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University of Chicago's Oriental Institute oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME LXXXV oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME LXXXV A BYZANTINE CHURCH AT KHIRBAT AL-KARAK BY PINHAS DELOUGAZ AND RICHARD C. HAINES with contributions by Carl H. Kraeling and Florence E. Day THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Number: 59-13607 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 37 Cambridge University Press, London, N.W. 1, England The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada © 1960 by The University of Chicago. Published 1960. Com­ posed and printed by THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Plates printed by PHOTOPRESS, INC., Broadview, Illinois oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE CHEOLOGICAL research in the Holy Land had a high priority in the program of the Oriental Institute as envisaged by its founder and first director, the late Professor James Henry Breasted. Consequently, work in Palestine followed soon after the be­ ginning of work in Egypt, and the excavation of the ancient mound of Megiddo "marked the beginning of systematic and detailed field work by the Oriental Institute in Asia."1 While the years between Dr. Breasted's death in 1935 and the second World War brought drastic reduc­ tions in and finally liquidation of most of the other field operations in Western Asia, work at Megiddo continued uninterruptedly from 1925 to 1939. After the war the political changes in Palestine, on the one hand, and the greatly reduced resources of the Institute, on the other, combined to postpone work in the Holy Land. In the winter of 1951/52, however, an oppor­ tunity arose for a season's excavation through compensation paid by the Government of Israel for damage caused during the war to the Institute's expedition house and equipment at Me­ giddo and through the Government's offer to defray two-thirds of the labor cost. Megiddo was naturally the first site to be considered, not only because of the previous work done there by the Institute but also because it is still one of the most important archeological sites in the region of the eastern Mediterranean. Although it is one of the most thoroughly and conscientiously excavated sites in Palestine, its archeological possibilities are by no means exhausted, and further work there is bound to yield new information and fill gaps in our pres­ ent knowledge. It was felt, however, that the limited budget and the small staff available for the new operation, as well as other circumstances, precluded the resumption of work at Megiddo. These considerations and the fact that in recent years the sphere of interest of the Institute has broadened to include the late periods of Near Eastern history led to the decision to undertake a season's limited operation on a different site, preferably one containing remains of the Hellenistic and later periods. Several sites were considered and explored, including the great Hellenistic site of Saffuriyah (Sepporis-Zippori), northwest of Nazareth, where the Uni­ versity of Michigan conducted preliminary excavations in 1931. Finally, the famous site of Khirbat al-Karak was selected. During Dr. Kraeling's visit to Israel in 1951, as well as during the writer's visit in 1949, at­ tention was drawn to this site, where excavations had been conducted both by the Israel Exploration Society and by the Department of Antiquities of the Government of Israel (see p. 2). The Department of Antiquities had indicated that it would welcome the Institute's participation in further exploration of Khirbat al-Karak, which still remained largely un­ explored. The northern end of the mound seemed likely to contain remains of the Hellenistic and later periods. Accordingly, an application was made by the Oriental Institute, which was granted a concession to dig at the north end of the site, between an area previously excavated by the Department of Antiquities on the south and a modern cemetery situated at the north edge (see Pis. 1-2). The Institute staff consisted of two regular members, the writer as field director and photographer throughout the campaign (October, 1952, to July, 1953) and Mr. Richard C. Haines as field architect from November 4, 1952, until March 24, 1953. Mrs. Delougaz joined the staff as a volunteer from October to February. Work began on October 19. Two days later the expedition was joined by Mrs. Miriam Tadmor, of the regular staff of the Department of Antiquities, whom its director, Mr. Shmuel Yeivin, kindly assigned as a 1 See Breasted, The Oriental Institute (Chicago, 1933) pp. 74 ff. v oi.uchicago.edu vi PREFACE field assistant. Mrs. Tadmor helped in supervising the dig and was responsible for the registra­ tion of finds. Professor Kraeling found time to visit the site early in 1953 (January 27 to Feb­ ruary 3) and during his brief stay took active part in the work, especially in copying the mosaic inscriptions in the church. Mrs. Trude Dothan, who joined the expedition for several weeks early in 1953, helped in clearing some of the tombs and made a preliminary examination of the pottery which was left in Jerusalem. Mrs. Elisheva Ballhorn, a resident of Kinnereth who had had some previous archeological experience at Khirbat al-Karak, was kind enough to help the writer during the final stages of the campaign, after the departure of all other mem­ bers of the staff. After Mr. Haines's departure in March, work continued on a reduced scale through April, chiefly in the trench and the tombs west of the mound (see pp. 27-29). Early in May the number of workmen was further reduced, and only a few remained to clear various parts of the buildings for photography and further examination. The final stage of the campaign was devoted to removal of the mosaics from the church and their preparation for shipping and, simultaneously, to a study of the bulk of the pottery which could not be shipped to Chicago. These tasks continued until about the middle of June. The last three weeks were devoted to packing the finds and the equipment. The camp was closed July 7, 1953. During its relatively short stay in Israel, our small expedition incurred debts of gratitude too numerous to be fully acknowledged here. The Government of Israel not only contributed two-thirds of our labor cost but by innumerable considerate and generous acts made our work more effective and more pleasant. His Excellency the President of the State of Israel, Mr. Izhak Ben-Zvi, was kind enough to receive us on various occasions and to take personal in­ terest in the progress of our work, as did the then minister of education, Professor Ben-Zion Di-nur. The director of the Department of Antiquities, Mr. Shmuel Yeivin, and his entire staff gave us all possible help and encouragement. The Administration of the Sick Fund of the Israeli Federation of Labor (Kupath-Holim) most generously put at our disposal, rent- free, the house reserved for its dentists in the village of Kinnereth. The Administration of Oholo, a cultural center of the Federation of Labor in the Jordan Valley, put at our disposal for the duration of the campaign a room in one of the buildings on the site itself and on numer­ ous occasions several rooms at a time to accommodate our staff and visitors. Though food was still scarce and strictly rationed, the Central School of the Jordan Valley Settlements at Daganiyah undertook to feed our whole party in the school's dining room for several weeks before our own supplies reached us. To those mentioned and to many more of our good friends and neighbors in Israel the expedition owes much of its success. At home, Mrs. John Livingood first volunteered to unpack and sort out the antiquities when they reached Chicago and later helped in mounting the plates for the present volume and in compiling the tables facing them. The objects were photographed by Mr. Luin Hough, Mrs. Ursula Schneider, and Mr. Robert H. Hanson. Tables I—II were compiled by Mr. Buford L. Knowles, who also helped in preparing the manuscript. Mrs. Elizabeth B. Hauser, the Editori­ al Secretary of the Oriental Institute, edited the manuscript with her usual care and skill. In preparing this report the writer also enjoyed the assistance and collaboration of several colleagues. The important contributions of Mr. Haines, co-author, who, in addition to prepar­ ing all architectural drawings, undertook to describe the architecture, and of Professor Krae­ ling and Miss Florence E. Day speak for themselves. The help of other specialists is gratefully acknowledged as occasion arises in the report itself. P. DELOUGAZ CHICAGO, ILLINOIS January 1958 oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi INTRODUCTION. P. Delougaz 1 THE EXCAVATIONS 4 The Main Area. Richard C. Haines 4 Post-Church Remains 4 The Western Part of the Area 4 The Arab Building 4 The Church 6 General Description 6 The Southern Entrance 8 The Loggia 8 The Atrium 9 Subsidiary Rooms around the Atrium and South of the Narthex 10 The Narthex 12 Rooms K 10:1 and K 10:2 12 The Domus 12 The Anteroom of the Diaconicon 16 The Diaconicon 17 The Rooms South of the Domus 18 The Growth of the Church 20 Inferences from Comparisons with Other Churches. Carl H. Kraeling .... 22 Pre-Church Remains 25 Miscellaneous Worked Stones and Mosaic Fragments 25 Soundings outside the Church 27 The Trench. P. Delougaz 27 The Tombs West of the Mound. P. Delougaz 28 THE OBJECTS.
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