DOCSLIB.ORG

Natural Enemies Used in Biological Control

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Natural Enemies Used in Biological Control Natural enemies used in biological control Dr. Mor Salomon The Israel Cohen Institute for Biological control The Plants production and marketing board What are Natural Enemies? Organisms that kill or reduce the population of another organism Biological control Predators Development achieved by feeding on other organisms: Parasitoids Nematodes Predators Parasitoids Pathogens Feed on another organism many individuals a singe individual Free living Bound to their host Predators Gambusia affinis Mayna Mosquitofish Acridotheres tristis Ducks Mosquito larvae Grasshopper Green-rice leafhopper Predators Important natural enemies for applied biological control are Insects & Mites Feeding strategy Most predators are entomophagous insects Entomophagy Insects Monophagous Phagein = Feeding feed on one type of prey (i.e. a specialist) Rodolia cardinalis feeds on Icerya purchasi Monophagous predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Oligophagous predator Feeds on a limited range of prey Coccinella septempunctata Chilocorus kuwanae Feeds on closely related species of prey Pea aphid Euonymus scale Polyphagous predator Aphids Feeds on a broad range of prey Green lacewing Thrips Leafminers Chrysoperla carnea Whiteflies Spider mite Mouthparts Biting mouthparts Predators can have either: 1. Biting – chewing mouthparts 2. Piercing – Sucking mouthparts Examples: Mandibles cut & chew; Maxillae manipulate the prey Tiger beetle Cicendela sp. (Carabidae) Green lacewing (Antlion; Neuroptera) Mouthparts Piercing & sucking mouthparts Elongated labium Mandibles & maxillae = stylet for piercing Examples: Anchor stink bug Cicendela sp. Orius sp. Minute pirate bug (Pentatomidae) (Anthocoridae) Assassin fly Velvet spider Zosteria sp. (Asilidae) Stegodyphus lineatus (Eresidae) Kingdom: Animalia Coleoptera - Beetles Phylum: Arthropoda Beetles - Coleoptera Bugs - Hemiptera Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Stink bug Cockchafer Nezara marginata Melolontha sp. Family: Pentatomidae Family: Scarabaeidae Order: Hemiptera Order: Coleoptera Suborder: Heteroptera Kingdom: Animalia Coleoptera - Beetles Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Beetles - Coleoptera Bugs - Hemiptera Order: Coleoptera Stink bug Nezara marginata Ground beetle Family: Pentatomidae Pasimachs elongatus Order: Hemiptera Family: Carabidae Suborder: Heteroptera Order: Coleoptera Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Life cycle Beetles life cycle 2-4 instars Exarate pupa (Free appendages) Pterostichus melanarius Family: Carabidae Class: Insecta Ground beetles Order: Coleoptera Natural enemies in agroecosystems Family: Carabidae Live and prey mostly on the ground Clivinia fossor Gypsy moth larva Pterostichus melanariu Bird cherry-oat aphid Colorado potato beetle larva carrot weevil Class: Insecta Ground beetles Order: Coleoptera Family: Carabidae Fall armyworm Black onion fly Bimidion quadrimaculatum Onion root maggot Black bean aphid European corn borer Class: Insecta Ladybird beetles Order: Coleoptera Family: Coccinellidae ~5,000 species in the family Most species eat primarily insects and mites Aphid colony Rodolia cardinalis prey on The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi California; 1,888 Class: Insecta Feeding behaviour Order: Coleoptera Adults & larva feed on the same prey Family: Coccinellidae Highly specific diet Many species feed on pollen, nectar and honeydew Some ladybirds are species-specific, others eat several species Ladybirds are not effective at low population levels Class: Insecta Life cycle 4 instars Order: Coleoptera Family: Coccinellidae Eggs laid in clusters Warning colours sucker Chilocorini: Partly exposed Scymnini: Coccinellinae: Exposed pupa Completely covered pupa Biological control Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Hippodamia convergens Coccinella septempunctata Scymnus sp. Adalia bipunctata Stethorus punctilum Harmonia axyridis Lacewings / Antlions Order: Neuroptera Green lacewing Brown lacewing Families: Chrysopidae Larva: predator Hemerobiidae All predators Adult: honeydew, nectar, pollen Prey: AphidsAphids, whiteflies, thrips, spider mites, moth eggs, spider mites, mealybugs Class: Insecta Digger wasps Order: Hymenoptera 25% of species in the order are predators Family: Sphecidae Ants control ground-dwelling insects Vespidae Wasps paralyze insects Biological control of leaf-eating insects Great golden digger wasp Sphex sp. Polistes humilis Class: Insecta Digger wasps Order: Hymenoptera 25% of species in the order are predators Family: Sphecidae Ants control ground-dwelling insects Vespidae Wasps paralyze insects Biological control of leaf-eating insects reduced caterpillar numbers in cabbages Great golden digger wasp Impractical in agriculture White cabbage butterfly Polistes humilis Class: Insecta Hoverflies 500 eggs Order: Diptera Resemble bees, but only one pair of wings Family: Syrphidae Feed on aphids Released in pepper crops Esiyrphus balteatus Marmalade hoverfly Big-eyed bugs Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera (bugs) Most bugs are vegetarian Family: Lygaeidae Some important predators Prey: Lepidopteran eggs Plant bugs Whiteflies Mites aphids Crops Cotton (e.g.): Ornamentals Geocoris sp. feeding Strawberries on whitefly nymph Vegetable crops Class: Insecta Assassin bugs Order: Hemiptera (bugs) Ambush predators Suborder: Heteroptera (True bugs) Thin neck ; Strong piercing rostrum Family: Reduviidae Highly polyphagous, including honeybees & spiders Good control in cotton Crop (e.g.): sunflower, cotton Helicoverpa sp. (Lepidoptera Creoniades sp. Pristhesancus plagipennis Miridae (Grundy 2007) Order: Hemiptera Flower bugs Suborder: Heteroptera Polyphagous predators Actively search for prey Family: Anthocoridae Important in many agricultural crops The common flower bug Minute pirate bug Anthocoris nemorum Pear Psylla Orius sp. Order: Hemiptera Flower bugs Suborder: Heteroptera Polyphagous predators Actively search for prey Family: Anthocoridae Important in many agricultural crops Prey: greenfly red spider mite Crop: Hedgerows Agri. crops Wild plants Pear orchards The common flower bug Anthocoris nemorum Pear Psylla Order: Hemiptera Minute pirate bug Suborder: Heteroptera 3 main species used as BCA: Orius laevigatus Family: Anthocoridae O. Majusculus O. insidiosus Order: Hemiptera Minute pirate bug Suborder: Heteroptera Orius laevigatus O. majusculus Family: Anthocoridae Prey: ThripsThrips Aphids Whiteflies Mites Moth eggs Omnivorous Introduced the most Mediterranean Europe Flowers Whole plant Order: Hemiptera Orius life cycle Egg Suborder: Heteroptera Hemimetabolus Adult Family: Anthocoridae Egg: embedded in the leaf Nymph: yellowish wing buds at 5th instar found on leaves Adult: brown / black 5 nymphal stages occupy flower head All instars feed on soft-bodied insects O. insidiosus nymph Order: Hemiptera Zoophytophagus plant bugs Suborder: Heteroptera Most mirids are pests Family: Miridae Lygus sp. Pest in cotton, strawberry etc. Order: Hemiptera Zoophytophagus plant bugs Suborder: Heteroptera Most mirids are pests Family: Miridae Efficient natural enemy of Tuta absoluta Nesidiocoris Tenuis Tomato leafminer; Tuta absoluta Order: Hemiptera Suborder: Heteroptera Omnivore Family: Miridae Wide range of prey Effective in controlling whiteflies Used commercially Tomato (tunnel & glasshouse) Macrolophus caliginosus Order: Hemiptera Stink/Shield bugs Suborder: Heteroptera Eject foul smell when disturbed Family: Pentatomidae Most species are pests Spined soldier bug Anchor bug Polyphagous predator e.g. mexican bean beetle Low abundance Podisus maculiventris Polyphagous predator Low contribution to e.g. gypsy moth, corn borer, armyworm sp. etc. biological control Classical biological control (e.g. Russia) Stiretrus anchorago Kingdom: Animalia Predatory mites Phylum: Arthropoda The most introduced NE Class: Arachnida Used commercially worldwide Subclass: Acari Order: Mesostigmata 1st used on cucumber by Koppert 1960’s Family: Phytoseiidae Phytoseiulus persimilis Spider mites Subclass: Acari Order: Trombidiformes Pests in many crops around the world Family: Tetranychidae Two-spotted spider mite is the most important All stages feed on plant tissue and sap Adults & nymphs produce webs Difficult for predators to penetrate Tetranychus urticae Tetranychus urticae Phytoseiulus persimilis Subclass: Acari Egg Order: Mesostigmata Highly specific to spider mites Family: Phytoseiidae Larva Adult doesn’t eat eat all stages, 2 nymph stages but adults Highly population growth than T. urticae Disadvantage: No alternative prey Cannibalism Population decline Subclass: Acari Above 30⁰C, P. persimilis growth declines Order: Mesostigmata Neoseiulus californicus Family: Phytoseiidae Prefer the larval & nymphal stages of T. urticae Consume less prey than P. persimilis, but more effective at low densities Generalist predator Used commercially in fruit & ornamental crops Panonychus ulmi Tomato rust mite Fruit spider mite Neoseiulus californicus Aculops lycopersici Subclass: Acari Iphiseius degenerans Order: Mesostigmata Family: Phytoseiidae Native to the mediterranean Feeds on spider mites, thrips & pollen Not effective against T. urticae because of the web Used particularly in pepper crops Can survive and reproduce only on pollen Subclass: Acari Amblyseius swirskii Order: Mesostigmata Native to the mediterranean Family: Phytoseiidae Suited for warm (25-28⁰C) and humid (60-70%) conditions Generalist predator: 1-2 instar thrips Eggs, 1st larvae whitefly spider mites Can survive & reproduce on pollen Used commercially
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ladybirds, Ladybird Beetles, Lady Beetles, Ladybugs of Florida, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae1
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. EENY-170 Ladybirds, Ladybird beetles, Lady Beetles, Ladybugs of Florida, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae1 J. H. Frank R. F. Mizell, III2 Introduction Ladybird is a name that has been used in England for more than 600 years for the European beetle Coccinella septempunctata. As knowledge about insects increased, the name became extended to all its relatives, members of the beetle family Coccinellidae. Of course these insects are not birds, but butterflies are not flies, nor are dragonflies, stoneflies, mayflies, and fireflies, which all are true common names in folklore, not invented names. The lady for whom they were named was "the Virgin Mary," and common names in other European languages have the same association (the German name Marienkafer translates Figure 1. Adult Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, the to "Marybeetle" or ladybeetle). Prose and poetry sevenspotted lady beetle. Credits: James Castner, University of Florida mention ladybird, perhaps the most familiar in English being the children's rhyme: Now, the word ladybird applies to a whole Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home, family of beetles, Coccinellidae or ladybirds, not just Your house is on fire, your children all gone... Coccinella septempunctata. We can but hope that newspaper writers will desist from generalizing them In the USA, the name ladybird was popularly all as "the ladybird" and thus deluding the public into americanized to ladybug, although these insects are believing that there is only one species. There are beetles (Coleoptera), not bugs (Hemiptera). many species of ladybirds, just as there are of birds, and the word "variety" (frequently use by newspaper 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Different Host Plants of Normal Wheat Aphid (Sitobion Avenae) on the Feeding and Longevity of Green Lacewing (Chrysoperla Carnea)
    2011 International Conference on Asia Agriculture and Animal IPCBEE vol.13 (2011) © (2011)IACSIT Press, Singapoore Effect of different host plants of normal wheat aphid (Sitobion avenae) on the feeding and longevity of green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) Shahram Hesami 1, Sara Farahi 1 and Mehdi Gheibi 1 1 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Abstract. The role of two different hosts of normal wheat aphid (Sitobion avenae) on feeding and longevity of larvae of green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea), were conducted in laboratory conditions (50 ± 1 ˚C 70 ± 5 % RH and photoperiod of L16: D8). In this study wheat aphid had fed on wheat (main host) and oleander (compulsory host) for twenty days. For the experiments we used 3rd and 4th instars of aphids and 2nd instar larvae of green lacewing. The results were compared by each other and oleander aphid (Aphis nerii). Significant effects of host plant and aphid species on feeding rate and longevity of green lacewing were observed. The average feeding rate of 2nd instar larvae of C. carnea on wheat aphid fed on wheat, oleander aphid and wheat aphid fed on oleander were 40.3, 19.5, 30.6 aphids respectively. Also the longevity of 2nd instar larvae of green lacewing which fed on different aphids was recorded as 3.7, 7.8 and 6 days respectively. The results showed that biological characteristics of larvae of C. carnea are influenced by the quality of food which they fed on. Keywords: host plant effect, Biological control, Chrysoperla carnea, Sitobion avenae, Aphis nerri 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Selection Research on Spiders: Progress and Biases
    Biol. Rev. (2005), 80, pp. 363–385. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 363 doi:10.1017/S1464793104006700 Printed in the United Kingdom Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases Bernhard A. Huber* Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (Received 7 June 2004; revised 25 November 2004; accepted 29 November 2004) ABSTRACT The renaissance of interest in sexual selection during the last decades has fuelled an extraordinary increase of scientific papers on the subject in spiders. Research has focused both on the process of sexual selection itself, for example on the signals and various modalities involved, and on the patterns, that is the outcome of mate choice and competition depending on certain parameters. Sexual selection has most clearly been demonstrated in cases involving visual and acoustical signals but most spiders are myopic and mute, relying rather on vibrations, chemical and tactile stimuli. This review argues that research has been biased towards modalities that are relatively easily accessible to the human observer. Circumstantial and comparative evidence indicates that sexual selection working via substrate-borne vibrations and tactile as well as chemical stimuli may be common and widespread in spiders. Pattern-oriented research has focused on several phenomena for which spiders offer excellent model objects, like sexual size dimorphism, nuptial feeding, sexual cannibalism, and sperm competition. The accumulating evidence argues for a highly complex set of explanations for seemingly uniform patterns like size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism. Sexual selection appears involved as well as natural selection and mechanisms that are adaptive in other contexts only. Sperm competition has resulted in a plethora of morpho- logical and behavioural adaptations, and simplistic models like those linking reproductive morphology with behaviour and sperm priority patterns in a straightforward way are being replaced by complex models involving an array of parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential of Five Non-Spore-Forming Bacteria, Originated from The
    Ertürk and Yaman Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2019) 29:59 Egyptian Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0160-6 Biological Pest Control RESEARCH Open Access Potential of five non-spore-forming bacteria, originated from the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), on three economic insect pests Ömer Ertürk1* and Mustafa Yaman2 Abstract Five non-spore-forming bacteria were isolated from the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Their potential was tested against the three economic insect pests, the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans Kugelann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); the pine processionary, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae); and the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Linn.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), to find an effective biological control agent. All isolated bacteria were cultured and identified using VITEK bacterial identification systems and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. ThebacteriawereidentifiedasEnterobacter cloacae complex (isolate 1M), Serratia marcescens (isolate 3M), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolate 4M), Kocuria kristinae (isolate 5M), and Serratia liquefaciens (isolate 8M). Laboratory experiments, carried out to evaluate the virulence of these isolates, showed that all isolated bacteria had a pathogenic effect on the tested pests. E. cloacae had 35, 56.7, and 84%; S. marcescens 50, 60.9, and 47.8%; P. aeruginosa 55, 69.6, and 48%; K. kristinae 40, 43.5, and 16%; and S. liquefaciens 45, 65.2, and 36% mortality rates on the larvae of D. micans, T. pityocampa,andL. dispar, respectively. The isolated bacteria can be considered in integrated pest control programs. Keywords: Melolontha melolontha, Dendroctonus micans, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Lymantria dispar,Non- spore-forming bacteria, Virulence Background include searching for entomopathogenic bacteria and de- New pest management strategies tend to minimize the termining their potentials (Egami et al.
    [Show full text]
  • ANIMALS As DEFENDANTS - RATIONALE
    ANIMALS as DEFENDANTS - RATIONALE 0. ANIMALS as DEFENDANTS - RATIONALE - Story Preface 1. PEOPLE and ANIMALS in MEDIEVAL EUROPE 2. ANIMALS as DEFENDANTS - PIGS 3. ANIMALS as DEFENDANTS - RATS 4. ANIMALS as DEFENDANTS - RATIONALE This image depicts the frontispiece of The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals, by E. P. (Edward Payson) Evans (1831-1917), published in London, during 1906, by W. Heinemann. In this work, Evans details the trials of numerous animal defendants througouth the centuries. Click on the image for a better view. At first glance, it seems that stories about these trials - in which animals were charged as defendants - are just folk tales. It is impossible to fathom how a prosecutor could prove "criminal intent" on the part of an animal defendant. How would a non-thinking being suddenly become a thinker, capable of forming criminal intent? On the other hand, a respected French jurist and criminal lawyer - who was called-upon to represent such "clients" - wrote about these types of cases in 1531. Bartholomew Chassenee discussed the type of legal analysis which applied during the centuries when the practice was used. How did the analysis typically work? If an animal killed someone, for example, people thought that Satan was acting through the animal. Why else would it destroy human life? Sometimes the guilty animals were even excommunicated by the Catholic Church. In addition to pigs and rats, other Medieval-era animals (and insects) charged with crimes included: Horse Flies, in 1121, at Mainz (formerly called Mayence) Cockchafers ("May Bugs" with white grubs), in 1320, at Avignon Locust (seized from a massive swarm, tried and executed), in 1866, at Pozega (in Slavonia) E.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovering the True Chrysoperla Carnea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Using Song Analysis, Morphology, and Ecology
    SYSTEMATICS Discovering the True Chrysoperla carnea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Using Song Analysis, Morphology, and Ecology 1 2 3 4 CHARLES S. HENRY, STEPHEN J. BROOKS, PETER DUELLI, AND JAMES B. JOHNSON Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269Ð3043 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 95(2): 172Ð191 (2002) ABSTRACT What was once considered a single Holarctic species of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), has recently been shown to be a complex of many cryptic, sibling species, the carnea species group, whose members are reproductively isolated by their substrate-borne vibrational songs. Because species in the complex are diagnosed by their song phenotypes and not by morphology, the current systematic status of the type species has become a problem. Here, we attempt to determine which song species corresponds to StephensÕ 1835 concept of C. carnea, originally based on a small series of specimens collected in or near London and currently housed in The Natural History Museum. With six European members of the complex from which to choose, we narrow the Þeld to just three that have been collected in England: C. lucasina (Lacroix), Cc2 Ôslow-motorboatÕ, and Cc4 ÔmotorboatÕ. Ecophysiology eliminates C. lucasina, because that species remains green during adult winter diapause, while Cc2 and Cc4 share with StephensÕ type a change to brownish or reddish color in winter. We then describe the songs, ecology, adult morphology, and larval morphology of Cc2 and Cc4, making statistical comparisons between the two species. Results strongly reinforce the conclusion that Cc2 and Cc4 deserve separate species status. In particular, adult morphology displays several subtle but useful differences between the species, including the shape of the basal dilation of the metatarsal claw and the genital ÔlipÕ and ÔchinÕ of the male abdomen, color and coarseness of the sternal setae at the tip of the abdomen and on the genital lip, and pigment distribution on the stipes of the maxilla.
    [Show full text]
  • Resistance Management of the Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera)
    Resistance management of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera): behavior, survival and the potential for cross resistance on Bt corn in the field, greenhouse and laboratory A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorate of Plant, Insect & Microbial Science By SARAH N. ZUKOFF Bruce Hibbard, Dissertation Supervisor May 2013 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the Dissertation entitled RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT OF THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA): BEHAVIOR, SURVIVAL AND THE POTENTIAL FOR CROSS RESISTANCE ON BT CORN IN THE FIELD, GREENHOUSE AND LABORATORY Presented by Sarah N. Zukoff A candidate for the degree of Doctorate of Plant, Insect & Microbial Science And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. [Dr. Bruce E. Hibbard, Co-Advisor, Division of Plant Sciences] [Dr. Wayne C. Bailey, Co-Advisor, Division of Plant Sciences] [Dr. Deborah L. Finke, Division of Plant Sciences] [Dr. Richard M. Houseman, Division of Plant Sciences] [Dr. Mark R. Ellersieck, Department of Statistics] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisors Bruce Hibbard and Wayne Bailey for their guidance and support over the last four years. Their influence on my scientific abilities has been tremendous and has enabled me to go further than I ever thought possible. I would like to thank Deborah Finke for her helpful advice and her willingness to lend a listening ear. Also, I would like to thank her for her excellent teaching abilities and the effort that she puts into her classes and her students which has had a great influence on me.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Predatory Stink Bug (Unofficial Common Name), Euthyrhynchus Floridanus(Linnaeus) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)1 Frank W
    EENY157 Florida Predatory Stink Bug (unofficial common name), Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)1 Frank W. Mead and David B. Richman2 Introduction Distribution The predatory stink bug, Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Lin- Euthyrhynchus floridanus is primarily a Neotropical species naeus) (Figure 1), is considered a beneficial insect because that ranges within the southeastern quarter of the United most of its prey consists of plant-damaging bugs, beetles, States. and caterpillars. It seldom plays a major role in the natural control of insects in Florida, but its prey includes a number Description of economically important species. Adults The length of males is approximately 12 mm, with a head width of 2.3 mm and a humeral width of 6.4 mm. The length of females is 12 to 17 mm, with a head width of 2.4 mm and a humeral width of 7.2 mm. Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Figure 2) normally can be distinguished from all other stink bugs in the southeastern United States by a red- dish spot at each corner of the scutellum outlined against a blue-black to purplish-brown ground color. Variations occur that might cause confusion with somewhat similar stink bugs in several genera, such as Stiretrus, Oplomus, and Perillus, but these other bugs have obtuse humeri, or at least lack the distinct humeral spine that is present in adults of Euthyrhynchus. In addition, species of these genera Figure 1. Adult of the Florida predatory stink bug, Euthyrhynchus known to occur in Florida have a short spine or tubercle floridanus (L.), feeding on a beetle. situated on the lower surface of the front femur behind the Credits: Lyle J.
    [Show full text]
  • Chrysoperla Carnea by Chemical Cues from Cole Crops
    Biological Control 29 (2004) 270–277 www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Mediation of host selection and oviposition behavior in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella and its predator Chrysoperla carnea by chemical cues from cole crops G.V.P. Reddy,a,* E. Tabone,b and M.T. Smithc a Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA b INRA, Entomologie et Lutte Biologique, 37 Bd du Cap, Antibes F-06606, France c USDA, ARS, Beneficial Insect Introduction Research Unit, University of Delaware, 501 S. Chapel, St. Newark, DE 19713-3814, USA Received 28 January 2003; accepted 15 July 2003 Abstract Host plant-mediated orientation and oviposition by diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Ypo- nomeutidae) and its predator Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were studied in response to four different brassica host plants: cabbage, (Brassica oleracea L. subsp. capitata), cauliflower (B. oleracea L. subsp. botrytis), kohlrabi (B. oleracea L. subsp. gongylodes), and broccoli (B. oleracea L. subsp. italica). Results from laboratory wind tunnel studies indicated that orientation of female DBM and C. carnea females towards cabbage and cauliflower was significantly greater than towards either broccoli or kohlrabi plants. However, DBM and C. carnea males did not orient towards any of the host plants. In no-choice tests, oviposition by DBM did not differ significantly among the test plants, while C. carnea layed significantly more eggs on cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli than on kohlrabi. However, in free-choice tests, oviposition by DBM was significantly greater on cabbage, followed by cauliflower, broccoli, and kohlrabi, while C.
    [Show full text]
  • Tarantulas and Social Spiders
    Tarantulas and Social Spiders: A Tale of Sex and Silk by Jonathan Bull BSc (Hons) MSc ICL Thesis Presented to the Institute of Biology of The University of Nottingham in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Nottingham May 2012 DEDICATION To my parents… …because they both said to dedicate it to the other… I dedicate it to both ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Sara Goodacre for her guidance and support. I am also hugely endebted to Dr Keith Spriggs who became my mentor in the field of RNA and without whom my understanding of the field would have been but a fraction of what it is now. Particular thanks go to Professor John Brookfield, an expert in the field of biological statistics and data retrieval. Likewise with Dr Susan Liddell for her proteomics assistance, a truly remarkable individual on par with Professor Brookfield in being able to simplify even the most complex techniques and analyses. Finally, I would really like to thank Janet Beccaloni for her time and resources at the Natural History Museum, London, permitting me access to the collections therein; ten years on and still a delight. Finally, amongst the greats, Alexander ‘Sasha’ Kondrashov… a true inspiration. I would also like to express my gratitude to those who, although may not have directly contributed, should not be forgotten due to their continued assistance and considerate nature: Dr Chris Wade (five straight hours of help was not uncommon!), Sue Buxton (direct to my bench creepy crawlies), Sheila Keeble (ventures and cleans where others dare not), Alice Young (read/checked my thesis and overcame her arachnophobia!) and all those in the Centre for Biomolecular Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Shows Some Spiders Have Individualized Personalities 31 July 2013, by Bob Yirka
    Study shows some spiders have individualized personalities 31 July 2013, by Bob Yirka scientists suspect that the more social an organism type is the more likely there are to be differing personalities within a group. To learn which spiders might have which personality traits, the researchers went out into the field and bagged several spider nests and brought them back to the lab. After dissecting the nests, 40 specimens were chosen from each to serve as objects of study—each had colored spots applied to their backs to denote the level of aggression they exhibited when stimulated and to help in identifying them. Next, all of the spiders from the original nests were placed in artificial nests which were then placed in trees near the research facility. There, the Stegodyphus lineatus. Credit: Wikipedia researchers simulated insects being captured in webs and studied the actions of the spiders that occurred as a result. (Phys.org) —Researchers studying the In analyzing the data, the researchers found that Stegodyphus sarasinorum spider in India have those spiders that had exhibited the most found that individual specimens have different aggression in the first part of the study, were the personality traits from one another. In their paper very same ones that acted most boldly when published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, insects became stuck in their webs—suggesting that the team report that some spiders in the field study individualized personality traits in the spiders tends exhibited more "boldness" than did others. to determine which sort of job they have—those that are bolder tend to be the ones that deal with Scientists have known for many years that animals captured prey, while those that are meeker wind up have distinct personalities—cats and dogs are nurturing offspring or engaging in other less prime examples.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccinella Algerica Kovář, 1977
    Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, n1 39 (2006) : 323 −327. COCCINELLA ALGERICA KOVÁŘ, 1977: A NEW SPECIES TO THE FAUNA OF MAINLAND EUROPE, AND A KEY TO THE COCCINELLA LINNAEUS, 1758 OF IBERIA, THE MAGHREB AND THE CANARY ISLANDS (COLEOPTERA, COCCINELLIDAE) Keith J. Bensusan1, Josep Muñoz Batet2 & Charles E. Perez1 1 The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society, PO Box 843, Gibraltar − [email protected] 2 Museu de Zoologia, Parc de la Ciutadella, 08003 Barcelona Abstract: The ladybird Coccinella algerica Kovář, 1977 is recorded from Gibraltar. This constitutes the first record of this spe- cies for Iberia and mainland Europe. Furthermore, the presence of the closely related Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 in Gibraltar is also confirmed, providing the first record of sympatry between these two sibling species. Figures showing the genitalia of specimens from Gibraltar are included to support the record of the presence of both species on the Rock. Fi- nally, a key to the members of the genus Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758 present in Iberia, the Maghreb and the Canary Islands is included. Key words: Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Coccinella algerica, Coccinella septempunctata, sympatry, key, Gibraltar, Iberia, Europe. Coccinella algerica Kovář, 1977: una nueva especie para la fauna europea continental, y clave para las Coc- cinella Linnaeus, 1758 de la Península Ibérica, el Maghreb y las Islas Canarias (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Resumen: Se cita Coccinella algerica Kovář, 1977 de Gibraltar. Esta es la primera cita de la especie para la Península Ibéri- ca y Europa continental. También se confirma la presencia en Gibraltar de Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758, espe- cie muy similar a C.
    [Show full text]