Analysis of Transcription Mechanisms That Limit Type I Interferon Responses

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Analysis of Transcription Mechanisms That Limit Type I Interferon Responses Analysis of transcription mechanisms that limit type I interferon responses Hector Huerga Encabo PhD Thesis UPF Barcelona, 2018 Thesis directed by Dr. Cristina López Rodríguez and Dr. José Aramburu Beltrán Department of experimental and health sciences (DCEXS) Universitat Pompeu Fabra Science without imagination is just the mere reality, only who wonders the imposible can reach what remains unseen. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ha sido un periodo fantástico, en el que casi siempre he disfrutado muchísimo e incluso cuando no ha sido así, me ha llevado a algo positivo y al final, después de todo este tiempo, me siento muy satisfecho y agradecido. No sé si es la mejor tesis que podría haber hecho (siempre se puede aspirar a más), pero si sé que es la tesis que siempre imaginé que quería hacer, una tesis de la que sentirme orgulloso, y por ello tengo mucho que agradecer a muchas personas. A mis jefes, porque no solo me dieron la oportunidad para hacer el doctorado, sino que durante estos años me han guiado y formado como científico, me han enseñado a ser crítico y riguroso. En especial, gracias a Cristina porque creo que no habría llegado a este punto sin toda la confianza que me has dado, has creído en mí, me has permitido explorar y me has enseñado a distinguir las churras de las merinas. A totes les meves companyes de laboratori! A la postdoc per excel·lència, Maria la teva referència ha estat vital per mi i pel laboratori, he après molt de les nostres discussions sobre ciència i política, i m’enduc el bon record de Junts pel ChIP. A la principal culpable de que acabara aquí, gracias Sonia por engañarme para que fichara por este laboratorio y por todas las cervezas, quizzs, steps, volleys, juegos y demás que hemos compartido desde el máster. A la Laia, amb qui més he compartit durant aquest temps, gràcies perquè tot i la mala sort de tenir-me com a maestro durant un temps, no només has aguantat totes les meves anades d’olla tant al lab com a la platja, sinó que al final amb tu he après les coses més importants. A la Maria Val, gràcies per mantenir el nivell de friquisme necessari per sobreviure en el lab…mai hauria pensat que un sorting a hores intempestives podia ser d’allò més entretingut amb un parell de cerveses i bona companyia. A Laura, gracias por muchas cosas, sobretodo por ser lo mejor que le ha pasado al laboratorio desde que estoy aquí, por ser tan directa y sincera (mis figuras también te lo agradecen), por publicar mi primer artículo y por reírte de mis bromas sin gracia (en especial las de la capital), ah, y por vortexito. A la Marta gràcies per una cosa bàsica per mi ara mateix, comprovar que es pot continuar amb un postdoc i no morir en el intento, és més, mantenint (certa) dignitat i estil, olé. A Alejandra, gracias porque viendo como empiezas tu nueva etapa mantienes mi fe en 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS que la curiosidad es lo más importante para hacer ciencia y me motiva para seguir. También quiero agradecer a todas las compañeras con las que he coincidido durante estos años y que me han ayudado a que esta fuera una gran etapa: Anna Almor, Maria Alberdi, Monika, Sara, Maria Garcia, Mireia y en especial a Sonia Zumalave, gracias por haber sido oficialmente mi primera estudiante, lo malo es que dejaste el listón muy alto. También he tenido la fortuna de hacer el doctorado en el PRBB, coincidiendo con gente de muchos laboratorios que me han ayudado y con los que he pasado algunos de los mejores momentos de estos años. Lo cierto es que el “lado hotel” de la 3ª planta es el mejor sitio del PRBB y ha sido mi segunda casa gracias a la gente con la que he coincidido. En primer lloc, gràcies als bons veïns MLB, per aguantar els meus desordres per cultius y per formar els Flying Penguins junts, en especial al Aldi i al capi Marcel. A los Pombe, por el nanodrop i por los buenos momentos en las beer sessions, y a Luis gracias por compartir pasiones e inquietudes y organizar conmigo uno de mis momentos favoritos del doctorado. A los Posas, gracias por toda la ayuda fungible, cervezas y volleys, en especial a tu madre, Arturo, Silvia, Pedro, Anna i Seisi. Gràcies als de Viro, per compartir aquells dies infinits dintre de cultius y sobretot per aguantar al Marc, un dels meus descobriments mes preuats durant el doctorat i que espero conservar per sempre. Per acabar la ronda del best-corridor PRRB, moltes gràcies al Oscar i el seu trident de citometria Eva, Erica i Alex amb els qui he compartit infinitat d’hores i sempre m’han ajudat amb tots els dubtes que he tingut. Si he pogut arribar fins aquí també es gràcies als meus amics PRBB outsiders, la meva connexió amb el mon real. Els de la uni, amb qui vaig iniciar el camí en la ciència i tinc present a cada nou pas. Els del meu estimat equip, F.C.Nyeh, que tot i costar-me els lligaments durant aquests anys, no canviaria cap moment amb ells, amics dels qui aprenc i admiro més cada dia que passa. Gràcies també als capgrossos, que sempre han seguit el meu doctorat amb interès i al seu costat m’he sentit reconfortat en els moments difícils. 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A la meva estimada editora, amb qui tinc la sort de compartir-ho tot, gràcies per ser la meva fan numero u, al teu costat veig el millor de mi i sento que junts podem arribar on sigui. Gracias a mi familia! A mi padre, que me recuerda el valor de las cosas importantes y el esfuerzo para conseguirlas. A mi hermano, por ser de esos hermanos que solo existen en las películas, yo tengo la suerte de tenerlo. Gracias a mi madre, porque si alguien se ha esforzado y sacrificado para que llegara hasta aquí ha sido ella. Esta tesis es para ti. 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................... 15 PREFACE ..................................................................................... 25 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 31 1. Concerning Immune System ................................................... 33 1.1 A brief overview from embryo to adult homeostatic hematopoiesis .............................................................................. 35 1.1.1 Strategies to define and characterize HSCs ................... 38 1.1.2 Signaling pathways that regulate HSC activity.............. 44 1.2 Response to pathogens .......................................................... 47 1.2.1 Pattern Recognition Receptors Pathway........................ 48 2. Interferon Type I (IFN-I) ......................................................... 54 2.1 IFNs classification and evolutionary conservation ............... 55 2.2 The IFN-I pathway ................................................................ 57 2.2.1 Upstream of IFN-I .......................................................... 58 2.2.3 Downstream of IFN-I ..................................................... 70 2.3 IFN-I effects .......................................................................... 73 2.3.1 Antiviral response .......................................................... 73 2.3.2 Hematopoiesis and HSC activation................................ 82 2.3.3 Antitumoral..................................................................... 87 3. Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) ..................... 91 3.1 NFAT5 as a Rel family member ........................................... 92 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2 Immune functions of NFAT5 ............................................... 98 3.2.1 Functions in adaptive immune cells ............................... 98 3.2.2 Functions in innate immune cells ................................. 100 3.2.2 Upcoming functions...................................................... 103 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................. 105 RESULTS: MAIN ARTICLE ................................................... 109 DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 147 IFN-I pathway: a mechanistic and evolutionary update ........... 150 The interferon paradox in antiviral response: NFAT5 as the last frontier? ..................................................................................... 158 NFAT5 as the protector of the hematopoietic realm ................ 162 NFAT5 beyond IFN-I: a window to the future ......................... 164 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................... 169 SUPPLEMENTARY ARTICLE ............................................... 173 REFERENCES ........................................................................... 207 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................... 243 14 SUMMARY SUMMARY This Thesis describes a key mechanism that prevents exacerbated activation of the interferon type I (IFN-I) pathway. This mechanism controls the magnitude of the response against pathogens such as virus and also safeguards the quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). We identified the transcription factor NFAT5 as an inhibitor of IFN-I production. The immune system has evolved to trigger specific and controlled responses to fight against the amazing spectrum of different pathogens that we can encounter. Based on the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), innate immune cells activate specific signaling pathways depending on the type of pathogen recognized. These “patterns” are specific features of microbes not present in host cells such as cell wall components of bacteria and fungi, which are used to discriminate them
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