The Sociocultural Context of Cleveland's Miss Mittleberger School for Girls, 1875-1908
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Cleveland State University EngagedScholarship@CSU ETD Archive 2009 The Sociocultural Context of Cleveland's Miss Mittleberger School for Girls, 1875-1908 Sharon Morrison Pinzone Cleveland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/etdarchive Part of the Education Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Recommended Citation Pinzone, Sharon Morrison, "The Sociocultural Context of Cleveland's Miss Mittleberger School for Girls, 1875-1908" (2009). ETD Archive. 243. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/etdarchive/243 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in ETD Archive by an authorized administrator of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT OF CLEVELAND’S MISS MITTLEBERGER SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, 1875-1908 SHARON MORRISON PINZONE Bachelor of Science in Journalism Ohio University June, 1969 Master of Arts in Secondary Education University of Akron May, 1980 Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN URBAN EDUCATION at the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY May, 2009 This dissertation has been approved for the Office of Doctoral Studies, College of Education and the College of Graduate Studies by James C. Carl, Chairperson 05/11/2009 Curriculum and Foundations Dwayne Wright, Member 05/11/2009 Curriculum and Foundations David Adams, Member 05/11/2009 Curriculum and Foundations Rosemary Sutton, Member 05/11/2009 Curriculum and Foundations Constance Hollinger, Member 05/11/2009 Psychology ©Copyright by Sharon Anne Morrison Pinzone 2009 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated To my parents, William and Regina Morrison and the long line of Irish family from which I come; To my children and my grandchildren; To my “Veronicas” Christine, Marnie, Betsy, Carrie Dale, and Marlene; And to the Crones for all their friendship ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank especially Dr. James C. Carl for serving as both chair and methodologist; and Dr. David Adams, Dr. Rosemary Sutton, Dr. Connie Hollinger, and Dr. Dwayne Wright for serving on my dissertation committee, all of whom served me so well as doctoral program teachers. I would also like to thank the librarians at the Western Historical Society in Cleveland, the Kelvin Smith Library at Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Public Library, especially the Archives Department, and the Cleveland State University Archives/Special Collections Department. For the years spent with Cohort XIV, know that I enjoyed every minute of it. THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT OF CLEVELAND’S MISS MITTLEBERGER SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, 1875-1908 SHARON MORRISON PINZONE ABSTRACT Augusta Mittleberger (1845-1915) was a prominent educator and owner/director of the Miss Mittleberger School for Girls (1875-1908) in Cleveland in the American Victorian period, defined here as 1876-1915. Using the journalism of Mittleberger’s students, this dissertation provides a social and educational profile of upper middle and upper class girls within Cleveland’s Victorian sociocultural context, with the eye to understanding the impact of Mittleberger’s entrepreneurship, the lives of Victorian girls, the opportunities for women, and the school’s urban context. This study looked for evidence of whether these girls, kindergarten-college preparatory, were aware of their social position, whether they exercised its privilege and proclivities as described by the tenets of studies on American class, and how their school experiences impacted their futures as women in the late nineteenth to mid- twentieth centuries. This study provides evidence that Mittleberger’s use of contemporary methods and advanced curriculum transitioned many of her students to higher education and careers, taking them beyond the traditional roles of their mothers—marriage and motherhood, Protestant benevolent work, and family philanthropy. Sources for profiling this private school, set in one of the most elite, powerful, Protestant enclaves of the late 1800’s, include Cleveland newspapers, biographies, private papers, church and business records, city directories, county vi records, census records, maps, atlases, Gilded Age histories, education histories, Cleveland histories, and school records—particularly the issues of the school’s journal/newspaper, The Interlude, written by the articulate students themselves. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................1 II. THE CONTEXT OF THE VICTORIAN AGE .....................................21 III. THE MITTLEBERGER FAMILY AMID THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL CLEVELAND ................................................................69 IV. THE FOUNDING AND EXPANSION OF THE MITTLEBERGER SCHOOL.................................................................................................98 V. MITTLEBERGER SCHOOL JOURNALISM: THE INTERLUDE ...128 VI. GILDED GIRLS: MITTLEBERGER GRADUATES ........................171 VII. EPILOGUE ...........................................................................................200 BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................219 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION At the height of the Gilded Age in the last quarter of the nineteenth-century, Cleveland, Ohio was the fifth largest city in the nation, a textbook version of the nineteenth-century industrial boom that gave rise to an inventive, entrepreneurial upper middle and upper class whose “Camelot,” so-to-speak, was collectively created as an enclave of homes, clubs, and private schools on or near Euclid Avenue, stretching from Erie Street (9th Street) to Willson Avenue (East 55th), and eventually to University Circle (approximately East 108th Street). From this Cleveland enclave came the need for private education beyond the use of private tutors, and the desire to have children educated locally, rather than sending them back east to boarding schools. Thus came the rise of the Miss Mittleberger School for Girls—even more desirable since the owner and principal came from this elite circle itself. This paper follows the growth of Cleveland as Canadian immigrant businessman William Mittleberger arrived in 1840, rose to prominence within the Cleveland elite, and how his daughter, educated in Cleveland’s private schools, founded the Mittleberger 1 School after her father’s death. Many Mittleberger students left behind records of their school experiences in the form of their journalism in The Interlude, which depicts their lives on many levels. What do these pages reveal of their lives as school girls, of their opportunities as women, and their awareness, or lack of it, as daughters of privilege in the Gilded Age in Cleveland? And, importantly, Augusta Mittleberger uses her private education and “connectedness” to create this Victorian school, infusing the latest educational theories, merging classical education with contemporary curriculum, and successfully creating a college preparatory program resulting in certificates acceptable at the best of women’s colleges at that time. Mittleberger lived on fashionable Superior Avenue when her father, a prominent coal and produce merchant who had served on the early Cleveland Board of Trade, died in 1875 of Bright’s Disease not long after his business failed. As we shall see in more detail in Chapter Three, the Mittleberger family had lived within elite business and social circles. Mittleberger left his ailing widow and 30-year-old Augusta in less than financial comfort. However, Augusta was niece on her mother’s side to the wife of the famous James Madison Hoyt of Cleveland’s elite Euclid Avenue (“Millionaires’ Row”), was well-connected with prominent families, and was well-educated. She had attended Linda Thayer Guilford’s Cleveland Academy and moved on to the Cleveland Female Seminary (CFS), graduating in 1863. She taught Latin and history at CFS, listed in the 1868 CFS catalogue. Mittleberger, who had tutored for some years, moved from her 1875 residence to quarters nearby on Superior, and again in 1877 to the Leek Block (later the Croxden) 2 on Prospect Avenue near Case Avenue, where she opened the Mittleberger School for Girls, enrolling approximately 50 pupils. In 1880 she signed a lease to rent a large mansion moved from John D. Rockefeller’s Euclid Avenue property (the former Levi Burgert home) to the southeast corner of Prospect and Case (40th Street today), opening a larger school serving the children of many upper and middle class Cleveland professionals, entrepreneurs, and out- of-town families, without a board of trustees or heavy financial patronage.1 Though certainly not the first private girls school owned by a woman, this entrepreneurial effort was one of the first of its kind and size in Cleveland. The school closed in 1908 at Mittleberger’s retirement. Within several Cleveland histories are brief mentions of industrialist John D. Rockefeller having moved a second house from his Euclid Avenue property to the corner of Prospect and Case (40th) to serve as a school for girls in 1880.2 A single photo of Mittleberger staff appeared in Jan Cigliano’s Showplace of America—Cigliano had researched the architectural aspects of “Millionaires’ Row,” the huge Victorian