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INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA) Regional Workshop on ‘’Application of United Nations Framework Classification-2009’ UNFC-2009 Framework Classification Assay of Algeria known uranium resources IAEA, Johannesburg, South Africa, 10 – 14 November 2014. URANIUM IN ALGERIA Identified uranium potentiel & UNFC-2009 Framework Classification Assay KNOWN URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES. UNFC-2009 FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION ASSAY. OUTLOOK DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER IN ALGERIA. Geological map of Africa (BRGM, Edition) DEM map of Algeria Tell & Atlas SAHARAN PLATFORM « Continental Intercalaire » series YETTI-EGLAB Precambrian basement/ Sedimentary cover HOGGAR Precambrian basement / sedimentary cover Geological map of Algeria in North Africa context (Geological background, BRGM 2003,; DEM from SRTM, USGS 2000). HISTORICAL REVIEW OF URANIUM EXPLORATION The uranium exploration in Algeria has known three major distinct stages : 1. Before independence : Prospection – Exploration Uranium mineralization : Timgaouine. 2. Exploration activities by National firm SONAREM ; General Exploration – Detailed Exploration Uranium Deposits : Timgaouine – Abankor – Tinef - Tahaggart. 3. Exploration activities by the Atomic Energy Commissary. Integration to National Nuclear Program ’’Research and development of uranium exploration’’ 1. Before independance (1962) : Prospection – General Exploration in the Hoggar shield BRMA (France) at Timgaouine area (1953 – 1960) CEA (France) at Tesnou El Bema area (1958 – 1960) Uranium Mineralization Timgaouine - Tesnou El Bema 2. Exploration activities by National firm SONAREM. General Exploration – Detailed Exploration (1969 – 1974) DEPOSITS Timgaouine - Abankor - Tinef - Tahaggart 3. Exploration activities by COMENA. Integration to National Nuclear Program (Mai 1981) ‘’Research and Development of uranium exploration’’. TESNOU AREA TIMGAOUINE AREA TIN SERIRINE BASIN AREA URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES IN ALGERIA (geological maps) URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURENCES URANIFEROUS PROVINCES OF HOGGAR Two regional metallogenic circumscribed entities in the Hoggar are described in terms of uranium provinces: Uranium province of Eastern branch of the Pharusian chain (Western Hoggar) Northern District Southern District El Bema – Aït Oklan – Tesnou Timgaouine – Abankor – Tinef Vein deposit Vein deposit Uranium province of Tin Séririne (Central Hoggar) Northern subprovince Southern subprovince Tahaggart Tamarat N’iblis – Timouzeline Unconformity – (Basement/Cover) Sandstone mineralization Aït Oklan - N Eferi Djanet Gour Tin Ben Guen Tahaggart Tinef Abankor Timgaouine Deposits Uranium Mineralization URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES IN HOGGAR SHIELD - SOUTHERN ALGERIA - 7° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tamanrasset Issalane 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 21° 1. Neogene and Quaternary 2. Tertiary and quaternary volcanism 21° 3. Cretaceous; 4. Jurassic; 5. Trias In Azzaoua 6. Carboniferous; 7. Devonian; 8. Silurian 9. Cambrian-Ordovician 10. Intermediate series (Eocambrian) 11. Western Hoggar (Pharusian chain) 12. Middle Hoggar (Polycyclic) 13. Easter Hoggar (Tiririne chain) 14. Anorogenic volcanism of Aïr 15. Faults In Guezzam 16. Uranium deposits and occurrences. A Ï R Bassin de Tim Mersoï Agadès 0 100 200 300 400km 7° Uranium Province of Tin Séririne – Central Hoggar VEIN DEPOSITS TYPE IN PRECAMBRIAN BASEMENT Deposits Uranium Mineralization URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES IN TIMGAOUINE REGION (geological map) Deposits Uranium Mineralization URANIUM OCCURRENCES IN TESNOU REGION - SOUTHERN ALGERIA - (geological map) UNCONFORMITY - RELATED DEPOSITS TYPE IN TIN SERIRINE PALEOZOIC SEDIMENTARY BASIN Deposits Uranium Mineralization URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES IN TIN SERIRINE BASIN REGION - SOUTHERN ALGERIA - (geological map) URANIUM RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL TYPES OF URANIUM DEPOSITS AND PRODUCTION METHODS (IAEA - RED BOOK, 2011.) REASONABLY ASSURED RESOURCES - GEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS TYPES - Ore Tonnage Average content Tonnage metal Deposits (in 1000 tonnes) (%U) (in tonnes uranium) VEINS DEPOSITS TYPES Abankor 3 264 0.290 9 450 Timgaouine 7 442 0.157 11 732 Tinef 374 0.100 374 Daira Sud 1 600 0.120 2 000 TOTAL 12 680 0.187 23 556 UNCONFORMITY – RELATED DEPOSITS TYPES Tahaggart 781 0.215 1 677 TOTAL 13 461 0.201 25 233 REASONABLY ASSURED RESOURCES (TONNES U) GEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS TYPES DEPOSITS TYPES < 40 USD KgU < 80 USD KgU < 130 USD KgU < 260 USD KgU UNCONFORMITY / / 2 000 VEINS / / 24 000 TOTAL / / 26 000 PRODUCTION METHOD – RESOURCES IN SITU METHOD < 40 USD KgU < 80 USD KgU < 130 USD KgU < 260 USD KgU UNSPECIFIED / / / 26 000 Note that choosen prices were retained taking into consideration the remoteness of sites of all infrastructures : road, electricity, urban center, ..... (desert area) KNOWN URANIUM DEPOSITS & OCCURENCES. Timgaouine-Abankor Tahaggart Localization of Timgaouine-Abankor (Western Hoggar) and Tahaggart (Hoggar southern border) uranium deposits (Geological background, BRGM 2003,; DEM from SRTM, USGS 2000).). DATA AND INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DISCOVERED DEPOSITS TIMGAOUINE SPECIFICATION UNIT Total DRILLING 99 holes on a regular mesh : 80x40 m and 80x80 m m 23 500 Radiometric prospection 1:10.000 km2 120 Radiometric exploration 1:500 km2 3 Geological Survey 1:25.000 km2 345 Geological Survey 1:1.000 km2 1.85 2 GEOLOGY Geological Survey 1:5.000 km 0.12 & Geological Survey 1:2.000 km2 2 GEOPHYSICS Underground gallery m 140.3 Mining crosscuts m 99,5 Mining trench m3 500 Prospection wells m 24,5 Exploration wells m 93 m TOPOGRAPHY Topographical Survey 1:1000 km2 1.85 Zones Ore (tonnes) U (%) Metal (tonnes) Central zone (C1) 1 366 000 0.280 3800 North zone (C2) 3 554 000 0.200 7000 South zone (C2) 930 000 0.160 1470 Total (C1+C2) 7 442 000 0.157 11 782 Resources II (C2) 3 500 000 0.046 1600 Resources III (C1) 190 000 0.110 210 Note : Resources have been estimated using a cutoff grade of 0.07% U. Timgaouine deposit : 7 442 000 t at 0,157% U (C1+C2) i.e. 11 782 t U. ABANKOR SPECIFICATION UNIT Total DRILLING 55 holes on a regular mesh : 80x40m m 9878.00 Radiometric prospection 1:10.000 km2 296.00 Radiometric exploration 1:5000 km2 80.00 Geological Survey 1:10.000 km2 35.00 2 GEOLOGY Geological Survey 1:1.000 km 3.20 & Geological Survey 1:500 km2 0.10 GEOPHYSICS Underground gallery m 323.50 Mining trench m3 2400.00 Prospection wells m 42.00 Sampling and analysis U 1668.00 T Topographical Survey 1:10.000 km2 17.00 TOPOGRAPHY Topographical Survey 1:1000 km2 3.20 Topographical Survey 1:500 km2 0.30 Section U (%) Ore (tonnes) Metal resources (tonnes) Section I 0.233 230 660 537.40 Section II 0.443 757 180 3354.30 Section III 0.401 660 960 2650.00 Section IV 0.216 670 400 1448.00 Section V 0.182 381 000 693.40 Section VI 0.277 162 880 451.20 Total 0.290 3 264 000 9 450 Abankor deposit : 3 264 000 t at 0,290% U i.e. 9 450 t U. TAHAGGART SPECIFICATION UNIT AMOUNT Percussion drilling (Atlas-Copco) m 9251.00 DRILLING Core drilling (ZBUD) m 630.00 Radiometric prospection 1:10.000 km2 291.00 Radiometric exploration 1:2.000 km2 1.50 Radiometric exploration 1:200 and km2 1.22 1:400 GEOLOGY Geological Survey 1:2.000 km2 1.71 & Geological Survey 1:1.000 km2 2.70 GEOPHYSICS Gamma core drilling ml 9881.00 Mining trench m3 110.00 Prospection wells 2.20m2 m 15.00 Sampling U 270.00 Topographical Survey 1:1.000 km2 2.70 TOPOGRAPHY Staking km 90.30 Levelling km 66.00 Tahaggart deposit : 781 104 t at 0.215% U, approximately 1677 t U (potential reserves). UNFC-2009 FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION ASSAY OF ALGERIA DISCOVERED RESOURCES. UNFC-2009 FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION ASSAY OF ALGERIA DISCOVERED RESOURCES UNFC-2009 N Deposit/ UNFC-2009 UNFC-2009 Catégories Firm Ore (t) U (%) Observations Region Class Sub-Class E F G Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 1 GEOMIN Development TIMGAOUINE 11 782 0.157 commercial Projet 2 2 1 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 2 GEOMIN Development ABANKOR 9 450 0.290 commercial Projet 2 2 1 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 3 GEOMIN Development TAHAGGART 1677 0.215 commercial Projet 2 2 1 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 4 GEOMIN Development TINEF 3740 0.1 commercial Projet 2 2 3 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 5 GEOMIN Development DAIRA SUD 1600 0.2 commercial Projet 2 2 3 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. TAMART 6 N'IBLIS GEOMIN - Exploration - - - - 3 3 4 TIMOUZELINE SONAREM Project EL BEMA GEOMIN - Exploration 7 3 3 4 - AIT OKLAN SONAREM - - Project - Deposits expertised by MINATOME (France) and URANEZ (Ex. FRG) OUTLOOK DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER IN ALGERIA. Statements of HE the Minister of Energy. 1. International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Power in the 21st Century - Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation 27-29 June 2013. « In this framework, Algeria decided to introduce nuclear power in its energy-mix and plans to build a first nuclear power plant in around 10 years. Preparative actions and gradual implementation of the infrastructure required for the introduction of nuclear power are ongoing and include particularly : Strengthening of national capabilities for training and human resource development for support to nuclear safety and securit; Prospecting for potentiel sites; Adapting the legislative and regulatory framework; Progressive development of a local nuclear industry. » 2. 58th session of the General Conference of the IAEA – Vienna, 22 September 2014. « Algeria wich opted for the use of nuclear energy peaceful purposes, wishes to reaffirm its commitment to the irreplaceable role of IAEA in strengthening national capacity in the nuclear field. » ………….. « My country is closely following the growing interest of countries for the nuclear power option, continues to prepare for the prospect to include this source of energy in its national energy mix, of wich the construction of the first power plant is scheduled for 2027.
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    COMPETENCE TERRITORIALE DES COURS Cour d’Adrar Cour Tribunaux Communes Adrar Adrar - Bouda - Ouled Ahmed Timmi Tsabit - Sebâa- Fenoughil- Temantit- Temest. Timimoun Timimoun - Ouled Said - Ouled Aissa Aougrout - Deldoul - Charouine - Adrar Metarfa - Tinerkouk - Talmine - Ksar kaddour. Bordj Badji Bordj Badj Mokhtar Timiaouine Mokhtar Reggane Reggane - Sali - Zaouiet Kounta - In Zghmir. Aoulef Aoulef - Timekten Akabli - Tit. Cour de Laghouat Cour Tribunaux Communes Laghouat Laghouat-Ksar El Hirane-Mekhareg-Sidi Makhelouf - Hassi Delâa – Hassi R'Mel - - El Assafia - Kheneg. Aïn Madhi Aïn Madhi – Tadjmout - El Houaita - El Ghicha - Oued M'zi - Tadjrouna Laghouat Aflou Aflou - Gueltat Sidi Saâd - Aïn Sidi Ali - Beidha - Brida –Hadj Mechri - Sebgag - Taouiala - Oued Morra – Sidi Bouzid-. Cour de Ghardaïa Cour Tribunaux Communes Ghardaia Ghardaïa-Dhayet Ben Dhahoua- El Atteuf- Bounoura. El Guerrara El Guerrara - Ghardaia Berriane Sans changement Metlili Sans changement El Meniaa Sans changement Cour de Blida Cour Tribunaux Communes Blida Blida - Ouled Yaïch - Chréa - Bouarfa - Béni Mered. Boufarik Boufarik - Soumaa - Bouinan - Chebli - Bougara - Ben Khellil – Ouled Blida Selama - Guerrouaou – Hammam Melouane. El Affroun El Affroun - Mouzaia - Oued El Alleug - Chiffa - Oued Djer – Beni Tamou - Aïn Romana. Larbaa Larbâa - Meftah - Souhane - Djebabra. Cour de Tipaza Cour Tribunaux Communes Tipaza Tipaza - Nador - Sidi Rached - Aïn Tagourait - Menaceur - Sidi Amar. Kolea Koléa - Douaouda - Fouka – Bou Ismaïl - Khemisti – Bou Haroum - Chaïba – Attatba. Hadjout Hadjout - Meurad - Ahmar EL Aïn - Bourkika. Tipaza Cherchell Cherchell - Gouraya - Damous - Larhat - Aghbal - Sidi Ghilès - Messelmoun - Sidi Semaine – Beni Milleuk - Hadjerat Ennous. Cour de Tamenghasset Cour Tribunaux Communes Tamenghasset Tamenghasset - Abalessa - Idlès - Tazrouk - In Amguel - Tin Zaouatine. Tamenghasset In Salah Sans changement In Guezzam In Guezzam.
  • Algeria–Mali Trade: the Normality of Informality

    Algeria–Mali Trade: the Normality of Informality

    Algeria–Mali Trade: The Normality of Informality Sami Bensassi Anne Brockmeyer Mathieu Pellerin Gaël Raballand1 Abstract This paper estimates the volume of informal trade between Algeria and Mali and analyzes its determinants and mechanisms, using a multi-pronged methodology. First, we discuss how subsidy policies and the legal framework create incentives for informal trade across the Sahara. Second, we provide evidence of the importance of informal trade, drawing on satellite images and surveys with informal traders in Mali and Algeria. We estimate that the weekly turnover of informal trade fell from approximately US$ 2 million in 2011 to US$ 0.74 million in 2014, but continues to play a crucial role in the economies of northern Mali and southern Algeria. We also show that official trade statistics are meaningless in this context, as they capture less than 3% of total trade. Profit margins of 20-30% on informal trade contribute to explaining the relative prosperity of northern Mali. Informal trade probably plays a strong role in poverty reduction, especially in Kidal region. Finally, we provide qualitative evidence on informal trade actors and the governance and social impacts of informal trade in North Mali and South Algeria. JEL classification codes: F14, H26, J46. Keywords: informal trade, Algeria, Mali, fuel, customs. 1 The authors would like to thank Mehdi Benyagoub for his help on this study, Olivier François and Laurent Layrol for his work on satellite images, Nancy Benjamin, Thomas Cantens, Mombert Hoppe, Raju Singh and Olivier Walther and the participants of the presentation in the CREAD in Algiers on Jan. 25th 2015 for their comments and Sabra Ledent for editing.
  • Encyclopédie Berbère, 16 | 1995 Djanet 2

    Encyclopédie Berbère, 16 | 1995 Djanet 2

    Encyclopédie berbère 16 | 1995 16 | Djalut – Dougga Djanet M. Gast et M. Hachid Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2171 DOI : 10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2171 ISSN : 2262-7197 Éditeur Peeters Publishers Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 novembre 1995 Pagination : 2379-2390 ISBN : 2-85744-828-7 ISSN : 1015-7344 Référence électronique M. Gast et M. Hachid, « Djanet », Encyclopédie berbère [En ligne], 16 | 1995, document D59, mis en ligne le 01 juin 2011, consulté le 24 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ encyclopedieberbere/2171 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2171 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 24 septembre 2020. © Tous droits réservés Djanet 1 Djanet M. Gast et M. Hachid 1 Ensemble de trois oasis (Adjahil, El-Mihane, Azellouaz), situées de part et d’autre de l’oued Edjéréou (Eğerew), à environ 2 000 Km au sud est d’Alger (par la route) et à 1 200 km à l’est de Ouargla. L’oued qui descend du Tassili en direction du sud vers l’erg Admer porte successivement les noms d’Edjéréou (mer, fleuve très large, en tamâhaq), Eferi et In Debirène ; il est souvent nommé aussi aujourd’hui, oued Djanet. 2 La vallée entre le village d’El Mihane située sur la rive gauche et Adjahil, sur la rive opposée a une largeur qui atteint 750 m et une profondeur d’une centaine de mètres. D’un côté, une falaise de grès presque verticale culmine à 1 200 m, de l’autre, des roches cristallines diverses (granits, rhyolites, schistes cristallins) atteignent la même altitude avec des profils moins raides et plus morcelés.