SYSTEMATIC STUDIES on the HEMEROBIIDAE (Neuroptera)

Published by the Fukuoka Entomological Society, c/o Entomological Laborator>-, Facuity oi Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka -~

SYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON THE HEMEROBIIDAE (Neuroptera)

By Waro Nakahara'

Although the importance of genitalic characters in the systematic Neuropterologp has long been acknowledged it mas only through the dissection of KOH-cleared specimens by Tjeder, Killington, etc., that the genitalic structures began to be adequately described in the Hemerobiidae. In that way, Kimmins' excellent papers dealt with genera Megalomus, Neuronema, hrusalaln, etc., and Carpenter's masterly work covered the entire liearctic genera and species. In the course of my studies on the Hemerobiidae, I also examined male genitalia of about 100 species from different parts of the world, and the newer findings, taken together with what has already been known, suggested some revision in the classification of the family. In this paper I propose to report on these genitalic studies, the major results of which have been the separation of hiotiobieila as a distinct subfamily, and some generic divisions, especially of the heterogenous group formerly included in the old genus Micromus. A classification of the Hemerobiidae into subfamilies was attempted by Kriiger (1922), but subfamilies were not used by any of the subsequent authors. It was unfortunate that ~ruger,not only based his classification solely on certain con- ventional or trivial venational characters, but also showed such evidence of the lack of precise knowledge on the forms involved that many instances of glaring irrationality appeared in the system. My own impression gained from genitalic studies is that the greater part of the genera form so homogeneous a group that it may be extremely difficult to draw subfamily lines among them, but with the single exception of the genus ILTotiobiella,which was not included in Kruger's work. As early as 1916, Tillyard postulated a single phyletic line for the family Hemerohiidae, on the basis of his study of venational characters, and pointed out the presence of all the intermediate stages from "the comparatively large, densely veined, and most generalized forms (Drepaneptenyx) right down to the smallest forms (Sympherobius, Notiobielia, etc.), in which the venation is comparatively simple, and in which all the signs of a high specialization bj- reduction are evident."

1 1141, Mejiro, Tokyo. -1- To quote further from Tillyard, " we can pass in a descending scale (by reduction) from Drepanepteryx to Dre~anacra,thence to Drepanomina, and thence directly to Micromus, which is clearly a specialization from Megalomus (loss of recurrent costal vein by narrowing of costal space), and in a somewhat different direction by Psychobiella (fusion of the two basal radial sectors of forewing into one). Thus we arrive, at last, at a form with only three radial sectors in forewing. The final reducticn to two radial sectors is actually accomplished, in the Palaearctic region, within the range of the type-genus Hemerobius itself, while in Australia, the line of reduction passes on from Psychobiella to Notiobiella, with Carobius as a side-branch." Insofar as wing venation is concerned, these statements of Tillyard seem to me entirely acceptable. I-Iowever, our present knowledge of genitalic characters indicates that early in the course of this presumed monophyletic descent, there occurred a division of the line: one represented by Notiobiella, with highly complex 10th sternite in the male, and the other by Psectra-Annandalia group, in which 10th sternite is reduced to the simplest form, aedeagus even being lost. This latter type is directly traceable, with all the intermediate stages, to the least modified type (Neuronema-Drepanepteryx group), while the Notiobiella-type does not fit into any part of this line of succes- sive modifications. We are thus compelled to assume Notiobiella to be a distinct side-line : P

hieuronema, etc. -+ Psectra, Annandalia.

-+ Notiobiella.

The logical taxonomic treatment of this situation would be to accord the rank of subfamilies to the main and the side lines. It may be recalled that when Comstock (1918) erected the family Sympherobiidae for the group of Hemerobiidae with two radial sectors, Notiobiella was placed in that family along with Sympherobius, Annandalia and Psectra. Although it has since become amply evident that this family as a whole cannot be maintained satis- factorily, it has not been suspected that Notiobiella alone of these genera is so fundamentally different as has been revealed by genitalic studies. TVe now know that Annandalia and Psectra are exceedingly closely related, and that they represent the extremes of the same line of modifications which can be traced, via Symphero- bius, from the more typical of the Hemerobiid genera. In fact, the close affinity between Annandalia and Psectra, contrasted to the great distance of Notiobiella, has been one of the most surprising revelations made by the genitalic studies. The most important feature of the male genitalia of Notiobiella consists in the large and conspicuous structure contained in the gonarcus framework, which I designate " Phallolingua " purely descriptively. The phallolingua forms the internal part of 10th sternite, enclosed as it were by the gonarcus arch, which forms a sort of external framework. It is a large menbraneous structure of unknown homology and function. It is less strongly sclerotized than gonarcus itself, but is sufficiently so to be recognized at once as a distinct organ. Its surface is covered with setae or spines in part. It is probable that phallolingua exists in certain other genera in undeveloped or atrophic conditions, as a mass of delicate membraneous matter. In Neuronema decisum (Walker) Kimmins (1943) described such a structure, which he interpreted as being in the form of an invaginated tube. He stated: " This is probably present in other species (of Neuronema), but owing to its delicate nature, may be overlooked or perhaps destroyed in the course of preparing a microscope slides." In Drepanacra binocula (Nemman) and Psychobiella fusca Tillyard, I find deli~ate membraneous structure, so thin as to escape notice in casual observation, depending from below the aedeagus, which may possibly be homologous with phallolingua of Notiobiella. It would seem curious if so striking a structure as phallolingua in Notiobiella had no counterpart in other genera of the family, and a homologue of phallolingua should be expected to exist in other genera, although not morpho- logically recognizable as such. For the rest of the family, the general structural pattern of 10th sternite is remarkably similar in different genera. It forms the gonarcus with two lateral "wings" connected dorsally by a transverse bridge. In the simplest type, the lateral wings are poorly developed and the median arch bears no aedeagus (Psectra). In this respect Annandalia is close to Psectra, and these two genera are strikingly similar to each other also in the peculiar modification of 9th tergite. Sympherobius shows a slightly higher development of 10th sternite, which is here produced posteriorly into a mid-dorsal lobe with aedeagus. Over the aedeagus there may exist dorsal process or plate (~Micromus-group). In the majority of other genera aedeagus arises frorn the mid-dorsal part of the bridge (Hemerobius, etc.). Epimeres nay be present on each side of aedeagus (Megalomus, Drepanepteryx). The "wing" may be produced into a long ventral process (Kimminsia, etc.). In all these di- versities, however, the essential pattern seems to be closely adhered to, modified only in some minor particulars from genus to genus. In the present study I have adopted the principle of associating only the species with uniform genitalic characters in one genus. In most cases, the genitalic differences can be supported by venational peculiarities of some sort, but in others it is difficult to detect any synoptically utilizable venational difference paralleling the genitalic classification. On the theory that genitalic morphology may be far more fundamental as basis of natural classification, than wing venation, genera have been separated on genitalic grounds even without the support of venational characters, which by themselves seem adequate to base generic distinctions upon. The immediate inspiration for adopting the above stated principle has been the remarkable uniformity of genitalic characters revealed in the large genus Hemero- bius, which demonstrates with exceptional clearness that a genus does exist as a very homogeneous group genitalically, even containing a large number of species. Using as standard the degree of the genitalic uniformity prevailing in Hemerobius, I have proceeded to form a genus only with the species which show sufficient agreement in their genitalic characters, separating off as generically distinct any species that does not fit into the homogeneous type. It is possible that this action may be critisized as carrying the division too far. To such a possible objection I would reply by quoting the words of Robert McLachlan from his pioneer work on the classification of the Ascalaphidae (Linnean Society's Journal-Zoology, Vol. xi, p. 221, 1871) : "It must be remembered that a knowledge of almost any Neuropterous family may be considered half a century behind that of the more favoured orders, such as Coleoptera, where subdivision has been carried to great minuteness of distinction. And, for my part, I would decidedly express myself in favour of minute subdivision, rather than of the principle of retaining numerous species under one generic heading. Few, I imagine, now believe in the existence of groups sharply defined by nature, and co-equal in value, such as formed the ideals of the older authors: and, granting this, it is to me a far greater aid to memory to have many groups, each with a special name, than to be put to the inconvenience of retaining in memory the characters of multitudinous unnamed sections of one large genus : in the former case the name recalls the character; in the latter the sections, indicated probably by numbers or signs, mix themselves inextricably." In my judgment these words are as true today as they were in 1871. After all, it must be remembered that the object of classification is to classify, and not ro lump. The following key may be presented for the separation of genera, based on male genitalic characters. This key is purely artificial, and is not intended to indicate the phylogenic affinities.

1. 10th sternite associated with large phallolingua (Subfam. Notiobiellinae) ...... hrotiobiella - 10th sternite without recognizable phallolingua (Subfam. Hemerobiinaej ...... 2 2. 9th tergite produced into a long distal process; aedeagus apparently absent ...3 - 9th tergite not produced ; aedeagus present ...... 5 3 8th tergite normal ...... 4 - 8th tergite produced into a long horn ...... Kimrni~zsiella" 4, 10th s:ernite without distal process ...... Ps~c~~u - 10th sternite with a pair of distal processes ...... Annandalia 5. 9th sternite elongate, produced into subgenital plate below the anal plate ...... 6 - 9th sternite short, placed ventral to 9th tergite, not forming subgenital plate below the anal plate ...... 12 6. Aedeagus paired ...... 7 - Aedeagus single ...... 9 7. Lateral wings of 10th sternite connected with each other ventrally ...... Numerobi~rs - Lateral wings of 10th sternite separate ...... 8 8. Anal plate short, with ventro-distal process ...... Pseudomicromus - Anal plate very long, without process ...... Nesobiella* 9. 10th sternite without distal process ...... 10 - 10th sternite with distal process ...... 11 10. Anal plate small, with apical and internal processes ...... Sympherubius - Anal plate small, with a single ventro-distal process ...... Nesomicromus - Anal piate small, with vestigial ventral process ...... Afromicromus - Anal plate small, without process ...... Noius* Anal plate very elongate, without process ...... Psychobiella 10th sternite with two pairs of epimeres ...... Nusalala* 10th sternite with one pair of epimeres ...... Drepanepteryx 10th sternite with one pair of epimeres and another pair of large ventral processes ...... Carobius 10th sternite with a pair of dorsal lobes above aedeagus ...... Neuronema 10th sternite with a pair of long latero-dorsal processes ...... Paramicromus 10th sternite produced into a long and slender ventral prolongation ...... Austromicrornus 10th sternite with a single dorsal process above aedeagus ...... Micromus .4edeagus single, apically pointed ...... 13 Aedeagus single, apically bifurcate ...... Boriomyia Aedeagus paired ...... 17 10th sternite without distal process ...... 14 10th sternite with prominent ventro-distal process ...... 16 Anal plate with long ventral process ...... Eumicromus Anal plate process ...... 15 10th sternite ventrally associated with two pairs of vertical plates ...... Drepanacrella':' 10th sternite ventrally associated with one pair of vertical plates ...Drepanacra 10th sternite without associated ventral plate ...... Hemerobiella* Anal plate elongate, basally band-lik ...... Kimn~insia anal plate roughly triangular in shape ...... We-t/esmaelius

10th sternite with a pair of processes (epimeres) ...... JWegalomus 10th sternite without process ...... 18 Anal plate with spinous projection (s) ...... Hemerobius Anal plate very elongate, wi:hout spine but with numerous denticulate tubercles ...... Brauerobius

The genera marked with * in the above key have not been examined by me but adequate data exist in literature. A number of other genera, for which published genitalic data are insufficient had to be excluded. These are: Gayomyia Banks, Conchopterella Handschin, Zachobiella Banks, Pseudopsectra Perkins, Nesothauma Perkins, Anofiobiella Kimmins, Neosympherobius Kimmins, Sympherobima Kimmins, etc.

Subfamily Notiobiellinae nov.

This subfamily is based on and includes at present only the genus Notiobiella Banks. The diagnostic character as already given, is the large and conspicuous s-cructure contained in gonarcus framework in the male, which I designate " phallolingua. " The phallolingua is a large membraneous structure, sufficiently chitinized to be recognized at once as a distinct organ; its surface is covered with setae or spines in part. Structural features of phallolingua differ among different species. Female genitalia show one important peculiarity in that the lateral plates of 9th tergite are completely fused distally with each other so that a solid transverse bar is formed across the apex of abdomen, with anal opening above and genital orifice below this bar. The 9th tergite thus forms dorsoposteriorly a sort of circumanal framework, supported on each side by a small anal plate. 9th sternite is attached to ventro-distal end of 9th tergite. The separation of anal and genital orifices by the dorso-distal fusion of 9th tergite may be regarded as unique. The subfamily is less decisively characterized venationally: subcosta and radius placed exceedingly close together in forewing. It is also to be noted that the clearing out of crossveins is attained to the highest degree by the adequate placement of strong forks of radial and median veins to meet the mechanical need for bracing up the membrane in outer area of forewing. In consequence, there are developed two (or one) coordinated series of radial and median forks in this area, not accompanyed by any cross vein. There is a discal series of 3 or 4 crossveins, and the first fork of first Rs branch participates in this discal brace. This branch of Rs, therefore, shows an exceedingly long stem. This is also a unique feature of Notiobiellinae.

Genus Notiobiella Banks

Notiobiella Banks (1909) 80.-Tillyard (1916) 309. Buxtonia Esben-Petersen (1928) 93.

Anal plate of male exceedingly large and elongate. 9th sternite small, placed below 9th tergite. 10th sternite very large, well differentiated into dorsal and ventral lobes, the latter armed with processes. A large phallolingua enclosed within the framework of 10th sternite. Aedeagus single, very stout. Parameres small, fused, very slender basally and expanded into a flat wing distally. In female, anal plate very small. 9th sternite greatly expanded ventrally and distally, solidly continuous below anal plates and above 9th sternite, forming a bar across the abdominal apex. Forewing : costal area broad with recurrent humeral crossvein ; Sc and R placed very close together; Rs with 2 main branches; first branch with a long stem, forking at the origin of the second branch; membrane beyond middle braced by coordinated forks of radial and median veins. Hindming much smaller than forewing; Cuz absent. Genotype : Notiobiella unita Banks. It is possible that when more species are examined genitallically, it may become necessary to generically separate some of the species. The lack of genitalic data on the genotype is most unfortunate. Professor Carpenter informs me that the type of N. unita Banks is a unique female and there is no other specimen of this species in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambdridge, Massachusetts. Species examined : Text-figs. 1-5. Notiobieila multifurcata Tillyard, 8. 1. Apex of abdomen, lateral view. 2. 10th sternite, lateral view. 3. Ditto, ventral view. 4. 10th sternite and anal plate, dorsal view. 5. Parameres, ventral view.

Notiobiella multifurcata Tillyard (Text-figs. 1-5; P1. 1, Fig. 1)

ILroriobiella multifurcata Tillyard (1916) 310, pl. 16, fig. 23. 1 3, Koghis, New Caledonia, October 9, 1958 (Y. Shibata), from the Osaka hlunicipal Museum Expedition. Originally described from South Queensland, and recorded later from New Cale- donia. The specimen examined agrees well with original description and figure given by Tillyard, who, however, makes no mention of the pale grayish brown color of the membrane of forewing. The coloring is confined to the middle of cells in basal and costal areas but elsewhere it is more uniform, and small colorless area behind the forks of longitudinal veins give the appearance of hyaline patches scattered over the grayish ground. Male genitalia: Anal plate very long, dorso-basal portion forming a well demarkated, subtriangular sclerite; the dorsal margin Immediately distal to the marked- off piese closely beset with stout setae of uniform length for a short distance, and thence the plate narrows into a band of fairly even width, terminating in somewhat acuminate and incurved apex, which is beset with a bunch of long hairs. 9th sternite very short. 10th sternite proper short dorsally, widened latero-ventrally into wings, with a slender process directed posteriorly arising from ventro- distal part of each wing. Aedeagus a large oblong plate, distally turned ventrally into a small obtuse process, bearing a prominent needle-like median spine before it curves downward; this median spine is accompanied by two pairs of much shorter spines. Between aedeagus above and rhe ventrolateral processes of 10th sternite below is enclosed a large phallolingua, which is covered with fine setae; the smaller part below the aedeagus apparently doubles on itself at base and forms a very large sac-like structure, which is supported by the pair of long and slender processes of gonarcus on each side, and extends pasteriorly almost to the apex of aedeagus. This lower part of phallolingua is distally bipartite, each arm produced into curved and pointed apex directed outward, and the supporting process of gonarcus reaches nearly to this curved apex. Parameres fused into a long and slender stem and a dilated head, which is distally triangularly excised.

Notiobiella viridis Tillyard (Pl. 1, Fig. 2) Notiobiella viridis Tillyard (1916) 309, pl. 14, fig. 22. 1 9, Hornsby, New South Wales (J. R. Tillyard), identified and kindly presented to me by Dr. E. F. Riek.

Notiobiella subolivacea Nakahara (Text-figs. 6-9) Notiobiella subolivacea Nakahara (1915) 20, pl. 1, fig. 3.-Banks (1937) 278. Male genitalia: Anal plate greatly elongated, dorsal margin provided with a row of prominent setae, with a short pointed projection directed downward on external side near base. 9th sternite small with no structural modification. 10th sternite large and very complex in structure: proximally there is a short neck from which it expands posteriorly and ventrally, the neck ending dorsally in a sharply pointed projection. Aedeagus broad at base, narrowing into pointed apex; before the apex an oblong hood of phallolingua arises on each side, partially covering the aedeagus; below the aedeagus this hood is continuous with the large main body of phallolingua which is produced into a pair of obtuse apical prolongations; phallolingua is thickly covered with very fine short hair. Gonarcus forms a pair

Text-figs. 6-9. Notiobiella subolivacea Nakahara, 3. 6. Apex of abdomen, lateral view. 7. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 8. Ditto, lateral view. 9. Parameres, ventral view. of latero-ventral wings, from which arise three very long and slender processes directed upward; proximal two of the processes longer than the distal one, and bending toward middle embrace the aedeagus over its dorsal side. Parameres fused into a large head, flat and somewhat triangular in outline, with a slender stem which is about as long as the head. Not uncommon in western part of the main island of Japan and Shikoku and Kyushu. It occurs also in Formosa.

Notiobiella rosea Kimmins (Text-figs. 10-12; P1. 2, Fig. 3) I am indebted to Mr. D. E. Kimmins for a type-written copy of his original description and tracings of the genitalic figures, the publication in which these appeared being unknown to me. First described based on a single male from Seychelles, Mahe, collectd by Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. A pair ef specimens, 3 and Q, determined and kindly sent to me by Mr. Kimmins are from Abengourou, Ivory Coast, taken by F. Daga- tigny. I re-describe and figure male genitalia based on the Ivory Coast specimen :

Text-figs. 10-12. hrotiobiella rosea Kimmins, S. 10. 10th sternite, lateral view, 11. Ditto, dorsal view. 12. D~tto,ventral view.

Male genitalia: Anal plate very long, dorsal margin straight in lateral view, with a few long setae directed inward near the apex. 9th sternite very short. 10th sternite with large and rounded lateral wings, each produced ventrodistally into a very long and slender process which supports the ventral lobe of phallolingua on each side. Phallolingua depends from the ventral side of aedeagus, folds upon itself basally and then produced posteriorly into a large ventral lobe, with a pair of small accessory processes near apex ventrally. The basal part of phallolingua dilated and produced laterally into small wings bearing long hair ; the dorsal surface of the ventral lobe sparsely covered with short spikes. Aedeagus broad at base, roundly concave on basal margin, narrow distally, produced at apex into two sharply pointed processes directed downward. Parameres fused, the dilated distal "head" concave on its posterior margin.

Notiobiella ugandensis Kimmins (Pl. 2, Fig. 4) Notiobiella ufandensis Kimmins (1939) 111, fig. 4. Two specimens, both lacking abdomen, from Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia (C. N. Smithers). Shape and venation of wings are those cf this species, different from nitidula NavBs as well as from decora Kimmins.

Subfamily Hemerobiinae Westwood

In consequence of accepting Westwood (1840) as the author of the Hemerobiidae, it becomes necessary to credit the subfamily Hemerobiinae to the same author. This subfamily includes all the rest of the family after separating the Notiobiel- linae. In the male, 10th sternite forms merely an internal arched plate (gonarcus), without recognizable phallolingua. In other respects male genitalia present much diversity, with complete intergradations ranging from the presumably more pri- mitive type with purely membraneous possible homologue of phallolingua (A'euro- nema, Drepanacra and Psychobiella), through typical patterns all the way to the extreme apex of the line (Psectra and Annandalia), where the reduction of 10th ternite and peculiar modification of 9th tergite are characteristic. In the female, 9th tergite more or less produced caudad belo~vthe anal plate, and the lateral lobes not fused or connected with each other ventrodistally. Wing venation also shows all the intergradatoins from the densely veined type with numerous branches to Rs to the simpler type with two branches to Rs. In forewing Sc and R more or less well separated, enclosing a narrow subcostal space. In the discal brace of forewing the line of stress is supported by outer gradate series of crossveins in all but the most highly specialized genus (Annandalia), in which the line of stress is met by the co-ordinated radial and median forks alone, dispensing with crossveins altogether, as in the Notiobiellinae. This venational similarity of Annandalia to h'otiobiellinae can only be explained by assuming a fortuitous parallel specialization.

Genus Psectra Hagen Psectra Hagen (1866), 376.-Killington (1936), 1 : 246.-Carpenter (1940), 251. Ninth tergite of male produced into a powerful distal projection. Anal plate small, bipartite; lower lobe armed with many strong setae at apex. 9th sternite small, not extended into a subgenital plate. 10th sternite narrow, straplike, with a slight dorso-median protuberance. Aedeagus apparently absent. Parameres fused, with bipartite and ventrally turned distal end. In female, 9th sternite short, slightly produced below the anal plate. Last joint of palpi entire. Antennae usually slightly longer than forewing. Wings relatively narrow. Costal area of forewing narrow, costal crossveins mostly simple, without recurrent vein; Sc and R widely separate with several crossveins between; Rs with 2 branches, second branch arising near apex of the wing; one gradate series of crossveins. Hindwing either rudimentary or normal; when normal similar to forewing but without a complete series of gradate crossveins. Genotype : He~nerobiusdiptera Burmeister.

Text-figs. 13-16. Psecrra dipteva (Burmeister), 5. 13. Apex of abdomen, ventral view. 14. Anal plate, posteriodorsal view. 15. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 16. Parameres, dorsal view.

Psectra diptera (Burmeister) ('Text-figs. 13-16; P1. 3, Fig. 5) Hemerobius dipterus Burmeister (1839) Handb. Ent., 2: 973. Hemerobius delicatulus Fitch (1895) 1st & 2nd Rep. Ins. N. Y., 96. Micromus dipteri~sI-Iagen (1856) Stett. ent. Zeit., 130. Psectra diptera Hagen (1866) 376.-Killington (1936) 1 : 246, figs. 63, 64.-Carpenter (1940 j 251. Psectra buenoi Navas (1909) 218. This well known but rare species is represented in my collection by a single male, with rudimentarv hindwing, from hledway. Mass., U. S. A., which I owe to the kindness of Miss Sophy Parfin. The genitalic characters of both sexes were fully described by Tjeder (1936) and Killington (1936). What Tjeder calls mediancus (the term he uses for aedeagus) is merely a slight protuberance of 10th sternite proper and not a vestigeal aedeagus.

Psectra siamica Nakahara et Kuwayama (Pl. 3, Fig. 6) Psectra siamica Nakahara et Kucvayama (1960). Head testaceous with a narrow l-~ngitudinalfuscous black line on each side of face below the eye; palpi fuscous black ; antennae slightly shorter than wings, testaceous, fuscous beyond middle. Thorax and abdomen brownish. Legs pale, tibia of fore- and midleg with two faint indications of brownish bands. Forewing: membrane slightly tinged with grayish, marked with numerous fine brownish streaks running across the wing, excepting marginal areas ; longitudinal veins pale, dotted with brown where the brown streaks cross; crossveins fuscous, those of gradate series and two apical ones marked with brownish spots. Hind- wing: membrane slightly tinged with grayish, unspotted; veins pale. Costal area of forewing relatively narrow, crossveins all simple but many of them approaching each other, two by two, on subcosta; subcosta and radius well separated for all their lengths, with four crossveins between subcosta and radius, one toward base, one near middle and two close together near apex. R with two crossveins to C near apex; two branches to Rs, first branch arising close to base1 crossvein sc-r; and forking a little after the second crossvein sc-r ; second branch arising far beyond middle and forking before the end of R terminates on C. Six crossveins forming a gradate series across the middle of discal area. Hindwing without crossvein posterior to Sc. Three branches to Rs ; M forks slightly beyond middle; Cu with four short branches, the first branch running into 1st A. In female, anal plate distally slightly produced subtriangularly; 9th tergite of simple structure, not produced posteriorly below anal plate; 9th sternite with rounded margin in lateral view, with a small roundish protuberance just below anal plate. Length of body, 2 mm. ; of antenna, 2.5 mm. ; of forewing, 3.5 mm. ; of hindming, 3 mm. I p (holotype), Chieng Mai, Thailand, February 16, 1958 (M. Ikoma). Retained in my collection through the courtesy of Dr. S. Kuwayama. This extraordinary species is distinguished at once from Psectra diptera (Burmeister) by shorter antennae (relative to wings), and pale coloration with characteristic wing markings. The structure of 9th tergite in the female suggests that it may even be generically separable.

Psectra galloisi (Navhs) (Pi. 3, Fig. 7) Notiobiella galloisi Navas (1924) Mem. Pont. Acad. Sci. Nuovi Lincei, 7: 221. Annandalia galloisi Banks (1932) 105. 1 8,Dorogawa, Nara, August 12, 1958 (Isamu Hiura). Length of body, 4 mm. ; forewing, 5 mm. ; hindwing, 4.5 mm. ; width of forewing, 1.5 mm. This specimen, though slightly smaller, agrees with the original description of N. galloisi in every detail insofar as it covers. The long antennae and the two prominent subcostal crossveins before the middle of forewing, especially, make it impossible to identify with it any other species of Hemerobiidae known to me from Japan. Banks did not know this species, but he transferred it to Annandalia obviously on account of the subcostal crossveins mentioned by NavPs. It is difficult to understand how an experienced Neuropterist like NavAs happened to mistake a Psectra for hroiiobiella, if that was the case as I am forced to believe. The nar- rowness of forewing was not noted by Navhs, which may be only a serious omis- sion. I saw two specimens from Iwate, Japan, in the Matsumura Collection, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, which I strongly suspect may be of this species. There is a possibility that the Japanese specimens may be specifically identical with P. diptera, but the point cannot be settled until a male specimen becomes available for genitalic examination.

Genus Annandalia Needham

Annandalia h'eedham (19C9), 208. h'inth tergite, anal plate and 9th sternite of male as in Psectra. 10th sternite produced distally into a pair of long projections, without mid-dorsal protuberance. Aedeagus absent. Parameres fused into along, slender distal part, basally dilated with upturned margin. Female genitalia also much as in Psecfra, with but small expansion of 9th tergite below the anal plate. Antennae short, only half as long as forewing. Last joint of palpi entire. Wings broadly oval. Costal area of forewing broad, crossveins all forked, humeral crossvein recurrent and branched; Sc and R widely apart with a few crossvein between. Rs with 2 branches, first branch forked near base. One complete series of gradate crossveins (discal); membrane beyond it braced by a series of coordinated forks of radial and median veins. Nindwlng with but few crossveins, showing no gradate series. Cu2 absent. Genotype : Hemerobius iniqua Hagen. In spite of certain superficial resemblance in wing venation, there is absolutely no real affinity between this genus and iVotiobiella. Annandalia is actually exceedingly close to Psectra, as may be seen from the strongly developed distal process of 9th tergite and greatly reduced and simple 10th sternite without aedeagus. Species examined :

Annandalia iniqua (Hagen) (Text-figs. 17-21; PI. 4, Fig. 8)

Hemerobius iniquus Hagen (1859) Verh. zoo1.-bot. Gesel. Wien, 9: 208. Annandalia curta Needham (1909) 208, pl. 21. figs. 2-4.-Banks (1937) 278. Notiobiella maindronica Navas (1910b) 70, fig. 16. Annandalia iniqua Banks (1932) 104.-Nalrahara and Kuwayama (1960)

1 3,Pusa, Biher (India) from the Fletcher Collection, determined and sent to me by Mr. D. E. Kimmins. lo" and 1 Q, Chieng Mai, Thailand (T. Umesao and E. Ikoma), courtesy of Dr. Satoru Kuwayama. The Thailand specimens cannot be separated from the specimen from India. Text-figs. 17-21. Annandalia iniqua (Hagen), 8. 17. Apex of abdomen, dorsal and slightly lateral view. 18. The same, ventral view. 19. Anal plate, posteriorlateral view. 20. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 21. Parameres, dorsal view.

Genus Kimminsiella nov.

" Eighth tergite [of male] with its apical margin enormously produced in a long horn, extending as far as the apex of the abdomen." "Tenth tergite consist- ing of a lightly sclerotized, transverse dorsal plate and a pair of complex anal plates" with prominent processes. "Tenth sternite reduced" as in Annandaiia, "Tergites five to seven each with a small quadrate tooth at the centre of the apical margin. " Genotype : Annandalia tillyavdi Kimmins. This new genus can hardly be separated from Annandalia in wing venation, but the extraordinary modification of the male genitalia more than justifies its generic distinction. The above diagnosis is based on the excellent original description and figures of Annandalia tillyavdi Kimmins (1910), p. 228, figs. 6 and 7, from Queensland and New South Wales.

Genus Carobius Banks

Cavobius Banks (1909) 78.-Tillyard (1916) 310. Anal plate of male tapering to an acute apex, without process. 9th sternite somewhat elongate but placed below 9th tergite. 10th sternite with upper median process (aedeagus ?), a pair of slender processes on each side at a lower level (epimeres ?),and another pair of larger processes hinged to the lower margin of the sternite. Parameres fused basally. [According to Kimmins' description of Carobius trifurcatus Kimmins (1940) 226.1 In female, 9th tergite greatly expanded dorsally, narrowed laterally, and not produced below anal plate, which arises below the dorsal expansion of 9th tergite. Venational characters related to Annandalia with 2 branches to Rs in forewing; subcostal space very narrow only for a short distance before pterosiigmatic region; one gradate series of crossveins in outer (not discal) position. Hindwing with a short apical series of crossveins. Genotype : Carobius pulchellus Banks. The true afiinity of Carobius and its taxonomic position cannot be determined without the more exact knowledge of male genitalia. As far as female genitalia indicate, Carobius seems closer to Annandalia than to any other genus. Species examined :

Carobius subfasciatus Tillyard (Pl. 4, Fig. 9)

Carobius subfasciatus Tillyard (1916) 311, pl. 16, fig. 21,

1 8,Brisbane, Australia, kindly sent to me by Dr. E. F. Riek.

Genus Syrnpherobius Banks

Sympherobins Banks (1904) 209.-Killington (1937) 2 : 111.-Carpenter (1940) 227. Palmobius Needham (1905) 17. Spadobisrs Needham (1905) 16. Niremberge NavBs (1909) 377. Coloma NavBs (1915) 129. ,liefasirus NavBs (1915) 131. Eurobius Kriiger (1922) 171. Lachlanus Kruger (1922) 171.

Anal plate of male relatively small with at least one but usually two or three distal processes. 10th sternite produced posteriorly at dorsal margin, bearing aedeagus, which is unpaired. Parameres fused. 9th sternite very elongate, tubular in shape, and usually produced beyond the apex of anal plate. In female 9th sternite bears a distinct papilliform process. Terminal joint of palpi subdivided. Forewing usually with two but sometimes three branches to Rs; gradate series of crossveins incomplete, outer and inner series usually with only 4 and 5 crossveins respectively. Genotype : Hemerobius amiculus Fitch.

As early as 1901, Morton stated that " these insects [present genus Sympherobius] divide themselves into two easily distinguished groups : I. With two radial sectors in forewing. Lower branch of appendages (anal plates) not cleft. 11. With three sectors. Lower branch of appendages cleft at apex." For Morton's group I1 NavBs later raised the genus Niremberge, which however, has not been accep~edby subsequent authors, because of the instability of the number of the setcor. I find that in Morton's group I (Symphevobius, s. str.) the first sector, even when it is split into two and thus give three sectors, arises at the level of basal subcostal crossvein, while in group I1 (Nirenlberge) the first sector arises way out beyond the subcostal crossvein. It is possible that on further studies h'ivemberge may be found to be acceptable as a distinct genus. Species examined : Sympherobius arniculus (Fitch) Hemerobius amicsllus Fitch (1855) 1st Rep. Ins. N. Y., 95. Sympherobius arniculus Banks (1905) 42, pl. 4, fig. 15.-Carpenter (1940) 228, figs. 27, 28. Palmobius amiculus Needham (1905) pl. 3, fig. 3. Sympherobius buenoi Navas (1912j 198, fig. 7a. Several specimens from Maryland, Michigan and Kansas. Sympherobius californicus Banks Sympherobius califorr?icus Banks (1900-1911) 346. -Carpenter (1940) 232, fig. 32, pl. 2, fig. 12. Nefasitus californicus NavAs (1915) 131. Two specimens from California. Sympherobius perparvus (IlcLachlan) Hemerobisis pevpcrvus hlclachlan (1869) Ent. blon. hlag., 6 : 25. Sympherobiusperparvus Banks (1905) 41, pl. 5, fig. 24.-Carpenter(1910) 237, fig 36, pl. 2, fig. 15. Sympherobisrs sparsus Banks 11911) 346. A single specimen from New YYork. Syrnpherobius barberi (Banks) Hemerobius bavbevi Banks (1903) 241. Syrnpherobius barberi Banks (1905) 42.-Carpenter (1940) 235, pl. 1, fig. 9. A single specimen, Kansas. Syrnpherobius stangei sp. nov. (Pl. 6, Fig. 13) Head yellowish brown, clypeus darker, palpi fuscous black, antennae fuscous black with paler basal joint. Forewing rather narrow, but much less so than in angustus, and fully rounded apically. Membrane colorless, broadly fuscous black along apical to outer margin; all veins behind R1. except basal part of Cup, distal part of 1st anal and basal half of 2nd anal, broadly marked with fuscous black; cells thus strongly marked out are clear-colorless, not containing any spot. Hind- wing less strongly margined with fuscous, veins dark but unmarked. Two branches to Rs in forewing, with radial crossvein between R4+5 and R1 before the origin of Re+a; first fork of Cul distal to crossvein m-cu. Length of forewing, 7 mm.; width 2.5 mm. Holotype : specimen lacking abdomen, Barton Flats, San Bernardino Co., Cali- fornia, July 22, 1953 (Lionel A. Stange). This is a large and beautifully marked species, perhaps related to occidentalis (Fitch). The striking markings and venational characters of forewing alone may be sufficient for the recognition of this new species.

Sympherobius pygmaeus (Rambur)

Mucropalpus pygmaeus Rambur (1842) 422. Hemerobius pygmaeus Brauer (1857) 56. Sympherobius venosus NavAs (1908) 27. Sympherobius conspersus NavBs (1908) 28. Sympherobius Menendezi Kavas (1913) 99. Sympherobius pygmaeus Killington (1937) 2: 116, fig. 92, pl. 20, fig. 2. A series of specimens from England, France and Germany.

Text-figs. 22-24. Sympherobius tessellatus Sakahara, 6. 22. Apex of abdcmen, lateral view. 23. Anal plate, internal view. 24. 10th sternite, ventro-lateral view.

Syrnpherobius tessellatus Nakahara (Text-figs. 22-24)

Sympherobius tessellatus Nakahara (1915) 22, pl. 1, fig. 2.

Male genitalia : Anal plate with three very prominent distal processes ; the longest one arising from the external dorsal part of the plate and the next longest from the externral ventral part; the shortest process arises from the internal distal flap, which is very large. All the processes are slightly curved, with simple sharply pointed apices. The tenth sternite rather narrow, each lateral wing produced at ventro-posterior angle into a fairly long spur. Aedeagus relatively small, smaller than the longer processes of the anal plate, apical portion curved anteriorly. Parameres fused basally into a thin blade, in lateral view gradually tapering into pointed apex. The ninth sternite elongate, rather broad at base, and produced as far out as the apex of the longest process of the anal plate. This is a common species in central Japan. Text-figs. 25-26. Sympherobius domesticus Nakahasa, 3. 25. Apex of abdomen. 26. Anal plate, internal view. Text-figs. 27-28. Sympherobius manchuvicus sp. nov., 3. 27. Apex of abdomen. 28. Anal plate, internal view. Text-figs. 29-30. Sympherobius dilutus sp. nov., 8. 29. Apex of abdomen. 30. Anal plate, internal view. Sympherobius domesticus Nakahara (Text-figs. 25, 26) Sympherobius domesticus Nakahara (1954) 43, pl. 2 fig. 3. The original description should be amended and elaborated as to the genitalic characters as follows: Anal plate of fhe male with a long sharply pointed distal process dorsally, and another long process strongly curved inwards arising some distance below; near the base of the lower process two much shorter processes arise from the internal distal flap, which is very small. Tenth sternite narrow; basal margin of each lateral wing ventrally produced into a curved and pointed distal part directed posteriorly. Aedeagus exceptionally short and diminutive. Parameres fused basally into a thin blade, oblong -shape in lateral view, produced apically into smaller prolongation which is connected ventrally to the main body by a membraneous structure. Ninth sternite produced into a long subgenital plate, with slender distal portion with rounded end. The female with the usuzl papilliform process on the ninth sternite (erroneously stated to be devoid of the process in the original description). A very common species about Tokyo, but apparently not common elsewhere in Japan. I received two specimens from Echigo Province (Dr. K. Baba). Sympherobius manchuricus sp. nov. (Text-figs. 27, 28; P1. 5, Fig. 11) Head totally fuscous brown, including palpi : antennae slightly paler, basal segment fulvous; thorax and abdomen fuscous brown : legs pale. Forewing with membrane slightly tinged with greyish brown, more deeply in the basal one-third and in the pterostigmatic area : with five greyish brown blotches along hind margin, alternating with paler (w-hitish) areas : apical marginal area clouded with greyish brown. Venation totally brownish : crossveins strongly marked with greyish brown. Two branches of the usual structure to Rs, with no crossvein between the first branch and R: four crossveins to outer gradate series, of which the third crossvein placed slightly inner to the fourth. Hindwing uniformly slightly tinged with greyish brown, more deeply only in pterostigmatic area: venation totally brownish. Male genitalia: Ninth tergite produced at the ventro-lateral part into a short distal lobe. Anal plate produced into a distal process which curves inwards: dorsal process of about the same length arises externally; internal flap somewhat quadrate, distally produced into two short processes which are widely apart. Tenth sternite with relatively broad lateral wings each produced into a sharply pointed ventral spur and into more obtuse and shorter dorsal projection, both directed posteriorly. Aedeagus of moderate size, highly pigmented, terminally turned anteriorly. Parameres fused basally into a thin blade, the slender apical part about as long as the blade. Ninth sternite elongate, rather broad at base and produced slightly beyond the apex of the anal plate. Length of body, 3.0 mm. ; forewing, 5.0 mm. ; hindwing, 4.5 mm. Holotype: G. Kaigen, Manchuria, June 11, 1936 (I. Okada), kindly presented to me by Dr. Satoru Kuwayama,

Sympherobius dilutus sp. nov. (Text-figs. 29, 30; P1. 5, Fig. 10)

Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous black; antennae with the basal segment fuscous black, flagellum paler. Legs pale. Fsrewing distinctly tinged with greyish fuscous, more deeply in the basal one-third and along apical and hind margins; three indistinct pale areas along the hind margin at the end of first anal, of first and of third branches of Cul. Venation fuscous black, crossveins strongly marked. Two branches of the usual structure to Rs; no crossvein between the first branch and R; four crossveins to outer gradate series, third crossvein away from the second and on a straight line with the fourth. Hindwing tinged with greyish fuscous, slightly more deeply at pterostigmatic area. Venation fuscous black. Male genitalia: Ventro-lateral part of the ninth tergite forming a small quadrate lobe; anal plate produced into a long and in-curved distal process, with another long and straight dorso-external process; internal distal flap somewhat triangular in shape, with rounded dorso-distal lobe, with a pointed process immediately below and a pointed ventro-distal process of about the same length. Tenth sternite with relatively broad "wings, " with ventro-posterior portion produced posteriorly into an obtuse lobe. (Aedeagus apparently broken off). The fused blade-like basal portion of parameres very long, bearing the apical prolongation of only about one-third its length. Ninth sternite much elongated, very long and narrow in lateral view, and produced far beyond the apex of the anal plate. Length of body, 3 mm. ; of forewing, 6 mm. ; of h~ndwing,5.5 mm. Holotype: 8,Hieizan, near I

Sympherobius smitheri sp. nov. (PI. 6, Fig. 12)

Head fulvous yellow, unmarked ; palpi and antennae yellowish; thorax more brownish yellow ; legs pale. Forewing rather narrow ; all longitudinal veins testaceous, except Cu?, distal half of which is fuscous; crossveins fuscous, those of gradate series very distinctly marked with brown; membrane slightly tinged with greyish brown, a large nebulous brownish inark from first branch of Cui toward base of wing in marginal area, and four brownish clouds alternated with pale areas along outer margin. Hindwing marked with brown on the margin between the end of first cubital branch and of first anal; membrane slightly tinged with greyish brown; venation testaceous. Venation of forewing: radial crossvein between R~+Band R1 before the origin of R2+3; Cu1 forks distal to crossvein m-cu; apical series of 4 gradate crossveins, first two in a line, third far removed inward. Length of forewing 5 mm.; width 2 mm. Holotype: specimen without abdomen, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, Januarl 8, 1957 (C. N. Smithers) Possibly related to amicus Kavhs, but the latter has fuscous spots on head between antennae, and fuscous fascia on sides of clypeus; antenna is fuscous.

Sympherobius marmoratus Navas (PI. 7, Fig. 14) Sympherobius n7armorafus Navls (1910) 70.-Kimmins (1929) 188, fig. 2. A single female froin Acassuso, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H. J. Molinari). The following three species belong to the Niremberge-group:

Sympherobius fuscescens (Wallengren) Hemerobius fuscescens Wallengren (1863) 0fv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl.. 20 : 22. Hemerobius inconspicuus McLachlan (1868) Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 177. h7ivemberge limpidus Navas (1909) 377. Sympherobius fuscescens Tjeder (1930) Ent. Tidskr., 51 : 31. Killington (1937) 2: 125, figs. 94, 95, pl. 17, fig. 1, pl. 22, fig. 2. A pair from England.

Sympherobius pellucidus (Walker) Hemerobius pellucidus Walker (1853) 284. Sympherobius pellucidus Rlorton (1914) Entomologist, 47: 210.- Killington (1937) 2: 122, fig. 92, pl. 20, fig. 3. Sympherobius riudori NavBs (1915) 51. Niremberge pellucidus Navas (1917) 116. A single male from France.

Sympherobius rnolinarii sp. nov. (Pl. 7, fig. 15) Head fulvous yellow, with fuscous brown spot between antennae; palpi fuscous; antennae, including basal two segments, fulvous yellow, except about basal one- fourth of the flagellum which is distinctly fuscous black. Thorax fuscous above, with paler median area in mesonotum. Legs pale fulvous. Abdomen fulvous brown. Forewing irregularly clouded with fuscous brown all over, except costal area and the basal area in front of media; a deeply colored fuscous streak over Cul between first and second medio-cubital crossveins, continued basally to the short streak over the basal portion of the first branch of radial sector; crossveins and forking points of principal veins strongly marked with fuscous; costal crossveins fuscous in the basal half of costal area, others beyond being pale; principal veins pale and fuscous corresponding to the markings of the membrane. Three branches to radial sector, the first arising distinctly beyond the level of the basal subcostal crossvein and forking way out between the inner and outer gradate series; four crossveins to outer gradate series, the apical two separated from the posterior two by more than their lengths; only four crossveins to inner series. Hindwing with pterostigmatic region suffused with fuscous; apical margin with two and outer and hind margins with three greyish blotches alternating with pale areas. Venation mostly pale, post-pterostigmatic portion of radius and cubital stem being distinctly fuscous. M forks at the level of the CU fork. Length of body, 4 mm. ; of forewing, 6 mm.; of hindwing, 5.5 mm. Holotype : Q, Acassuso, Euenos Aires, Argentina, October 16, 1956 (IT. J, Moli- nari). The fulvous yellow head and distinctly bi-colored antennae well mark this species, which is the first species of the Niremberge-group to be described from Argentina. In ;he body coloration it is somewhat like Sympherobius marmoratipennis (Blanchard) but this latter species has the usual two branches to radial sector and one more cross vein to each gradate series. Wing markings are also quite different.

Genus Nomerobius Nav6.s hromerobius Navas (1915), 130.

Male genitalia : 9th tergite very small and short ; anal plate rounded in lateral biew, produced latero-distally into a curved, slightly bifurcate process. 9th sternite broad, not tubular, formlng oblong subgen~talplate, produced at apex into a short rounded lobe. 10th sternite with broadly expanded lateral wings, which are ventra!l>- connected with each other by a narrow band of bridge; with a long up turned dorsal process. rledezgus paired, short and slender. Parameres completely fused, apex divided into two small rounded lobes. Wing venation as in Sympherobius with 2 branches to Rs in forewing, but outer gradate series of crossveins is long (6 in number) and interrupted. Genotype : Megalomus psychodoides Blanchard. This genus was raised by Navas purely on venational basis. Examination of male genitalia showed the extraordinary ventral connection of the lateral wings of 10th sternite, which is a unique character. This, together with the paired aedeagus, more than justify the generic separation from Sympherobius. Two genera related to Sympherobius have been described by Kimmins: Symphero- mina (1926) from Guatemala and Neosyrnpherobius (1929) from Argentina. In the former, branches of Rs fork more than once before outer gradates, which are incomplete. Unfortunately the genitalic characters are unknown. The latter genus is characterized by 3 branches to Rs and by the almost complete absence of crossveins. Kimmins' figure of male genitalia shows it to be of the Symphero- bius-type of 9th tergite and 9th sternite. I have examined the genotype, which is the only known species of the genus.

Text-figs. 31-34. Nomerobius psychodoides (Blanchard), 8. 31. Apex of abdomen. 32. The same, dorsal view. 33. 10th sternite, ventral view. 34. Parameres, dorsal view.

Nomerobius psychodoides (Blanchard) (Text-figs. 31-34; PI. 8, Fig. 16) Megalomus psychodoides Blanchard (1851) Gay Hist. Chile, Zool., 6: 127. Sympherobius modesfus Banks (1910) 158. Nomerobius psychodoides Navhs (1915) 131. Head fulvous brown; genae fuscous; fuscous spot before each antenna, one between antennae. Forewing oval : longitudinal veins dotted with brown ; crossveins fuscous brown; membrane marmorated with light brown; apical, outer and hind marginal areas with regularly alternated pale and light brown spaces; a large, somewhat triangular brown patch on cubital branches slightly beyond the first fork of Cul; gradate crossveins distinctly shaded with brown, and the forking points of radial branches external to outer gradates marked with brown. Hindwing slightly tinted with greyish; venation mostly brownish, paler in parts. Forewing with 2 crossveins in subcostal space after the usual basal crossvein; a basal crossvein between two arms of first branch of Rs, and another between upper arm of first branch and basal stem of second branch. In hindwing, basal radial crossvein very close to base, followed by another at the origin of first branch of Rs; crossvein r-m to the stem of Rs near base. Length of forewing, 5 mm.; of hindwing, 4mm. Several specimens, Montevideo, Uruguay (E. Palerm and L. C. de Zolessi leg.), kindly sent to me by Seiior C. S. Carbonell, Laboratorio de Entomologia, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo. This species has long been known from Chile and Argentina. Apparently it has a wide distri- bution in southern part of South America. Genus Eumicromus Nakahara Eumicromus Nakahara (1915), 36. Male genitalia: Anal plate very elongate, extendrd ventrally, and not supported below by 9th sternite, which is very short, placed below 9th tergite and not forming subgenital plate. The long ventral projection of anal plate very strong and abruptly curved inward, the pair forming po~verfulclaspers. 10th sternite with broad dorso-distal lobe over the base of single, long aedeagus ; wings of the sternite small. Parameres fused basally. Forewing: Rs with 5 to 8 branches; M3+4 and Cul very close together near base but not fused; two very regularly arranged gradate crossveins, outer series well inside the series of forks of radial branches. M3+4 aud Cul completely separate in hindwing. Genotype : Micromus nctmerosus Navhs. As in all other genera of the Micromus-group, the apical joint of palpi entire, 9th sternite of the female without papilliform protuberance, and humeral crossvein in forewing not recurrent. The very short 9th sternite in the male placed below 9th tergite, not forming subgenital plate, is diagnostic of Eumicromus. Archaeomic- romus Kriiger (1922) may be the same, but it is necessary to examine its genotype (Micromus timidus Hagen) before arriving at the definite conclusion. Zimmerman (1957) merged this genus with Nesomicromus, without examining the genotype. It is most unfortunate that he makes no mention of 9th sternite of the male throughout his descriptions of the Hawaiian species. Species examined : Eumicromus numerosus (Navbs) (Text-figs. 35-37) Micromus numerosus Navas (1910) 396. Elimicromus nrmzerosus Nakahara (1915) 37, pl. 1, fig. 6.-Kuwa5-ama (1932) 1546, fig. 3053.-Nakahara (1945) 45, pl. 2, fig. 6. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu): a very common species. hiale genitalia: Anal plate very elongate, produced distally into oblong apex, Text-figs. 35-37. Eumicvomus numerosus (NavBs). 35. Apex of abdomen. 36. Anal plate and 10th sternite, dorsal view, with the apical portion of the ventral process of anal plate shown separately. 37. 10th sternite, dorsal view. with a long, strongly in-curved ventral process, which is provided with a series of teeth for terminal one-fifth or so of its length. Anal plate extends far beyond and behind the distal end of 9th sternite, which is short and does not form subgenital plate. 10th sterriite with small lateral wings; dorso-distal plate over aedeagua relatively broad, slightly concave on its distal margin. Aedeagus single, long, broad basally but slender for most of its length. Parameres fused basally. Closest to E. sauteri (Esben-Petersen), differing by the slender aedeagus and by the longer teethed portion of the ventral process of anal plate.

Eumicromus sauteri (Esben-Petersen)

~Vlicromussaureri Esben-Petersen (1912) 198.-Banks (1937) 280. Eumicromus sauteri Nakahara (1956) 188, pl. 20, fig. 7, text-fig. 5. Formosa, Okinawa, and southern part of Japan as far north as Izu. Male genitalia were described and figured by Nakahara (1956).

Text-figs. 38-40. Eumicroml4s navigatorum (Erauer). 38. Apex of abdomen, with the apical portion of ventral process of anal plate shown separately. 39. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 40. Ditto, dorso-lateral view. Eumicromus navigatorum (Brauer) (Text-figs. 38-10) Micromus navigatorum Brauer (1867) 508. Micro*nus vinaceus Gerstaecker (1885) 111. Avchaeomicroinus navigatorum Esben-Petersen (1928) 7:93, pl. 2, fig. 3. Eumicromus navigatorum Kimmins (1936) 87. Eumicromus diminut~isNakahara (1956) 188, pl. 20, fig. 8. Nesomicromus navigatorunz Zimmerman (1957) 63, fig. 32, 11, 14, 16, 32. Originally described from Samoa, and now known to have a wide disrribution estending from Eastern Australia westward to south-eastern Asia. I have specimens from Thailand, Formosa and Okinama. The identity of East Asiatic specimens was established by comparison with a Samoan specimen determined by Esben- Petersen, which was kindly loaned to me by Dr. Anker Nielsen, Universitetes Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen. Male genitalia were described and figured by Sakahara (1956) under E. diininutus, based on Okinawa specimen, and less adequately bq- Zimmerman (1957) from Hawaiian specimen. I figure here the Samoan specimen.

Eumicromus neocaledonicus Nakahara (Pi. 8, Fig. I?)

Eumicromus neocaledonicus Nakahara (1960). 10. 19 (Holotype), Noumea, New Caledonia, October 30, 1958 (Y. Shibata), from the Osaka Municipal Museum Expedition. In spite of the absence of the male, wing venation is so typical of Eumicromus 'hat I have no hesitation in placing this species under that genus. I: differs conspicuously from the only Oceanic congener, E. navigatorum, by the very dark coloration and the characteristic apical out-line of forewing, that is, outer margin below apex being more or less straight and not smoothly curved, making the outline highly asymmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis of the wing.

Genus Micramus Rambur

Micromus Rambur (1342), 116.-Killington (1936), 1 : 250. Nenus NavAs (1912), 199. Anal plate of male small with well developed ventral process directed straight backward, occupying purely dorsal position and supported from below by a subgenital plate formed of 9th sternite, 10th sternite xi-ith a single dorso-posterior projection over aedeagus, which is single. Parameres fused, except for short apical parts. Wings narrow. In forewing Rs with 3 to 4 branches; M3+4 and Cul fused for a short distance; 2 gradate series of crossveins, outer series connecting arms of radial forks. 113T4 and Cul fused also in hindwing. Genotype : Hemerobius variegatus Fabricius. Species examined : Micromus variegatus (F abricius) Hemerobius variegatus Fabricius (1793) Ent. Syst. 2: 83. Micromus variegatus Rambur (1842) 417.-Killington (1936) 1 : 252, figs. 65, 66, pl. 12, fig. 1. Micromus pulchellus Nakahara (1915) 33, syn. nov. A long series of specimens from France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan (Hok- kaido and Honshu). Male genitalia well described and figured by Killington(l936).

Text-figs. 41-44. Micrornus multipunctatus (Matsumura), 6'. 41. Apex of abdomen. 42. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 43. The same, lateral view. 44. Parameres, dorsal view.

Micromus multipunctatus Matsumura (Text-figs. 41-44) Il.licromus multipunctafus Matsumura (1907) Konchu Bunrui Gaku, 1: 171. Micromus novitius Navas (1910) 397.-h'akahara (1915) 35, pl. 1, fig. 4. In the above synonymy I follorv the authority of Kuwayama (1956), who has examined the type of M. multipunctatus. Male genitalia: Anal plate with ventral process a little more than twice as long as in variegatus, fairly straight and sharply pointed. 9th sternite situated ventral to anal plate. 10th sternite with well developed dorsal lip, bearing dorsal process, which is much longer than in variegatus, wider at base and ending in a sharp point. Aedeagus arises from the body of 10th sternite below the dorsal lip, similar in shape to dorsal process but is bifurcate vertically at the very extremity, upper arm being long and claw-like and lower arm very short. Parameres \,cry long, dilated distally with small ventro-distal hood, and apparently fused medially ; each paramere bifurcate at distal end. A common species in Japan. I have specimens also from Formosa. Genus Spilomicromus nov. Anal plate of male roundish, not produced apically; ventral process moderately long, directed posteriorly, with obtuse apex which is beset with short spines. 9th sternite elongate, forming a large subgenital plate below anal plate. 10th sternite with roundly expanded lateral wings, produced dorso-distally into subtrinangular supraedeagal plate which is beset with many short spines on dorsal surface Aedeagus single, moderately broad at base and tapering toward the pointed apex. Parameres fused for much of their lengths, separate basally as two short rounded rods and distally as two blades, each with truncate apex. Forewing with 6 or 7 branches to Rs; M3+4 fused with CU~for a short distance; inner gradate includes first crossvein r-m after M forks, first crossvein m isolated; outer gradate well inside the radial forks until it reaches the fork of 1st branch of Rs. In hindwing M3+4 and Cul not fused. The supraedeagal plate or process covered with spines is diagnostic. I anticipate that other related species with banded legs (M. pictipes Banks, etc.) will be found to be congeneric. Genotype : Eumicrom~tsmaculatipes Takahara.

Text-figs. 45-48. Spilomicromirs rnaculatipes (Nakahara), 3. 45. Apex of abdomen, and apex of ventral process of anal plate (separately). 46. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 47. The same, lateral view. 48. Parameres, dorsal viex-.

Spilomicromus maculatipes (Nakahara) (Text-figs. 45-48) Eumicromus maculatipes Nakahara (1915) 39, pl. 1, fig. 5. Male genitalia: Anal plate with ventro-distal process as long as the plate itself, projected straight backward, beset with several short spines at apex. 9th sternite (subgenital plate) produced beyond the posterior margin of anal plate. 10th sternite broadly and roundly expanded into lateral wings ; dorsal process subtriangular in dorsal view covered with many short spines, apex sharply pointed. Aedeagus long and do~vn-curved,arises just below the dorsal process, broad basally and tapering into a point. Parameres fused toward base and thence curved upward and separated again; distal separated parts rather broad, each ending in acuminate apex. A fairly common species in south-western part of Japan. including Shikoku and Kyushu. Genus Stenomicromus Iiruger Stenomicrom~isKruger (1922), 171. Anal plate of male with a powerful ventral process of prodigious length. 9th sternite produced into long subgenital plate below anal plate, 10th sternite with well developed lateral wings, each produced ventro-distally into a rounded lobe; dorso-distal lip scarcely forming supraedeagal platelet. Aedeagus single, very broad at base and tapering into pointed apex; dorsal surface beset with many short spines. Parameres fused basally. Forewing with 5 branches to Rs; inner gradate oblique, not parallel to R, includes 1st crossvein m, leaving basal crossvein r-m isolated: all but the first of branches to Rs fork near wing margin, far out of the level of outer gradate series. M3+4 and Cul not fused in both fore- and hindming. Genotype : Micromus paganus Linnaeus. The dorsally spine-beset aedeagus and huge process of anal plate are diagnostic of the genus. It is most interesting that in Spilomicromus aedeagus is smooth but supraedeagal plate is covered with spine instead. The genotype and one other species (montanus Hagen) form a very coherent little group, which eloquently expresses mq- idea of a good gen~ls

Text-figs. 49-52. Stenonzirroinus paganus (Linnaeus), 3. 49. Apex of abdomen. 50. 10th sternite, dorso-lateral view. 51. Ditto, lateral view. 52. Parameres, dorsal and slightly lateral view.

Stenomicromus paganus (Linnaeus) (Text-figs. 49-52) Hemerobius paganus Linnaeus (1767) Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1 : 312. Hemerobius n~moralisStephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent., 6 : 110. Micromus lineosus Rambur (1842) 416. Micromus paganus Brauer (1857) 58. Eumicromus alpinus Nakahara (1915) 41. Stenomicromus paganus Kruger (1922) 171. Eumicvomrts paganus Killington (1936) 1: 264, fig. 68, pi. 12, fig. 2. A large number of specimens from Sweden, France and Germany, in addition to others from Saghalien and Korea. Male genitalia mere somewhat inadequately desribed by Killington (1936). I figure here the genitalia of a Saghalien specimen. Text-figs. 53-55. Stenomicromus montanrrs (Hagen), Z . 53. Anal plate, lateral view. 54. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 55. Parameres, dorsal view.

Stenomicromus montanus (Hagen) (Text-figs. 53-55) Micromus rnontanus Hagen (1886) 279.-Banks (1905) 47.-Carpenter (1940) 249, fig. 52, pl. 2, fig. 20. Stenomicromus monfanus Kriiger (1922) 171. Vale genitalia differ from those of S. paganus in the ventral process of anal plate being dorsally serrate, and in parameres with distal apex simply obtusely pointed and not furcate. Two specimens, 3 and Q, from Colorado and TVashington.

Genus Nesomicromus Perkins Nesomicromus Perkins (1899), 37.-Zimmerman (1957), 30. Anal plate of male subtriangular, distally produced, with long ventral process minutely serrate dorsally. 9th sternite large, forming ~i~elldeveloped subgenital plate below anal plate. 10th sternite with small lateral wings, only very slightly produced distally over the base of aedeagus. Aedeagus single, long and slender with pointed apex. Five or 6 branches to Rs in forewing. M3+4 and Cul well separated in fore- as well as in hindwing. No crossvein between M and 1st branch of Rs in fore~i~ing before inner gradate series. Genotype : Neson2icrornus vagus Perkins. It seems most doubtful that all the Hawaiian species, some of them extraordinarily divergent in venational characters, can be rationally lumped in a single genus as has been done by Zimmerman. In the present paper I have separated one species (par.adoxa Perkins) as representing a new genus (Anomicromus), based on Zimmerman's data. More detailed studies may well result in further separating of genera. 30

Species examined :

Text.figs. 56-58. Nesomicromus vagus Perkins, 2. 56. Apex of abdomen. 57. The same, ventral view. 58. 10th sternite, lateral view (above) and dorsal view (below).

Nesomicromus vagus Perkins (Text-figs. 56-58; PI. 10, Fig. 20) Nesomicromus vagus Perkins (1899) 37, pl. 4, fig. 3.-Zimmerman (1957) 71, figs. 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 37. Three specimens, Maui and Hawaii, I am indebted to the kindness of Miss E. Suehiro. I give here figures of male gpnitalia in order to supplement those of Zimmerman (1957). Genus Anomicramus nov. Anal plate of male short, not produced apically, with ventral process of moderate length, 10th sternite with very short (very narrow in lateral view) lateral wings, and subtriangular supraedeagal, dorso-distal platelet. Aedeagus single, broad at base, produced into slender apical part. Forewing falcate, with posterior margin deeply concave in middle third of length of wing; costal area very narrow, 5 or 6 branches to Rs; M3+4 and Cul narrowly separate or fused for a very short distance. In hindwing M forks toward apex, appearing as a single vein without the usual large, posterior branch. Genotype : Nesomicromus parudoxa Perkins. The above diagnosis is based on figures given by Zimmerman (1957). It is most unfortunate that he gave no information as to 9th sternite and parameres, but even on the limitted data the generic status of the form seems sufficiently war- ranted. The very short lateral wing of 10th sternite and the peculiar condition of M in hindwing are diagnostic. Genus Pseudomicromus Kruger Pseudomicromus Kruger (1922), 172. Anal plate of male roundish, with long ventral process. 9th sternite in the form of subgenital plate below anal plate. 10th sternite bears no recognizable supraedeagal plate. Aedeagus paired. Parameres fused basally, separate in apical half or one-third, each terminating in up-curved hook. In forewing Rs with 4 branches, mostly forked at the level of outer gradate crossveins so that these latter usually connect arms of forks of Rs branches. M3+4 and Cul often touch each other at crossvein m-cu or fused for a very short distance. In hindwing these two veins do not fuse. Genotype : Hemerobius angulatus Stephens. The diagnostic characters of the genus consist of the paired aedeagus and the absence of supraedeagal plate. As so defined, this genus includes all but one " ~Micromrrs" species occurring in North America, of all w-hich genitalic characters have been fully described by Carpenter (1940). I am tentatively placing in this genus also an Indo-Malayan species, igorofus Banks, but examination of a wider range of species may necessitate a sombwhat different placement. Species examined :

Text-figs. 59-61. Pseudornicromus angulatus (Stephens), 2. 59. Apex of abdomen. 60. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 61. Ditto, lateral view, with ventro-lateral view of aedeagus shown separately.

Pseudomicromus angulatus (Stephens) ('rext-figs. 59-61) Hemerobius angulatus Stephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent., 6: 106. Hemerobius villosus Zetterstedt (1840) Ins. Lapp., 1050. Hemerobius intricatus Wesmael (1841) Bull. 1 Acad. Brux., 214. Micromus tendinosus Rambur (1842) 417. Micromus villosus Brauer (1857) 58. hficromus intvicatus Hagen (1858) Ent. Ann , 26. Micromus aphidivorus McLachlan, nec Schrank (1868) Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 172. ~Micromusangulatus Banks (1905) 45.-Carpenter (1940) 247, fig. 50, pl. 2, fig. 10. Micromus jona Needham (1905) 15, pl. 3, fig. 2. Ez~micromus angulatus Nakahara (1915) 42.-Killington (1936) 1 : 259, fig. 67, pl. 12, fig. 3. Pseudomicromus angulatus Kriiger (1922) 172. Several specimens from Sweden, France, Germany, Japan, and a single specimen from Formosa. I have examined the genitalia of the Formosan specimen and have satisfied myself that it is this species. Pseudomicromus variolosus (Hagen) Micrornus variolos~tsHagen (1886) 284.-Banks (1905) 46.-Carpenter (1910) 251, fig. 2, pl. 2, fig. 21. Several specimens from Utah, n'evada, and Arizona.

Text-figs. 62-64. Pseudomicromus subanticus (Walker), z. 62. Apex of abdomen. 63. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 64. Ditto. slightly lateral and slightly dorsal .,-iev;, and parameres, dorso- lateral view-.

Pseudomicromus subanticus (UTalker) (Text-figs. 62-64) Hemerobius subanticus Walker (1853) 282. Micromus angustus Hagen (1886) 287. Micrornus sztbanticus Banks (1933) 46.-Carpenter (1940) 250, fig. 53, pl. 2, pl 2, fig. 22. Micromus nesoticus NavBs (1914) Bull. Brook. Ento. Soc., 9 : 16, fig. 3. Many specimens from Kew York, North Carolina, Illinois, and Kansas.

Text-figs. 65-67. Pseudomicromus igorotus (Banks), 8. 65. Apex of abdomen. 66. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 67. Ditto, an lateral view, and parameres, lateral and slightly dorsal view. Pseudomicromus igorotus (Banks) (Text-figs. 65-67) Micromus igorotus Banks (1920) 335. Micromus (Archaeomicromus) igorotus Banks (1937) 138. Eumicromus okinawarzus Yakahara (1956) 189, pl. 21, fig. 9. Eumicromus igorotus Nakahara and Kuwayama (1960) Male genitalia: Anal plate somewhat oblong, produced into a long and pointed ventro-distal process. 9th sternite forming a large subgenital plate, apex extending almost as far as the end of the process of anal plate. 10th sternite with roundly expanded thin lateral wings; dorso-posterior portion forming a short subquadrate plate with upraised distal margin, appearing like a short dorsal projection in lateral view. Aedeagus paired, arising from below the dorsal plate of 10th sternite, relatively short and apically pointed, slightly curved downward and outward. Parameres large, fused into a broad, blade-like basal portion, separated in apical half; each separate lobe in the shape of sharply pointed, upturned blade. The identity of okinawanus Nakahara with igorotus Ranks was established through the kindness of Prof. F. M. Carpenter, who not only compared the wing photo- graph of my type with Banks' type and noted agreement, but also sent me a specimen of igorotus from the Philippines determined by Banks himself. In addition to this specimen I have a single specimen each from Okinawa, Formosa, Luzon, and Chieng Mai, Tailand. The last two specimens I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. S. Kuwayama. Apparently this species is rather widely distributed in South- East Asia.

Genus Ameromicromus nom. nov. Pararnicromus Kruger (19221, 171, nec Nakahara (1919). Close to Pseudomicromus Kriiger (aedeagus paired, and anal plate with ventral process), but distinguished by the presence of a large subquadrate supraedeagal plate in 10th sternite, covering aedeagus dorsally like a hood. Parameres completely fused, apical two-thirds in the form of a long, pointed process, and basal one-third in that of a thin blade. Four branches to Rs in forewing ; inner gradate series includes crossvein m, crossvein r-m being isolated. M3+4 and Cul fused for some distance in forewing, not fused in hindwing. Genotype : Micromus posticus Walker.

Ameromicrornus posticus (Walker) (Text-figs. 68-70) Henzerobius posricus Walker (1853) 283. Micromus insipidus Hagen (1861) 199.-Needham (1905) pl. 3, fig. 1. Micromus sobrinus Hagen (1861) 199. Micromus posticus Banks (1905) 45.-Carpenter (1940) 248, fig. 51. Paramicromus insipidus Kruger (1922) 172. Paranlicronws posticus Kruger (1922) 172. A dozen or so specimens from various parts of the United States (New York, Virginia, Illinois).

Text-figs. 68-73. Ameromicromus posticus (Walker), 3. 68. Apex of abdomen. 69. 10th sternite, dorsal and slightly lateral view (to left) and ventral and slightly lateral view (to right). 70. Parameres, lateral and slightly dorsal view.

Genus Afromicromus nov. Anal plate of male much wider than long, with most rudimentary ventro-distal process, which is so small and delicate as to be easily overlooked by casual oberva- tion. 9th sternite placed below anal plate, forming a short subgenital plate. 10th sternite with very small, well demarkated dorso-distal platelet, which does not form supraedeagal plate and to which is attached single aedeagus. Parameres fused basally, two separate apices each bifurcate. Forewing: costal area very narrow, with 3-4 basal crossveins simple. Rs with 4 branches; M3+4 and Cut fused for a short distance; no median crossvein before outer gradates. M3+4 and Cul separate in hindwing. Genotype : Micromus capensis Esben-Petersen.

Afromicromus capensis (Esben-Petersen) (Text-figs. 71-74; P1. 9, Fig. 19) Micromus capensis Esben-Petersen (1920) Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 17: 509, fig. 1. Eumicromus capensis Kimmins (1959) 65. I am indebted to Dr. Bo Tjeder for the identification of this species, of which I have a long series of specimens from Salisbury and a few from Lake McIlwaine, Southern Rhodesia, kindly sent to me by Mr. C. N. Smithers. As already noted by Esben-Petersen, this is a most variable species as to wing markings, many specimens being almost spotless, others with a brownish oblique streak across forewing from crossvein m-cu to the origin of last branch of Rs, and still others with a large, oblong, black area near hind angle. Dr. Tjeder informed me that he examined the genitalia of quite a number of specimens from various parts of Central and Southern Africa, of several forms and sizes, but could not find thai: they represent more than one species. I agree with his view from my own obser- vations.

Text-figs. 71-74. Afromicromus capensis (Esben-Petersen), 8. 71. Apex of abdomen. 72. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 73. The same, lateral view. 74. Parameres, lateral view. Genus Austromicromus nov. Male genitalia: Anal plate small with a rudiment of ventro-distal process in the form of a small triangular spur. 9th sternite exceedingly long, more than twice as long as wide in ventral view, forming a great subgenital plate which extends very far beyond the apex of the protruding aedeagus. 10th sternite small with narrow lateral wing, which is produced ventrally into a very long, upcurved slender prolongation; there is no supraedeagal plate or process. Aedeagus single, long, with broad base, and notched at the extreme apex. Parameres fused into a thin, blade-like base, the bipartite parts longer than the fused base, distally curved upward. In forewing, Rs with 4 branches; M3+4 and Cul fused for a short distance. In hindwing, MJ+~runs very close to Cul for a long distance without fusing. Genotype : Hemerobius tasmaniae Walker. The long and slender ventral prolongation of 10th sternite is absolutely diagnostic of this new genus, which is also peculiar in the rudimentary process of anal plate and in exceedingly long subgenital plate. There is a possibility that Indomicromus Kruger (1922) may prove to be the same as this genus, but the question cannot be settled without examining the genitalia of its genotype, Micromus australis Hagen. According to the original description, australis has narrow wings, with 4 sectors in forewing, but genitalic characters too obscure to be compared with tasmaniae. The only reliable information is that it has a very long and narrow subgenital plate ("lower valve"). Austromicromus tasmaniae (Walker) (Test-figs. 76-79; P1. 9, Fig. 18) Hemerobius tasmania. Walker (1860) 186. Micramus froggatti Banks (1909) 77. Micromus rasrnaniae Tillyard (1916) 307, text-fig. 2. Nesomicromus tasmaniae Kimmins (1958) 242.-Nakahara (1960) 41. Superficially resembles Micromus multipunctatus Matsumura and Pseudomicromus subanticus (Walker). It was originally described from Tasmania, recorded later from New Holland, New Zealand, New Hebrides, etc. I have 5 specimens from Canberra, Australia, kindly sent to me by Dr. E. F. Riek, and also examined a few specimens from New Caledonia.

Text-figs. 75-79. Austromicronzus tasnlaniae (Walker), 3. 75. Apex of abdomen. 78. Anal plate, lateral view. 76. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view. 79. Parameres, lateral view. 77. 10th sternite, dorso-lateral view (above) and dorsal view (below), with the apex of aedeagus figured separately.

Genus Paramicromus Nakahara Paramicromus Nakahara (1917), 137. Nakahara (1956), 190. Phlebiomus Kavas (1923), 23. . Male genitalia: 10th tergite simple, without process or projection. 9th sternite below 10th tergite, forming a subgenital plate. 10th sternite with a pair of very long and curved epimeres ; mid-dorsal process absent. Aedeagus single, long, apical two-thirds bent downward; tripartite at apex, the median part produced into a sharply pointed apical process. Parameres fused basally, distal parts in the shape of two pairs of rods, ventral and dorsal. Several costal crossveins towards the base of forewing connected with each other by small longitudinal veinlets ; Rs with 5 to 7 branches ; M forks very close to the base, far before the origin of the first branch of Rs; M3+4 and Cul narrowly separated. In hindwing these two veins completely separated. Genotype ; Eumicvomus dissimilis Nakahara. Phlebiomus ynnnanus Navas (1923) belongs to this genus, as far as can be judged by venational characters given in the original description. Paramicromus Kriiger (1922) is a homonym. Species examined :

Text-figs. 80-83. Paramicromus dissimilis (Nakahara), 3. 80. Apex of abdomen. 81.lOth sternite, dorsal view, with apical down- curved parts of latero-dorsal processes and aedeagus figured separately. 82. The same, lateral view. 83. Parameres, lateral view.

Paramicromus dissimilis (Nakahara) (Text-figs. 80-83) Eumicromus dissimilis Nakahara (1915) 42. Paramicromus dissimilis Nakahara (1919) 137.-Nakahara (1956), text- fig. 7, pl. 21, fig. 10. A fairly common species in Hokkaido and Honshu of Japan.

Genus Idiomicromus Nakahara Idiomicromus Nakahara (1955), 5. Male genitalic characters unknown. Venationally allied to Paramicromus with several basal crossveins in costal area of forewing being connected by transverse veinlets, but distinguished by M forking after the origin of first branch of Rs in forewing, and by having basal gradate series of crossveins in addition to the usual inner and outer series. Genotype : ldiomicromus kanoi Nakahara. Only a single female (Holotype) of this unique species is known (Formosa).

Genus Megalomina Banks

Megalomina Banks (19C9), 74.-Tillyard (1916) 304. Forewing elongated, acute at apex; costal area narrow at base; humeral crossvein, though recurrent, is small with but few branches ; Rs with 4 branches ; M3+4 well separate from Cul; three series of gradate crossveins; Cul forked close to base, and the base of Cuz well preserved. Hindwing with two gradate series. Genotype : Megalomina acuminara Banks. This genus seems to be very close to, and to be the Australian counterpart of Nusalala Navas. Unfortunately, there is no male specimen available and the genitalic character of the genus cannot be established. Species examined: Megalomina acuminata (Banks) (Pl. 10, Fig. 21) Megalomina acuminata Banks (1909) 78.-Esben-Petersen (1915) 642, pl. 75, fig. 9.-Tillyar-d (1916) 304, text-fig. 8. I?, Brisbane, Australia (H. Hacker), determined and presented to me by Dr. E. F. Riek.

Genus Hemerobius Linnaeus Hemerobius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 1: 549 (1758).-Killington (1937), 2 : 1.-Carpenter (1940), 198. Mucropalpus Rambur (1842), 420. Hemerodomia Navhs (19091, 215. Hagenobius Kriiger (1922), 171. Reuterobius Kruger (1922), 171. Schneiderobius Kruger (1922), 171.

Anal plate of male moderately elongate, more or less bifurcate distally, bearing spinous projections. 9th sternite small, placed below 9th tergite, and not forming subgenital plare. 10th sternite small with little lateral expansion and devoid of epimeres and of ventral projection. Aedeagus paired. Parameres not fused. In female 9th sternite but slightly produced ventrodistally; anal plate and 9th sternite relatively small and rounded. The apex of distal joint of palpi subdivided into apparent 6th joint. Costal area of forewing moderately broad, with humeral crossvein recurrent and branched; 3 branches to Rs; no basal crossvein between branches of Rs: 2 complete series of gradate crossveins, outer series connecting arms of radial and median forks. In hindwing, hf forks far beyond the origin of first branch of Rs; one complete series of gradate crossveins (outer), inner series being incomplete with 1 to 3 crossveins; CUQcompletely atrophied. Genotype : Hemerobius humulinus Linnaeus. Species examined :

Hemerobius humulinus Linnaeus

Hemerobius humrrli~~usLinnaeus (1756) Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 550.- Killington (1937) 1: pl. 13, fig. 3, 22: 5, fig. 70.-Carpenter (1940) 201, fig. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1. Hemerobius humuli Linnaeus (1761) Faun. Suec., 381.-Banks (1905) 32, pl. 5, figs. 37, 38.-Nakahara (1915) 24, text-fig. 2. Hemerobius castanae Fitch (1856) 1st Rep. Ins. N. Y., 9.1. Hemerobius tutatrix Fitch (1855) Ibid. Hemerobius gossypii Ashmead (1895) Ins. Life, 7: 27. Hemerobius algonquirzus Banks (1924) 429. Hernerobius obtuszcs Nakahara (1954) 42, pl. 2, fig. 2. A very extensive series from Europe (England. France, Germany, Switzerland), North America (Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kansas) and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). For male genitalia, see Killington (1937) and Carpenter (1940).

Hemerobius japonicus Nakahara (Text-fig. 84) Hemerobius japonicus Kakahara (1915) 25, text-figs. 3, 4,-Nakahara (1954) 41, pl. 2, fig. 1. Anal plate of male strongly bifurcate, lower arm nearly as long as upper arm; upper arm ends in two short pointed projections: lower arm rounded and slightly dilated at apex. 10th sternite with very small lateral wings. Aedeagus broad at base and suddenly produced into long and very slender projections, the pair widely separated. Parameres with large and somewhat elongated apical dilatations, each ending in a triangular tooth. A very extensive series from Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu).

Hemerobius simulans Walker (Text-fig. 83) Hemerobills simulans Walker (1853) 285.-Killington (1937) 1: pl. 13, fig. 2, 2: 18, fig. 72.-Carpenter (1940) 212, fig. 12, pl. 1, fig. 6. Hemerobius orotypus Tlrallengren (1870) Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 27: 155. Hemerobius nevadensis Banks (1904) 61.-Banks (1905) 35. Hemevobius placidus Banks (1908) 260. Several specimens from England and Sweden, and one from Alaska. Carpenter (1940) fully described male genitalia.

Hemerobius fujimotoi sp. nov. (Text-fig. 86; P1. 11, Fig. 22) Head testaceous yellow, genae and apical joint of palpi fuscous. Antennae testaceous. Thorax with a broad yellowish median vitta. Forewing rather narrow, membrane slightly greyish, in well developed specimens outer and hind marginal areas broadly and uniformly tinged with greylsh brown with a few small pale spaces on the margin. A fuscous spot over crossvein m-cu, and another close by over the point of fork of Cul; inner gradate and post-cubital series of crossveins black, shaded with greyish brown; outer gradates also black but faintly shaded; the rest of venarion testaceous, spotted with fuscous. Basal crossvein r-m slightly out beyond the basal subcostal crossvein. Hindwing membrane almost colorless; venation testaceous, more fuscous in outer gradate area. Anal plate of male deeply furcate, upper arm sharply pointed apically and slightly longer than the lower, which is apically obtuse; 10th sternite very thin, Text-figs. 84-89. Anal plate and 10th sternite of six species of Hemerobius, $. 84. Hemerobius japonicus Nakahara. 85. Hemerobius simulans Walker. 86. Hemerobius fujimotoi sp. nov. 87. Hemerobius shibakawae Nakahara. 88. Hemerobius inicans Olivier. 89. Hemerobirts radialis Nakahara. mid-dorsal part sinuously bent posteriorly. Processes of aedeagus arise widely apart, long and slender, very markedly bowed out. Stem of parameres thin but dilated into very large apical bowl armed with triangular tooth. Length of forewing, 8 mm., width 3 mm.; of hindwing, 6.5 mm. Holotype, allotopotype and 3 paratopotypes : 23' s and 3 9' s, Mt. Shirouma (2,000-2,500 m.), Shinano Prov., Japan, August 28-29, 1957 (K. Fujimoto). Paratypes: 12, Mt. Akadake of Yatsu range (2,40Om.), Shinano Prov., August 17, 1957 (K. Fujimoto). 13 and 19, Kussharo, Hokkaido, July 17-22, 1958 (K. Fujimoto). 13, Shikaribetsu, Hokkaido, July 25, 1958 (K. Fujimoto). This species very closely resembles simulans, from which it can be separated by the more uniformly colored outer marginal area and much smaller pale spaces on the margin of forewing. Forewing is slightly more narrowed toward apex. In male genitalia, simulans differs in having processes of aedeagus very close together.

Hemerobius nigricornis Nakahara (Text-figs. 90-92)

Hemerobius nigricornis Nakahara (1915) 27. Anal plate of male furcate, upper arm ending in a short spinous projection strongly curved upward; lower arm about half as long as the upper, much more slender and obtuse at apex. 10th sternite with narrow lateral wings, which are as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus very narrow at base, widening laterally toward middle, then abruptly narrowed into slender, pointed process. Parameres rather stout with dilated apical portion, which is rounded with a short tooth. It resembles griceus most closely, but the shape of aedeagus is different. This is a common species in Honshu (Japan).

Text-figs. 90-92. Hemerobius nigricornis Nakahara, 2. 90. Apex of abdomen. 91. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 92. Parameres, lateral view. Text-fig. 93. Hemerobius griseus Nakahara, 5. 10th sternite, dorsal view.

Hemerobius griceus Nakahara (Text-fig. 93) Hemerobius griceus Nakahara (1956) 185, text-fig. 3, pl. 18, fig. 4. Three specimens, Japan (Honshu). Male genitalia fully described and figured (loc, cit.).

Hemerobius atrifrons RlcLachlan (Text-fig. 97)

Hemerobius atrifrons McLachlan (1868) Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 184.-Killington (1937) 2 : 32, 1: pl. 14, fig. 2. Reriterobius atrifrons Kriiger (1922) 171.

Many specimens from England, Germany, and Switzerland. Four specimens from Hokkaido, Japan. 23's and 19, Kamikawa, July 24, 1958 (I. Tateyama), 19, Esashi, Kitami, August 2, 1938 (I. Tateyama). The specific identity of the Japan- ese specimens was established by a comparison of male genitalia with European specimens. Anal plate of male of the usual furcate type, dorsal and ventral arms about of equal length, the former pointed and the latter obtuse at apex. The bridge of 10th sternite produced posteriorly into a short projection. Processes of aedeagus widely separate, of the usual structure. Parameres rather thin, apically dilated and bipartite. Killington's (1937) description of male genitalia refer only to anal plate, giving no figure.

Hemerobius pini Stephens Hemerobius pini Stephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent., 6: 111.-Killington (1937) 2: 37, fig. 74. Hemerobius fasciatus Stephens (1836) Ibid., 108. Reuterobius pini Kriiger (1922) 171. Several specimens from England, France, Sweden and Germany. Male genitalia described by Killington (1937).

Hemerobius stigma Stephens (Text-fig. 94)

Hemerobius stigma Stephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent. 6: 112.-Killington (1937) 2 : 25, fig. 73, 1 : pl. 15, fig. 3. Hemerobius irroratus Stephens (1836) Ibid., 111. Hemevobius sfrigosus Zetterstedt (1840) Ins. Lappon., 1049. Hemerobius limbatellus Zetterstedt (1840) Ibid., 1050.- Wallengren Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., 9: 43. Hemerobius limba?us n'esmael (1911) Bull. l'Acd. Brux., 82: 217. Hemevobius buyssoni Xavas (1909) 217.

A series from England, Sweden, and Spain. Anal plate of male bifurcate, upper arm ending in a pointed apex which is slightly curved inward; lower arm slightly shorter, finger-like, and obtusely rounded apically. 10th sternite with short, slender median process on dorsoposterior margin, extending between the processes of aedeagus, which are very close together. Aedeagus broad basally, slender distally, and ending in a sharp point. Parameres thin in basal two-thirds, markedly dilated distally and ends in two large, sharply pointed triangular processes.

Hemerobius tateyamai sp. nov. (Text-fig. 95; P1. 11, Fig. 23) Body fulvous brown, practically unmarked except for fuscous genae and brownish sides of the thorax above. Forewing membrane distinctly fulvous, with irrugularly oblong colorless space on outer side of inner gradate series, and a smaller space over M1+2 on inner side; in discal area the fulvous ground color is broken up by scattered colorless spots; a darker cloud over outer gradates, and a distinct dark spot over crossvein m-cu. Venation totally fulvous with darker inner gradates. Basal crossvein r-m at about the middle of radial stem. Hindwing membrane very slightly colored with greyish fulvous, more distinctly in costal area; venation

fulvous. # Anal plate of male furcate, upper arm produced into long and pointed apex, which is strongly curved inward and upward; lower arm much shorter, with obtusely rounded apex. 10th sternite with a small median protrusion on dorso- posterior margin, from each side of which arise the process of aedeagus. Aede- agus broadens from base to middle, forming latero-ventral expansion, then abruptly narrows and ends in a sharply pointed apex. Parameres rather stout, basally pointed and distally bifurcate. Length of forewing, 7-8 mm. Holotype, 3, allotopotype, 9, and 71 paratopotypes, 43 g's, and 28 $'s, Mt. Rishiri, Rishiri Island, off the west coast of Kitami, Hokkaido, August 5 and 6, 1958 (Ichiro Tateyama). In general appearance this species seems closest to stigma, but the membrane of forewing is more strongly colored with fulvous and the separation of colorless areas is more definite. Genitalically, it is very close to stign~arerus especially in the strongly curved dorsal arm of anal plate, but aedeagus is quite different in its ventro-lateral expansion not being produced tooth-like. From stigma it differs by upper arm of anal plate being longer and much more strongly curved; aedeagus has larger latero-ventral expansion. I have examined both stigmaterus and stigma genitalically, and have satisfied myself that the above differences are valid. In Carpenter's (1940) figure of stigmaterus upper arm of anal plate is shown to be straight, contrary to his description. Hemerobius striatus Nakahara (Text-fig. 99) Hemerobius striatus Nakahara (1915) 28. Originally described from a single female from Oze, Province of Kozuke, Japan. A black spot between antennae mentioned in the original description must refer to an artefact. " Forewing..., slightly tinged with fulvous brown in marginal area; piceous spots on cubital vein and inner gradate veinlets...form an irregular curved line on posterior border of discal area. " H. contlrmax of Europe shows a similar curved line but far less distinctly. Genitalically closest to contumax but the processes of aedeagus are more close together at base, and distal lobe of parameres more nearly quadrate and less oblong, and apical process is triangular and sharply pointed, instead of being more rod-like as in contumax. Ichiro Tateyama and Iciyoto Fujimoto collected many specimens at various localities in Hokkaido during July, 1958. Hernerobius conturnax Tjeder (Text-fig. 98) Hemerobills limbatellus AlcLachlan, nec Zetterstedt (1899) Ent. Mon. Mag., 35 : 151. Hemerobius contumax Tjeder (1932) Ent. Tidskr., 53: 195.-Killington s (1937) 2 : 44, fig. 75; 1: pl. 14, fig. 3.

Text-figs. 94-99. Anal plate, 10th sternite, and parameres of six species of Hemerobius, 3. 94. Hemerobius stigma Stephens. 95. Hemerobius tateyamai sp. nov. 96. Hemerobius stigmatents Fitch. 97. Hemerobius atrifrons hlclachlan. 98. Hemerobius contumax Tjeder. 99. Hemerobius striatus Nakahara. Anal plate of male as in striatus, but processes of aedeagus widely separate at base and there is no tubercle below on the posterior margin of gonarcus. Super- ficially, the curved piceous fascia of forewing not so prominent as in striatus, and spots on radius far less conspicuous than in radialis. I have specimens from Sweden, determined and sent by Dr. Bo Tjeder, in addition to others from France and Switzerland.

Hemerobius radialis Nakahara (Text-fig. 89) Hemerobius radialis Yakahara (1956) 187, pl. 19, fig. 6. Superficially this species is rather distinctive by the prominent spots on radius at bases of the branches of radial sector in forewing. Anal plate of male furcate into two relatively short and stout arms, upper arm produced into short, up-curved process ending in sharp point. Aedeagus close together at base as in striatus, but there is no tubercle below on posterior margin of gonarcus. Japan (Honshu). I have several specimens in addition to the type.

Hemerobius kobayashii Nakahara Hemerobius kobayashii Nakahara (1956) 186, text-fig. 4, pl. 19, fig. 5. Rather rare. I have several specimens from Hokkaido and Honshu. Male genitalia fully described by Nakahara (1956).

Hemerobius micans Olivier (Text-fig. 88)

Hemerobius micans Olivier (1792) Encyc. Meth., 7 : 67.- Killington (1937) 2: 53, fig. 77, pl. 18, figs. 2, 3. Hemerobius punctatus Stephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent., 6 : 111. Hemerobius pallidus Stephens (1836) Ibid., 112. Mucropalpus fuscinervis Schneider (1845) Stett. net. Zeit., 6: 344. Mucropalpus irroratus Costa (1855) Fann. Kapoli Emerob., 11. Schneiderobius micans Kriiger (1922) 171. There is a long series in my collection from England, Sweden, France, Swit- zerland and Germany. Genitalic description is found in Killington (1937). Hemerobius shibakawae Nakahara (Text-fig. 87) Hemerobius shibakawae Nakahara (1915) 31. Male genitalia much as in micans but differ in anal plate being somewhat broader before the apical bifurcation: processes of aedeagus close together at base but more divergent distally. Superficially, the well developed sagittate markings forming numerous wavy streaks across forewing easily separate this species from nzicans. Decidely uncommon. There are several specimens from Hokkaido and Honshu in my collection.

Hemerobius nitidulus Fabricius Hemerobius nitidulus Fabricius (1779) Gen. Ins., 244.-Killington (1937) 2: 47, fig. 76, pl. 18, fig. 1. Hemerobius ochraceus J\resmael (1841) Bull. 1'Acad. Brux., 8: 217. Hernerobius haematicus NavAs (1908) Broteria, 7 : 23. Schneiderobius nitidulus Kriiger (1922) 171. Many specimens from England, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Male genitalia described by Killington (1937).

Hemerobius harmandinus Navhs (Text-fig. 100) Hemerobius harmandinus NavAs (1910) 395. Hemerobius niridulus Nakahara, nec Fabricius (1915) 32. Hemerobius nakaharinus NavAs (1916) 235. In spite of certain superficial resemblance to nitidulus, harmandinus is peculiar in anal plate of male being very narrow beyond middle, and slightly dilated at apex, which ends in a single small, internally directed tooth. Also, processes of aedeagus are widely separated from each other. A common species in Honshu, occurring also in Hokkaido.

Hemerobius lutescens Fabricius Hemerobius lutescens Fabricius (1793) Ent. Syst., 2: 84.-Killington (1937) 2: 59, fig. 78, pl. 15, fig. 1. Numerous specimens from France, Germany and Sweden. Killington (1937) adequately described male genitalia.

Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch Hemerobius sfigmaterus Fitch (1853) 1st and 2nd Rep. Ins. N. Y., 93.-Carpenter (1940) 202, figs. 1, 3, pl. 1, fig. 2. Hemerobius moesfus Banks (1897) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 24: 25. Hemerobius dyari Currie (1904) Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6: 85. Many specimens from various parts of the United States (Virginia, North Carolina, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona and California).

Hemerobius pacificus Banks Hemerobius pacificus Banks (1897) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 24: 24. -Carpenter (1940) 203, fig. 4, pl. 1, fig. 3. Hemerobius pallescens Currie (1904) Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6: 80. Hemerobius discretus Navas (1917) Mem. Pont. Acad. Rom., ser. 2, 3: 5. Xiany specimens from Arizona, Oregon and California.

Hemerobius alpestris Banks Hemerobius alpestris Banks (1908) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 34: 261. -Carpenter (1940) 207, fig. 8. A single specimen from Arizona (Prof. H. Townes).

Hemerobius conjunctus Fitch Hemerobius conjunctus Fitch (1856) Rep. Ins. N. Y., 94.-Banks (1905) 35.-Carpenter (1940) 209, fig. 10. Hemerobius pinidumus Fitch (1856) Ibid., 95. Hemerobius hyalinatus Fitch (1856) Ibid., 95. Hemerobius citrinus Hagen (1861) 204. Hemerobirts venustus Banks (1897) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 24: 25. Hemerobius canadensis Banks (1897) Ibid., 26. Hemerobius cockereli Banks (1901) Psyche, 9: 286. Hemerobius caudelli Currie (1904) Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6: 87. Hemerobius glacialis Currie (1904) Ibid., 88. Hemerobius kootenayensis Currie (1904) Ibid., 88. A single specimen each from Ontario (Karl Schedle), presented to me by Prof. R. C. Smith, Colorado (Prof. H. Townes) and Arizona (Prof. H. Townes). The Ari- zona specimen was identified as form pinidurnus by Prof. Townes.

Hemerobius nigrans Carpenter

Hemerobius nigrans Carpenter (1940) 207, fig. 7. A single specimen from Colorado, collected and determined by Prof. Townes.

Hemerobius dorsatus Banks Hemerobius dorsatus Banks (1904) 61.-Banks (1905) 34.-Carpenter (1940) 211, fig. 11, pl. 1 fig. 7. A single specimen from Colorado (A. B. Klots), determined by Carpenter and sent to me by Prof. R. C. Smith.

Hemerobius kokaneeanus Currie Hemerobius kokaneeanus Currie (1904) Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6: 85. -Banks (1905) 31.-Carpenter (1940) 206, fig. 6. Hemerobius hesperus Banks (1924) 429. A single specimen from British Columbia, determined by Carpenter, and presented to me by Prof. R. C. Smith.

Hemerobius ovalis Carpenter Henzerobius ovalis Carpenter (1940) 205, fig. 5, pl. 1, fig. 5. A single specimen from Alaska, determined and sent to me by Miss Sophie Parfin. There are in my collection several other specimens which I take to belong to this species from California (L. A. Stange). Male genitalia of the eight Nearctic species enumerated above were described and figured by Carpenter (1940) and there is nothing to add.

Hemerobius blanchardi nom.' nov. (Text-fig. 102; P1. 12, Fig. 24) Megalomus pallidus Blanchard (1861) Hist. Chile, 6 : 126. Schneiderobius pallidus Kriiger (1922) 171. Hemerobius pallidus Navbs (1929) 319. Preoc, by Hemerobius pallidus Stephens (1836).

Text-figs. 100-102. Anal plate, 10th sternite and parameres of three species of Hemerobius, 6. 100. Hemerobius harmandinus Navbs. 101. Hemerobins nairobicus NavQs. 102. Hemerobius blanchardi Nakahara (nom. nov.)

Testaceous brown, with black spot on each cheek ; palpi fuscous, except apical part of last joint. Antennae pale testaceous, slightly darker toward base. Thorax darker toward sides. Legs pale. Forewing subacute at apex; markings like those of humulinus; black spot on Cul at crossvein m-cu, and another spot at first fork of Cui. Hindwing with all crossveins black and membrane about them marked with grey; a small dark area at the margin where 1st anal joins 1st branch of Cul. Anal plate of male elongate, narrowed toward apex, which is rounded and produced dorsally into a small curved tooth. 10th sternite slightly expanded laterally. Processes of aedeagus slender, very close together at base, curved slightly outward and then inward. Parameres but slightly dilated apically, each ending in small curved tooth. Length of forewing, 7 mm. I have numerous specimens from Acassuso, Buenos Aires, Argentina, collected by Senlor H. J. Molinari.

Hemerobius skottsbergi NavAs Hemerobius skottsbergi NavAs (1924) Sat Hist. Juan Fernandez, 5: 125.-Handschin (1955) 13, fig. 13.

Two specimens, both lacking abdomen, Juan Fernandez Island. These were sent to me by Prof. E. Handschin.

Hemerobius nairobicus Navhs (Text-fig. 101) Hemerobius nairobicw NavAs (1910) Broteria, 9 : 78:-Kimmins (1939) 110. A series of specimens from Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, sent to me by Mr. C. N. Smithers. The characteristic dorso-internal tooth of anal plate of male renders this species readily recognizable. Anal plate itself is produced beyond middle into a long and narrow lobe with rounded apex. Processes of aedeagus very long and close together. Hemerobius nemorensis Kimmins Hemerobius nemorensis Kimmins (1952) Entomologist, 189, fig. 10-14. A single female specimen from Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, collected by C. S. Smithers. It agrees well with the original description, except that the dark marking of the anal area at base of forewing is more extensive. A fine quadran- gular spot on crossvein m-cu marks this species well. Also, M forks close to base, far before the origin of 1st branch of Rs. Hemerobius eatoni Morton (Pl. 13, Fig. 26) Hemerobius eatoni Morton (1906) Ent. Son. Mag., 17 : 149.-Savis (1916) 233. Hemerobius cornutus Navhs (1906) 7. fig. 4. Hemerobiris sciopterus Navas (1906) 17, fig 5. Stenolomus cabrerai Navas (1906) 19, fig. 6. Stenolomus scalaris Savis (1906) 20, fig. 7. Is?,lacking abdomen, Arafo, Teneriffe (Herbert Noack). Anal plate and 9th sternite of male are typical of Hemerobius, according to the description and figure of Morton, but the structure of internal genital armature is unknown. Venational characters differ by Rs having 4 or 5 branches in forexving, and by Cu? being preserx-ed in hindwing In view of this last characteristic, which has not been noted either by .\lorton or NavAs, I suspect that adequate examination of male genitalia may reveal a good genus (Stenolomus Navbs).

Genus Brauerobius Kriiger

Anal plate of male large and exceedingly elongated, and apically rounded bearing no spinous projection; internal ventral margin toward apex beset with a large number of denticulate tubercles. Otherwise the genitalic characters as in Heme- robius. In wing venation it differs from Hemerobius by the absence of basal crossvein r-m, and almost constantly by the presence of a cubital series of 3 to 5 crossveins in forewing. Genotype : Hemerobius marginatus Stephens. Kriiger raised this genus based on the absence of basal crossvein r-m, but none of the subsequent authors accepted it. I find that not only is this venational character absolutely constant, but also is paralleled by the peculiarity of anal plate in male, which induce me to recognize it as a valid genus. Another reason for this action is the fact that Hemerobius tristriatus Kuwayama, which looks so strikingly different from marginatrrs superficially, completely agrees with the latter as to the character of anal plate, showing that here is a natural group, though very small, which can be separated from the rest of the genus Hemerobius. Species examined :

Text-fig. 103. B~auerobiusmarginatus (Stephens), 8.Apex of abdomen. Text-figs. 104-106. Brauerobius tristriatus (Kuwayama), 8. 101. Apex of abdomen, with internal view of ventro-apical portion of anal plate shown separately. 105. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 106. Parameres.

Brauerobius marginatus (Stephens) (Text-fig. 103) Hemerobius marginatus Stephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent., 6: 109.-Killin- gton (1937) 2: 64, fig. 79, pl. 15, fig. 2. Hernerobius irregularis Nakahara (1915) 29. Brauerobius marginatus Kriiger (1922) 171. A large number of specimens from Sweden, Germany and Japan (Hokkaido and Northern Xonshu). Male genitalia were described and figured by Killington (1937) but inadequately.

Brauerobius tristriatus (Kuwayama) (Text-figs. 104-108) Hemerobius tristriatlcs Kuwayama (1954) 97, figs. 1, 2. Extraordinarily close to inarginafus genitalically, differing in aedeagus being slightly longer and definitely separated at base. Anal plate is very much alike, but its dorsal margin appears less curved in lateral view. I have many specimens from Japan (Hokkaido and alpine district of Honshu). Hemerobius costalis Carpenter of North America comes under this genus.

Genus Kimminsia Killington Borioinyia (part.) Banks (1905) 36. Kirnminsia Killington (1937) 2 : 254.-Carpenter (1940) 214. Very close to Wesmaelius, distinguished genitalically by the anal plate of male being very elongate, more or less band-like in basal portion, usually with distal process. 9th sternite of female short and rounded. No entirely reliable venational difference from Wesmaelibs, but Rs in forewing usually has only 3 branches, and costal area somewhat narrower. The absence of a crossvein between 1st and 2nd branches of Rs near base in forewing may be synoptically used to separate this genus from Wesnzaelius. Genotype: Hemerobius betulinus Strsm. I do not follow Tjeder (1940) who objects to separating Wesrnaelius and Kimminsia (Boriomyia) on the ground that the morphology of anal plate does not offer sufficiently clear-cut difference. If the two were to be merged, I would point out that the first available name for the genus is Wesrnaelius Kruger, not Boriomyia Banks, since the genotype of Boriomyia (Hemerobius fidelis Banks) must now be placed under another genus. Species examined :

Kimminsia betulina (Str6m) Hemerobius betulinus Str6me (1788) Nye Saml. Kong. Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., 2: 387. Hemerobius nervoslrs Fabricius (1793) Ent. Syst., 2 : 85. Hernerobius nebulosus Stephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent., 6 : 107. HemeroSius conspeisus Eurmeister (1839) Handb. Ent., 2: 974. ~Mucropaipirsdistinctus Rambur (1842) 421. Boriomyia nevvosa Banks (1905) 29. Boriolnyia brtulina Esben-Petersen (1925) Norsk. Ent. Tid., 2: 54. -Killington (1937) 2: 81, figs. 85, 86, pl. 16, fig. 1. Kimminsia betulina Killington (1937) 2: 255. A long series of specimens from England, Sweden, Belgium and Spain. Male genitalia of this and two other European species to follow were adequately described and figured by Killington (1937). ~irnminsiasubnebulosa (S tsphens) Hemerobiris subnebulosus Stephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent., 6: 107. Hemevobius fuscus Stephens (1836) Ibid., 107. Boriomyia subnebulosa Banks (1905) 29.-Killington (1937) 2 : 89, figs. 87, 88, pl. 16, fig. 2. Kimminsia subnebulosa Killington (1937) 2: 255.-Parfin (1956) 204, figs. 7-11, 13, 14.

A large number of specimens from England, France, Germany and Sweden. Parfin's (1956) Nearctic record shows that this is a Holoarctic species.

Kimminsia mortoni (McLachlan) Hemevobius mortoni McLachlan (1899) Ent. Mon. Mag., 35 : 79. Boriomyia mortoni Lucas (1927) Entomologist, 60 : 7.-Killington (1937) 2: 71, figs. 80, 81, pl. 16, fig. 3. Kimminsia mortoni Killington (1937) 2: 255.

18, Sweden, determined and kindly presented to me by Dr. Bo Tjeder.

Kimminsia lateralis (NavAs) Boriomyia lateralis NavAs (1912) 419, fig. 2. Kimminsia lateralis Kakahara (1956) 183, text-fig. 1, pl. 17, fig. 2. 13, Mt. Shirane-Kitadake, Yamanashi Pref., Japan (Y. Kurosawa). This species was originally described from the Amur region. Male genitalia were described and figured by Nakahara (1956), based on the Japanese specimen.

Text-figs. 107-110. Kinzminsla cinerea sp., nov. 3 107. Apex of abdomen, with internal view of the down-curved apex of anal plate figured separately. 108. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 109. The same, latero-posterior view. 110. Parameres, lateral and slightly dorsal view. Kimminsia cinerea sp. nov. (Text-figs. 107-110; P1. 13, Fig. 27)

Face shining black; labrum and palpi fuscous ; antenna greyish testaceous, basal segment marked with fuscous in front. Epicranium sickly testaceous yellow. Thorax the same shade of testaceous yellow above, narrowly black on each side. Legs greyish testaceous. Abdomen blackish. Forewing: Membrane uniformly slightly tinged with grey; dark grey fascia from cubitus to wing margin over crossveins; a dark grey spot over the hindmost crossvein (medio-cubital) of inner gradate series ; indications of several grey spots on outer margin. Venation very pale testaceous, almost whitish, with dark grey spots and short streaks; gradate crossveins mostly blackish, a few pale. Hind- w-ing: very pale grey; venation mainly greyish testaceous; basal radial crossvein present. Male genitalia: Anal plate very long, the narrow terminal part rectangularly bent downward, ending in rounded apex. 10th sternite bears a pair of stout, strongly incurved processes arising from the latero-posterior part of the wing. Aedeagus very short, needle-like, arising from the extremity of the dorsal protrusion of the sternite just above its apex. Parameres relatively slender, turn upon themselves at middle portion where they are fused; upper loop divided into a pair of long obtuse fingers, opened widely, and lower loop into pair of long, sharply pointed processes lying close together. Length of body, 6 mm., of forewing, 9-10 mm. Holotype, 3,and allotopotype, 3, Mt. Takao, near Tokyo, April 24, 1958 (K. Fujimoto). Kimminsia disjuncta (Banks) Hemerobius disjunctus Banks (1897) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 24: 25. Boriom)~iadisjuncta Bznks (1905) 39, pl. 5, fig. 34. Hemerobius frostinus Navas (1933) Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital., 65: 100, fig. 5. Kimminsia disjuncta Carpenter (1940) 216, figs. 14, 15. 16, Utah, determined and sent to me by Miss Sophie Parfin. Male genitalia of this and the following species were fully described by Carpenter (1940).

Kimminsia coloradensis (Banks) Henlerobius coloradensis Banks (1897) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 24 : 25. Boriomyia colovaderzsis Banks (1905) 38, pl. 5, fig. 23. Kimminsia coloradelzsis Carpenter (1940) 217, fig. 16. 13, Wind River Range, Wyoming (identified by Prof. Carpenter) kindly sent to me by Prof. R. C. Smith.

Genus Wesmaelius Kruger Wesnzaelius Kruger (1922), 170.-Killington (1937), 2: 97.-Carpenter Anal plate of male very large, roughly triangular in shape, with lower margin produced inward into a strongly chitinized projection armed with small teeth. 9th sternite situated ventral to 9th tergite, not forming subgenital plate below anal plate. 10th sternite with dilated lateral wings with well developed distal process. Aedeagus single, dimunitive. Parameres fused basally, with upturned dorsal wings. Female with 9th sternite elongate and upturned, bearing no papilliform protuberance. Distal joint of palpi subdivided. Venation similar to Hemerobius, but Rs in forewing normally with 4 branches; there is a crossvein between M1+2 and first branch of Rs and also between first and second branches of Rs near base. M forks nearer base at about the level of the origin of first branch of Rs in hindwing. Genotype : Hemerobius concinnus Stephens. Three species constitute this genus: Wesmaelius concinnus (Stephens) Hemerobius concinnus Stephens (1836) Ill. Brit. Ent., 6: 106. Hemerobius cylindripes Wesmsel (1841) Bull. 1'Acad. Brux., 8: 218. Boriomyia concinna Banks (1505) 29. Wesmaelirts conciiznus Kriiger (1922) 170.-Killington (1937) 2 : 98, fig. 89, pl. 19, fig. 4. Several specimens from England and Sweden. Male genitalia were fully described and figured by Killington (1937).

Text.figs. 111-114. Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus (Reuter), 3. 111. Apex of abdomen, with internal aspect of the apex of anal plate figured separately. 112. 10th sternite, lateral view. 113. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 114. Parameres, dorsal view.

Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus (Reuter) (Text-figs. 111-114) Hemerobius concinnus var. quadrifasciatus Reuter (1894) Acta Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn., 9: 12. Boriomyia ql~adrifasciatusBanks (1905) 29. Hemerobius quadrifasciatus Morton (1901) 163. Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus Kriiger (1922) 170.-Killington (1937) 2 : 104, fig. 90, pl. 19, fig. 5.-Nakahara (1956) 182, pl. 17, fig. 1.

A series of specimens from England, Switzerland, Sweden and Japan (Hokkaido and alpine district of Honshu). I give here figures of male genitalia of Swedish specimen, determined by Dr. Bo Tjeder, in order to supplement the somewhat inadequate description by Killington (1937').

Wesmaelius longifrons (TValker) (PI. 12, Fig. 25)

Hemerobius longifvons Walker (1853) 291. Hemerobius alternatus Fitch (1855) Rep. Ins. N. Y., 93. Hemerobius transversus Banks (1904) 61. Boriomyia longifrons Banks (1905) 37, pl. 5, fig. 33. Wesmaelius longifrons Kruger (1922) 170.-Carpenter (1910) 226, figs. 25, 26. Allotomyia borealis Banks (1935) Psyche, 42: 56.

1 Q, Greenville, Plumas Co., California, July 11, 1959, collected and presented to me by Mr. L. A. Stange. Epicranium, palpi and antennae fulvous; face shining fuscous brown. Wings very broadly oval. Forewing with broad costal area, abruptly broadened at base; 4 or 5 branches to Rs. Wing membrane tinged with brov-nish J-ellow, especially in marginal areas. Venation pale; longitudinal yeins spotted with fuscous, spots corresponding to the faint sagittate markings in discal area; crossveins mostly pale, except basal subcostal crossvein and two between 1st and 2nd branches of Rs (belonging to basal and inner gradates) which are black. Crossveins are not margined and there is therefore no recognizable bands formed of the margination of the crossveins. Length of body, 5mm.; forewing, 6.5 mm., width 3mm.; length of hindwing, 6 mm. It is possible that this specimen may represent a different species, but pending the discovery of the male I prefer to look upon it as an extra small specimen of W. longifrons with greatly reduced wing markings. W, longifrons is widely distributed in Sorth America, extending from Alaska and Canada down to New York, Michigan, Colorado, Washington, nTyoming, Utah, Oregon and Arizona. No California locality has been recorded by Carpenter (1940).

Genus Megalomus Rambur Megalomus Rambur (1842), 418.-Killington (1937), 131.-Carpenter (1940), 239.

Anal plate of male subtriangular with small apical or ventral processes. 9th sternite short, placed below 9th tergite and not forming subgenital plate. 10th sternite with a pair of epimeres; lateral n-ings relativel>- small. iledeagus paired, attached to a solid phallobase, which is in turn attached to dorso-distal part of 10th sternite. Parameres a pair of slender, curved rods imperfectly fused before middle. In the female 9th sternite with papilliform projection. Distal joint of palpi subdivided. Costal area of forewing very broad with recurrent humeral crossvein; Rs with 3-7 branches, the last branch small with one or two accesory branches; two complete series of gradate crossveins. In hindwing Cue present. Genotype : Megalomus tortricoides Rambur. Species examined :

Megalomus tortricoides Rambur (Pl. 14, Fig. 28) Megalomas tortricoides Rambur (1842) 419.-Kimmins (1935) 604, fig. 2. A long series from France and Germany. Male genitalia were fully described and figured by Kimmins (1935).

Megalomus tineoides Rambur iMegalomlrs tirzeoides Rambur (1812) 420.-NavBs (1915) 470, fig. 8. -Kimmlns (1935) 607, fig. 3. A single male from Cercedilla, Prov, de Madrid, Spain (Herbert Noack). Kimn~ins gave good description and figure of male genitalia.

Text-figs. 115-117. Megalomrds moestus Banks, 8. 115. Apex of abdomen. 116. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 117. Parameres, lateral and slightly dorsal view.

Megalomus moestus Banks (Text-figs. 115-117) Megalomus moestus Banks (1895) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 22: 314. -Banks (1905) 43.-Kimmins (1935) 609, fig. 5.-Carpenter (1940) 240, figs. 41, 42, pl. 2, fig. 17. me gal om us latus Banks (1903) Proc. Ent. Soc. N7ash., 5 : 210.-Banks (1905) 43.-Kimmins (1935) 601, fig. 6. Pleomegalomus latus Kriiger (1922) 170. Several specimens from western United States (Colorado, Utah, Arizona and California). Male genitalia were well figured and described by Kimmins (1935) and Carpenter (1940). Kimmins' figures shoxir slight difference between moestus and latrrs, which he deals with as different species, but Carpenter confidently syno- nymizes the two, without referring to Kimmins' paper.

Megalomus kimminsi nom. nov.

Megalomus punctatus Kimmins (1935) 611, preoc. by ~~fegalomus punctatus Matsumura (1907).

A peculiar species from Guatemala, with "anterior wing elongate" and " posterior wing obovate, apex pointed," but the male genitalia are typical of the genus, according to the original description.

Genus Boriomyia Banks

Boriomyia Banks (1904), 209.-Carpenter (1940), 2.13. Allotornyia Banks (1930), 224. Anal plate of male very elongate, without projections or processes. 9th sternite very small, placed strictly ventral to 9th tergite. 10th sternite with broad lateral wings, produced dorso-distally into a pair of pointed processes (epimeres). Aedeagus relatively small, distally furcate, with dimunitive phallobase. Parameres fused basally, with large lateral wings with excised outer margins, and a distinct median lobe of considerable length. 9th sternite of female with papilliform process on each side. Genotype : Hemerobius jidelis Banks. I subscribe to Carpenter's view in regarding this genus to be closely related to Megalomus. No reliable venational difference can be found between the two, but the basally fused and apically bifurcate aedeagus, and parameres with long median lobe at once distinguish Boriomyia. Two species compose this genus at present, both having been described genitallically by Carpenter (1940). I have examined:

Boriomyia fidelis (Banks) (Text-figs. 118-120; PI. 14, Fig. 29)

Hemerobius fidelis Banks (1897) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 24: 27. Boriomyia jidelis Banks (1905) 36.-Carpenter (1940) 244, figs. 45, 46. Allotomyin fidelis Banks (1930) 224. A pair, male and female, from South Carolina and Maryland respectively (Dr. Henry Townes). Text-figs. 118-120. Boriomyia fidelis (Banks). 118. Apex of abdomen. 119. 10th sternite, dorsal view. 120. Parameres, ventral view.

Genus Psychobiella Banks Psychobiella Banks (1909), 79.-Tillyard (1916) 306. Anal plate of male very large and elongated, of simple structure without projection or spine. 9th sternite produced into subgenital plate. Lateral wings of 10th sternite (gonarcus) with a pair of internal lobes. Aedeagus single, exceedingly long and curved downward, supporting a large but very thin membraneous matter suggestive of undeveloped phallolingua. Parameres large, fused in basal two- thirds, apically divided into a pair of wings. A recurrent costal crossvein in forewing. Three branches to Rs; first two arising from a common stem. Outer gradale series very long, extending well into cubital area toward hind margin of the wing. In hindwing there is a complete outer gradate series of crossveins. Genotype : Psychobiella sordida Banks. It is difficult to be sure of the true affinity of this distinctive genus. The presence of what may be undeveloped phallolingua (purely membraneous) may justify placing it near heuronema arid Drepanacra. Species examined :

Psychobiella fusca Till5-ard (Text-figs. 121-123; PI. 15, Fig. 30) Psychobiella firsra Tillyard (1916) 307, pl. 25, fig. 21. The enormous 10th tergite forming a pair of large and elongate anal plates of simple morphology, with no special structural modification; dorsal margin slightly convex in lateral 1-iew; rounded apically. 9th sternite tongue-like in shape, directed ventrally toward apex. 10th sternite of the usual gonarcus form, lateral wings simple but with an oblong internal lobe arising from each side at a little distance below aedeagus. Aedeagus single, exceedingly long and tapering very gradually, Text-figs. 121-123. Psychobiella fusca Tillyard, 3. 121. Apex of abdomen. 122. 10th sternite, lateral view (to left) and dorsal vie~v(to right). 123. Parameres, dorso-lateral view. produced posteriorly for about one-third the length, and then curved ventrally; apex abruptly curved ventrally, and bipartite at the extreme end; dorsal part of aedeagus mediallq- concave along nearly the whole length, trough-like. There is a large but purely membraneous sac-like structure depending from the ventral side of aedeagus, which may be homologous with phallolingua. Parameres large, fused and compressed into a long blade-like basal portion, and distally separated into a pair 01 wings, each of which produced ventrally into a long pointed process. A pair (male and female), Canberra, Australia, collected and determined by Dr. E. F. Riek. These specimens were kindly presented to me by Dr. Riek. Genus Drepanepteryx Leach Drepanepterjx Leach, Brewster's Edinb. Encycl., 9 (1) : 138 (1815). -Burmeister (1808), 2 : 975.-Killington (1937), 2 : 142. Oedobircs Nakahara (1915), 44. Besti.eta Navas (1921), 221. Tenth tergite of the male without projections or processes. Ninth sternite ventral to 10th tergite, forming a subgenital plate. 10th sternite with a pair of long epimeres, lateral wings rather small. Aedeagus single, with very broad base dorsally but without differentiated phalobase. Paraineres of simple structure, slender, fused basally. Ninth sternite of the female bears no papilliform projection. Apical joint of palpi entire. Costal area of forewing very broad, humeral crossvein recurrent and branched, other costal crossveins connected with each other by small longitudinal veinlets forming costal " gradate series"; Rs with 10 or more closely placed and parallel branches directly arising from R; three complete series of gradate crossveins. CLI~well preserved in hindming. Genotype : Hetizerobirrs phalat.ncides Linnaeus. Species examined : Drepanepteryx phalaenoides (Linnaeusj Hetnerubius pi?alaenoi&s Linnaeus (1758) Syst. ?;at., ed. X, 1 : 530. Drepanepteryx phalaenoides Leach (1813) Bre~rster'sEdinb. Encycl. 9: 138.-Killington (1937) 2: 143, figs, 98, 99, pl. 17, fig. 2.-Kuma- yama (1920) 87. pl. 1, figs. 1-7. Megalomus phalaenoides Rambur (1812) 418. Of this well known species I have a series of specimens from Germany, Swit- zerland and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). hlale genitalia were described and figured by Killington (1937).

Text-figs. 124-126. Drepanepteryx punctatus (Matsumura), 2. 124. Apex of abdomen. 123. 10th sternite, dorsal view (TO left) and lateral (to right) view. 126. Parameres, dorsal view.

Drepanepteryx punctatus (Matsumura) (Text-figs. 12.1-126; P1. 16, Fig. 33) A.legalomus purzctatus Matsumura (1907) Konchu Bunrui-gaku, 1 : 171, fig. 199. Oedobius infalcatus Nakahara (1915) 44. Drepanepteryx plrnctatzts Kuwayama (1920) 86, pl. 1, fig. 8. Bestreta iaponica Navas (1924) Mem. Pont. Acad. Sci., 7: 222 (Syn. n.) Forewing narrowed toward apex but not falcate. Some individuals have a very conspicuous fuscous streak along Cul, and another less deeply colored fascia from the apex toward middle of forewing.

Male genitalia : 10th tergite subquadrate, narrowed dorsally; 9th sternite apically rounded, protruding but slightly beyond the apex of 10th tergite. 10th sternite with a pair of long epimeres directed straight backward (not inward as inphalae- noides); lateral wing rather small. Aedeagus very large and flat, much longer than epimeres, subtriangular in dorsal view, tapering into a sharp point apically. Parameres in the form of a pair of slender rods, fused basally; the apical portion of the rod needle-like; a small triangular flap on inner side of the rod a little distance from the apex. Japan (Hokkaido, including Rishiri Island, and Honshu). It seems to be very rare. Mr. Ichiro Tateyama collected five specimens hibernating under the bark of some fallen pine trees in Noremebr, 1959, in Hokkaido.

Genus Drepanacra Tillyard

Drepilnocra Tillyard (1916) 293. Menopteryx Kriiger (1922), 170. Anal plate of male elongate, without process or projection. 9th sternite small, ventral to 9th tergite. 10th sternite slender, without epimeres; aedeagus single, very large. Parameres fused basally, each of the distal lobes very deeply bifurcate, with a pair of peculiar, highly sclerorized rods dorsoanteriorly to parameres. Ven~tionalcharacters essentially similar to those of Drepanepteryx, differing in having no complete series of costal gradate veinlets, much less number of branches to all the principal veins (only 4-6 branches to Rs), and only two complete series of gradate crossveins in forewing. In hindwing, Cuz present; only outer gradate series complete, inner series being represented by a few crossveins. Genotype : Hemerobius binoculus Newman.

Text-figs. 127-129. Drepanacra binocula (Neu-man), 8. 127. Apex of abdomen. 128. 10th sternite, dorsal view (to left) and lateral view (to right). 129. Parameres with associated sclerotized piece, lateral view.

Drepsnacra binocula (Newman) (Text-figs. 127-129 ; P1. 16, Fig. 32) Drepanepteryx binoculus Newman (1838) Ent. Mag., 5: 400. Hemerobius binoculus Walker (1853) 278. Drepanepteryx hunzilis blcLachlan (1866) J. Ent., 2 : 116.-Banks (1909) 78.-Esben-Petersen (1915) 642, pl. 74, fig. 8. Drepanepteryx instabilis McLachlan (1863) J. Ent., 2: 116. Drepanacra h~rn~ilisTillyard (1916) 298, pl. 13, figs. 12-16. Drepanacra instabilis Tillyard (1916) 300, pl. 14, fig. 15. Drepanacra hardyi Tillyard (1916) 301, pl. 14, fig. 16. Drepanacra froggatti Tillyard (1916) 302, pl. 14, fig. 17. ~Wenopreryxl~untuli Kriiger (1922) 170. kfenopteryx iizstabilis Kriiger (1922) 170. Drepanacra binocula Tillyard (1923) 223.

Two specimens of this interesting species from Canberra, .4ustralia, I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. E. F. Riek. Male genitalia: Anal plate oblong, apex directed downward, with no process or projection. 9th sternite small, situated ventral to 9th tergite and not forming subgenital plate. 10th sternite small, with thin and relatively small lateral wings, each of which with a small triangular projection dorsointernally. Aedeagus of a large flatish plate, bifurcate basally, and broadly produced distally, ending in roundishly bilobed apex, the very extremity of which pointed and curved ventrally; middle part of the plate of aedeagus with a row of long spinous setae, arizing from lateral margin on the ventral side. Depending from the ventral surface of aedeagus is a thin membraneous matter, which may represent undeveloped phallolingua. Parameres fused basally, divided slightly beyond middle, and each of the divisions subdivided into sharply pointed external and apically obtuse internal processes. Above and behind parameres is a pair of highly sclerotized rods, deeply pigmented, and provided with numerous, closely set short spines in ventral half. (I am not sure of the nature of this structure, but they are probaly modified parts of parameres, to which they seem to be closely bound 1%-ithmembraneous structure). It would seem that Drepanacra is closer genitalically to Neuronema than to Drepanepteryx.

Genus Neuronema LIcLachlan

Neuronema McLachlan, Ent. Mon. Mag., 6 : 27 (1869).-Kriiger (1922), 170.-Kimmins (1943), 40. Ningltta NavLs (1912), 420.-Nakahara (1915). 45. Kulinga Nav8s (1936), 49. (n. syn.).

Tenth tergite of the male with apical or ventral process in most species or with serrate apical border in others. 9th sternite below the 10th tergite, forming well developed subgenital plate. 10th sternite expanded laterally into large wing, with or without a pair of epimeres. Aedeagus single, hinged to 10th sternite below the dorsal margin. Parameres of complex structure, fused basally, with peculiar upturned lateral wings and often with a pair of long pointed dorsal lobes. In the female the 9th sternite bears a small papilliform projection. The apical joint of palpi entire. Costal area of forewing very broad with recurrent humeral crossvein; costal crossveins usually not connected by small longitudinal veinlets; Rs with 4 to 6 branches from R and a large Rs-rest with several branches; three complete series of gradate crossveins. Cuz preserved in hindwing. Genotype : Hemerobius decisus Walker. Species examined : Neuronema albostigma (Matsumura) (Text-figs. 130-132) Hemerobius albostigma Matsumura (1907) Konchu Bunrui-gaku, 1 : 171. ~2legalo11zusdeltoides Navas (1910) 396. Ninguta deltoides NavBs (1912) 420.-Nakahara (1915) 46. ~Veelrvonemadeltoides Kriiger (1922) 170.-Kimmins (1943) 47, fig. 5. Neuronema albostigma Kuwayama (1954) 99. Genitalic characters are well described and figured by Kimmins (1943). I believe that what he calls " a short curved process with a reflexed membraneous finger" attached beneath the apex of the 10th sternire to be the aedeagus. This is a fairly common species in mountenous districts in the main island of Japan. Of Hokkaido specimens, the only specimen from Sapporo (probable type locality of albostignza Matsumura), determined as Neuronema deitoides by Dr. Ku- wayama, belongs to this species, while other specimens from Aizankei represent a different species described below. The Aizanlrei district was unexplored at the time of Matsumura's description (1907).

Text-figs. 130-132. Neuronema albostigma (Matsumura), 3. 130. Apex of abdomen. 131. Anal plate, internal view. 132. 10th sternite, lateral (above) and dorsal (below) views. Text-figs. 133-134. Neuronema kuwayamai sp. nov. 3. 133. Apex of abdomen. 134. Anal plate, internal view.

Neuronema kuwayamai sp. nov. (Text-figs. 133, 134; PI. 15, Fig. 31) Superficially very much like albostigma Matsumura, but is somewhat smaller and generally paler; the markings of forewing are more patchy. Male genitalia : 10th tergite rather semicircular in lateral view, with ventro- distal part produced into a very short stout projection, turned inward, and ending in two sharply pointed teeth. Epimeres of 10th sternite apically dilated. Parameres fused, separated apically only for a short distance, and the apex more rounded laterally, not ending in sharp point as in albostigma. 9th sternite long, fully twice as long as wide in lateral view. Length of forewing, 10-12 mm. Holotype z, allotopotype Q, and 7 paratopotypes, Aizankei, Hokkaido, July 23, 1957 (Dr. Masami Ogata). Types in my collection. Kimmins (1943) described genitalic characters of 6 species of this genus, viz., decisum (Walker), assamensis Kimmins, albostigma (Matsumura) as deltoides, navhsi Kimmins, irrorata Kimmins, and kwanshiensis Kimmins. N. tjederi Kimmins was described by Tjeder (1936) as deltoides Navhs, under misidentification. N. kuwayamai sp. nov. seems to be closer to navhsi of Formosa than to albostigma, though indisputa- bly different. Kulinga pielina NavAs may be the same as kwanshiensis Kimmins.

ADDENDA

Since writing the above paper two new species turned up from Japan, which are hereby briefly described. Wing photggraphs and genitalic figures are reserved for publication in future. Drepanepteryx fuscatus nov. sp. Superficially very similar to punctalrts (Matsumura), with forewing narrowed but not falcate toward apex. It is a more fuscous and less fulvous insect. Color of the wing membrane distinctly sooty greyish brown. Male genitalia: Anal plate and 9th sternite much as in punelatus, but 10th sternite with very much larger and far more expanded lateral wings; plate of aedeagus much smaller, sharply directed ventrally and produced ventro-distally into slender, pointed apex; epimeres short and needle-like, arising from the dorsal part of gonarcus close to the base of aedeagal plate and directed posteriorly and inward. Parameres much thicker than in punctatus and somewhat dilated toward apex, which is in the form of a strong, curved hook; there is no subtriangular flap on the inner side of parameres. Length of body : 6-7 mm. ; of forewing : 10-11 mm. Holotype, $,and allotopotype, Q : Hikosan, Kyushu, April 9, 1957 (Hiroshi Kuro- ko). Types retained in my collection for further study on loan from the Hiko- san Biological Laboratory, Kyushu University. Hemerobius subfalcatus nov. sp. Forewing distinctly asymmetrical in the outline of distal half in respect to the longitudinal axis of the wing, outer margin being slightly concave below the apex, giving the latter somewhat falcate appenrance; costal area rather uniformly narrow, only slightly widened above origin of first branch of Rs. Membrane tinged with testaceous brown; brownish fascia between 1st and 2nd branches oi Rs, broadened toward wing margin; brownish fascia over out& gradates and one over inner gradates joining from above and from below; a distinct brown fascia over the whole length of 1st anal vein. Outer margin, which is slightly concave, strongly marked with brownish, merging into the distal part of the radial fascia already mentioned. A blackish dot below the first fork of Cul. Male genitalia: Anal plate narrow and elongate, slightly curved downward toward apex, which is obtusely pointed, with a very prominent long process on dorso-inner margin near apex, 10th sternite of the usual form; the processes of aedeagus long and slender, set very close together for their entire lengths, each curved downward toward apex, which 1s sharply pointed. Parameres rather short, very much dilated in apical one-third, producing an exceptinally enlarged apical head, each provided with prominent spine near apex. Length of body: 6 mm. ; of forewing: 8 mm. Holotype, 3, Nukabira. Hokkaido. August 27, 1959 (H. Ono). This specimen was presented to me by Mr. Ichiro Tateyama. The characteristic shape of forewing of this species has no parallel in the entire genus Hrmerobius. Male genitalia somewhat resemble those of H. poppii Esben- Petersen, as described and figured by Tjeder (1936), but in that species processes of aedeagus are very much shorter.

Bibliography

List of literature cited, exclusive of those that have not been seen by the author. Banks, N. (1904) New species of Hernerobilrs. Canad. Ent. 61-63. (1905) A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. SOC.,32: 21-51. -- (1901) New South American Neuropteroid insects. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash- ington, 12: 146-60.

- (1909) Hemerobiidae from Queensland, Australia. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash- ington, 11 : 76- 81. (1913) Synopsis and descriptions of exotic Neuroptera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 39: 201-42. (1920) New Neuropteroid insects. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64: 299-362. (1930) New Neuropteroid insects from the United States. Psyche, 37 : 223-33. (1932) Concerning the genus Notiobiella. Psyche, 39 : 103-06. (1937) Neuropteroid insects from Formosa. Philip. Jour. Sci., 62 : 255-89. -- (1937) Philippine Neuropteroid insects. Phiiip. Jour. Sci., 63: 125-72. (1939) New genera and species of Neuropteroid insects. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 85: 439-504. (1940) Report on certain groups of Neuropteroid insects form Sze- chwan, China. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 88: 173-220. (1947) Some Neuropterous insects from Szechwan, China. Fieldiana- Zool., 31 : 97-107. Brauer, F. (1867) Beschreibung neuer Neuroptera aus dem Museum Godeffroy und Sohn in Hamburg. Verh. k. k. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien, 17 : 505-12. Carpenter, F. M. (1940) A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae and Dilaridae. Proc. Amer. Acad. Art. Sci.. 74: 193-280. Comstock, J. H. (1918). The wings of insects. Ithaca, New York. Esben-Petersen, P. (1912) H. Sauter's Formosa Ausbeute. Neuroptera Planipennia. Ent. Mitteil., 1: 197-98. (1914) Descriptions of a new genus and some new or interesting species of Planipennia. Notes Leyden Mus.. 36: 263-70. (1915) Australian Neuroptera. Part 1. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 39 : 635-45. (1928) Neuroptera. Insects of Samoa, 3: 89-108. -- (1939) Neuroptera from the Marquesas. Marquesan Insects, 3: 13-18. (1939) Neuroptera from the Society Islands. Marquesan Insects, 3 : 137-112. Hagen, H. (1861) Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. Smithonian Inst., Washington. (1866) Hemerobidarum synopsis synonymica. Stett. ent. Zeit., 27: 369-462. - (1886) Monograph of the Hemerobiidae. Part 11. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 23: 276-92. Handschin, E. (1955) Los insectos de las islas Juan Fernandez. Neuroptera. Rev. Chil. Ent., 4: 3-20. Killington, F. J. (1934) On the identity of Hemerobius limbatellus of British authors : with a revised key to the British species of Hemerobius. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1 (1) : 33-38. (1936) A monograph of the British Neuroptera. 2 vols. Ray Soc., Lon- don. Killington, F. J., and Kimmins, D. E. (1932). On the malegenital structure of Psectra diptera Burm., xith some remarks on the wing venation. Ent. Month. Mag., 68 : 153-56. Kimmins, D. E. (1928) New and little known Neuroptera of Central America. Eos, Rev. Espan. Ent., 4: 363-70. -- (1929) Some new and little known Argentine Neuroptera. Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina, 9: 187-92. (1932) Two new Hemerobiidae. Entomologist, 65: 161-62. -- (1935) Some new South African Neuroptera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10 (15) : 561-79. (1935) Notes on the genus Megalomlis Rambur and Nesobiella gen. nov., with descriptions of new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. lO(16): 602-19. (1936) Two new African Hemerobiidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., lO(17) : 153-58. (1937) New species of Nusalala. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., lO(17): 568-76. (1939) Ruwenzori expedition, 1934-5, Ephemeroptera and Neuroptera. 3 : 107-15. (1940) New genera and species of Hemerobiidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11 (6) : 222-36. (1943) New species of the genus Neuronema McL. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11 (10) : 40-53. (1956) A new species of Micromus. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 53: 114-17.

-- - (1958) Miss L. E. Cheesman's expedition to New Hebrides, 1955, Or- ders Odonata, Neuroptera and Trichoptera. Bull. Brit. Mus., Ent., 6: 239-50. - - (1959) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Neuroptera. Ruwenzori Expe- dition. 1952, 2: 63-67. Kriiger, L. (1922). I-Iemerobiidae. Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Neuropteren- Familie der Hemerobiiden. Stett. ent. Zeit., 83: 138-72. Kuwayama, S. (1920) On the genus Drepanepter.~x in Japan (Japanese). Dobu- tsugaku Zasshi, 32 : 85-89. -- (1954) Neuroptera-Planipennia from the Daisetsuzan National Park, Hokkaido, Japan. Insecta Matsumurana, 18 : 94-102. (1956) An annotated list of the Neuroptera Planipennia from Shikoku, Japan. Trans. Shikoku Ent. Soc., 5: 19-32. Matsumura, S. (1907). Iconchu Bunrui-gaku (Systematic Entomology) (Japanese). Vol. 1. Morton, K. J. (1901). Notes on certain Palaearctic species of the genus Hemerobiris: H. inconspicuus, McLach., and H. pellucidus, Walker. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., 12: 222-24. (1906) Notes on certain Palaearctic species of the genus Hemerobius: the Madeira-Canarian species allied to H. humuli, and other species of the same islands. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., 17: 146-48. Nakahara, W. (1915) On the Hemerobiinae of Japan. Annot. Zool. Japon., 9: 11- 48. -- (1919) A revised list of the Japanese Hemerobiidae (Japanese). Konchu Sekai, 23: 135-37. pup (1955) Formosan Neuroptera collected by the late Dr. T. Kano. Kon- tpii, 23: 6-12. -- (1954) Early stages of some Japanese Hemerobiidae, including two new species. Kontyh, 41-46. (1956) New or little known Hemerobiidae from Japan and adjacent ter- ritories. Kontyh, 24: 182-91. (1960) Hemerobiidae from New Caledonia, Bull.. Osaka Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 12: 39-41. Nakahara, W., and Kuwayama, S. (1960) Neuroptera from Thailand. Navhs, L. (1906) Catalogo descriptivo de 10s insectos Neur6pteros de las islas Canarias. Rev. R. Acad. Cien. Exact. Fis. Nat.. Madrid, 4: 5-24. (1909) Neur6pteros de 10s alrededores de Madrid. Rev. R. Acad. Cien. Exact. Fis. Nat. illadrid. 7: 1-11. (1909) Sur deux Hemerobides nouveux. Ann. Soc. scient. Bruxelles, 33 : 1-6. - - --. .- (1910) Hemerobides nouveax du Japon. Rev. Russ. d Ent., 9: 395-98. (1910) Hemerobidos nuevos, con la clave de 10s tribus y generos de la familia. Broteria, ser. zool., 9: 69-90. (1912) Quelques NevroptBres de las Siberie m6ridionale.orientale. Rev. Russ. d'Ent., 12: 414-22. -- (1912) Insecto Neur6pteros nuevos o poco conocidos. Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Art. Barcelona, 10 : 135-202. (1912) Crisopidos y Hemer6bidos nuevos o criticos. Broteria, ser. zool., 10: 98-113. (1913) NevroptBres. Mission 1' Equateur, 10 : 69-77. - - --- (1914) Neur6pteros sudamericanos. Primera seris. Broteria, ser. zool., 12: 215-234. -- (1915) Neur6pteros nuevos o poco conocidos. Sexie. Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Art. Barcelona, 12 : 119-36. (1929) Insectos Neur6pteros del Musee de Hamburgo. Mem. R. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., 15: 315-22. (1935) Insectos de la Argentina. Rev. Acad. Cien. Exact. Fis.-Wuim. Nat. Zaragoza, 16: 87-120. Needham, J. G. (1905) Systematic notes on Hemerobiidae. New York State Mus. Bull. 86: 15-17. (1909) Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Mu- seum. Rec. Ind. Mus.. 3: 185-210. Parfin, S. (1956) Taxonomic notes on Kimminsia. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 58 : 203-209. Perkins, R. C. L. (1899) Neuroptera. Fauna Hawaiiensis, 3: 31-89. Rambur, M. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des insectes. NBvroptBres. Tillyard, R. J. (1916) Studies in Australian Neuroptera. No. 4. The families Ithonidae, Hemerobiidae, Sisyridae, Berothidae, and the new family Tricho- matidae, with a discussion of their characters and relationships, and descriptions of new and little-known genera and species. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 41 : 269-332. (1923) Descriptions of new species and varieties of lacewings (Order Neuroptera Planipennia) from New Zealand, belonging to the families Bero- thidae and Hemerobiidae. Trans. New Zealand Inst.. 54: 217-225. Tjeder, B. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas. Neuroptera. Ark. Zool., 29A : 1-36. (1936) Studies on Psectra diptera Burm. Notul. Ent., 16: 97-101.

- .------(1941) Some remarks on the generic names of the British Neuroptera. Ent. Tidsk., 24-31. -- (1954) Genital structure and terminology in the order Neuroptera. Ent. Medd., 27: 23-40. --- (1955) Two new species of Boriomyia from South Africa. Ann. South African Mus., 41 : 381-85. Walker, F. (1853) List of the specimens of Neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 2. -- (1858) Characters of undescribed Neuroptera in the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., F. R. S., etc. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 2(5): 176-99. Zimmerman, E. C. (1957) Neuroptera. Insects of Hawaii, 6: 1-169. Explanation of Plates

Plate 1. Fig. 1. hTotiobie!la mul!ifurcara Tillyard. (New Caledonia). Fig. 2. Notiobiella viridis Tillyard. (Australia). Plate 2. Fig. 3. Notiobiella rosea Kiinmins. (Ivory Coast, Africa). Fig. 4. Notiobiella ugandensis Kimmins. (Southern Rhodesia). Plate 3. Fig. 5. Psectra dipfera (Burmeister). Ihfassachusetts). Fig. ti. Psectra siarnica Nakahara et Iiucvayama. (Thailand). Fig. 7. Psectra galloisi (Nav6s). (Japan). Plate 4. Fig. 8. Anr~andalia iniqlta (Hagen). (Ceylon). Fig. 9. Carobius subfasciatus Tillyard. (Australia). Plate 5. Fig. 10. Sympherobius dilutus sp. nov. (Japan). Fig. 11. Sympherobius manchuriclts sp. nov. (Manchuria). Plate 6. Fig. 12. Sympherobius smitheri sp. nov. (Southern Rhodesia). Fig. 13. Sympherobius stangei sp. nov. (California). Plate 7. Fig. 14. Sympherobius marrnoratus NavAs (Argentina). Fig. 15. Syrnpherobius molinarii sp. nov. (Argentina). Plate 8. Fig. 16. Nomerobius psychodoides (Blanchard). (Uruguay), Fig. 17. Eumicromus neocaledon!cus Nakahara. (New Caledonia). Plate 9. Fig. 18. Austromicrom~tstasnzaniae (Walker). (Australia). Fig. 19. Afromicronzus capensis (Esben-Petersen). (Southern Rhodesia). Plate 10. Fig. 20. Nesoniicromus vayus Perkins. (Hawaii). Fig 21. Megalomina acuminata Ban!ts. (Australia). Plate 11. Fig. 22. Hemerobius frrjimotoi sp. nov. (Japan). Fig. 23. Hemerobius ta:eya.wai sp. nov. (Japan). Plate 12. Fig. 24. Hemerobius blanchardi nom. nov. (Argentina). Fig. 26. Wesinaelilts longifrons (Walker). (California). Plate 13. Fig. 26. Hemerobius eatoni Morton. (Teneriffe). Fig. 27. Kimminsia cinerea sp. nov. (Japan). Plate 14. Fig. 23. Megalomlts tortricoides Rambur. (France). Fig. 29. Boriomyia /?delis (Banks). (South Carolina). Plate 15. Fig. 30. Psychobiella fusca Tillyard. (Australia). Fig. 31. Neuronema huwayamai sp. nov. (Japan). Plate 16. Fig. 32. Drepanacra binoclrla (Newman). (Australia). Fig. 33. Drepanepteryx punctatus (Matsumura). (Japan). MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960 Plate 1

1. Notiobiella rnultifurcara Tillyard. New Caledonia 2. Notiobiella viridis Tillyard. Australia MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

3. Notiobiella rosea Kimmins. Ivory Coast 4. No/iobiella ugandensis Kimmins. S. Rhodesia MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960 Plate 3

5. Psectra diptera (Rurmeister). Massachusetts 6. Psectra siamica Sakahara et Icuwayama. Thailand 7. Psectra galloisi (NavBs). Japan MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

8. Annandalia iniqua (Hagen). Ceylon 9. Carobi~issubfasciotus Tillyard. Australia MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

10. Sympherobius dilutus sp. nov. Japan 11. Sympherobius manchuricus sp. nov. Manchuria MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

12. Sympheuohius smitheri sp. nov. S. Rhodesia 13. Sympherobius stangei sp. nov. California MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

14. Sympherobius marmoratus Navis. Argentina 15. Sympherobius molinarii sp. nov. Argentina MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

16. Nomerohius psychodoides (Blanchard). Uruguay 17. Eumicromus neocaledonicus Nakahara. New Caledonia MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

18. Austrornicromus tasmaniae (Walker). Australia 19. Afrornicrornus capensis (Esb.-Petersen). Africa MUSHI, Volume11 34, Pars 1, 1960

20. Nesomicromus vagus Perkins. Hawaii 21. Megalomina acuminata Banks. Australia MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

22. Hemerobius fujimotoi sp. nov. Japan 23. Hemerobius tateyamai sp. nov. Japan MUSHI, Volumen 31, Pars 1, 1960

24. Hemerobius blanchardi nom. nov. Argentina 25. Wesmaelius longifrons (Walker). California, U. S. A. MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

26. Hemerobius eatoni Morton. Teneriffe 27. Kimminsia ciflerea sp. nov. Japan MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960

28. Megalomus tov~ricoidesRambur. France 29. Boriomyia fidelis (Banks). S. Carolina, U. S. A. MUSHI, Volumen 31, Pars 1, 1960 Plate 15

30. Psychobiella fusca Tillyard. Canberra, Australia 31 Neuronema kuwayamai sp. nov. Japan MUSHI, Volumen 34, Pars 1, 1960 Plate 16

32. Dreparzacra binocula (?;e~vman). Australia 33. Drepanepferyx puncfafus (Matsumura). Japan Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 1031

Reference Citation: Nakahara, W. 1960 [1960.??.??]. Systematic studies on the Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera). Mushi 34:1-69.

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File: File produced for the Bibliography of the Neuropterida (BotN) component of the Global Lacewing Digital Library (GLDL) Project, 2007.