VOI.LMF 54 THE QU.~RTERLYREVIEW OF.HIOI.OGY September, 1976
COMMENTARY
THE COMPLEAT DICTIONARY OF ZOOLOGY: I. VERNACULAR NAMES IN HERPETOLOGY
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Califbrnia 94720 USA
ABSTRACT
Definitionr of vmnacular names in herpetology that are available in current dictionaries of zoology and of herpetology are incomplete and hence are frequently a source of confwzon to the beginning student, interested amateur, and professional herpetologist. To helpfill this lexicographic hiatus, I have searched the literature for dejnitiow that have been omitted from orthodox scientiffc dictionarzes. These alternative dejnitiom are quoted and presented in the spirit of fostering preczse communication within thr? science of herpetology.
". . . the circle of the English language has a well-defined centre but no discernible circumfprence."
"lf there is any truth in the old Greek maxim that a large book is a great evil, English dictionaries have been steadily growing worse ever since their inception more than three centurzes ago.
Historical Introduction to The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
INTRODUCTION of definitions of vernacular names in zoology that are T IS AXIOMATIC that successful scientific usually ignored by orthodox scientific dictionaries. communication requires that the sender and Here I present sample definitions of vernacular the receiver share a common understanding of names in herpetology. Subsequent papers in this the precise definitions of words, terms, or series will treat and analyze comparable names and I phrases. Fortunately, a variety of dictionaries definitions in ornithology, mammalogy, and ichthyol- and glossaries of zoology are currently available ogy (Huey, in prep.). (Council of Biology Editors Style Manual, 1972, pp. While the author is neither an etymologist nor a 256-260). including a dictionary of technical terms in professional lexicographer, he is, nevertheless, qual- herpetology (Peters, 1964). Unfortunately, even a ified for this task. A dictionary was always on his superficial inspection reveals that the definitions in bookshelf during his formative years, and he has these works are frequently incomplete. The resulting owned his own copy of a dictionary since 1962. lexicographic confusion can be formidable: "The be- ginner in herpetology today encounters many prob- MATERIALS AND METHODS lems that are strictly terminological in nature. He finds that the same word can mean several different Sample definitions of vernacular names in her- things in current usage, and that several words can petology were obtained by searching The Compact Edi- have the same meaning" (Peters, ibid.). tion of the Oxford English Dictzonary (hereafter, OED). To help fill this gap, I have been accumulating a file Appropriate definitions are quoted verbatim, except *Present address: Department of' Zoology NJ-15, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 0033-5770/79/030301-71$0.95.@ 1979 by the Stony Brook Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 02 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY [VOLUME54
where minor editing was necessary. A few supple- alleged to be hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg; mentary definitions from Webster's Third New Interna- ancient authors stated that its hissing drove away all tional Dictionary (hereafter, WTD) and from 6,000 other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, Words, A Supplement to Webster's Third New International was fatal." "A large cannon, generally made of brass, Dictionary (hereafter, 6,000) are included. Unless oth- and throwing; a shot of about 200 pounds weight." erwise noted, however, all definitions are from the "Obs. name of the star Regulus, in Leo." "Obs. name OED. of the Golden-crested Wren or Kinglet (Regulus cris- Only definitions of herpetological names used as tatw)." (Author's note: see also basilisco-proof). nouns are arbitrarily included. Interested readers are Beak-head: "The beak or prow of an ancient war- encouraged to locate other definitions applying to galley." "A small platform at the fore part of the these words when used as adjectives or verbs. upper deck." "The part of a ship in front of the forecastle, fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee." "An ornament shaped like a bird's beak RESULTS AND DISCUSSION used in Norman mouldings." ". . . a space forward of Adder: "He who adds." ". . .fig. The 'old serpent,' a forecastle containing latrines for crewmen (WTD)." the devil . . . By extension, A dragon, i.e. a supposed Bloodsucker: "An animal which sucks blood; esp. the serpent with wings." "An adding machine." (Author's leech." "One who draws or sheds the blood of an- note: see also adder-deaf, adder footed, adder's- other; a blood-thirsty or blood-guilty person." "One meat.) who extorts or preys upon another's money or sub- Agama: ". . . one of a class of tantric treatises ac- stance; an extortioner; a sponger." cepted as scripture within Hinduism and Buddhism Boa: "A snake-like coil of fur worp by ladies as a . . . (WTD)." wrapper for the throat." "Nile green (WTD)." Alligator: "One who binds or ties." "A rock-breaker Cascabel: "Formerly the knob or pommel at the rear operating by jaws." "An inhabitant or native of the end of a cannon; now the whole rear part behind the Mississippi region . . ." "A lean hog." ". . . a boat used base ring, including the knob and base." ". . . a small in handling floating logs." "A 'Squeezer' or machine hollow perforated spherical bell enclosing a loose pel- for reducing the puddle-ball to a compact mass." (Au- let which causes it to jingle when moved - called also thor's note: a puddle-ball is a rounded mass or iron jingle bell (WTD)." formed in puddling). Chameleon: "An . . . inconsistent or variable person." Amphibia: "A being that lives either in water or on "One of the southern circumpolar constellations, land, or is equally at home in either element." "A lying between Apus and Mensa." "Manganate of being of doubtful or ambiguous position." "A being potassium, the solution of which in water changes having a double existence." ". . . a tribe of Mammals color on exposure to air from deep green to deep including seals and their allies." purple." ". .-. something subject to quick or frequent Amphibian: "Oftenfig. esp. of persons who have a change esp. in appearance . . . (WTD)." (Author's double character or live a twc-fold life; also transf, of note: see also chameleonic and chameleonize). seaplanes." ". . . a flat-bottomed vehicle that moves on Coachwhip: "A whip used in driving a coach." 'tfig. A tracks having finlike extensions by which it is pro- long thin strip; pl. shreds, tatters." "Naut. 'The Pen- pelled on land or water and that is typically used for dant.' " "Ocotillo (WTD)." landing assault troops (WTD)." Cobra: "Shipworm (WTD)." Amphisbaena: "A fabled serpent of the ancients, with Copperhead: "A nickname given, during the Civil a head at each end, and able to move in either direc- War (U.S.), to a northern sympathizer with the Sec- tion: retained by the moderns as a poetical concep- cessionists of the south . . ." "A descendent of the tion." (Author's note: the adjective form, amphis- Dutch settlers of New York . . . Presbyterians . . . An baenous, is defined as "walking equally in opposite American Indian." ". . . one whose loyalty is ques- directions"). tioned (WTD)." ". . . a ground squirrel (Citellus Apoda: ". . . any of several different groups of ani- lateralis) of the western U.S. having a yellowish head mals that have been so named from their lacking and shoulders and conspicuously striped body limbs or feet: as . . . an order of slender wormlike (WTD)." ". . . American Goldeneye . . . Yellow-headed holothurians . . . a group of fishes without pelvic fins Blackbird (WTD)." . . . an order or suborder of parasitic segmented cir- Crocodile: "A person who weeps or makes a show of ripedes . . . worms without appendages (WTD)." sorrow hypocritically or with a malicious purpose." Asp: "A tree of the poplar family (Populw tremula), "Name of an ancient sophism or dilemma; see with greyish bark and spreading branches, the leaves Crocodilite." "A girls' school walking two and two in a of which are specially liable to the tremulous motion long file." "Applied to any long procession of moving that characterizes all poplars. Sometimes loosely used objects close together." "A mechanical appliance with of other poplars." (~uthor'snote: see also aspworm). a notched or serrated edge suggestive of the upper Basilisk: "A fabulous reptile, also called a cockatrice, jaw of a crocodile: . . . used with a builders' crane as a SEPTEMBER19791 COMMENTARY 3 03
means of attaching the chain . . ." (Author's note: the a plow are secured (WTD)." ". . . the nut of a violin OED quotes this version of the Crocodolite, " 'A bow: heel . . . (WTD)." ". . . the junction of two Woman sitting by the side of Nilus, a Crokodile branches of a flume . . . a guiding timber at the mouth snatch'd away her Child, promising to restore him, if of a slide (WTD)." ". . . a device for supporting and she would answer truly td what he asked; which was, mutually insulating trolley wires that cross each other Whether he meant to restore him or not? She an- (WTD)." ". . . the seat for the plane iron in the stock of swer'd, Not to restore him, and challenged his prom- a carpenter's plane (WTD)." ". . . a loom device that ise, as having said the Truth. He reply'd, that if he actuates a stop motion when the shuttle is out of should let her save him, she had not told true.' "). position (WTD)." ". . . an imperfectly ripened prune Dragon: "A mythical monster, represented as a of inferior quality (WTD)." ". . . a card game devel- huge and terrible reptile, usually combining ophidian oped from tarok and popular esp. in Mexico . . . the and crocodilian structure, with strong claws, like a lowest bid in this and similar games . . . (WTD)." ". . . a beast or bird of prey, and a scaly skin; it is generally small holder with perforations or spikes that is placed represented with wings, and sometimes as breathing in a bowl or vase to keep cut flowers in position out fire. The heraldic dragon combines reptilian and (6,000)." (Author's note: see also frogface, froggery, mammalian form with the addition of wings." "In the froghood, frogskin.) Bible versions . . . a great sea- or water-monster, a Hamadryad (= Hamadryas): "A wood-nymph fabled whale, shark, or crocodile, also a large serpent; or. . . to live and die with the tree which she inhabited." "A a desert mammalian animal now understood to be the large baboon of Abyssinia . . ." jackal, and so rendered in the Revised Version." "An Hawk's-bill: "Part of the striking action of a clock." appellation of Satan, the 'Old Serpent.'" "An evil Hellbender: "A protracted and reckless debauch or power embodied." "An appellation of Death." "A drunken frolic." ". . . slang: one that is exceedingly fierce violent person; esp. -a fiercely or aggressively reckless or otherwise extreme (WTD)." watchful woman; a duenna." "A representation or Lizard: "A fancy variety of the canary." "A piece of figure of the mythical creature." "A northern constel- rope having a thimble or block spliced into one or lation, Draco . . . The part of the moon's path which both ends." "A crotch of timber or a forked limb, used lies south of the ecliptic . . . Applied to a shooting star as a sled to support a stone being hauled off a field; a with a luminous train." "A paper kite." "An early stone-boat . . ." ". . . usu cap: Alabamian - used as a fire-arm . . . A soldier armed-with this: = Dragoon." nickname (WTD)." ". . . leather made from lizard skin "The Angler, Lophius." "A fancy variety of pigeon." (WTD)." (Author's note: see also lizardly, lizard- "The plant Dracunculus vulgaris . . ." "A disease of the seeker, lounge lizard, and lizard-wine.) eye of a horse . . ." "slang. A sovereign: from the Loggerhead: "A thick-headed or stupid person; a device of St. George and the Dragon." "A very power- blockhead." "A local coin or token . . ." "A head out of ful armoured tractor." ". . . a beneficient supernatural proportion to the body; a large or 'thick' head . . ." creature in Chinese mythology connected with rain "A; iron instrument with a long handle and a ball or and floods (WTD)." (Author's note: see also dragon- bulb at the end used, when heated in the fire, for kind, dragon-womb, dragon-ridden, dragon-penned, melting pitch and for heating liquids." "'An up- dragon-water, dragonhood, dragonship."). rightrounded piece of wood, near the stern of a Eft: "? Malice." "obs. lizard (WTD)." whale-boat, for catching a turn of the line to' . . ." Fer-de-lance: "Her. A lance-head used as a charge." " 'The beam . . . for the purpose of transmitting the Frog: "As a term of abuse applied to a man or motion of the piston to-thh pumps in the mine.' " woman. Also . . . a Dutchman." "An elastic, horny "applied to . . . two species of tyrant-bird inhabiting substance growing in the middle of the sole of a Jamaica . . . a North American shrike . . . a large duck horse's hoof." "An attachment to the waist-belt in of the Falkland Islands . . ." "applied to various fishes, which a sword or bayonet or hatchet may be carried." as the bullhead; also to the tadpole . . . to various large
"An ornamental fastening for the front of a military moths . . ." "A plant of the genus Centaurea." ", . . a coat or cloak, consisting of a spindle-shaped button, disease of cotton characterized by a shortening of the covered with silk or other material, which passes internodes of stems and branches (WTD)." (Author's through a loop on the opposite side of the garment." note: see also loggerheaded.) "A name given to certain diseases of the throat or Matamata: ". . . any of several So. American trees of mouth." ". . . [so called fr. their reputation for eating the genus Eschweilera of the family Lecythidaceae . . . frogs]: frenchman-usu. taken to be offensive (WTD)." (WTD)." ". . . a device made of rail sections con- Moccasin: "A kind of foot-gear made of deerskin or structed and assembled to permit the wheels on one other soft leather, worn by the Indians of North rail of a track to cross another rail of an intersecting America, and by the trappers and backwoodsmen track (WTD)." ". . . a shallow place for mortar in the who have adopted Indian customs." ". . . U.S. name upper face of a brick (WTD)." ". . . the frame or block for the orchid&eous genus Cypripedium (Lady's Slip- to which the share, moldboard, landslide, or beam of per) . . ." ". . . Argus brown (WTD)." 304 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY [VOLUME54
Moloch: "The name of a Cannanite idol, to whom ican snakes . . . , of a sand-crab, and of some varieties children were sacrificed as burnt-offerings (Lev. xviii. of American lake-trout." "Anything used for racing, 2 1); represented by Milton as one of the devils. Hence as a bicycle, yacht, etc.; anything capable of great (as appellative, but now always with capital M), speed." "A part of a machine having unusually rapid applied to an object to which horrible sacrifices are motion." "A rail, forming a horizontal arc, on which made." "A Brazilian monkey, Callithrir moloch." the carriage or tra~er
burns with a serpentine motion or flame." "An obso- needy, or humble person; a drudge." "A long curl or lete brass wind instrument of dee~tone. about 8 feet tail attached to a wig." "The long flexible tube of a long. made of wood covered with leather and formed hookah." "A kind of firework burning with a snake- with three U-shaped turns. Also, an organ-stop of like movement or having a snaking form." "Some dicing game." "A kind of man-trap used in Ireland." similar tone." "Miscellaneous transferred uses: A - - candle of spiral form; a 'rope' of hair; the crank-shaft "A species of mediaeval war-vessel." ". . . a plumber's in a weaving-machine . . ." "AS the name of a fashion tool consisting of a long, flexible metal rod for remov- shade." ". . . a large canon of the 15th to 17th cen- ing obstructions from pipes, etc. (WTD)." (Author's turies . . . (WTD)." ". . . a pale green . . . (WTD)." note: see also snake juice and snake foot). Side-wznder: "A heavy blow with the fist delivered Snapper: "Cant. ?An accomplice or sharer." "A thing from or on the side." ". . . a falling tree that upon which snaps or produces a sharp cracking sound. . . A hitting another tree rolls on its axis . . . a tree knocked pistol." "pl. Bones . . . castanets.?" "pl. Prince Rupert's down by a falling tree (WTD)." drops." (~uthor'snote: Prince Rupert's drops are '. . . Siren: "An imaginary species of serpent." "One of a sort of glass drops with long and slender tails, which several fabulous monsters, part woman, part bird, burst to pieces, on the breaking off those tails in any who were supposed to lure sailors to destruction by Darts.') "A cracker-bonbon.'' "U.S. a word, sentence, their enchanting singing." "One who, or that which, verse, etc., used as a finishing touch or wind-up." sings sweetly, charms, allures, or deceives, like the "U.S. a cracker on the end of a~whip-lash.Alsofig., a sirens." "A drone bee." "An acoustical instrument sharp or caustic remark." "One who snaps up or seizes (invented by Cagniard de la Tour in 1819) for pro- upon a thing quickly." "A snappish person; one who ducing musical tones and used in numbering the vi- speaks or answers snappishly or roughly." "Angling. A brations in any note." "An instrument, made on a simi- snap-hook or snap-rod." "One or other of various lar principle but of a larger size, used on steamships fishes . . .""A woodpecker. . ." "U.S. a flysnapper. . ." for giving fog-signals, warnings, etc." ". . . an allur- "dial. Something exceptionally large, heavy, etc." "dial ingly beautiful woman . . . esp: one who is usu. . . . The greater stichwort, Stellarza Holostea . . . The insidiously or deceptively enticing or seductive to men bladder campion, Silene znjata . . ." ". . . snap-bean ...... (WTD)." ". . . sirenomelus (WTD)." ". . . sea cow click beetle . . . phainopepla (WTD)." ". . . a bit of (WTD)." (Author's note: see also sireniacal, sirenize, business, turn of phrase, or other matter that gives and sirenoid.) new orientation to a situation or utterance (wTD)." Skink: "A skinker; a tapster or waiter." "Drink, ". . . snap fastener (WTD)." ". . . a small clamshell bucket liquor. (In contemptuous use)." "A kind of soup made used esp. for collecting samples of deep-sea mud and from shin of beef." "Ham." ". . . obs. variant of skunk ooze (WTD)." ". . . a glassworker who uses a snap- ... dragon . . . a taker of snapshots . . . a mine car brake- Slider: "One who slides . . . a skater." "Rowzng. One man or coupler . . . (WTD)." ". . . slang: whopper who uses a sliding seat." "A beam or plank on which (WTD)." something heavy may be slid; also dial., a sledge." Spadefoot: ". . . a terminal enlargement of the "Minzng . . . 'timbers for the support of shafts and straight square furniture leg esp. of the late 18th sumps in mines.' " "A thing or part which slides or century that sweeps outward in an abrupt curve on may be slid; esp. a sliding part or device in some each side and then gradually tapers downward . . . - - mechanical apparatus." "Organ-buzlding . . . 'strip of (WTD)." wood which, passing under a row of pipes from right Stinkpot: "=Stinker . . ." (Author's note: a stinker is a to left, admits the air to a particular row of pipes or ". . . pot or jar containing a disinfectant.") "A hand- stops.' " "Locksmzthing. A tumbler that moves horizon- missile charged with combustibles emitting a suffocat- tally." "Part of a guillotine." "A device for holding, ing smoke, used in boarding a ship for effecting a and inserting in a microscope, the glass or other diversion while the assailants gain the deck." "A sailor's plates with the objects to be studied." "A lantern- name for a petrel. . . Also, in S. Africa, applied to the slide." "A sliding ring, loop, or similar device, used to Sooty Albatross, Phaebetria fulginosa, and the Cape fasten an article of dress, the hair, a long purse, etc." hen, Majaqueus aequznoctialzs . . ." "A term of abuse for "A stand or holder for a bottle or decanter, intended a person or thing." ". . . a powerboat (WTD)." to be slid along the table; a coaster." "Ice-cream Swift: "The common newt or eft. Now only dzal." "A sandwiched between wafers." ". . . a pitch in baseball bird of the family Cypselidue, comprising numerous that looks like a fast ball but curves slightly (WTD)." and widely distributed species, outwardly resembling ". . . a zipper pull . . . (WTD)." swallows . . . and noted for their swiftness of flight; Snake: "In pl. as an exclamation, esp. great snakes!" esp. the common swift, Cypselus a*, a summer visi- "Used to denote some lurking danger, suspicious cir- tant to the British Isles and Europe generally." "Name cumstance or person, etc.; esp. in the phrasea snake zn for a breed of domestic pigeons having some resem- the grass (after Virgil . . .)." "Applied to persons, esp. blance to swifts. . ." "A proper name for a swift- with contemptuous or opprobrious force . . . A poor, running hound." "Collectors' name for moths of the 3 06 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY [VOLUME54
genus Hepialzu or the family Hepialidae, distinguished lanu' turtle, Sea-turtle, names for the Black Guillemot by their rapid flight. . ." "A light kind of reel, usually . . ." "jig. Applied to a person, as a term of endear- of adjustable diameter, upon which a skein of silk, ment, etc. . . or (esp.) to lovers or married folk, in yarn, etc. is placed in order to be wound off. . ." "A allusion to the turtle-dove's affection for its mate." cylinder in a carding-machine." "A rapid current; a "To turn turtle . . . lit. To catch turtle by throwing rapid." "The sail of a windmill." "Printers' slang. A them on their backs. jig. (in earlier use to turn the quick or expeditious typesetter." ". . . the sail of a turtle.) To turn over, capsize, be upset." "American windmill (WTD)." ". . . one that is swift . . . (WTD)." turtle: =Torpedo . . .)." "Typog. A curved bed in Tadpole: "Sometimes applied to the tailed larva of a which types or stereotypes are secured, and which is tunicate, the swimming tail of which is afterwards mounted on one of the cylinders of a rotary dropped or absorbed." "A local name in U.S. of a printing-press: so called from a fancied resemblance water-fowl, the Hooded Merganser . . ." "In Tadpole of the bed to the back of a turtle." ". . . sienna brown and Taper, names of two political schemers in is- (WTD)." ". . . a 2-wheeled form truck for making up raeli's Coningsby; hence allusively, in the sense 'profes- and transporting a newspaper page prior to sional politicians, the hacks of a political party.' " ". . . stereotyping (WTD)." ". . . a turtleneck (WTD)." Mississippian - used as a nickname (WTD)." (Au- (Author's note: 'see also turtle-frolic, turtle-insect, thor's note: see also tadpoledom, tadpolehood, tad- turtledom, turtler, turtlet, turtlize, and turtly). polism, and tadpoleward). Uta: ". . . a leishmaniasis of the skin occurring in Taipan: ". . . the head of a foreign house of business Peru . . . (WTD)." in China: a great merchant (WTD)." Vzper: "jig. A venemous, malignant, or spiteful per- Terrapin: ". . . a moderate brown . . . (WTD)." son; a villain or scoundrel." "In other figurative or Toad: "As a type of anything hateful or loathsome." allusive uses . . . In allusion to the supposition that the "Applied opprobriously to human beings and ani- female viper was killed by her young eating their way mals." "Dutch fishing boat." "=Today." (Author's out at birth . . . In allusion to the fable of the viper note: a today is a ". . :servile parasite; a sychophant, reared or revived in a person's bosom: One who be- an interested flatterer; also a humble dependent; trays or is false to those who have supported or =Toadeater. . . .") ". . . s1ang:derail (WTD)." (Author's nourished him; a false or treacherous person." "With note: see also toad-eater, toadery, toadlet, toadling, intensive force . . . =Venomous, extremely bitter, vi- toad-pole, and toadship). perous." (Author's note: see also viper-broth, viper- ~oka~:"A rich swee; wine of an aromatic flavor, wine, viper-mouth, and viperling.) made near Tokay in Hungary. Also applied in U.S. to Waterdog: "A dog bred for or trained to the water; a California wine made in imitation of this." esp. one trained to retrieve waterfowl. Formerly as a Tortoise: "Taken as a type of slowness of motion; specific name, the barbet or poodle imported from hence, applied to a very slow person or thing." "A sort the continent. Any kind of dog that swims well, and is of penthouse, under which besiegers were protected habituated to or not shy of the water.. . A sailor. . . A as a tortoise by its shell . . ." ". . . a strong brown . . . good swimmer." "A name for various animals . . . The (WTD)." otter . . . A variety of Dogfish . . . The water-rat or Triton: "Gr. and Rom. Myth. Proper name of a sea- water-vole . . ." "A small dark floating cloud supposed deity, son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, or of Neptune to indicate rain." and Salacia, or otherwise of Nereus; also, one of a race of inferior sea-deities, or imaginary sea- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS monsters, of semi-human form." "A figure of Triton I thank Reginald the Office Boy at The Quarterly Re- in painting, sculpture, etc.; in Her. represented as a view of Biology, for inspiration and for spirited discus- bearded man with the hind quarters of a fish, and sions on contemporary lexicographic theory. Several usually holding a trident and a shell-trumpet . . ." 'jig. theoretical herpetologists (C. M. Cavalier, T. W. and alluszvely: esp. applied to seaman, waterman, or Schoener, and M. Slatkin) suggested names or pro- person connected in some way with the sea. . . a large vided encouragement. The author, however, assumes ship . . ." "Zoo1 . . . A genus of marine gastropods with responsibility for any remaining errors or omissions. trumpet-shaped shells; an animal, or shell, of this Research supported in part by the Miller Institute for genus or of the family Tritonidae . . ." Basic Research in Science and by the Museum of Turtle: "=Turtle-dove . . . (Often mentioned as a Vertebrate Zoology, University of California at type of conjugal affection and constancy . . ." "Green- Berkeley.
LIST OF LITERATURE Counczl of Biology Editors Style Manual (Third Edition). PETERS,J. A. 1964. Dictionaly of Herpetology. Hafner 1972. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Publishing Company, New York. Washington, D.C. The Compaet Edition of the Oxford English Dzctionary. SEPTEMBER19791 COMMENTARY 307
1971. Oxford University Press; Glasgow, New Webster's Third New International Dictionary. 1976. York, Toronto, Melbourne, Wellington, Cape G. & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, Massa- Town, Salisbury, Ibadan, Nairobi, Dares Saalam, chusetts. Lusaka, Addis Ababa, Bombay, Calcutta, Mad- 6,000 Words, A Supplement to Webster's Third New Inter- ras, Karachi, Lahore,Dacca, KualaLumpur,Sing- national Dictionary. 1976. G. & C. Merriam Com- apore, Hong Kong, Tokyo. pany, Springfield, Massachusetts.