabllshing a just and demo­ issue of "Communism" faces us cratic peace. The determination to Communists as it does the govern­ remove everything that might be ment and all freedom-loving Cana­ used a::; an obstacle to complete dians. United Nations' unity helps to open Communists and the Changed the way for the development of Character of the War more effective forms of international unity of the labor movement. It will The assault of the Japanese at facilitate the development of co­ Pearl Harbour, no less than the at­ operation and united action between tack against the Soviet Union, the Communists and other progres­ showed in terribly vivid fashion that sive forces now, and continuance of the unity for concerted action which such united action after the war. It had been fought for so zealously by facilitates development of active co- the supporters of the principle of 732 CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS collective security before the war, only· the Communists, but many, and lost because of imperialist "ap­ many other influential figures vigor­ peasement," had to be welded now ously opposed those anti-Soviet in the flames of war by the United policies. Nations as the price of their survival. Today Canadians are beginning Today no honest man will defend to understand that the Soviet Gov­ the imperialist "appeasement" poli­ ernment concluded the Non-Aggres­ cies of Chamberlain, which helped sion Treaty with Germany to gain to make Hitler master of Europe. time in a situation wherein the "ap­ All democratic Canadians ·applaud­ peasing" forces in Britain, France, ed Premier King's repudiation of Canada and the United States were Munich, as Britishers applauded the still strong enough to prevent unity similar repudiation by the Churchill of the democracies with the Soviet Government. President Benes of Union; and where these "appeasing" Czechoslovakia again last week in forces banked upon getting Ger­ Ottawa, in a courageous speech many to drive with all her forces which is now on the record of our eastward against the Soviet Union Houses of Parliament, repeated that with the tacit support of the anti­ it was his opinion at the time of Soviet forces in the West. Munich that Hitler's demands Canadians are beginning to un­ should have been rejected and his derstand, also, the historical and aggression stopped by collective ac­ political correctness of the measures tion. That was the policy we Com­ that the Soviet Government took munists advocated also. But in 1938 against the fascist clique in Finland, and 1939, when not only Commu­ to remove menacing invasion forti­ nists but great masses of people in fications and bases, and of the steps the threatened nations fought for it took to save the peoples of West­ concerted action by Britain, France, ern Ukraine, Western White Russia Czechoslovakia and the Soviet and the Baltic States from Hitler Union to smash Hitler in his tracks, enslavement. Chamberlain called us "victims of History has proven that we Cana­ midsummer madness.". · dian Communists were much closer It was our opposition to the con­ to reality on these questions than tinuing "appeasement" policies in were the editors of the Toronto the first stage of the war which led Telegram and Financial Post; and to the Communist Party being that we were far more correct in banned. You will remember the our fight for the real interests of storm of abuse that descended upon the Canadian people than were our heads when we demanded an many high-placed persona~Jes whose end to the suicidal policies which names I forbear to mention here in threatened to send Canadian, Brit­ the interests of national unity. ish and French troops into action We Communists, in greater degree on the side of the fascist butcher than any other body of Canadian Mannerheim, the German puppet in citizens, warned Canada from the Finland! We know now that not time of the signing of the anti-Com- CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS 733 intern Pact that it was a diabolical of Commons on the proposal to smokescreen to mask the German­ amend the National Resources Mo­ Italian-Japanese fascist plans to bilization Act on June 10, 1942, conquer, stage by stage-Austria, when he said. Spain, Ethiopia, Poland, France, not propose to go, at this Britain, the U.S.S.R., the United "I do time, into the reasons which have States and the whole world. We since occasioned a change of :atti­ fought, through our press and pub­ tude on the part of some. I readily lic influence, to unite the labor admit that it may have been due in movement and achieve a Canadian part to the changed character · and People's Front against the fascist world-wide scope of the war. In­ world menace, in unity with the deed, one of the purposes of the democracies of the world. More plebiscite, as I have so frequently than a thousand of our bravest com­ said, was to make the way clear for rades overcame all obstacles in the a consideration on its merits, of the years 1936-7-8 and made their way questiop of conscription in the light of the ·changed conditions." to Spain to fight the German, Ital­ ian and Franco fascists, to help de­ Even Mr. St. Laurent, in an ad­ fend the democratic republic which dress to the Men's Canadian Club had been established by the people at Bowmanville on May 4, has ad­ of Spain. The graves of our beloved mitted a change in this respect: Canadian fighters, now desecrated by Franco's fiends, are immortal "We thought of it as one of those European clashes which, of course, testimony to our consistent fight would ·affect our way of life for a against Fascism. time to a certain extent, but that it We Communists were not the only was someone else's war. It was only people in this country who saw the after the fall of France, the heroic error of the "appeasement" stage retreat from Dunkirk and the fero­ of the war. There is testimony of cious bombardment of Britain that this in numerous recorded state­ we fully realized what we were up ments of public men. Premier King against. We realized that for Ger­ himself implied very clearly that many to win this war would mean in the first stage of the war great the destruction of the free spirit of sections of our people were not men." wholeheartedly_ for the war when he From the instant that Premier said, on April 7, 1942: King signalized the historic change "Before and after commencement in world relationships, by announc­ of the war, the people of Canada, ing to the nation 'on June 22 that like the peoples of most other coun­ his government stood solid with the tries, continued to think of the pres­ Churchill Government and the So­ ent war in terms of the last war. viet Government for war to the end .... They thought of it as just an­ against Hitlerism, we Communists other European War." have subordinated everything, in­ The Prime Minister returned to cluding full exercise of our own this when he addressed. the House democratic rights, to the task of 734 CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS helping to achieve total national and a mutual aid agreement be­ unity for all-out war against the tween the Soviet Union and the fascist Axis. United States. The exchange of Hundreds and hundreds of our greetings between Britain and the young, aye, and many of our older Soviet Union on the anniversary of comrades have taken their places the signing of the Anglo-Soviet in the armed services of our coun­ Treaty emphasized the fact that try, proud and privileged to fight both British and Soviet govern­ under the leadership of our govern­ ments look forward to sustained col­ ment, and our commanders Mc­ laboration in the establishment of a Naughton, Nelles and Edwards, in just peace. The British government our just war to save Canada from has formally . repudiated the Mu­ fascist slavery. nich agreement and Premier King has associated Canada with that re­ The Key to Victory pudiation. The recent announcement The world has moved a long way of the national character of the from the dark days when reaction­ great "tribute to the U.S.S.R." cele­ ary interests could confuse and di­ brations to be held in Canada on vide the democratic · people by June 22, and the organization of a propaganda to the effect that the nation-wide movement for Canadi­ Soviet Union sought to "impose its an-Soviet friendship, are conclusive rule" upon the world through the evidence of the fact that Canada is Communist International. It has moving closer toward firmly estab­ equally gone a long way from the lished friendship and cooperation conditions in which the isolation­ with the U.S.S.R. Despite all diffi­ ists in the United States could de­ culties there is growing unity in the nounce participation in world af­ ranks of the United Nations. fairs on the ground that such par­ Firm unity of the United Nations, ticipation was calculated only to based upon the united support of. help Britain, while British reaction­ all democratic people, a unity em­ aries were accusing the United bracing all classes and creeds in States of attempting to take over each country, is the guarantee o! the entire British Empire. It is real­ victory in the war. Continuing ized today by all democratic people United Nations' unity in the post­ that the vital need is for united ac­ war period, particularly unity of tion and joint responsibility of all the nations of the British Common­ democratic countries in the world wealth, the Soviet Union, the Unit­ battle against the danger of fascist ed States and China, in carrying domination. through the program indicated in Unity is established-and is de­ the Atlantic Charter, will make it veloping on firm foundations. There possible for the peoples of all coun­ is a twenty-year pact of friendship tries to achieve far-reaching demo­ and cooperation between Britain cratic progress by orderly means. and the Soviet Union, with which Thus, unity of democratic forces Canada is proud to be associated, in the struggle to defeat and destroy CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS 735 Hitlerite fascism, the worst enemy and aspirations of the Canadian of mankind, is also the condition people. which will insure that victory will We Communists were in the fore­ open the road toward progressive front of the struggle to prevent democratic rebuilding of the world. nation-wide wage cuts after the Communists throughout the Unit­ last world war. We worked hard ed Nations are doing everything in and consistently in the rebuilding their power to strengthen under­ of the trade unions after the shat­ standing of the need for such unity. tering experiences of the early post­ The dissolution of the Communist war years and the crisis of 1921. International signalized the fact that In our fight against secession in the such unity is now firmly based and trade union movement we built up it opens the way for still further a widespread understanding of the extension and development. need for establishing industrial unionism by constructive methods, We Fight for Canadian Democracy and of the responsibility of pro­ gressive workers in the building of We Canadian Communists want the trade union movement. We to make the most useful contribu­ worked devotedly in the effort to tion that we can to the steady develop independent labor political strengthening of unity at home and action through the Canadian Labor abroad for the defeat of Hitler and Party. We warned Canadians of the establishment of a just and lasting coming economic crash in 1929, and peace. we initiated, organized and led the Our first loyalty has been, is, and mass movements in 1930 and 1931 will always be, to the true national which eventually compelled the interests of our country-Canada. Dominion Government to accept a We are a product of Canadian de­ share of responsibility for the re­ mocracy. The national interests of lief of unemployment. The workers Canada, which include her frater­ of Canada have not forgotten that nal collaboration with all other it was in an effort to stop our ac­ democratic peoples, are the decisive tivities at that time that the Tory factors in all our considerations and governments at Toronto and Otta­ all our proposals. Clear and conclu­ wa cooperated to imprison our sive proof of this is to be seen in leadership and outlaw our party. the record of our struggles on be­ During that period Communists half of and together with the work­ were participating energetically in ing people and farmers of Canada, the struggles of the :l'armers against during the past twenty-two years. foreclosures and evictions, for ade­ Ever since the Communist Party quate supplies of seed and feed, for grew out of the Socialist Party of fair prices, for security of tenure Canada and other left-wing groups and a base line of cash income be­ in 1920 and 1921, our programs and low which they could not be · sub­ policies have grown out of and jected to legal measures for forced have expressed the problems, needs payments. 736 CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS It was we Communists who in­ Throughout that period we were itiated the national demand for de­ advocating an international policy velopment of great public works by by which Canada could have be­ the governments to employ hun­ come a vital force for the preven­ dreds of thousands of workers dur­ tion of war. We fought for a world ing the great depression. In the policy of collective security be­ brief that we submitted to the cause, as we pointed out at that Rowell-Sirosis Commission we put time, the real interests of Canadi­ forward a comprehensive plan for ans demanded a struggle to main­ organized full employment and so­ tain peace by stopping aggression. cial security for Canada, the valid­ We pointed to the menace of fas­ ity of which has never been chal­ cism and urged democratic action lenged. The brief that we submitted to defeat it. The more than a thou­ to the national inquiry into wages sand Communists who fought in and labor relations makes a com­ Spain were fighting for that ideal. plete case for the claim of the labor Our fight for national unity today is movement that there is need today a fight to make Canada strong for for a new deal in this respect. How the defense of our national sur- necessary our brief was for the la­ . vival. bor movement is illustrated by the fact that ours was the only brief Our Aim Is Socialism submitted which provided complete We are convinced by our study refutation of the argument in favor of history, political economy, the of lower wages in the post-war height of development of industrial period put forward on behalf of em­ technique and economic concentra­ ployer interests. tion in Canada, and the brilliant We Communists have fought con­ success of. socialist economy in the sistently for democratic unity of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, French and English-speaking Can­ that the way to happiness for Cana­ ada. We have upheld the right of dians, with plenty for all, a rising the French-Canadian people to full level of life and culture and oppor­ national equality in all spheres of tunities for the fruitful use of lei­ economic, social and political life, sure, lies in the social ownership of and first and foremost in labor's the nation's productive wealth-in struggle on behalf of wage-equality socialism. But in the interests of for Quebec. We were able to make national unity to win the war, we a notable contribution to the defense do not put forward our proposals for of Canadian democracy by our sys­ socialism at this time. tematic exposure of the treasonable We deny and repudiate the false­ activities of the Nazi-fascist net­ hood which is sedulously spread by work operating in Quebec, by our organs such as the Toronto Tele­ struggle against the Duplessis Pad­ gram, the Financial Post, etc., and lock Law, and our consistent sup­ individuals such as the Minister of port of the growing democratic Justice that we are a party of vio­ trends in French Canadian life. lence. Communists do not advocate CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS 737 violence. We are not a conspiracy, tance of the full responsibilities of a we are an integral and constructive member of the United Nations' Al­ part of Canadian democracy. We liance. As Mackenzie King has subordinate ourselves entirely to the pointed out, Canada emerged as a democratic will of the majority. nation through the First World War We Communists strive to win sup­ and through this war she has port for the policies we advocate emerged as a power. To improve by exactly the same means as, and and increase our contribution to the by no other means than, the other national war effort means to help political parties in Canada. Every­ increase enlistments, help eliminate thing we do and everything we ad­ persisting weaknesses, help solve vocate is strictly in accord with the manpower muddle, help solve the laws of Canada. We strive to the problems of production, which convince the people that our policies are now complicated by the lay-offs are those that will bring the great­ from war industries and, above all, est advantage to Canada, but we to work harder than ever for na­ have not aimed and will not at any tional unity, to overcome the cor­ time try to impose our policies upon roding divisions in our national life, the people. We are confident that particularly the deep and persisting eventually, the majority of our fel­ divisions growing out of the system­ low Canadians will understand and atic discrimination against French support the policies we advocate; Canada. a.nd we work in every sphere of We are called upon to work hard­ democratic activity, upon that as­ er than ever to build the trade sumption. unions and to help bring about a big change in the war labor policy New Tasks for Canadian of the Dominion Government. Communists As a part of the labor movement What are the tasks confronting it is our great responsibility to us today? They may be described throw our full weight into the na­ as follows: tional struggle to solve the present, First and above all we must con­ menacing crisis of labor-employer tinue to give consistent support to relations. We hope that the recom­ the government in its efforts to or­ mendations of the National War La­ ganize the country for total war bor Board, arising out· of its public and the invasion of Europe. We inquiry, will help to solve this seri­ must utilize the opportunity now ous situation. To achieve the last open to us of broadening and ounce out of our great industrial po­ strengthening our contribution to tentials it is vitally necessary that the war effort. We must work more action be taken to guarantee legally efficiently than ever to influence the the workers' right of collective bar­ direction of national policies in Can­ gaining and trade union organiza­ ada. The proud part that Canada is tion. The sub-standard wages of playing in waging the war must be great sections of our workers must reflected in a more definite accep- be lifted. The cost of living bonus 738 CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS payments must be made upon an that point of view at the polling equitable basis. Canada needs a uni­ booth in elections, in every prov­ fied, democratic Labor Code and ince and in every sphere of our government policies which treat la­ national life. bor as a partner in this war for To fulfill those tasks fully, we Canadian survival and world free­ must place ever greater emphasis dom. upon the need for labor unity, par­ While fighting to achieve these ticularly united action between overdue changes in the govern­ Communists and the C.C.F. In all ment's labor and production pOli­ spheres of labor political action we cies, it is now, more than ever, our shall seek out possibilities for co­ responsibility to fight for a policy operation with the C.C.F. Commu­ of no strikes. nists in the trade union movement This is labor's war! Now is the should work devotedly for the unifi­ time for Canadian labor to show its cation of the trade union move­ mettle and unity and consciousness. ment into one all-inclusive national By united action labor can and center. must contribute decisively in solv­ Secondly: we must measure up to ing the present grave industrial the task of strengthening our con­ situation. Strikes in the present tribution to United Nations' unity. situation hurt labor. To strike today This involves more than pledges of is to strike against all the things support to the United Nations, it that labor is fighting for. Those who means more than pledges to sup­ suggest that a policy of small strikes port the Atlantic Charter. It means is what is needed in order to com­ systematic work to help spread the pel the government to adopt a total understanding of Canada's place in war policy are wrong. Those who the history-making struggle that the talk about the need for action lead­ United Nations are waging. It means ing to general strikes are even more patient but tireless work to spread wrong. A policy of strike action in understanding of the fact that vic­ the present situation facilitates the tory over the Axis and the prospects schemes of reactionaries who want of the peace depend entirely upon to provoke strikes in order to smash the wartime collaboration and the labor movement, divide the na­ peaceful post-war co-existence of tion and weaken the government. the great capitalist democracies and On the above, and all questions of the world's first socialist state, the national policy, such as agricultural U.S.S.R. policy, trade policy, fiscal policy, CanaQ.a's position as next door Dominion-Provincial relationships, neighbor to both the United States measures for social security and the and the Soviet Union presents us post-war organization of Canada's with opportunities and responsibili­ economic life, we are called upon to ties which are unique. Canada put forward the Communist point of should negotiate a twenty-year view and to work systematically treaty of friendship and cooperation and tirelessly to win support for with the Soviet similar to the CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS 739 Anglo-Soviet treaty. The safety of the armed forces shall have an op­ Canada, her increasingly important portunity to work, at wages at least role in world affairs, and her inter­ equal to those now being paid. To est in post-war world trade, all de­ hearten the armed forces, the gov­ mand such a relationship. Canada's ernment should announce at this foreign policy now and in the post­ time a policy of adequate pensions war period must correspond to the for those who are handicapped or new and higher place that Canada unable to work, adequate allow­ has earned in the comity of nations. ances for the dependents of those Thirdly: our domestic policies who have fallen, and discharge now, to win the war, and in the gratuities. post-war period, should be brought Such, in general, are the tasks unequivocally into accord with the which confront us. We must grapple letter and spirit of the Four Free­ with them as an integral part of doms enunciated by Premier our over-riding task-to help win Churchill and President Roosevelt the war. in one of the historic programmatic declarations of this war. For a New Party of Communists We have fought for social security measures for twenty-two years. We To make our full contribution to welcome the Marsh Report as a sign the war effort, to make our in:tiuence of progress. We will support legisla­ felt in furthering the national tion to implement the proposals in policies indicated above, the sup­ the report regardless of which gov­ porters of Communist policies in ernment introduces it. Canada must be united in their own It must be emphasized, however, political party. The number of Com­ that social security and health in­ munists in Canada and the contribu­ surance measures, necessary as they tion that we can make to our na­ are, will not and cannot by them­ tional life, alike demand our uni­ selves meet Canada's post-war fication in a public Dominion-wide needs. What Canada will need organization. Dissolution of the to maintain national well-being Comintern has removed the last ob­ through the post-war transition stacle to the establishment of such period, will be measures to maintain a party. It has removed every ves­ the purchasing power of her people. tige of excuse for anybody to render This need will be a national one. judgment upon Canadian Com­ Almost every section of the popula­ munists on any basis other than tion will depend upon itr-workers, that of their declared aims and pur­ farmers, business and professional poses and actions. The Minister of people. The decisive difference be­ Justice, the Hon. Louis St. Laurent, tween prosperity and depression acknowledged that fact in the House will be expressed in public purchas­ of Commons on May 24, 1943, when, ing power. 1n answer to a question :from a Government policy must insure C.C.F. member as to whether, in that every fit man demobilized from view of the dissolution of the Com- 740 CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS intern, he would recommend that tiona! interest that the Communists the ban be removed from the Com­ should play their full role in the munist Party, he said: democratic shaping of our country's life. "It struck me when I read the We are not called upon, either by declaration that it perhaps made it history, the laws of Canada, or the unnecessary now to give any fur­ interests of our fellow Canadians, ther consideration to section 39 (c) of the defense of Canada regulations, to renounce our Communist convic­ which was passed at a time when tions or the proud historic name to the Communist Party of Canada which those convictions give us the formed part of the Communist In­ right. Canadian Communists have ternational. If that organization has fought :for those convictions. On the now been dissolved and the group public platform, in city councils, in in Canada which formed part of it the trade unions and the factories, follows the recommendations which :!.n the movements of the unem­ the newspapers have reported as ployed, on th'e field of battle in de­ having been made by the Comintern, there would no longer be any use­ fense of democracy in Spain, in the ful purpose in referring to the mat­ plebiscite campaign, the battle for ter. It would be an organization production, Communists have de­ ihat had disappeared, and it would fended the convictions they hold be of no interest to anyone whether dear. or not it remained banned. If any We are Communists. We have a other party or group should be part to play in the winning of the made up of men who formerly be­ war and the building of Canada. We longed to this organization, it would can play that part fully only if we depend upon the attitude they are free to put forth and fight pub­ adopted as to whether or not any further action should be taken with licly for our proposals and policies respect to them." on every question of national con­ cern. If we permit continuance of I have no desire to enter into con­ the illegality enforced by the troversy concerning the real effect government's ban on Communism, of the dissolution of the Comintern this would only strengthen the upon the Canadian Defense Regula­ "sinister spectre of Communism," tions. The fact is that the Com­ which stands in the way of victory. munist International has been dis­ We can exorcize that spectre most solved. The Communists in Canada, effectively by uniting ourselves in as in other countries, now stand a new party of our own, and fight­ without any international affiliations ing under our own political banner whatsoever, and our aims and pro- in the open light of day, in syste­ . posals are those which have grown matic parliamentary, educational out of the needs and aspirations of and organizational activity in every the Canadian people. We are flesh, corner of Canada. The program and bone and sinew of the people of constitution of such a new party Canada. It is for our common inter­ must be determined by delegates ests that we fight. It is to the na- assembled in regular constituent CANADA NEEDS A PARTY OF COMMUNISTS 741 convention. My direct proposal, to­ Organize yourselves into public day, is that this conference should groups. Raise the banner of demo­ constitute itself a provisional na­ cratic action to new and ever higher tional committee to initiate the work levels. Step forth in the arena of of drawing together the supporters public affairs in Canada as a public of Communist policies, to prepare a political force and meet the new draft program and constitution for responsibilities with which the war their consideration, and to organize and history are confronting pro­ a constituent convention to establish gressive people. such a party of Communists. Unite your forces in one powerful I call upon all supporters of Com­ Dominion-wide party through which munist policies in Canada to rally Canadian Communists shall play their forces. their full and rightful democratic Accept the opportunity presented role in shaping the destiny of this, by this new situation. our rich and lovely land. JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES

BY A. LANDY

HE second anniversary of Hit­ After two years of war, deep­ T ler's treacherous invasion of the going and significant changes have Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, was taken place in the attitude and sen­ observed in the United States and timents of the American people the entire anti-Hitler coalition, as toward the Soviet Union. The nat­ well as by the peoples of the occu­ ural sympathy for the U.S.S.R. pied countries. After two years, dur­ which had always existed in the ing which the Red Army carried the hearts of the masses had found it brunt of the war against Hitler and, difficult to become articulate and fighting practically alone, held back to ripen into full understanding in the tide of fascist conquest, the the atmosphere of prejudice, ignor­ whole world has come to under­ ance and unreasoning fear of Com­ stand the epochal significance of munism with which the truth about June 22 an:i to regard that day, not the Soviet Union was being ob­ only as an anniversary of our great scured especially since the autumn Soviet ally, but as the turning point of 1938. Two years of war, however, in the fate of the civilized world have cleared away much of the fog. which future generations will ob­ Out of its terrible fires the real So­ serve as a common red letter day viet Union, in the heroic stature of of independence of all peoples and living flesh and blood, has emerged nations. This day, which fascist in­ to take the place of the dark and famy intended as the beginning of distorted and tragically unreal pic­ its greatest triumph, will forever ture of that great country which represent the difference between had been built up in the American slavery and freedom, between vic­ mind, a picture which in the past tory and defeat. And if today final decade had been deliberately cul­ victory is definitely in sight and the tivated by Hitlerite Germany as its fight can be waged with full confi­ chief instrument of foreign policy dence as to its outcome, it is be­ and preparation for world conquest. cause the Red Army created the Once the picture of the real So­ basis for it in the fires of battle, viet Union emerged, the American irrevocably changing the military people not only got a more accurate relation of forces in favor of the view of our great ally, but quickly anti-Hitler coalition. grasped the far-reaching signifl- 742 JUNE '22 IN THE UNITED STATES 743 cance of such an ally for the welfare tions: first, "Do you think we should and future of the United States it­ or should not try to work with self. And all the efforts of the foes Russia as an equal partner in of the Anglo-Soviet-American coali­ fighting the war," and secondly, "as tion to exploit possible differences an equal partner in the peace." The in policy arising in connection with American people, of course, know the Polish, Finnish, and Baltic ques­ that Great Britain is not only part­ tions, for example, or to utilize fas­ ners with the Soviet Union in the cist-inspired plots, or the execu­ war against Hitler, but also has a tion of the traitors Ehrlich and twenty-year pact of alliance with Alter in order to smear the So­ the U.S.S.R. They know that there viet Union and upset the govern­ has been steady progress in official ment's program for victory, have American-Soviet relations, but that been unable to shake this attitude our official cooperation with the So­ toward our Soviet ally. The Ameri­ viet Union so far has been confined can people have come to understand only to Lend-Lease agreements. more clearly the central significance Their vote, therefore, shows that of American-Soviet relations for all they want and are ready to support questions of domestic and foreign a more enduring and far-reaching policy for the whole next epoch. alliance with the Soviet Union for A Sober Estimate the war and the peace which will bring our two countries together as That this estimate is not mere equal partners in the historic and wishful thinking but an indication difficult tasks of victory in battle of the actual development, the mag­ and of peaceful reconstruction to nitude of which was capable of follow. quantitative measurement, was That this is more than an ex­ shown very graphically in the pression of emotional enthusiasm Fortune poll published on May 31, and admiration for the heroic strug­ 1943, in which 80 per cent of the gle of the Soviet people, but actually American people indicated their de­ reflects a growing understanding of sire for an American-Soviet alliance the driving forces behind this strug­ during and after the war. The point gle, the institutions, leadership and is that this poll, which registered a policies of the Soviet Union, the sweeping change in the course of a foundations of its military and in­ single year, was not just a vote for dustrial might and especially the cooperation with the Soviet Union great moral, political and patriotic under pressure of war. It was a vote unity of the Soviet people, is shown expressing deliberate and conscious by the many statements of represen­ conviction of the need of full col­ tative Americans from the ranks of laboration with the Soviet Union labor, Coniress, religion and art on after the war as well. For the poll the occasion of the anniversary of was taken separately on two ques- June 22. Senator James E. Murray,

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Gary, Gary, Chicago, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, as as such such hero­ unprecedented unprecedented with with fighting fighting

country, country, the the of of centers centers industrial industrial key key are are they they why why is is That That mankind. mankind. all all

the the in in held held being being still still are are and and held held for for peace peace lasting lasting and and Nations Nations United United

also also were were the the for for Congress, Congress, Slav Slav victory victory American American come--complete come--complete

the the by by out­ organized organized one one rallies, rallies, only only and and Mass Mass one one here. here. be be can can there there

observance observance that that know know anniversary anniversary They They the the maxed maxed democracy. democracy. great great

cli­ which which our our of of Week" Week" support support Russia Russia and and to to backing backing "Write "Write hearted hearted

the the during during whole­ sent sent the the have have letters letters they they that that personal personal know know they they

in in respect respect and and technique; technique; admiration admiration modern modern with with of of timents people people sive sive

sen­ their their progres­ expressed expressed and and Americans Americans enlightened enlightened lion lion an an as as ing ing

mil­ several several least least at at while while tribute, tribute, fight­ are are they they cause; cause; just just a a for for ing ing

national national the the in in joined joined ctiies, ctiies, hundred hundred fight­ are are They They world. world. the the of of slavers slavers

several several of of mayors mayors the the to to members, members, en­ would-be would-be the the weapons weapons modern modern

Cabinet Cabinet Administration, Administration, the the from from with with meet meet to to preparing preparing time time same same

officials officials public public cities; cities; major major forty forty in in the the at at and and security security collective collective for for ing ing

organized organized were were 1942, 1942, of of end end the the by by plead­ kept kept government government Russian Russian the the

$9,369,085 $9,369,085 raised raised had had which which Relief, Relief, thinking, thinking, wishful wishful and and propaganda propaganda

War War Russian Russian of of auspices auspices the the under under fascist fascist and and Nazi Nazi by by sleep sleep to to lulled lulled

meetings meetings mass mass Union; Union; Soviet Soviet the the be be to to themselves themselves permitting permitting were were

to to tribute tribute of of day day a a 22 22 June June claimed claimed democracies democracies the the While While war. war. world world

pro­ states states forty-eight forty-eight the the of of most most of of second second blind-the blind-the the the but but all all to to able able

governors governors the the Thus, Thus, country. country. that that of of inevit­ seemed seemed what what for for prepare prepare to to

invasion invasion Hitler's Hitler's of of aniversary aniversary ond ond courage courage the the and and foresight foresight the the had had

sec­ the the of of occasion occasion the the on on pression pression people people Russian Russian the the of of leaders leaders the the

ex­ concrete concrete found found Union Union Soviet Soviet the the because because success success and and heroism heroism marked marked

toward toward attitude attitude underlying underlying This This with with fighting fighting is is ...... came came invaders invaders It It

the the when when 1941, 1941, and and 1929 1929 of of years years

U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the Tributes Tributes to to

the the between between in in usher usher to to managed managed

had had Government Government Soviet Soviet the the which which interests. interests. cultural cultural and and

life life better better for-the for-the fight fight to to thing thing historical historical common common their their and and both, both,

some­ has has Army Army Red Red The The ...... for. for. of of character character democratic democratic the the both, both,

fighting fighting is is it it what what knows knows Army Army Red Red of of origin origin revolutionary revolutionary the the systems, systems,

"the "the that that saying saying by by well?" well?" ing ing social social different different on on are are they they as as based based l)O l)O

fight­ been been Army Army Red Red the the countries, countries, has has two two "Why "Why the the between between ties ties mon mon

question, question, the the answered answered example, example, for for com­ the the recognizes recognizes which which America America

744 744 STATES STATES UNITED UNITED THE THE IN IN 22 22 JUNE JUNE JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES 745 tion to the anti-Soviet con­ fort now, derives its political spiracies of David Dubinsky and inspiration, in the last analysis, from the Social-Democrats, and by the Hitler's "Communist bogey" and growing demand of the trade to that extent even exerts indirect unions for international labor unity influence on some sincere supporters with the Soviet trade unions, which of the war and the anti-Hitler coali­ was emphasized especially on this tion who have still not completely anniversary. freed themselves from their fears The extent of the progress in of the Communist bogey. American-Soviet relations is in­ dicated further by the fact that for Three Points of Emphasis the first time in the history of our It is the reflection of this overall country a cultural institute has been picture that was registered general­ organized for the study of the So­ ly in the observance of the June 22 viet Union at Cornell University. anniversary in the United States. At the same time a major effort The emphasis, in the main, was on has been made to bring the truth three points: (1) the great military about the Soviet Union to literally power and valor of the Soviet Union millions of people through the which proved to be the salvation of historic film "Mission to Moscow." humanity; (2) the fact that Hitler Here we have an expression of made an irrevocable mistake in un­ the real trend of American opinion derestimating this power and at­ regarding American-Soviet friend­ tacking the Soviet Union; and (3) ship and collaboration. It would be the global character of the war, the wrong to say that this is the whole fact that Hitler's attack on the So­ picture, that there are no other ele­ viet Union was only part of his ments in it, and that these forces strategy of world conquest. and the line they represent prevail Thus, the New York Herald Trib­ unchallenged in the country and une, for example, called June 22 without the need of a bitter strug­ "the second anniversary of one of gle, especially in relation to the the most fateful miscalculations in 1944 Presidential elections. The the history of warfare," and de­ conspiracy to wreck the home front clared that during these two years which has unfolded across the coun­ Hitler and his generals, "defeated try during the past few months and and stalled by one of the greatest, which is aimed precisely at the most heroic defenses ever made by a President's line of cooperation with determined people," lost the war. the Soviet Union for victory over The New York Times, remarking on the Axis and for the peaceful re­ the great change wrought in two construction of the world after­ short years, declared that "today, wards, is dramatic evidence to the Hitler's hopes for victory lie buried contrary. This defeatist conspiracy under the Russian steppes." Even to take over the government in papers like the New York Sun and 1944, while dislocating the war ef- the New York World-Telegram, 746 JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES which confined themselves to what picture, is recognized as the basis they undoubtedly regarded as the for the realization of our chief minimum that could be said on this objective in the war, the complete occasion without appearing to be and final defeat of Hitler and the hostile, declared that the world had Axis. miscalculated the might of the So­ viet Union and when Hitler commit­ Hitler's Mistake ted the same mistake and attacked That we are dealing here with the Soviet Union, the world was an advance in our understanding saved. of the Soviet Union, its power and All this is clearly testimony that role in the war and its place in the June 22 will forever be associated post-war world, is shown by the in history with the salvation of the emphasis and prominence given in freedom and independence of the our June 22 tributes to the discus­ world. There can be little doubt of sion of Hitler's mistake in attacking this when the recognition of the the Soviet Union. When we recall power of the Soviet Union and its that the United States and Britain role in saving civilization has be­ both shared in Hitler's underestima­ come a universally accepted truism, tion, thanks to the Nazis' ability to the minimum which could be said get these countries to adopt Hitler's in tribute to the Soviet Union and views regarding the strength of the still be acceptable to public opinion. Soviet Union as their own which at But what is important in the present the same time served the Nazis as eulogy of the Red Army and the a means of preventing us from Soviet Union, as distinct from two developing a foreign policy in our years ago, is that this eulogy is own national interest, this emphasis based on new elements of recogni­ on Hitler's mistake carries promis­ tion which provide the foundation ing implications for our own future for historically far-reaching and state of mind and policy. After all, fruitful conclusions of policy. Two stressing Hitler's mistake is only years ago, the world was also grate­ another way of castigating our own. ful to the Soviet Union for its resist­ There can be no doubt of the ance to Hitler's seemingly invincible importance of understanding the armies; but it had grave doubts essence of this miscalculation which about the Soviet Union's ability to has a vital bearing on the outcome contribute more than a brief, though of the war and from which it is nec­ welcome, breathing spell, a few essary to draw conclusions for the more precious weeks for England conduct of the war and the peace and the United States to gather to follow. According to the New their forces before the Soviet Union York Times, "the miscalculation would itself succumb to Hitler's Hitler made was not the attack on military might. Today, that resist­ Russia itself, which was part of his ance which, in the course of two original plan, but his belief that he years, has changed the whole world could beat Russia quickly before JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES 747 Britain and America could either tack on the Soviet Union on June aid Russia or rise as a menace in 22, 1941, his most fatal mistake is the West." In making this distinc­ therefore perfectly sound. It is a tion, the Times correctly emphasizes recognition of the fact that the So­ the global character of Hitler's viet Union turned the tid~ against strategy and the fact that his attack Hitler on· a world scale; in short, it on the Soviet Union was only part is an acknowledgment of the de­ of his larger plans of world con­ c.'sive weight and role of the Soviet quest. Aside from this, the distinc­ r nion in the anti-Hitler coalition. tion is purely artificial. For the point in characterizing Hitler's in­ Some Conclusions vasion of the Soviet Union as a fatal mistake is that he met a power It must be said, however, that not which is of such great strength and all those who praised the Soviet character that its involvement in the Union on the occasion of the second war altered all relation of forces anniversary and agreed that Hitler in favor of the anti-Hitler nations. had made a fatal mistake in un­ The mistake Hitler made was th;at derestimating its strength have he jailed to identify the Soviet thought out all the implications of Union with great power, military, this position. Their tribute, with all economic and political. its generous accolades to Soviet What was it that Hitler and his heroism, is still marred by reluct­ generals calculated? They calculated ance to draw all the conclusions, by on the weakness of the Red Army fear to give too much credit to the and the instability of the Soviet Soviet Union; in short, by hesitation home front, on exhausting the So­ to add up the facts boldly and cour­ viet Union and on a blitz defeat of ageously and translate them into its armies, following which they principles of policy. The whole would be free to turn on England discussion about Hitler's mistake in and the United States. They calcu­ underestimating the strength of the lated all this as a part of their strat­ Soviet Union is meaningless unless egy of world conquest, and their we draw radical and sweeping con­ calculations proved to be wrong. clusions from this for the guidance Hitler failed to recognize the power of our own conduct in relation to of the Soviet Union and because the Soviet Union. of this his world strategy was If Hitler's whole policy of world doomed to failure. Here we have conquest was knocked out by his the main point: the decisive role of underestimation of the power of the the Soviet Union in all these cal­ Soviet Union, it stands to reason culations, not in general, but as the that our policy of victory in this bearer of unconquerable power at global war must rest upon recogni­ the decisive moment and over a tion of the strength, role and im­ decisive period of time. The popular portance of the Soviet Union. If we opinion which considers Hitler's at- are to recognize, not only the 748 JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES strength of the Soviet Union and Hitler made a fatal mistake in at­ its undying contribution to our com­ tacking the Soviet Union, meaning mon cause, but the fact that in re­ that Hitler thereby lost a powerful lation to Hitler's strategy and to our ally. But, as Earl Browder pointed own struggle we and the Soviet out on the ocasion of the June 22 Union are fighting one gl9bal war, anniversary, "that malicious slander then it stands to reason that for us is used to hide the great historic and the Soviet Union there can be fact .that it was the very existence only one road to victory, one strat­ of the Soviet Union, as a neutral, egy, and finally one peace; in short, which saved the British Isles from that our present and our future Nazi invasion, a hundred times more depend upon full and unrestricted than the moral and material sup­ collaboration and friendship with port being given by the United the Soviet Union. If we are to rec­ States. This lie is used to obscure ognize the Soviet Union as a de­ the truth, so vital to the United cisive world power-and our ob­ States, that it was the Soviet Union, servance of the second anniversary by its very existence, which held of June 22 shows that the conscious­ back the Japanese militarists from ness of this has become such a basic striking at the United States until part of our knowledge and ex­ December 7, 194-1, after Hitler p!irience as a nation, so much a invaded that country. It hides the premise of American national life, fact, which we must understand that it will figure henceforth ir­ for our own future safety, that the revocably in all our national cal­ Soviet Union was always a power culations-then we must treat the on our side, when neutral as well as Soviet Union as an equal, an equal when at war, and that invasion of as a friend and an ally in the war the Soviet Union was the signal of and the peace. This requires: inevitable invasion of the United 1. The elimination of all Temnants States as well." of the accident theoTy from OUT Te­ The New YOTk Times, in evaluat­ Zations with the Soviet Union. This ing Hitler's mistake in attacking the theory regards the presence of the Soviet Union, declares that "a great­ Soviet Union in the anti-Hitler coal­ ly different story would have been ition as a pure accident. As one of written if the grand alliance of the the New YoTk Times' London cor­ United Nations had confronted Hit­ respondents phrased it on the very ler before the war." That is belated day of the invasion of Sicily. "The hindsight, but it is true never­ marriage of Bolshevism with de­ theless. The point is, however, that mocracy is at best a shot-gun wed­ if that grand alliance failed to ding." This theory rests upon the materialize before June 22, 1941, myth that before June 22, 1941, the it was not because of lack of effort Soviet Union was Hitler's ally. Un­ on the part of the Soviet Union. questionably, this is what some The Times itself provided a clue circles have in mind when they say to this when it followed its ex- JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES 749 pression of regret at the absence of interest of his own country and the grand alliance before June 22 people when he was finally con­ with the remark that the division of vinced that Britain and France were the now United Nations, "carefully playing a double game, by the pre­ nurtured by Nazi propaganda, pre­ tense of lining up with Russia in sented Hitler with his opportunity." order to induce Germany to come to That division, it will be recalled, terms." (The Central European was officially legalized by the West­ Observer, London, April 30, 1943, ern democracies in 1938 at Munich, p. 132, Italics mine, A.L.) where Hitler succeeded in getting Neither Hitler's attack upon the his appeasers to adopt the Munich Soviet Union nor the latter's pres­ policy which isolated the Soviet ence, following that attack, in the Union and gave him a free hand to anti-Hitler coalition is an accident. attack it. Clearly it was not the So­ It is worth noting that the same viet Union that was a party to such people who persist in the Com­ policies so favorable to Hitler and munazi slander and insist that the so disastrous to the democracies. Soviet Union is only an accidental In this connection, it is useful ally of ours, also insist that our war to cite the recent testimony of a with Nazi Germany is likewise an prominent British journalist, which accident. Carried to its logical con­ is at the same time a summary of clusion, the accident theory not only the well known facts. Speaking on regards our collaboration with the "Russia and the West," this journal­ Soviet Union as an accident of war, ist, Mr. A. J. Cummings, declared: but regards the whole war against "At that time [September, 1938] one Hitler as an accident which they may be pretty sure Stalin fully un­ hope to shake off as a bad dream so derstood the situation. He knew that that we may return to the status we had sold the pass at Munich. He quo ante, with our old habits and knew that French and British old prejudices, resuming the rela­ statesmen shrank from crossing the tionship and perspectives of Munich great divide and entering into a war but without its "surprise" con­ alliance with Bolshevik Russia. He sequences. There is only one little was anxious to do business with us; trouble with this theory, and that he certainly did not want to see an is that the war is no dream. all-powerful Germany in Europe. 2. The determination to win the He certainly did not want to see war in the shortest possible time. Germany overlooking the Black After two years, the problem of vic­ Sea and in complete domination of tory is still the key question. Failure the Border States. He hated the to draw the decisive lessons for this fascist ideology. I know that over­ from the past two years of war is tlures made early in 1939 by Ger­ the chief shortcoming of America's many on two separate occasions had observance of the second anniver­ been curtly rejected by Moscow. sary of June 22. For, after all, the But Stalin acted promptly in the main lesson of this anniversary lies 750 JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES in the answer to the question: what forces in our favor is not enough for can we do to assure the speedy victory. With genuine modesty and achievement of victory? And for a profound recognition of the global victory, it is not enough to recognize character of the war and the great and eulogize the great contributions role of England and the United of our Soviet ally; we also have to States, which should meet the most recognize what we ourselves still rigorous conceptions, they acknow­ need to do. Our Soviet friends drew ledged that "everything now de­ up a highly important summary of pends on how our Allies take ad­ the past two years, on the occasion vantage of the favorable situation of the anniversary, and the changes for the opening of a second front have been so great that they could on the European continent, for make the following historic report without the second front victory to the world: over Hitler Germany is impossible." "The former military might of The question on which everything Hitlerite Germany has been under­ depends is obviously the key ques­ mined in the course of the war, and tion, for the Soviet Union as well as the military and political perspec­ for us and the rest of the anti-Hit­ tives of the German fascist army lar coalition. Our eulogy of the So­ have sharply worsened. At the same viet contribution, on the occasion of time there has been a further its second anniversary, shows that strengthening of the military and political positions of the Soviet we realize full well that the answer Union and the friendly Allied states, to this key question is in our hands, a further growth and strengthening the hands of the Anglo-American of the armies of the freedom-loving members of the coalition. The de­ peoples and a consolidation of their velopment of the new series of fighting solidarity." (Soviet Infor­ events that began with the invasion mation Bulletin, June 22, 1943.) of Sicily following the opening of This is clearly news of a most Hitler's third and most frantic sum­ joyous and heartening character. mer offensive against the Red Army It provides the basis for increased just two weeks after the second an­ confidence and even greater effort. niversary of June 22 will show how But it must be said that, on the far our answer will go. That the whole, this was not made the main invasion of Sicily is not itself yet text for our observance of the sec­ the second front which is the key to ond anniversary. The Soviet Union victory over Hitler is generally soberly estimated these results of acknowledged, and this in itself is two years of fighting, but refused a good indication that we may have to underestimate the strength of at last grasped the meaning andre­ the enemy and the enormity of the quirements of coalition warfare. task and the trials still ahead before Equally encouraging is the promise victory over Hitler Germany is that the landing on Sicily will be achieved. They therefore understood followed swiftly by invasion at that the change in the relation of many other points, not only from JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES '751 North Africa and the Near East but risks is not a theory of victory from England as well. When this because it exalts caution and happens, the beginning of the end thoroughness of preparation above of Hitler, which President Roosevelt military opportunities, because in­ proclaimed on releasing the news of stead of turning the repeated crises the land invasion of Sicily, will real­ of the enemy into our opportunities, ly have come. it insists on giving the enemy the The speed of the Anglo-American opportunities and our camp the response to Hitler's third and most crises. It is a theory of protracted desperate summer offensive againt war and defeat, because it gives the Red Army has electrifying pos­ Hitler time to maneuver, to con­ sibilities for the realization of coali­ centrate new forces, to sow division tion warfare, for cementing un­ in the anti-Hitler camp while work­ breakable ties among the members ing for the replacement of our win­ of the anti-Hitler coalition, and for the-war leadership by advocates of achieving an early and complete "negotiated peace" and in this way victory over Hitler Germany. It has ultimately to snatch victory from such possibilities only if this speed our hands. is not restricted to the invasion of It is politics in military guise, the island stepping stones to Europe related in temper and origin to the but is extended to the invasion of accident theory, and consequently Europe itself. the worst kind of politics for the For this it is necessary to put an welfare of the anti-Hitler coalition. end to the school of "victory without For it can only have the effect of risks," first cousin to the theory of perpetuating differences and weak­ "victory without fighting," which ening the relations between the has given Hitler twice now a new members of the coalition because lease on life and which is so beloved this sort of arrangement does not by the defeatists and friends of Hit­ provide for each member to pull his ler in this country. This conception full strength and for all the mem­ has depended upon the Soviet Union bers to operate simultaneously with to take all the risks while the their joint strength. This summer Anglo-American members of the will tell whether we are to have vic­ anti-Hitler coalition were left free tory jointly with our allies or risks to strike when they felt there was without victory; that, after all, is no longer any danger of losing. This the only real alternative implicit in is obviously not a military concep­ the conception of victory without tion but a political conception par risks. excellence. It is not a technique for The key responsibility in the winning wars but for losing them. achievement of all these require­ :Military policy ean only have the ments clearly rests upon the work­ single aim of victory at the earliest ing class and trade union movement moment and consequently at the of the United States. By rallying least cost. even more firmly and strengthening This conception ot viotory without national unity around the Com- 752 JUNE 22 IN THE UNITED STATES mander-in-Chief it will provide the on the basis of equality will open best guarantee that the policy of up an epoch of world development American-Soviet friendship will be based on the peaceful co-existence victorious. Labor can play a histor­ of socialist, capitalist and inter­ ic role in the realization of these mediate types of democratic powers. perspectives, and in this connection The importance of such an its first task is to extend and win epochal reversal based on a correct the :fight for international labor estimate of the Soviet Union and unity with the Soviet working class. our relations to it should be evident That would be the greatest tribute from the devastating fact that the we could pay to the epic heroism of incorrect estimate which has dom­ our Soviet brothers. inated policy until June 22, 1941, 3. The elimination, as outworn has already proved calamitous to the and unrealistic, of the entire pattern world. The most compelling reason, and temper of our relations with the however, is the need of speedy vic­ Soviet Union which have been gen­ tory in the war above everything erally characteristic of the past else. Although there are a hundred twenty-five years. The war is forg­ ways to lose the war, there is only ing entirely new foundations one way to win it, and that way for world relations, and these rests upon full collaboration and al­ include the unconditional accept­ liance with the Soviet Union. ance of the Socialist Soviet Union as a great power and an equal A Final Word in full recognition of its immortal contribution to the common victory. These, it seems, are some of the This means a complete reversal of considerations that merit attention the foreign policy of the past quarter in a review of America's observance century, eliminating, together with of the second anniversary of June the fascist menace to the indepen­ 22. There can be little doubt that dence and freedom of nations, that the two years that have passed have unwholesome relationship to the So­ brought about a far-reaching change viet Union which has distorted all in our sentiments and opinions re­ other public relationships and made garding the Soviet Union, and with possible the growth and spread of this, in the actual relations with the Nazi cancer. For twenty-five years the foreign our great ally.· The opening of the policies of the Western democratic Second Front in Europe now when countries were based on the premise the whole outcome of the war is that the Soviet Union was an alien being decided will prove that we element in the world which ulti­ have surmounted the last barriers to mately had to be eliminated. full and unreserved friendship with The reversal of this traditional the country whose fate has been so attitude and approach and its gloriously linked with the indepen­ replacement by a new premise dence, freedom and progress of the of friendship and cooperation whole world. TASKS OF THE BRITISH UNIONS FOR VICTORY (Draft resoLution to the Sixteenth Congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain, heLd on JuLy 3-4, 1943.)

HIS Congress endorses the Communists and the Unions T on "Trade Union memorandum Congress declares that this situa­ the War Against Fascism" Policy in tion affords a unique opportunity as the general basis for our trade for building the power of tra~ union work. unionism so that no factory or sec­ It the following wartime notes tion of industry remains without a which present the trade changes collective agreement, or without a new problems and op­ unions with representative trade union work­ portunities: shop organization covering all bringing of the greater 1. The grades of workers. It pledges all part of industry under some form of state control. Communists to act as model trade 2. Increase of mass production union builders, striving to recruit methods and payment by results. their fellow-workers to the unions 3. Recognition of right of unions and to develop the widest trade to have a voice in the state control union unity. apparatus. Congress pledges all Communists 4. Growth of unions and exten­ to work for: sion of the area of collective bar­ (a) the creation of a new sense of gaining. Unionization of radio, mo­ responsibility among all workers tor and light engineering industries. and to drive for the maximum pro­ Increased organization of women. ductive efficiency in all phases of 5. Growth of organization among industry; clerical, supervisory and technical (b) to recruit millions of new workers. Drive of technical workers · members to the trade unions; for representation on production (c) to assist the trade unions in committees. their aim of adapting themselves 6. Development of wartime legis­ to the new tasks confronting them lation which, while placing re­ by promoting amalgamation on the straints on workers, has certain basis of the widest trade union positive features, including the democracy. By developing the guaranteed week, enforcement of Trades Councils as authoritative union rates, right of the workers to local co-ordinating centers; appeal against dismissal, etc. (d) to raise the political con­ 7. Growth of anti-fascist mili­ sciousness of trade unionists and tancy among workers who are de­ secure the 100 per cent payment of termined to defeat Fascism, to de­ the political levy; fend many of their wartime gains (e) to support the development of and to secure an improved position international trade union unity by in postwar industry. strengthening the Anglo-Soviet 753

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Production Production and and Unions Unions The The es­ by by and and Committee, Committee, Union Union Trade Trade

UNIONS UNIONS TRADE TRADE BRITISH BRITISH THE THE OF OF TASKS TASKS 754 754 TASKS OF THE BRITISH TRADE UNIONS 755 duction committee in the engineer­ committees necessitated the creation ing industry. of joint district trade union com­ In order to secure the effective mittees in order to co-ordinate their functioning of such bodies the fol­ activities, so this or a similar type lowing measures seem dictated by of organization is necessary to co­ experience: ordinate shop stewards' committees (a) the release of their personnel on a district basis. from other trade union work to en­ A more definite status should be able them to concentrate on pro­ established for shop stewards with­ duction problems; in the individual trade unions. (b) the frequent calling of con­ ferences where experiences can be Trade Unions and Legislation pooled; Experience of wartime legislation (c) the issue of a district produc­ shows the need to extend the Es­ tion bulletin where the successes of sential Work order to all vital in­ be the most efficient committees can dustries (with the necessary safe­ reported. It is also essential to organize guards) and to amend it in order to periodical conferences between pro­ ensure the complete reinstatement­ duction committees and factories work as well as wages-of workers which are co-operating together to whose re-employment is ordered by produce a common product, or are the Tribunal, and to strengthen the part of the same firm, so that po­ rights of the workers. tential bottle-necks can be over­ Congress emphasizes the urgent come. need for legislation repealing the Trade Disputes Act, and compelling Union Workshop Organization all employers to recognize the ap­ Without powerful workshop or­ propriate trade unions in an in­ ganization capable of day to day dustry (on the lines of the Labor negotiations trade unionism cannot Relations Board in the U.S.A.). function effectively in mass produc­ Trade unions are now actively tion industries, nor deal effectively discussing what progressive features with questions affecting production, of wartime industrial legislation safety, welfare and discipline, hith­ should be carried over into the post­ erto regarded as falling exclusively war period. within the province of management. Congress suggests that considera­ Trade union progress demands tion should be given to the adapta­ that those important workshop or­ tion to post-war conditions of the ganizations (which in some indus­ following wartime regulations: tries link up workers of diverse (a) enforcement of trade union crafts and unions) should be given agreements as a minimum on all a recognized status within the trade employers in an industry; of the guaran­ union movement. (b) the retention teed week; Exchange of experiences is es­ (c) the right of the workers to sential to the full development of appeal to an impartial tribunal these organizations. Just as the de­ against dismissal from his employ­ velopment of factory production ment. 756 TASKS OF THE BRITISH TRADE UNIONS

Trade Union Unity separating them from their fellow workers in other industries, are to It is necessary to explain to the the workers' lasting detriment. workers the need for taking all pos­ It is particularly necessary that sible steps in wartime to prepare there should be a co-ordinated trade the way for the establishment of union policy in relation to the many international trade union unity. problems arising out of the transi­ The strengthening of the Anglo­ tion to a peace economy, and agree­ Soviet Trade Union Committee, the ments between all the unions on establishment of closer relations this general policy must take prec­ with the unions of the Dominions edence over any particular policy and Colonies, especially India, and relating to a given industry. the renewal at the earliest moment It is necessary for the unions to of relations with the workers on the declare that, while they welcome continent are necessary steps to­ increased recognition and wide wards this aim. powers of negotiation, they do not In furtherance of the war effort regard this negotiating machinery the unions have co-operated with as constituting "self-government in the employers in various industries industry" and that they will not be and have sometimes made joint deflected from their final aim of representations to the Government. achieving a planned socialist econ­ While welcoming co-operation in omy. order to secure maximum war pro­ duction, Congress declares that it Trade Unions and the Labour Party is the settled policy of the em­ The rapid growth of trade union ployers in some industries to secure membership in recent years has not the unions' support in pressing been accompanied by a correspond­ policies of monopoly and output re­ ing growth in the payment of the striction on the Government. political levy. Such a policy, if accepted by the Communists will campaign for Unions, would only lead to the im­ (a) the 100 per cent payment of the poverishment of the country and political levy; (b) the promotion of the frustration of the purpose for young active trade unionists as which the trade union movement parliamentary candidates; (c) trade was formed. union schemes for the political Congress asks all Communists to training of members; (d) the af­ carry on a powerful political cam­ filiation of the Communist Party to paign to convince the workers the Labour Party will full rights that a co-ordinated trade union for all affiliated trade unionists policy-industrial and political­ within that body. which unites the workers in all in­ Congress places this policy before dustries in a drive for improvement all trade unionists, whether leaders in conditions is vital to working or rank and file, believing that its class advance and that all measures operation will strengthen the trade which unite the workers in one in­ union movement for advance in dustry with their employers, while war and in peace. THE BRITISH LABOUR PARTY CONFERENCE

By WILLIAM RUST

ESPITE the adverse vote the matter for the Ministers and mili­ D question of !Working class unity tary experts. Meeting at a moment was put so strongly and squarely when there is a great feeling of ex­ at the Labour Party Conference pectancy in the country, the Con­ that it remains the vital issue be­ ference could have called forth a fore the movement. The great mass rousing response if it had given a campaign for affiliation waged by vigorous lead to the workers on the Communist Party has brought the urgency of the invasion of new hope and inspiration to large Europe and the necessity for strik­ sections of the movement, and a ing in the West with the utmost firm basis has been created for the possible speed. further development of the unity Although the Conference has fight. failed to bring about the unity of The vote of one-quarter of the the working class and to give a Conference is a reflection of the fighting lead at this historical turn­ deep conviction held by many of ing point of the war, it did, how­ the most active men and women in ever, achieve a number of positive the local Labour Parties and trade results indicative of the strivings unions. And although the campaign of the mass movement to achieve for unity cannot go on in the same clarity on those questions which form after the Conference vote, the have been of vital concern to the urge remains as strong as ever and labor and trade union movement it is quite certain that the divisions, during recent months. bans and black circulars will be in­ By its decisive vote on the elec­ creasingly broken down as all sec­ toral truce, to which support was tions of the movement get closer extended by a majority of the Di­ together in the common fight. visional Parties as well as by the The chief weakness of the Co:p.­ large trade unions, the Confer­ ference was that it did not directly ence succeeded in making a firm face the meaning of the present declaration on the necessity for the stage of the war and the tasks of strengthening of national unity, and the working class in this relation. wrote "paid" to the account of In fact, the war itself was excluded those "left" intriguers who have from the agenda, apparently on the been playing up discontent with the grounds either that the war can be Government in order to further left to run itself, or that it is a their own narrow ambitions and '157 758 THE BRITISH LABOUR PARTY CONFERENCE to bring about labor's withdrawal Also the handling of the question from the wartime coalition. of the Trades Disputes Act, al­ The Tribune group and their though marked by extreme caution, veiled allies of Common Wealth nevertheless showed wisdom !and suffered an eclipse at this Confer­ a desire to prevent a conflict be­ ence, mainly because t}:le war has tween the industrial and political now taken a positive turn. Com­ v1ing:.; of tl1e mcvement. The deter­ mon Wealth was condemned by the mination of the trade unions to Conference without the necessity of continue their fight against the a vote. Trades Disputes Act is well under­ The official declaration against a stood and appreciated as !s the wish "coupon election" and the pledge of the Civil Servants to end the that a special conference would be barriers which separate them from called at the conclusion of hostili­ the movement as a whole. But it is ties in order to decide labor's obvious that a solution of this electoral policy was welcomed by conflict must be sought in a way the Conference. The discussion re­ that does not permit such domestic vealed the fear that certain leaders matters to transcend the most vital -said to include a group of influ­ political question of the day, name­ ential right-wing trade union of­ ly, the unity of the nation in the ficials-are disposed towards the fight for the defeat of fascism. policy of a long-term post-war Although the Executive Commit­ coalition. The Conference decision tee had put a great deal of thought is a rebuff to this element. and energy into the preparation of The debate on Beveridge also ex­ conference materials, notably those pressed a strong sense of reality. dealing with post-war reconstruc­ The movement is pledged to this tion, which it had worked out in massive scheme of social reform and considerable detail, it had altogether will fight for it, but it understands failed to give any lead 1o the con­ that the winning of the battle for ference on India or on the attitude Europe is a necessary preliminary that labor should adopt to the for the winning of the battle for post-war treatment of enemy peo­ Beveridge. And that differences re­ ples. The resolutions on India were garding the tactics in the fight for relegated to the last day, allocated a Beveridge and, indeed, the luke­ mere twenty minutes, ar.d ther.. re­ warm attitude of a number of ferred back to the Executive. Such leaders towards it, must not be cynical political dodgery must have made the cause of division and caused a most painful impression frustration within the movement. in India. It certainly did not raise Thus, the decisions on these three the prestige of the conference. questions (electoral truce, post-war On the question of Germany and coalition and Beveridge) have done the Germans the platform, which a lot to clear the political air and usually keeps its strong hand on all to strengthen the unity of purpose discussions, simply abdicated lead­ of the labor movement. ership and permitted the conference THE BRITISH LABOUR PARTY CONFERENCE 759 to turn itself into a squabble be­ leadership which resulted in the de­ tween the semi-!pacifists and the posing of Herbert Morrison reveals Vansittartites. Naturally the latter, something deeper than a struggle who have set up a cell or fraction for power between personalities. It entitled the "Fight for Freedom is difficult for new young leaders to Group," succeeded in winning the rise to the top in the Labour Party; day because they were able to play the machine, the bans and the ex­ on the healthy anti-Hitler senti­ pulsions operate to maintain the ment of the majority of the dele­ power of the established few. gates. This is one of the fruits of Mor­ But this question is of too great risonism and explains why the importance to be left where it is. challenge to him came from an in­ The Labour Party will have to draw dividual who does not represent a up a clear declaration which, while serious alternative policy. The anti­ urging the utmost prosecution of Morrison vote is, however, indica­ the war and not absolving the Ger­ tive of certain positive trends with­ man people of their responsibility in the movement. for Nazi crimes, will avoid the pit­ This conference was one of the falls of racialism and rescue the most outstanding of recent years, movement from the danger of be­ 1ts decisions will be widely dis­ ing identified with those extreme cussed and also remain the sub­ reactionary forces who, under the ject of keen controversy. It does guise of strong measures against not as yet mark a real turn in the Germany after the war, will seek to methods and policies of the labor crush the revival of democracy and movement in face of the awaken­ a popular people's movement on the ing of the millions taking place continent. around it, but indicative of im­ The sensational conflict over portant changes and vital stirrings.

STATEMENT BY MR. HARRY POLLITT ON BEHALF OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY, AFTER THE RESULT OF THE DISCUSSION ON COMMUNIST AFFILIATION HAD BEEN MADE KNOWN:

T THE moment when the su­ important trade unions, shows how A preme battles of the war are strong the desire for unity is. In opening out, and labor unity is so fact, the vote does not fully reflect vital for the people's future, we re­ the support; in many cases votes gret that the Labour Party has re­ have been cast against affiliation be­ jected the Communist Party's ap­ cause of decisions taken long ago plication for affiliation. and in quite different circumstances. The vote for Communist affilia­ It is this growing support for tion, supported by some of the most unity, already expressed in many 760 THE BRITISH LABOUR PARTY CONFERENCE joint local campaigns, that will ternational unity, and particularly overcome all obstacles and ensure for unity in the working-class joint action for the defeat of fas­ movement. It will ask its Congress cism and the defense of the peo­ on July 3 to endorse the organiza­ ple's interests. We are ready to co­ tion of a nation-wide campaign for operate with the Labour Party and unity and victory, for social prog­ its affiliated organizations in any ress and advance toward social­ local or national campaigns, and to ism and, in order to realize these meet the Labour Party Executive aims, the strengthening of all to discuss it, which would be in the labor organizations and a recruit­ interests of the whole movement. ment to the Communist Party The Communist Party will con­ that will bring its membership to tinue to work for national and in- 100,000 by the end of 1943.

ERRATUM

We wish to draw the reader's at­ ence Willkie and the Willki.e Repub­ tention to an erratum on page 607 licans to wage a public and resolute of the July Communist. fight against the defeatists within Due to a technical mishap a line the Republican Party and Congress, was left out of the article "Vic­ to take a correct position, one that will bring them closer politically tory and the 1944 Elections," by and into cooperative relations with Eugene Dennis, the omission of the Roosevelt-labor alliance." which distorts the meaning of the passage in question. The clause in The words in italics are those this sentence should read: that were accidentally left out. Readers are asked to correct their "rather the objective is to infl.u- copies accordingly. THE COMMUNISTS OF CUBA AND THE CABINET

BY BLAS ROCA General Secretary of the Revolutionary Communist Union Party

I. bring the whole nation close to me, that together we may win the war N MARCH 5 the entire press which concerns each of us equally." O authoritatively reported that the long Cabinet crisis had been These public words announced a solved with the nomination of seven ministerial crisis of historical scope. new ministers belonging to the They did not deal simply with a Democratic, liberal, ABC and Union question of parliamentary confi­ Revolutionary Communist Parties. dence, nor of a party combination This Cabinet reorganization-dis­ of simple political significance. The missed by the Diario de la Marina in President of the Republic was ap­ its editorial of March 9 as "a mere pealing to the people, to the entire substitution of some ministers by nation, to all political parties and others"-in reality ends the crisis all institutions to effect the patri­ described in the manifesto ad­ otic unity demanded by the war dressed to the people of Cuba. on against the Axis. July 23, 1942, by President Batista. Following the Presidential call, all In that historical document Gen­ Ministers resigned, and the chiefs of eral Batista concretely expressed the Coalicion Socialista Democrati­ the significance and scope of the ca, under the leadership of General crisis which was then just begin­ Batista, began to take active steps ning: to find together the formula that would bring about the needed un­ "In this hour, facing a future full derstanding. of foreboding, confronted by the The President's fundamental pro­ limitless hardships forced on us by posal-to secure the aid of all par­ Nazi barbarism and its accomplices ties in a Cabinet above partisan mad for expansion and blood, we must join hands cordially; for only considerations and electoral ambi­ the united strength of all of us can tions-met from the first strong op­ save us.... This is the moment of position and great obstacles. sacred unity in Cuba. In the name Within the Coalicion Socialists of justice and liberty I aspire to Democratica the reactionary ele- 761 762 THE COMMUNISTS OF CUBA ments sabotaged a Cabinet of Na­ lucionaria Comunista has stated, tional Unity under the pretext that an episode in the course of an un­ Communists should not be admit­ resolved crisis. . . . Cuba's great ted. Supported and encouraged by need of the hour has not as yet the false and fascist propaganda of found, in the principal organiza­ the papers Diario de la Marina and tions, in the national government, the adequate answer. That is why Alerta, they stated that the Presi­ the crisis still exists." dent's project was a "Popular Front." The noisy discussion within That crisis has been developing the Democratic Party against par­ until now through various forms, ticipation of the Union Revolu­ along various roads. cionaria Comunista in the Ministry After the Cabinet was formed in was finally solved by a compromise August, the opposition fought more agreement. covertly. The chief conflict within Outside of the Coalicion Socialista the Democratic Party took new Democratica, the Partido Revo­ paths. The Partido Revolucionario lucionario Cubano took an at­ Cubano emphasized even more its titude of extreme opposition and re­ demagogic opposition, which carried fused, from the very beginning, to it to an open stand against unity, participate in the united effort, against military mobilization of while its most demagogic leaders the Cubans, against economic aid echoed the Falangists and the reac­ to England, China, the United States tionariP.s in their cries against par­ and the Soviet Union, thus separat­ ticipation of the Communists in na­ ing it from national unity. The ABC, tional unity through the Cabinet. on the contrary, came out for unity The ministerial crisis, provoking from the very beginning. The per­ the most acute political discussion spective of victory of the United and public agitation and arousing Nations and the outlines of the post­ national and international interest, war period were drawn more clear­ became so prolonged that the Presi­ ly on the horizon of the battlefronts. dent decided to solve it partially, All this, in its complicated and dy­ while postponing the solution of its namic entirety, helped to define the most vital points. aspects of the crisis that remained The new Cabinet under the presi­ under discussion. With the partici­ dency of Dr. Zaydin was formed on pation of the Union Revolucionaria August 16, but the crisis continued, Comunista and ABC in the Coun­ as Juan Marinello pointed out clear­ cil of Ministers, all this has now ly in words that should be remem­ permitted an organic solution of the bered now for a clearer understand­ crisis that arose in July. ing of the meaning of the latest The ministerial changes of today ministerial changes: are, therefore, the culmination of a "A very interesting chapter of the profound and far-reaching crisis. national crisis has just come to an "The Cabinet is a result," the Pres­ end. The designation of the new ident said at its first session, "of the Cabinet represents, as Union Revo- call issued some months ago to ob- THE COMMUNISTS OF CUBA 763 tain an integral national unity." On Those who wanted national unity, the men now in the Cabinet, and on those who in greater or smaller the conscience of all Cubans, de­ measure wanted and still want our pends the future of the great task country to aid in winning a war that history has laid on this Coun­ which is theirs because it is a war cil of Ministers. of humanity, defended the need for the presence of the Union Revolu­ II. cionaria Comunista in the Coun­ The Union Revolucionaria Comu­ cil of Ministers. They clearly per­ nista is represented in the Cabinet ceived that our party represents a by a Minister without Portfolio, not strong current of thought in our precisely an executive post. A Minis­ country, that its opinions corre­ ter without Portfolio gives his opin­ spond to the sentiment of thousands ions, within the Council, on issues of workers, peasants, professionals, arising for discussion or study, and youths, etc. gives his vote on the issues. But the Above all, they knew that our exeootion of the various agreements, party has been the most enthusiastic their practical realization and the champion of national unity, the solution of the many problems posed most effective propagandist of the by the application of policy, are the war spirit, the force most able to responsibility solely of the various mobilize popular collaboration in ministries under the supreme au­ the war effort of the United Na­ thority of the President of the Re­ tions. It is clear. If we want to form public. a win-the-war cabinet with the par­ The inclusion of this member of ticipation of all Cubans, why not the Union Revolucionaria Comu­ give representation to those who nista in the Cabinet was one of the through many years have carried most fought-over questions through­ on a strong propaganda against our out the entire crisis. enemies, to those who have consti­ From the beginning of the far­ tuted, with other forces, a national reaching crisis now coming to an anti-fascist movement, to those who end, all those who were for na­ organized formidable collections, tional unity, all who in one way or firmly helping the hoped-for victory anothet" saw our fatherland's re­ with their self-sacrifice? sponsibility in the global war waged Those who did not want unity, by humanit-J against Hitler and his those who for one reason or an­ accomplices of Rome and Tokyo­ other do not believe that our coun­ all those favored the participation try must contribute with sacrifices of the Union Revolucionaria Com­ to win victory over the hated Nazi­ unista in the Cabinet. Nippo-fascist enemy, opposed Com­ Those who for one reason or an­ munist participation in the Cabinet, other, for this or that consideration, because they realized that this was were against national unity, took the best way to defeat the purpose their stand against Communist par­ of the President, because this was ticipation in tne Cabinet. the pretext most "justifiable" before 764 THE COMMUNISTS OF CUBA themselves and strangers, for their and reactionary elements; it has anti-patriotic torpedoing of unity. been a decisive triumph for the pol­ The fascists of the Diario de l.a icy of national unity, with impor­ Marina coincided on this point with tant consequences which will be the demagogic Chibas, even in seen in the immediate future. words. In its editorial of August 11 Last February 13 the National La Marina, opposing inclusion of Executive Committee of Union Rev­ Communists in the Cabinet, de­ olucionaria Comunista considered clared: "This conception of national the invitation made by the Presi­ unity should not be confused with dent of the Republic to form part that of 'popular front,' after the of the (;ouncil of Ministers, and sad experience we have had of these placing itself in a position to decide Cabinet amalgamations." At the what would be most benefici'hl to same time, Chibas stated: "What national unity, "adopted unani­ they are attempting is a Popular mously the decision to accept the Front Cabinet to which the Com­ invitation to take part in the Cabi­ munist Party may be admitted." net through a Minister witho~ Thus the fascists, demagogues and Portfolio, indicating Juan Marinello reactionaries reduced the scope of a for this high and responsible post." crisis whose patriotic solution de­ This decision of the National Ex­ manded the understanding and col­ ecutive Committee of Union Revo­ laboration of all Cubans, regardless lucionaria Comunista was thor­ of political or ideological differ­ oughly examined and discussed be­ ences. fore it was adopted. Despite the demagogic and false This was not the first occasion campaign of the enemies of unity, that Union Revolucionaria Comu­ despite all maneuvers of all hidden nisa had received an invitation to opponents of good national under­ form part of the Cabinet. standing, at last judgment has tri­ In August, 1942, our party umphed and the Cabinet has been was confronted with the same situ­ formed with the representation of ation and, preferring to remain out­ all the parties (and all tendencies side, gave a negative answer in the where some are divided due to the face of a semi-solution of the crisis. coming presidential campaign) with Long before August, on two oc­ the exception of the Partido Revo­ casions, our party was also invited lucionario Cubano, which is op­ to form part of two different cabi­ posed to all that signifies war effort. nets, declining on both occasions, even though it maintained a fran:k and decided position of support of * * * the Government. The inclusion of a member of In any ordinary situation the Union Revolucionaria Comunista normal thing would have been for in the new Council, even in the post Union Revolucionaria Comunista of Minister without Portfolio, has to decline to participate in a been a severe blow to the Falangist Coalition Government with parties THE COMMUNISTS OF CUBA 765 representing the bourgeoisie and of society on the basis of common large landlords. ownership of the large factories, Even when favoring its formation railroads, mines, banks, etc., of the and supporting everything demo­ distribution of land to the peasants cratic and progressive in its policy, and collective farming, of the elimi­ even when giving the support of nation of all discrimination because our parliamentary fraction to its of color, race, or sex, of the elimina­ principal legislation, the Union tion of crises and unemployment. Revolucionaria Comunista would, Such a party must not, speaking in under normal conditions, refuse to general terms and for normal times, form part of such a government. accept the responsibilities of power, Why? except when it is in a position to Because, in the first place, it is satisfy fully the demands of the clear that it is one thing to sup­ masses or to introduce or defeat port a government, give political measures directly affecting its so­ and popular aid to its measures for cialist aim. raising the standard of living of the A goyernment formed by parties masses, for the defense and devel­ representative of the bourgeoisie opment of national economy and and large landlords, no matter how consolidation of democratic liber­ progressive, no matter how well in­ ties, but that it is a different thing tentioned, cannot satisfy all the de­ to become a part of such a govern­ mands of the masses, nor can it put ment. an end to such evils as administra­ One can support a government tive immorality, unemployment, without taking responsibility for all lack of land for the peasants, etc., its actions, without having to jus­ precisely because it has to respect tify all its measures, preserving at the interests of certain strata whose the same time the right and free­ privileges do not permit an end to dom to criticize. these maladies. Such a government, But when forming part of a gov­ however, can initiate big reforms to ernment within the Cabinet, taking develop industry and agriculture, to upon or.eself some ministry to de­ protect national interests against velop some executive work, it is foreign monopolies, to better the clear that one takes the responsi­ living conditions of the workers of bility for all the measures and all the city and the farms, to protect the actions that may devolve upon the interests of the professionals, to this post, and one shares responsi­ consolidate and extend civil liber­ bility for the actions of the rest of ties. And all of this benefits the the ministers. country and the people. In the second place, Union Revo­ Precisely because of this, even in lucionaria Comunista is a party that "normal" times, Union Revolucion­ represents the aims and ideals of aria Comunista should support the the most oppressed strata of society; formation of such a progressive gov­ a party of struggle for the final ernment of Democratic Socialist Co­ goal of the socialist reorganization alition, first giving it its votes and 766 THE COMMUNISTS OF CUBA then supporting the governmental The present Cabinet must carry measures through propaganda, out such tasks, must lead the nation through popular mobilization and in its war. To do this it must have parliamentary action, defending the the maximum authority possible government against the attacks and the most efficient aid of the of the reactionaries and the citizenry. demagogic pseudo-revolutionaries, This is why we agreed to enter but without neglecting either inde­ the Cabinet, accept responsibility pendent mobilization for specific for its actions as long as it shows measures, or criticism of errors and itself able to help our nation pre­ vacillations. serve its liberty menaced by the Now, however, Union Revolucion­ beasts commanded by Hitler and aria Comunista has seen the advan­ Hirohito. tage of forming part of the Cabinet If Cuba were not at war, if we without the perspective or the pur­ did not consider that its independ­ pose of advocating measures of a ence and territorial integrity de­ socialist type within it, knowing pended on this war, if we did not that the new Council of Ministers consider that the future of our peo­ will also be unable to satisfy fully ple, and of humanity, depend en­ the demands of the masses. tirely on the defeat of the Axis, For what reason? Union Revolucionaria Comunista For the supreme reason that our would not have entered the Council country is at war, is cooperating of Ministers, not even as a simple fully in a just war of liberation Minister without Portfolio. against the Rome- Berlin- Tokio On entering the Cabinet we place Axis defending its own independ­ above all reasons and all questions ence, as an ally of the United States, of convenience, above all ideologic China, England and the Soviet considerations, the supreme aim of Union. defeating the Rome-Berlin-Tokio Cuba has declared a just war and Axis and thus saving the independ­ Cuba must win that war against the ence of our fatherland! the freedom Hitler bandits and their henchmen. of our people and the future of hu­ For Cuba to win this war it is manity. necessary that it give maximum In the supreme service of the military, economic and political co­ cause of our country's liberty, operation, making its own sacrifices, Union Revolucionaria Comunista wherever necessary. It is necessary accepts the responsibilities of par­ that the Cuban people see this co­ ticipation in the Cabinet. operation, this self-sacrifice, not as It enters the Cabinet, then, at a something imposed upon them from sacrifice, without special or sectar­ outside, nor as a favor or puny utili­ ian aims, without partisan induce­ tarian calculation, but as the will­ ment. ing fulfillment of a supreme duty * * * to preserve the independence con­ One of the questions that must quered by our liberators. be made clear to the masses is that THE COMMUNISTS OF CUBA 767 the inclusion of our party in the in mind in the field of the im­ Cabinet does not signify that we mediate practical tasks of the party. enter the Cabinet of National Unity to introduce socialistic measures. * We enter the Cabinet of National It is necessary to make clear that Unity to collaborate with other our attitudes today demanding na­ parties and soclal classes, in a com­ tional unity and participation in a mon task which is of importance Cabinet of National Unity differs to all; the salvation of our country's in every essence from the attitude independence, the struggle to help of the European Social-Democrats defeat the beasts of the Axis. when they formed part of the Gov­ Another question that should be ernments of 1914-18. made clear is that our participation During the war of 1914-18 the in the Cabinet has nothing to do European Social-Democrats partici­ with bureaucratism, with the policy pated in the cabinets of the principle of posts and positions. belligerent powers under the ban­ ner of "Sacred Unity"; but they . We do not enter the Cabinet seek­ did not prevent such "errors" which ing political positions nor to dis­ made possible the rise of Nazi-Fas­ tribute posts; we enter the Cabinet cism, its armament and develop­ to help strengthen the organization ment, and finally the gigantic ex­ of our country's war effort, to pro­ plosion of this war that is costing pose and defend better measures, humanity countless sacrifices. absolutely independent of any ad­ The war of 1914-18 was a war ministrative struggle for this or that between rival imperialisms whose position. final aim was a new distribution of There should, however, be no the colonies and spheres of influ­ illusion that the mere presence of ence; the triumph of either bloc a member of our party as Minister would not signify any gain of without Portfolio will insure, be­ liberty, any essential advance of forehand, the realization of the war the masses of humanity. The pres­ program, the adoption of cardinal ent is a war of liberation, a just measures for which we have been war, on the part of the Soviet fighting. So that the program may Union, England, the United States, be carried out, so that those mea­ China and the other members of sures may be adopted, it is neces­ the United Nations, while it is a war sary for the most energetic mobili­ of world subjugation, oppression, zation of public opinion, for the na­ and enslavement on the part of Ger­ tional unity of the masses on the many, Italy and Japan and the street, to support the program of the other vassals of Hitler. The destiny Cabinet, to impel it to take the most of humanity for years to come is audacious and decisive measures at stake in this war; the national in­ that the present situation demands. dependence of the occupied coun­ These are some of the most im­ tries of Europe, the menaced peo­ portant matters that we must bear ples of the Americas, and the very 768 THE COMMUNISTS OF CUBA fate of socialism in the Soviet land The program of action of Com­ are at stake. rade Marinello in the Council of The triumph of the Axis would Ministers was clearly expressed in signify the collapse of the indepen­ the decision taken by the National dence that has already been ob­ Executive Committee of Union tained by our countries; it would Revolucionaria Comunista, when it mean the elimination of the demo­ accepted the invitation for our party cratic liberties that the peoples have to form part, through one of its conquered through long centuries members, of the Council of Minis­ of struggle; it would mean the in­ ters. auguration of feudal-like slavery, The decision states: sustained by the most modern at­ tainments of technique; it would " ... the Executive Committee of mean the defeat for all our libera­ Union Revolucionaria Comunista tionist and socialist aspirations. expects, with the solution of the The triumph of the United Na­ present Cabinet crisis, that empha­ tions will signify the maintenance sis will be put on the government's of our national independence and war effort, through the most urgent the democratic liberties of the and efficient mobilization of all our world. It will signify a positive ad­ moral, economic and military re­ vancement for the masses, with the sources, to cooperate on any front destruction of their worst and toward the defeat of the Axis beasts, the worst enemies of humanity and fiercest enemies, of the worst threat of our country. As the result of this to the level of development achieved greater emphasis on the effort for to date by humanity. the complete application of the war We are, therefore, in a war on program, we look forward to more whose outcome depends not only efficient measures to curb usury and the independence of our country, speculation, to stem the current of but the very fate of our ideals. peasant evictions, to prevent abuses It is precisely this essential dif­ by intransigeant bosses, to improve ference that determines and vali­ public administration and cover all dates our participation in the budget needs through direct taxes; Government of National Unity. measures, finally, directed to the principal end of serving the su­ * * * preme interest of winning the war Comrade Marinello enters the declared on Italy, Germany and Cabinet as a representative of Japan." the Union Revolucionaria Comu­ nista, to give himself fully to the These are the demands that Com­ service of the menaced fatherland, rade Juan Marinello will defend, to the full service of defeating because these are the measures that Nazism and its fascist and Nippo­ we consider it indispensable for the nese confederates, to the full service government to adopt, in order that of the cause of victory of the United this Cabinet may merit the title of Nations and a lasting and fruitful the National Unity Cabinet, the War peace. Cabinet, the Victory Cabinet. Two Hew "International" Boofis

THE PROBLEM OF INDIA ·r By R. PALME DUTT ' The long-awaited book by Britoin's disting~ished Marxist, generally regarded as the most authoritative and compre­ hensive study of Indio today. The author, for over twenty ye ~ rs the ed itor ot- the British Labor Monthly, has cabled a new introduction for the Amerioon edition, clarify ing the problem of Hindu- Moslem -unity in the light·. of ln_dia'a struggle for ne tionol un ity and indepen~nce in the interesta of victory over the Axis. - "' · Price $1 .50 .} .

0 ' I LABOR AND T HE WAR Prepared by Labor Research Association I I A hondbook on labor. problems in connection with the wa r, t containin g a veritable arsenal of valuable information on production and conditions i.n t he b asic war industries, man­ power problems, war economy, the various war b q~rds ond commissions, trade un ion organizations, labor relations and labor legislation, interna!ional labor unity, etc. Prepared as the sixth volume in the Labor Fa ct Book series, it is indexed for handyr rMerence. ) Price $1 .-25 • WORKERS LI B~ARY PUBLISHERS '- P. 0 . Box 148, Station D (832 Broac;lw;ay), New York 3, N. Y. "In this gr.. t conflict agalnat the Axis. there are fundamental philoaophic iuues at atake. Indeed, all our ethical values are involved in the outcome. Dr. Selsam's book Is a notable contribution to the undentending, the phil• sophie understanding, of both ourselves and our' allies. It r. the moat com· plete and careful treatment of socialism and ethics that hu b.. n ~ ritten hy / anyone at any time."-CORLISS LAMONT~

SOCIALISM AND ETHICS By Dr. Howard Selsam

What is ethic;? Fr~m what do men derive their judgments of right ond wrong, good and evil? Is ethics concerned primarily with individual vi rtue or _with econol)'lic, I social and political in- t - stitutions? How can capitalism a nd sociali sm be mora ll y evaluated - democracy a nd fascism? Are there eternal mor!SI questions? What is the true relation of the individual to society? W han s freedom, what is progress? W hat is the role of the workin g class in the determination and achievement of freedom and progress! How should one morally evaluate national unity tin the war of the United Nations against the Axis? In ' this new book, just published, the author of What Is Philosophy? examines capitalist society in its historical development and in its present form and shows how and why Marxian socialism con­ forms with and embraces the highest moral ideals of the ages. Socialism a nd Ethics is a fundamental contribution to Marxist­ Leninist theory in a fleld long neglected. It is a book that belongs in every Marxist library. - 224" Pages. Price $ 1.90 • WORKERS LIBRARY PUBLISHERS P. 0. Box 1-48, Station D (832 Broadway), New York 3, N. Y.