DOCSLIB.ORG

10-J.Nacer-A.Khaldi-Algeria.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
10-J.Nacer-A.Khaldi-Algeria.Pdf INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA) Regional Workshop on ‘’Application of United Nations Framework Classification-2009’ UNFC-2009 Framework Classification Assay of Algeria known uranium resources IAEA, Johannesburg, South Africa, 10 – 14 November 2014. URANIUM IN ALGERIA Identified uranium potentiel & UNFC-2009 Framework Classification Assay KNOWN URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES. UNFC-2009 FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION ASSAY. OUTLOOK DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER IN ALGERIA. Geological map of Africa (BRGM, Edition) DEM map of Algeria Tell & Atlas SAHARAN PLATFORM « Continental Intercalaire » series YETTI-EGLAB Precambrian basement/ Sedimentary cover HOGGAR Precambrian basement / sedimentary cover Geological map of Algeria in North Africa context (Geological background, BRGM 2003,; DEM from SRTM, USGS 2000). HISTORICAL REVIEW OF URANIUM EXPLORATION The uranium exploration in Algeria has known three major distinct stages : 1. Before independence : Prospection – Exploration Uranium mineralization : Timgaouine. 2. Exploration activities by National firm SONAREM ; General Exploration – Detailed Exploration Uranium Deposits : Timgaouine – Abankor – Tinef - Tahaggart. 3. Exploration activities by the Atomic Energy Commissary. Integration to National Nuclear Program ’’Research and development of uranium exploration’’ 1. Before independance (1962) : Prospection – General Exploration in the Hoggar shield BRMA (France) at Timgaouine area (1953 – 1960) CEA (France) at Tesnou El Bema area (1958 – 1960) Uranium Mineralization Timgaouine - Tesnou El Bema 2. Exploration activities by National firm SONAREM. General Exploration – Detailed Exploration (1969 – 1974) DEPOSITS Timgaouine - Abankor - Tinef - Tahaggart 3. Exploration activities by COMENA. Integration to National Nuclear Program (Mai 1981) ‘’Research and Development of uranium exploration’’. TESNOU AREA TIMGAOUINE AREA TIN SERIRINE BASIN AREA URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES IN ALGERIA (geological maps) URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURENCES URANIFEROUS PROVINCES OF HOGGAR Two regional metallogenic circumscribed entities in the Hoggar are described in terms of uranium provinces: Uranium province of Eastern branch of the Pharusian chain (Western Hoggar) Northern District Southern District El Bema – Aït Oklan – Tesnou Timgaouine – Abankor – Tinef Vein deposit Vein deposit Uranium province of Tin Séririne (Central Hoggar) Northern subprovince Southern subprovince Tahaggart Tamarat N’iblis – Timouzeline Unconformity – (Basement/Cover) Sandstone mineralization Aït Oklan - N Eferi Djanet Gour Tin Ben Guen Tahaggart Tinef Abankor Timgaouine Deposits Uranium Mineralization URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES IN HOGGAR SHIELD - SOUTHERN ALGERIA - 7° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tamanrasset Issalane 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 21° 1. Neogene and Quaternary 2. Tertiary and quaternary volcanism 21° 3. Cretaceous; 4. Jurassic; 5. Trias In Azzaoua 6. Carboniferous; 7. Devonian; 8. Silurian 9. Cambrian-Ordovician 10. Intermediate series (Eocambrian) 11. Western Hoggar (Pharusian chain) 12. Middle Hoggar (Polycyclic) 13. Easter Hoggar (Tiririne chain) 14. Anorogenic volcanism of Aïr 15. Faults In Guezzam 16. Uranium deposits and occurrences. A Ï R Bassin de Tim Mersoï Agadès 0 100 200 300 400km 7° Uranium Province of Tin Séririne – Central Hoggar VEIN DEPOSITS TYPE IN PRECAMBRIAN BASEMENT Deposits Uranium Mineralization URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES IN TIMGAOUINE REGION (geological map) Deposits Uranium Mineralization URANIUM OCCURRENCES IN TESNOU REGION - SOUTHERN ALGERIA - (geological map) UNCONFORMITY - RELATED DEPOSITS TYPE IN TIN SERIRINE PALEOZOIC SEDIMENTARY BASIN Deposits Uranium Mineralization URANIUM DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES IN TIN SERIRINE BASIN REGION - SOUTHERN ALGERIA - (geological map) URANIUM RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL TYPES OF URANIUM DEPOSITS AND PRODUCTION METHODS (IAEA - RED BOOK, 2011.) REASONABLY ASSURED RESOURCES - GEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS TYPES - Ore Tonnage Average content Tonnage metal Deposits (in 1000 tonnes) (%U) (in tonnes uranium) VEINS DEPOSITS TYPES Abankor 3 264 0.290 9 450 Timgaouine 7 442 0.157 11 732 Tinef 374 0.100 374 Daira Sud 1 600 0.120 2 000 TOTAL 12 680 0.187 23 556 UNCONFORMITY – RELATED DEPOSITS TYPES Tahaggart 781 0.215 1 677 TOTAL 13 461 0.201 25 233 REASONABLY ASSURED RESOURCES (TONNES U) GEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS TYPES DEPOSITS TYPES < 40 USD KgU < 80 USD KgU < 130 USD KgU < 260 USD KgU UNCONFORMITY / / 2 000 VEINS / / 24 000 TOTAL / / 26 000 PRODUCTION METHOD – RESOURCES IN SITU METHOD < 40 USD KgU < 80 USD KgU < 130 USD KgU < 260 USD KgU UNSPECIFIED / / / 26 000 Note that choosen prices were retained taking into consideration the remoteness of sites of all infrastructures : road, electricity, urban center, ..... (desert area) KNOWN URANIUM DEPOSITS & OCCURENCES. Timgaouine-Abankor Tahaggart Localization of Timgaouine-Abankor (Western Hoggar) and Tahaggart (Hoggar southern border) uranium deposits (Geological background, BRGM 2003,; DEM from SRTM, USGS 2000).). DATA AND INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DISCOVERED DEPOSITS TIMGAOUINE SPECIFICATION UNIT Total DRILLING 99 holes on a regular mesh : 80x40 m and 80x80 m m 23 500 Radiometric prospection 1:10.000 km2 120 Radiometric exploration 1:500 km2 3 Geological Survey 1:25.000 km2 345 Geological Survey 1:1.000 km2 1.85 2 GEOLOGY Geological Survey 1:5.000 km 0.12 & Geological Survey 1:2.000 km2 2 GEOPHYSICS Underground gallery m 140.3 Mining crosscuts m 99,5 Mining trench m3 500 Prospection wells m 24,5 Exploration wells m 93 m TOPOGRAPHY Topographical Survey 1:1000 km2 1.85 Zones Ore (tonnes) U (%) Metal (tonnes) Central zone (C1) 1 366 000 0.280 3800 North zone (C2) 3 554 000 0.200 7000 South zone (C2) 930 000 0.160 1470 Total (C1+C2) 7 442 000 0.157 11 782 Resources II (C2) 3 500 000 0.046 1600 Resources III (C1) 190 000 0.110 210 Note : Resources have been estimated using a cutoff grade of 0.07% U. Timgaouine deposit : 7 442 000 t at 0,157% U (C1+C2) i.e. 11 782 t U. ABANKOR SPECIFICATION UNIT Total DRILLING 55 holes on a regular mesh : 80x40m m 9878.00 Radiometric prospection 1:10.000 km2 296.00 Radiometric exploration 1:5000 km2 80.00 Geological Survey 1:10.000 km2 35.00 2 GEOLOGY Geological Survey 1:1.000 km 3.20 & Geological Survey 1:500 km2 0.10 GEOPHYSICS Underground gallery m 323.50 Mining trench m3 2400.00 Prospection wells m 42.00 Sampling and analysis U 1668.00 T Topographical Survey 1:10.000 km2 17.00 TOPOGRAPHY Topographical Survey 1:1000 km2 3.20 Topographical Survey 1:500 km2 0.30 Section U (%) Ore (tonnes) Metal resources (tonnes) Section I 0.233 230 660 537.40 Section II 0.443 757 180 3354.30 Section III 0.401 660 960 2650.00 Section IV 0.216 670 400 1448.00 Section V 0.182 381 000 693.40 Section VI 0.277 162 880 451.20 Total 0.290 3 264 000 9 450 Abankor deposit : 3 264 000 t at 0,290% U i.e. 9 450 t U. TAHAGGART SPECIFICATION UNIT AMOUNT Percussion drilling (Atlas-Copco) m 9251.00 DRILLING Core drilling (ZBUD) m 630.00 Radiometric prospection 1:10.000 km2 291.00 Radiometric exploration 1:2.000 km2 1.50 Radiometric exploration 1:200 and km2 1.22 1:400 GEOLOGY Geological Survey 1:2.000 km2 1.71 & Geological Survey 1:1.000 km2 2.70 GEOPHYSICS Gamma core drilling ml 9881.00 Mining trench m3 110.00 Prospection wells 2.20m2 m 15.00 Sampling U 270.00 Topographical Survey 1:1.000 km2 2.70 TOPOGRAPHY Staking km 90.30 Levelling km 66.00 Tahaggart deposit : 781 104 t at 0.215% U, approximately 1677 t U (potential reserves). UNFC-2009 FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION ASSAY OF ALGERIA DISCOVERED RESOURCES. UNFC-2009 FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION ASSAY OF ALGERIA DISCOVERED RESOURCES UNFC-2009 N Deposit/ UNFC-2009 UNFC-2009 Catégories Firm Ore (t) U (%) Observations Region Class Sub-Class E F G Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 1 GEOMIN Development TIMGAOUINE 11 782 0.157 commercial Projet 2 2 1 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 2 GEOMIN Development ABANKOR 9 450 0.290 commercial Projet 2 2 1 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 3 GEOMIN Development TAHAGGART 1677 0.215 commercial Projet 2 2 1 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 4 GEOMIN Development TINEF 3740 0.1 commercial Projet 2 2 3 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. Deposit evaluated at CI Potentially and CII categories in 5 GEOMIN Development DAIRA SUD 1600 0.2 commercial Projet 2 2 3 1974 and Expertised in SONAREM Pending 1980. TAMART 6 N'IBLIS GEOMIN - Exploration - - - - 3 3 4 TIMOUZELINE SONAREM Project EL BEMA GEOMIN - Exploration 7 3 3 4 - AIT OKLAN SONAREM - - Project - Deposits expertised by MINATOME (France) and URANEZ (Ex. FRG) OUTLOOK DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER IN ALGERIA. Statements of HE the Minister of Energy. 1. International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Power in the 21st Century - Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation 27-29 June 2013. « In this framework, Algeria decided to introduce nuclear power in its energy-mix and plans to build a first nuclear power plant in around 10 years. Preparative actions and gradual implementation of the infrastructure required for the introduction of nuclear power are ongoing and include particularly : Strengthening of national capabilities for training and human resource development for support to nuclear safety and securit; Prospecting for potentiel sites; Adapting the legislative and regulatory framework; Progressive development of a local nuclear industry. » 2. 58th session of the General Conference of the IAEA – Vienna, 22 September 2014. « Algeria wich opted for the use of nuclear energy peaceful purposes, wishes to reaffirm its commitment to the irreplaceable role of IAEA in strengthening national capacity in the nuclear field. » ………….. « My country is closely following the growing interest of countries for the nuclear power option, continues to prepare for the prospect to include this source of energy in its national energy mix, of wich the construction of the first power plant is scheduled for 2027.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Algeria–Mali Trade: the Normality of Informality
    101137 DEMOCRACY Public Disclosure Authorized AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ERF 21st ANNUAL CONFERENCE March 20-22, 2015 | Gammarth, Tunisia 2015 Public Disclosure Authorized Algeria–Mali Trade: The Normality of Informality Sami Bensassi, Anne Brockmeyer, Public Disclosure Authorized Matthieu Pellerin and Gael Raballand Public Disclosure Authorized Algeria–Mali Trade: The Normality of Informality Sami Bensassi Anne Brockmeyer Mathieu Pellerin Gaël Raballand1 Abstract This paper estimates the volume of informal trade between Algeria and Mali and analyzes its determinants and mechanisms, using a multi-pronged methodology. First, we discuss how subsidy policies and the legal framework create incentives for informal trade across the Sahara. Second, we provide evidence of the importance of informal trade, drawing on satellite images and surveys with informal traders in Mali and Algeria. We estimate that the weekly turnover of informal trade fell from approximately US$ 2 million in 2011 to US$ 0.74 million in 2014, but continues to play a crucial role in the economies of northern Mali and southern Algeria. Profit margins of 20-30% on informal trade contribute to explaining the relative prosperity of northern Mali. We also show that official trade statistics are meaningless in this context, as they capture less than 3% of total trade. Finally, we provide qualitative evidence on informal trade actors and mechanisms for the most frequently traded products. JEL classification codes: F14, H26, J46. Keywords: informal trade, Algeria, Mali, fuel, customs. 1 The authors would like to thank Mehdi Benyagoub for his help on this study, Laurent Layrol for his work on satellite images, Nancy Benjamin and Olivier Walther for their comments and Sabra Ledent for editing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Conveyor Belt : Trends in Human Trafficking and Smuggling in Post-Revolution Libya
    The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya March 2017 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya Mark Micallef March 2017 Cover image: © Robert Young Pelton © 2017 Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime WMO Building, 2nd Floor 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net Acknowledgments This report was authored by Mark Micallef for the Global Initiative, edited by Tuesday Reitano and Laura Adal. Graphics and layout were prepared by Sharon Wilson at Emerge Creative. Editorial support was provided by Iris Oustinoff. Both the monitoring and the fieldwork supporting this document would not have been possible without a group of Libyan collaborators who we cannot name for their security, but to whom we would like to offer the most profound thanks. The author is also thankful for comments and feedback from MENA researcher Jalal Harchaoui. The research for this report was carried out in collaboration with Migrant Report and made possible with funding provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, and benefitted from synergies with projects undertaken by the Global Initiative in partnership with the Institute for Security Studies and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, the United Nations University, and the UK Department for International Development. About the Author Mark Micallef is an investigative journalist and researcher specialised on human smuggling and trafficking.
    [Show full text]
  • Desert Locust Outbreak SW Libya and SE Algeria January - June 2012
    Desert Locust Outbreak SW Libya and SE Algeria January - June 2012 Desert Locust Information Service, Rome www.fao.org/ag/locusts 1 June 2012 update Desert Locust outbreak in SW Libya: overview In early January 2012, Desert Locust infestations were reported in SW Libya near Ghat. The infestations originated from local breeding that occurred after unusually good rains in early October 2011. As locust hoppers and adults concentrated in early February, the number and density of infestations increased and an outbreak developed, and adult moved into SE Algeria. Egg-laying occurred in March, followed by hatching and hopper band formation in April, and swarm formation in mid-May. The Libyan national locust program’s capacity to carry out routine monitoring and respond to outbreaks was badly weakened by events in 2011. Access to potentially infested areas along both sides of the border by national survey and control teams is severely restricted due to insecurity. Unless conditions remain favourable, swarms that form in the outbreak area during May are expected to invade Mali and Niger in June. October 2011. Unusually good widespread rains that eventually led to a Desert Locust outbreak During the first decade of October, light rains fell in SW Libya on the 1st, 5th and 6th, and again on the 9th while moderate rains fell on the 7th and 8th. Prior to October, light rain had fallen at times in the same area in March, April, May, June and September. However, the October rains were much heavier and more widespread, extending from Tamanrasset in southern Algeria to Waddan in central Libya.
    [Show full text]
  • Desert Locust Outbreak SW Libya and SE Algeria January - May 2012
    Desert Locust Outbreak SW Libya and SE Algeria January - May 2012 Desert Locust Information Service, Rome www.fao.org/ag/locusts 22 May 2012 update Desert Locust outbreak in SW Libya: overview In early January 2012, Desert Locust infestations were reported in SW Libya near Ghat. The infestations originated from local breeding that occurred after unusually good rains in early October 2011. As locust hoppers and adults concentrated in early February, the number and density of infestations increased and an outbreak developed, and adult moved into SE Algeria. Egg-laying occurred in March, followed by hatching and hopper band formation in April, and swarm formation in mid-May. The Libyan national locust program’s capacity to carry out routine monitoring and respond to outbreaks was badly weakened by events in 2011. Access to potentially infested areas along both sides of the border by national survey and control teams is severely restricted due to insecurity. Unless conditions remain favourable, swarms that form in the outbreak area during May are expected to invade Mali and Niger in June. October 2011. Unusually good widespread rains that eventually led to a Desert Locust outbreak During the first decade of October, light rains fell in SW Libya on the 1st, 5th and 6th, and again on the 9th while moderate rains fell on the 7th and 8th. Prior to October, light rain had fallen at times in the same area in March, April, May, June and September. However, the October rains were much heavier and more widespread, extending from Tamanrasset in southern Algeria to Waddan in central Libya.
    [Show full text]
  • Brachytron 13 (1/2)
    The Odonata of the Tassili-n-Ajjer, Algeria Henri J Dumont [email protected] Inleiding The study area: Tassili-n-Ajjer It has been pointed out to me that, in the The Tassili-n-Ajjer (‘plateau of the rivers’) is a framework of my Sahara work, I have dealt with 75,000 km2 sandstone plateau in the centre the Odonata of the Air (Dumont 1978a), the of the Sahara desert, mainly on east Algerian Hoggar mountains (Dumont 1978b), and later territory, but extending in the south-east as the with the Mouydir plateau (Dumont 2007) and Tadrart Acacus into western Libya. The area has the Tibesti and Ounianga (Dumont 2014), but I become world famous as an archaeological site, have never published on the Central Saharan where thousands of rock paintings of Neolithic plateau of Tassili-n-Ajjer. Yet, I visited this area age were found (Lhote 1958). It is well isolated of deeply dissected sandstone on six occasions from the Hoggar that extends to the south-west, between 1978 and 1991, and made observations and more or less contiguous with the Mouydir on the local dragonfly fauna. Here, I present the and Tefedest plateaus in the west. The plateau delayed results of this work. Voucher specimens is deeply dissected by the canyons of a number were collected, in addition to field notes on of oueds (or wadis). Most of these run north, observations made in situ, when no specimens although some shorter ones drain towards the were extirpated from nature. Some locations south. Many of these canyons are so deep that were only visited once, others four or five times permanent water can locally be found on their (see below).
    [Show full text]
  • Patrimoine Matériel Et Immatériel À L'unesco, L'exemple Du Parc Du
    Programme MAB Bourse MAB pour les jeunes scientifiques Rapport final Thème : Patrimoine matériel et immatériel à l’Unesco, l’exemple du parc du Tassili n’Ajjer et du rituel de la Sebeiba de l’oasis de Djanet Par BELARBI Zohir 2016 - 2017 Remerciements Au terme de ce travail, nous tenons à remercier l’ensemble des personnes physiques ou morales qui ont contribué, de près ou de loin, à sa réalisation. En premier lieu, nous pensons au programme MAB qui nous a permis de financer notre terrain d’étude grâce à l’attribution d’une Bourse MAB pour jeunes scientifiques, ainsi qu’au comité MAB-Algérie pour avoir présenté et soutenu notre dossier de candidature. Nos pensées vont également aux autorités algériennes, plus spécifiquement au Ministère de la Culture et à l’Office du Parc du Tassili n’Ajjer pour nous avoir facilité l’accès au site. 2 SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ............................................................................................ 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 4 PRESENTATION, CONTEXTE ET APPROCHE METHODOLOGIQUE ...... 10 LOCALISATION DU CAS DE DOUBLE RECONNAISSANCE EN ALGERIE ................... 10 CONTEXTE ET APPROCHE METHODOLOGIQUE DE L’ETUDE ................................ 14 PRESENTATION DES RESULTATS ........................................................... 15 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 20 3 Introduction La reconnaissance étatique internationale d’un patrimoine commun à l’humanité s’est traduite par la création de la Convention du patrimoine mondial en 1972i, destinée à reconnaître le patrimoine culturel et naturel doté d’une valeur universelle exceptionnelle (VUE)ii et à le protéger des menaces de nos sociétés modernes. Cette convention a marqué une ère nouvelle qui voit l’Unesco s’imposer comme la nouvelle instance de gouvernance du patrimoine culturel à l’échelle planétaireiii.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Officiel Algérie
    N° 47 Mercredi 19 Dhou El Kaada 1434 52ème ANNEE Correspondant au 25 septembre 2013 JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE CONVENTIONS ET ACCORDS INTERNATIONAUX - LOIS ET DECRETS ARRETES, DECISIONS, AVIS, COMMUNICATIONS ET ANNONCES (TRADUCTION FRANÇAISE) DIRECTION ET REDACTION Algérie ETRANGER SECRETARIAT GENERAL Tunisie (Pays autres DU GOUVERNEMENT ABONNEMENT Maroc que le Maghreb) ANNUEL Libye WWW. JORADP. DZ Mauritanie Abonnement et publicité: IMPRIMERIE OFFICIELLE 1 An 1 An Les Vergers, Bir-Mourad Raïs, BP 376 ALGER-GARE Tél : 021.54.35..06 à 09 Edition originale….........….........…… 1070,00 D.A 2675,00 D.A 021.65.64.63 Fax : 021.54.35.12 Edition originale et sa traduction....... 2140,00 D.A 5350,00 D.A C.C.P. 3200-50 ALGER (Frais d'expédition en TELEX : 65 180 IMPOF DZ BADR: 060.300.0007 68/KG sus) ETRANGER: (Compte devises) BADR: 060.320.0600 12 Edition originale, le numéro : 13,50 dinars. Edition originale et sa traduction, le numéro : 27,00 dinars. Numéros des années antérieures : suivant barème. Les tables sont fournies gratuitement aux abonnés. Prière de joindre la dernière bande pour renouvellement, réclamation, et changement d'adresse. Tarif des insertions : 60,00 dinars la ligne JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE N° 47 19 Dhou El Kaada 1434 2 25 septembre 2013 S O M M A I R E DECRETS Décret exécutif n° 13-319 du 10 Dhou El Kaada 1434 correspondant au 16 septembre 2013 portant virement de crédits au sein du budget de fonctionnement du ministère de l'agriculture et du développement rural......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SMUGGLING of MIGRANTS from WEST AFRICA to EUROPE What Is the Nature of the Market?
    4.2. From Africa to Europe: Flow map BM 01.03.09 SPAIN ITALY TURKEY Mediterranean Atlantic Sea Ocean Lampedusa GREECE (ITALY) MALTA CANARY TUNISIA ISLANDS MOROCCO (SPAIN) ALGERIA Western Sahara LIBYA EGYPT MAURITANIA Red Sea MALI SENEGAL SUDAN CHAD THE GAMBIA NIGER GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA BURKINA FASO BENIN SIERRA Flows of irregular migrants TOGO LEONE CÔTE discussed in this chapter D’IVOIRE LIBERIA GHANA NIGERIA 1,000 km SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS FROM Figure 19: Region of origin of irregular WEST AFRICA TO EUROPE migrants detected in Europe Evolution of measured apprehensions at several European countries' borders, 1999-2008 (vertical scales are differents) Migrant smuggling occurs most frequently along the fault 300,000 lines between twoMigrants regions appr ehendedof vastly in Spain different levels of Migrantsdevel- apprehended250,000 in Italy 26,140 Migrants apprehended in Malta at sea border (thousands) (thousands) 23,390and Africans apprehended in Greece opment, such as West Europe and West Africa. Though the (thousands) 20,465 30 Sahara Desert and theStrait Mediterranean of Gibraltar/ Sea pose formidable50 200,000 3 Alborean Sea Canary Islands 20 Malta 17,665 obstacles, thousands of people cross them each year in40 order 2.5 Rest of Italy150,000 10 2 to migrate irregularly. Almost all of those who choose30 to do Sicily* Egyptians 244,495 230,555 in Greece so require assistance, and the act of rendering this assistance 100,000 1.5 212,680 20 Somali 171,235 for gain constitutes the crime of migrant smuggling.40 1 in Greece 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10 Sardinia 50,000 0.5 In recent years, about 9% of irregular migrants detected in 0 Europe came from West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Routes Non Revêtues En Algérie
    REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DES TRAVAUX PUBLICS DIRECTION DES ROUTES LES ROUTES NON REVETUES EN ALGERIE Etabli par : Mademoiselle SEBAA Nacéra Février 2006 1 SOMMAIRE I. INTRODUCTION II. LE RESEAU ROUTIER ALGERIEN - A/ Présentation du Réseau Routier - B/ Répartition du Réseau Routier - C/ Etat du Réseau Routier Revêtu III. PRESENTATION DU RESEAU NON REVETU - A/ Consistance du Réseau Routier Non Revêtu - B/ Etat du Réseau Routier Non Revêtu IV. GENERALITES SUR LES PISTES SAHARIENNES - A/ Définition - B/ Particularité des Pistes Sahariennes - C/ Classification des Pistes Sahariennes • Les Pistes Naturelles • Les Pistes Améliorées • Les Pistes Elaborées V. LE RESEAU DES PISTES SAHARIENNES - A/ Identification des Principales Pistes Sahariennes - B/ Etat des Pistes Sahariennes - C/ Balisage - D/ Trafics Existants VI. CONTEXTE DU SAHARA ALGERIEN - A/ Contexte Climatique - B/ Nature des Sols Rencontrés au Sud - C/ Géotechnique VII. LES DIFFICULTEES DES PISTES SAHARIENNES A/ Les Dégradations • La Tôle Ondulée • Fech Fech • Affleurement Rocheux B/ Les Obstacles • Zones d’Ensablement • Ravinement • Passage d’Oued VIII. NOMENCLATURES DES TACHES D’ENTRETIEN DES PISTES SAHARIENNES - A/ Les Taches Ponctuelles - B/ Les Taches Périodiques à Fréquences Elevée - C/ Les Taches Périodiques à Faibles Fréquence 2 IX. LES DIFFERENTS INTERVENANTS DANS L ‘ENTRETIEN DES PISTES SAHARIENNES EN ALGERIE - A/ Au Niveau de La Central( MTP/DEER) - B/ Au Niveau de la wilaya (DTP/SEER) - C/ Au Niveau Local ( Subdivision Territoriale) X. LA STRATEGIE ADOPTEE PAR LE SECTEUR DES TRAVAUX PUBLICS EN MATIERE DE PISTES SAHARIENNES - A/ L e Congres de BENI ABBES • Introduction • Problématique de l’Entretien des Pistes • Recommandation et politique adoptée - B/Les Nouvelles Actions Entreprise par le Secteur des Travaux Publics 1) Etude de Stratégie et de Planification de l’Entretien du Réseau Non Revêtu du Grand Sud Algérien.
    [Show full text]
  • Bouda - Ouled Ahmed Timmi Tsabit - Sebâa- Fenoughil- Temantit- Temest
    COMPETENCE TERRITORIALE DES COURS Cour d’Adrar Cour Tribunaux Communes Adrar Adrar - Bouda - Ouled Ahmed Timmi Tsabit - Sebâa- Fenoughil- Temantit- Temest. Timimoun Timimoun - Ouled Said - Ouled Aissa Aougrout - Deldoul - Charouine - Adrar Metarfa - Tinerkouk - Talmine - Ksar kaddour. Bordj Badji Bordj Badj Mokhtar Timiaouine Mokhtar Reggane Reggane - Sali - Zaouiet Kounta - In Zghmir. Aoulef Aoulef - Timekten Akabli - Tit. Cour de Laghouat Cour Tribunaux Communes Laghouat Laghouat-Ksar El Hirane-Mekhareg-Sidi Makhelouf - Hassi Delâa – Hassi R'Mel - - El Assafia - Kheneg. Aïn Madhi Aïn Madhi – Tadjmout - El Houaita - El Ghicha - Oued M'zi - Tadjrouna Laghouat Aflou Aflou - Gueltat Sidi Saâd - Aïn Sidi Ali - Beidha - Brida –Hadj Mechri - Sebgag - Taouiala - Oued Morra – Sidi Bouzid-. Cour de Ghardaïa Cour Tribunaux Communes Ghardaia Ghardaïa-Dhayet Ben Dhahoua- El Atteuf- Bounoura. El Guerrara El Guerrara - Ghardaia Berriane Sans changement Metlili Sans changement El Meniaa Sans changement Cour de Blida Cour Tribunaux Communes Blida Blida - Ouled Yaïch - Chréa - Bouarfa - Béni Mered. Boufarik Boufarik - Soumaa - Bouinan - Chebli - Bougara - Ben Khellil – Ouled Blida Selama - Guerrouaou – Hammam Melouane. El Affroun El Affroun - Mouzaia - Oued El Alleug - Chiffa - Oued Djer – Beni Tamou - Aïn Romana. Larbaa Larbâa - Meftah - Souhane - Djebabra. Cour de Tipaza Cour Tribunaux Communes Tipaza Tipaza - Nador - Sidi Rached - Aïn Tagourait - Menaceur - Sidi Amar. Kolea Koléa - Douaouda - Fouka – Bou Ismaïl - Khemisti – Bou Haroum - Chaïba – Attatba. Hadjout Hadjout - Meurad - Ahmar EL Aïn - Bourkika. Tipaza Cherchell Cherchell - Gouraya - Damous - Larhat - Aghbal - Sidi Ghilès - Messelmoun - Sidi Semaine – Beni Milleuk - Hadjerat Ennous. Cour de Tamenghasset Cour Tribunaux Communes Tamenghasset Tamenghasset - Abalessa - Idlès - Tazrouk - In Amguel - Tin Zaouatine. Tamenghasset In Salah Sans changement In Guezzam In Guezzam.
    [Show full text]
  • Algeria–Mali Trade: the Normality of Informality
    Algeria–Mali Trade: The Normality of Informality Sami Bensassi Anne Brockmeyer Mathieu Pellerin Gaël Raballand1 Abstract This paper estimates the volume of informal trade between Algeria and Mali and analyzes its determinants and mechanisms, using a multi-pronged methodology. First, we discuss how subsidy policies and the legal framework create incentives for informal trade across the Sahara. Second, we provide evidence of the importance of informal trade, drawing on satellite images and surveys with informal traders in Mali and Algeria. We estimate that the weekly turnover of informal trade fell from approximately US$ 2 million in 2011 to US$ 0.74 million in 2014, but continues to play a crucial role in the economies of northern Mali and southern Algeria. We also show that official trade statistics are meaningless in this context, as they capture less than 3% of total trade. Profit margins of 20-30% on informal trade contribute to explaining the relative prosperity of northern Mali. Informal trade probably plays a strong role in poverty reduction, especially in Kidal region. Finally, we provide qualitative evidence on informal trade actors and the governance and social impacts of informal trade in North Mali and South Algeria. JEL classification codes: F14, H26, J46. Keywords: informal trade, Algeria, Mali, fuel, customs. 1 The authors would like to thank Mehdi Benyagoub for his help on this study, Olivier François and Laurent Layrol for his work on satellite images, Nancy Benjamin, Thomas Cantens, Mombert Hoppe, Raju Singh and Olivier Walther and the participants of the presentation in the CREAD in Algiers on Jan. 25th 2015 for their comments and Sabra Ledent for editing.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopédie Berbère, 16 | 1995 Djanet 2
    Encyclopédie berbère 16 | 1995 16 | Djalut – Dougga Djanet M. Gast et M. Hachid Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2171 DOI : 10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2171 ISSN : 2262-7197 Éditeur Peeters Publishers Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 novembre 1995 Pagination : 2379-2390 ISBN : 2-85744-828-7 ISSN : 1015-7344 Référence électronique M. Gast et M. Hachid, « Djanet », Encyclopédie berbère [En ligne], 16 | 1995, document D59, mis en ligne le 01 juin 2011, consulté le 24 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ encyclopedieberbere/2171 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2171 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 24 septembre 2020. © Tous droits réservés Djanet 1 Djanet M. Gast et M. Hachid 1 Ensemble de trois oasis (Adjahil, El-Mihane, Azellouaz), situées de part et d’autre de l’oued Edjéréou (Eğerew), à environ 2 000 Km au sud est d’Alger (par la route) et à 1 200 km à l’est de Ouargla. L’oued qui descend du Tassili en direction du sud vers l’erg Admer porte successivement les noms d’Edjéréou (mer, fleuve très large, en tamâhaq), Eferi et In Debirène ; il est souvent nommé aussi aujourd’hui, oued Djanet. 2 La vallée entre le village d’El Mihane située sur la rive gauche et Adjahil, sur la rive opposée a une largeur qui atteint 750 m et une profondeur d’une centaine de mètres. D’un côté, une falaise de grès presque verticale culmine à 1 200 m, de l’autre, des roches cristallines diverses (granits, rhyolites, schistes cristallins) atteignent la même altitude avec des profils moins raides et plus morcelés.
    [Show full text]