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Faces of the Enemy in Saskatoon During the Second World War Brendan Kelly

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Faces of the Enemy in Saskatoon During the Second World War Brendan Kelly Document generated on 10/02/2021 2:12 p.m. Urban History Review Revue d'histoire urbaine “The Huns and Vandals are thundering at our gates and within our gates”: Faces of the Enemy in Saskatoon during the Second World War Brendan Kelly Volume 39, Number 2, Spring 2011 Article abstract Although at a safe remove from combat during the Second World War, many URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1003458ar citizens of Saskatoon exhibited a strange sense of embattlement. During these DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1003458ar years fearful residents believed the city to be under threat by a succession of enemies, including German Canadians, Hitler’s Wehrmacht, Japanese See table of contents Canadians, communists, and the provincial Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Which foe occupied the spotlight shifted with time and the changing fortunes of war. Come the summer of 1944, enemies that had seemed Publisher(s) so real during the early years of the war had all but vanished. By D-Day and the June provincial election, Saskatonians had overcome their wartime paranoia Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine and optimistically turned their attention towards the more pressing needs of domestic reconstruction. ISSN 0703-0428 (print) 1918-5138 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Kelly, B. (2011). “The Huns and Vandals are thundering at our gates and within our gates”: Faces of the Enemy in Saskatoon during the Second World War. Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 39(2), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.7202/1003458ar All Rights Reserved © Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 2011 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ “The Huns and Vandals are thundering at our gates and within our gates”: Faces of the Enemy in Saskatoon during the Second World War Brendan Kelly Although at a safe remove from combat during the Second World Just as the enemy was constantly changing, so too were the rationales War, many citizens of Saskatoon exhibited a strange sense of embat- for fighting it, including exaggerated security concerns, propaganda, tlement. During these years fearful residents believed the city to be ethnic prejudice, and political expediency. By studying the succession under threat by a succession of enemies, including German Cana- of “enemy” targets in Saskatoon between 1939 and 1944, this article dians, Hitler’s Wehrmacht, Japanese Canadians, communists, and contributes to the fledgling study of the urban home front in Canada.2 the provincial Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Which foe Compared to other urban centres during the war, Saskatoon was occupied the spotlight shifted with time and the changing fortunes of in some ways anomalous. Thousands of kilometres from the actual war. Come the summer of 1944, enemies that had seemed so real dur- conflict, this city of 43,000 was insulated from catastrophic events ing the early years of the war had all but vanished. By D-Day and the such as the London Blitz and the siege of Leningrad. The Saskatoon June provincial election, Saskatonians had overcome their wartime Light Infantry sailed for Britain in December 1939, but it did not see paranoia and optimistically turned their attention towards the more action until July 1943 in Sicily. It is true that there were military train- pressing needs of domestic reconstruction. ing facilities and aviation schools in and around the city. The exhibition grounds, for example, had been commandeered by the army, and a Bien que loin des combats de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, de nom- mere thirty-five kilometres to the south the Dundurn Military Camp, first breux citoyens de Saskatoon ont éprouvé l’étrange sensation d’être used in 1928, sprang into life. Also, Harvard and Avro Anson planes assiégés. Durant ces années, des résidents apeurés croyaient que la roared through the skies from the two air bases located in Saskatoon ville était sous la menace d’une succession d’ennemis, y compris les as part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Nevertheless, Canadiens d’origine allemande, la Wehrmacht d’Hitler, les Cana- Saskatoon’s experience of the war was more limited than that of many diens japonais, les communistes et la section saskatchewanaise de other Canadian urban centres. Landlocked Saskatchewan was hardly la Fédération du commonwealth coopératif. L’ennemi qui occupait in the crosshairs of the Axis powers. Saskatoon was not Halifax, the le feu des projecteurs a changé au gré du temps et des vicissitudes western hub in the Battle of the Atlantic, nor Vancouver, whose citizens de la guerre. À l’été de 1944, les ennemis qui avaient semblé si réels felt vulnerable to attack after Pearl Harbor. What’s more, with the prov- durant les premières années de la guerre avaient presque disparu. Au ince’s only major war contract awarded to Regina (for the production lendemain du Jour J et des élections provinciales du mois de juin, les of anti-tank gun carriages in the old General Motors plant), Saskatoon résidents de Saskatoon ont progressivement surmonté leur paranoïa seemed inconsequential to the war effort. The Canadian arsenals were de guerre et tourné avec optimisme leur attention vers les besoins plus located in the urban centres of Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. urgents de la reconstruction nationale. Granted, the rationing of food, petrol, and clothing brought the war home, but to Saskatonians inured to privation during the Great Depres- In July 1942 Bernard Newman, an author touring North America for the sion there was more continuity here than anomaly. Yet it is precisely British Ministry of Information, issued a warning to the Canadian Club of Saskatoon’s relative detachment from the war that makes its suspicion Saskatoon that could have been lifted from a John Buchan spy novel, or of Germans, Japanese, communists, and socialists interesting. Mistrust one of his own thrillers: “The ordinary man, so ordinary that you would of such groups was not unique in Canada, but in the absence of the not look at him twice, sitting in a lounge reading a newspaper, is the major stimuli of war found in other urban centres, Saskatoon exhibited a most dangerous type of spy.” He went on to say, “Undoubtedly you surprisingly intense fear of the enemy “other.” have a German spy in this city, or in the district, to gather informa- tion on agriculture and any other matters of interest he overhears.”1 Saskatoon Confronts the German Enemy These words would have instilled fear in members of his audience who With war in Europe imminent, Saskatoon began to look warily at its throughout the Second World War believed Saskatoon was vulnerable 2,100 citizens of German origin.3 This suspicion was fuelled largely by to the “enemy.” This enemy was protean, identified at different times as the local activities of the Deutscher Bund Canada, a pro-Nazi organiza- German Canadians, Hitler’s Wehrmacht, Japanese Canadians, commu- tion designed to convert German Canadians to the ideals of National nists, and finally the provincial Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Socialism. The Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, the city’s only newspaper, 3 Urban History Review / Revue d’histoire urbaine Vol. XXXix, No. 2 (Spring 2011 printemps) “The Huns and Vandals are thundering at our gates and within our gates” excited fear by printing translations of pro-Nazi harangues found in In the aftermath of Germany’s invasion of Poland, talk of the Nazi the Bund’s Winnipeg-based organ, Deutsche Zeitung für Canada. The threat to Saskatoon became muted. Behind the scenes, civic lead- response in Saskatoon was alarm. Alderman Walter Caswell, in an 8 ers quietly assessed which areas of the city were vulnerable. Reply- April 1939 speech to veterans to mark the anniversary of Vimy Ridge, ing to an enquiry about security made on 6 September 1939 from declared, “It is high time we should let them [pro-Nazis] know that the City Commissioner Andrew Leslie, the city engineer recommended war veterans are still above the ground and active.” Himself a veteran that the pumping plant receive added protection. The superinten- who had fought at the Somme, Caswell could not resist adding, “You dent of the Saskatoon Municipal Railway, for his part, said that while can’t maintain democracy by any weak-kneed policy.” If three mil- the Broadway Bridge was a vulnerable target, “anything short of an lion Germans in the Sudetenland could create a minority problem for examination of each vehicle and pedestrian crossing” was pointless, Czechoslovakia, a country of fifteen million, then surely Saskatchewan’s and even this step would have to resemble “a Customs’ inspection 165,000 Germans were a threat in a province of one million.4 Caswell to be effective.” City streetcars were another area of concern: with was not the only one concerned about subversive elements in the city many soldiers in uniform riding the rails, a “saboteur disguised as a and its environs. In June 1939 twenty-nine different clubs in Saskatoon British soldier” could easily avoid detection. Despite these colourful petitioned the federal minister of justice, Ernest Lapointe, to curb
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