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McNair Scholars Journal

Volume 10 | Issue 1 Article 5

2006 Confronting the Concept of : The Legacy of and Contemporary Feminist Organizations Rachel A. Dudley Grand Valley State University

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Recommended Citation Dudley, Rachel A. (2006) "Confronting the Concept of Intersectionality: The Legacy of Audre Lorde and Contemporary Feminist Organizations," McNair Scholars Journal: Vol. 10: Iss. 1, Article 5. Available at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair/vol10/iss1/5

Copyright © 2006 by the authors. McNair Scholars Journal is reproduced electronically by ScholarWorks@GVSU. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/ mcnair?utm_source=scholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fmcnair%2Fvol10%2Fiss1%2F5&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages Confronting the Concept of Intersectionality: The Legacy of Audre Lorde and Contemporary Feminist Organizations

ABSTRACT Introduction Audre Lorde was one of many women Feminist organizations play a pivotal to criticize second wave for role in the survival of the feminist overlooking issues of intersectionality. movement. They are central sites for This paper examines the ways in which creating activism and furthering feminist Lorde introduced intersectionality into praxis (Baumgardner 2005). As such feminist discourse and how feminist they can demonstrate to the researcher organizations embrace this concept today. Five organizations are examined (National how important theoretical concepts, Organization for Women, Grand Valley such as intersectionality, actually State University Women’s Center, Ms. manifest when put into practice. This Foundation, Third Wave Foundation, research defines intersectionality as a and Guerilla Girls) by interviewing tool for analysis, advocacy and policy representatives and/or evaluating websites to development that addresses multiple assess organizational mission, vision, values discriminations and helps us understand and practices. Analyses reveal that all five how different sets of identities impact organizations have specific policy statements access to rights and opportunities.1 addressing intersectionality. This research can This brings us to the question at the conclusively say that intersectionality is at center of this research: have feminist least considered by all of the organizations. organizations confronted the concept Rachel A. Dudley Determining whether or not the current of intersectionality within their work? McNair Scholar intervention strategies are effective for women experiencing overlapping In other words, do they account for the is beyond the scope of this study. The different multidimensionality of women’s lives rhetoric used by each organization to address while fighting for economic, political the intersectional issue, however, suggests and social equality? Furthermore, has that intersectionality is “applied” or put into confronting intersectionality become practice differently by different organizations. a central tenet of feminist organizing? These are the guiding questions of this research because they help to assess whether this particular concept has gone from the margin to the center of the mainstream feminist radar. These questions also bring us closer to an understanding of how concepts deemed important by a small group can become permanently relevant within feminism and by extension within society. Audre Lorde, perhaps better than anyone else, articulated an experience of overlapping oppressions and generated scholarship that helped make feminism pay attention to these issues. She was a self-defined Black, , feminist, mother and poet warrior who refused to live a single-issue life and therefore called for a multi-issued feminist Dennis Malaret, Ph.D. Marshall Battani, Ph.D. movement (Lorde 1984). This research Faculty Mentor Faculty Mentor uses Lorde as a representative voice for

1 This particular definition was taken from the Association for Women’s Rights in Development, Women’s Rights and Economic Change: Intersectionality a Tool for and Economic Justice, by Alison Symington (2004). After synthesizing many definitions of this concept, the above definition seemed to most accu- rately capture the concept as it is meant in this research.

GVSU McNair Scholars Journal VOLUME 10, 2006 37 all women who articulated comparable structural and dynamic (e.g., active) and ‘EMS personnel’ is the purpose of positions (such as Gloria Anzaldua, aspects of multiple discrimination, thus this research. Cherrie Moraga and ) on affecting both theory and practice” Within the historical development of the need within feminism to confront (Morgan 2003 p46). This requires feminism, intersectionality is a concept intersectionality. She is isolated because looking at interactive discriminatory that was deeply examined in the second her life and works help to focus feminist structures that set the grounds for more wave (Kolmer, Bartkowski 2005). The discussion around the complexity of active displays of marginalization. Or as second wave refers to an era of feminism identity thus providing potent examples Crenshaw puts it, “[h]ow discrimination occurring between the early 1960s to of why intersectionality is an important is structured and how it works” the early 80s (Pilcher, Whelehan 2004). feminist issue.2 (Morgan 2003 p46). For example, a It addressed issues like reproductive All of Audre Lorde’s published Black, female, single, welfare-recipient freedom, abortion rights, access to materials are consulted to explore the is crippled by power hierarchies that jobs, equal pay for equal work, and ways in which she conceptualized her privilege the White, male, married, the personal as political. This era of status as an “outsider” and critiqued middle class experience over hers. She feminism was largely seen as a suburban feminism for overlooking intersectional is also vulnerable to specific policies white women’s movement. Women of issues. Additionally, important works that enforce and compound her color–Black, Latina, Native American about Lorde that are written or edited domination. Using the metaphor of and Asian women–were often very by other authors are examined. Next, an intersection is useful in illustrating critical of what has commonly been the research attempts to assess Lorde’s how these different oppressive identity referred to as the “mainstream, White legacy on feminist organizing. The point markers are not mutually exclusive women’s movement” (2004).5 However, is not to theorize an explicit nexus (Morgan 2003). Feminism as a truly women like feminist scholar Benita Roth between current feminist practice and inclusive and libratory movement must would kindly remind us that women Lorde’s influence. Instead, the point is reach the multiply oppressed and learn of color had feminist movements to explore whether or not feminism has from them about the complexity of of their own that were occurring been responsive to critiques about the their circumstances. Crenshaw uses the simultaneously. So it was not as if oversight in intersectional issues and specific example of a traffic intersection women of color were begging entry into to offer an example of someone who to explain the various dimensions of this mainstream movement. They were was among the first to purpose their intersectionality. For example, she says, often participating in their own separate significance in the late 20th century.3 forms of feminism. Still, women of color The following feminist organizations Staying with our metaphor of did feel marginalized by the lack of were examined: National Organization intersections and traffic, it’s crucial to attention paid to issues like race, class, for Women (NOW), Grand Valley understand that the ‘ambulances’ and and within the white State University Women’s Center, Ms. ‘EMS personnel’ necessary to aid the women’s movement. Foundation, Third Wave Foundation, victims of these collisions–constituent One of the most prolific and and Guerilla Girls. There is a specific communities, liberation movements, important women to emerge as a logic to this sample that reflects a desire progressive activists–often don’t reach second wave critic was Audre Lorde. for diverse and esteemed representation the collision victims on time, or at It is important to isolate her from the while also being cognizant of time and all, or may be insufficiently equipped chorus of women of color critics for four resource constraints.4 to make the right diagnosis for full key reasons: 1) Lorde was a figurehead rescue and remedy. for Black ; 2) she left Audre Lorde’s Legacy (Morgan 2003 p. 50) an accessible canon; 3) she explicitly Black feminist scholar, Kimberly celebrated difference; and 4) she was Crenshaw explains intersectionality Whether feminist organizations have marginalized in multiple ways. as, “a means of capturing both the learned to be effective ‘ambulances’

2 Lorde was also selected because her identity markers are similar to those of the researcher and the personal has always served as an interesting and legiti- mate starting point for feminist scholarship. 3 Women like did this work in the 19th century (see Kolmar) 4 The logic of selecting each organization will be further explained later (see section on Methods) 5 It is important to note that the term “women of color” has recently come under scrutiny because it conflates all of these complex identities/histories into one and assumes that women of color belong together just because there is in common. This is a point articulated by Analouise Keating in Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in , Gloria Anzaldua and Audre Lorde (1996). 38 Confronting the Concept of Intersectionality: The Legacy of Audre Lorde and Contemporary Feminist Organizations Audre Lorde was renowned as the time as we recognize our sameness. to my unspoken sisters falling figurehead for black lesbian feminism (Lorde 1984 p. 142) like red drops to the asphalt and by extension it is safe to say I am not satisfied to bleed women of color lesbian feminism. For Lorde argued that women needed to as a quiet symbol for no one’s example, in 1983 when the National bring their whole selves to the movement redemption Coalition of Black Gays wanted to and she believed that difference, diversity why is it our blood include a gay/lesbian speaker at the and should be the lifeblood that keeps these cities fertile? March on Washington for Jobs Peace of the (and for that and Freedom they turned to Audre matter any movement). Lorde’s poetry speaks to what it is Lorde (De Veaux 2004). Her name The final reason for isolating Lorde like to belong to two groups that are and image are inextricably woven with is the extremity of her marginalization. victimized. She is talking about being black lesbian feminism. She was the outsider. She was born in Black and woman. Lorde, however, She also left us with an accessible the 30s to working-class did not really feel like she belonged and profound canon of poetry, an immigrant parents, she was myopic and to any one group entirely. This is autobiography, and prose. As she might considered blind at birth, she was Black, demonstrated, for example in a poem have said herself, she turned the silence woman and lesbian-identified. She made called Between Ourselves (Lorde 1997) surrounding intersectionality into language confronting these intersections a theme where she muses on not belonging to and action and left a rubric of articulate throughout her work. the black community because of her thought for future generations to follow. For instance in the late 70s/early 80s sexual orientation: Within her writings she put forth a there was a rash of brutal rapes and theory of difference. This theory is most murders of –mostly in the Once when I walked into a room clearly articulated in , a Boston area. There were thirteen total my eyes would seek out the one or collection of her essays and speeches. murders in a relatively short period of two black faces Simply put, the theory explains a time. Black males in the community for contact or reassurance or a sign celebration of difference as necessary were framing this as a race issue (De I was not alone for a healthy society. For example, Veaux). Lorde reminded us that people now walking into rooms full of when referring to , , were not only victimized because of black faces , and she says: their race but because of their sex that would destroy me for any as well (De Veaux). In the following difference These forms of human blindness excerpt from Need: A Chorale of Black where shall my eyes look? stem from the same root-an Women’s Voices (Lorde 1997) she Once it was easy to know who were inability to recognize difference as articulates the intersectionality of race my people a dynamic human force, one which and sex in the victim’s experience: is enriching rather than threatening Lorde stood on the fringes of society and to the defined self, when there are Dead Black women haunt the Black was therefore able to see injustices more shared goals. (Lorde 1984 p. 45) maled streets clearly. She also stood on the outskirts paying the cities secret and familiar of the white women’s movement and or later in the same book, different essay: tithe of blood was able to critique it in a way that burn blood beat blood cut blood held it accountable and called it on its You do not have to be me in order seven year old child rape victim broadest and truest ideals - the thinking for us to fight along side each other. blood being (and in her own words), “There is I do not have to be you to recognize blood of a sodimized grandmother no such thing as a single-issue struggle that our wars are the same. What blood because we do not lead single-issue we must do is commit ourselves blood on the hands of my brother lives” (Lorde 1984). to some future that can include blood All of this is a synthesis of the each other and to work toward that and his blood clotting in the teeth review and the second part future with the particular strengths of strangers of the research attempts to look at how of our individual identities. And in as women we were meant to bleed successful women like Lorde were order to do this we must allow each but not this useless blood in re-shaping feminism to include other our differences at the same my blood every month a memorial intersectionality as a central tenet.

GVSU McNair Scholars Journal VOLUME 10, 2006 39 Methods and is likely similar to hundreds of about mission, vision, values and more Performing this research involved feminist organizations across the country. specific questions about programming, establishing criteria for determining These centers are important because services and funding. The intent of every what qualifies as a feminist organization. they help to sustain the movement by question was to prompt the interviewer Feminist scholar ’ definition of providing fodder for young activists to discuss intersectional approaches and feminism was adopted for this project. to grow. Seeing intersectional issues also to see how thoroughly the concept She defines feminism as, “[a] movement confronted here could mean that it is a was integrated (assessing the integration to end sexism, sexist exploitation and concept that emerging student activists of the concept had to do with gauging oppression” (hooks 2000 p1). With this will continue to keep relevant. adherence to the mission, vision and in mind, the research qualifies a feminist The logic of selecting The Ms. values of the organizations). Through organization as one that adheres to all Foundation is that it is a major this method, one phone interview with three dimension of hooks’ definition. endowment source for many smaller the CEO of the Ms. Foundation, Sara This means that, in this research, feminist feminist efforts. It helps to keep Gould, was conducted and one person- organizations are defined as those that feminist movement alive financially. to-person interview with Marlene actively work to eliminate sexism, The importance of addressing Kawalski-Braun, director of Grand sexist exploitation, and oppression. intersectionality will be reflected in terms Valley State University’s Women’s Center Additionally, the organizations of who receives Ms. Foundation monies. was conducted. For the other three examined are all self-avowedly feminist. The logic of selecting The Third Wave organizations, where representatives This method of defining separates Foundation is that it is a multi-issued were not available, website assessments organizations that may simply work social justice organization that mainly were performed. These assessments with women or have “women” in their deals with grooming emerging activists involved reading every available page title from those that are grounded in between the ages of 15-30. As an and link and also doing additional feminist principles. After establishing this organization built on dealing with third Internet research to cross-reference criteria, there was a specific logic to each wave feminist issues, it is an important some of the names and phenomena organization selected.6 group for defining the third wave and mentioned on these websites. Each creating a third wave agenda. The logic analysis took between 3-15 hours of Logic of Sample behind selecting this organization is that website perusal. The logic of selecting The National it allows us to determine whether or The original idea was to interview Organization for Women (NOW) is not confronting intersectionality is an representatives from each organization that it is positioned as one of the oldest organizing principle of the third wave of in the sample. However, this proved and largest feminist organizations in feminism. We can then say that women impossible as some organizations did the country, and this allows it to set the like Lorde were successful in bringing not respond to requests or denied them feminist agenda in many ways. It also this issue into the forefront. entirely.7 As a result, under the council has a history of marginalizing women The logic of selecting The Guerilla of project mentors (Marshall Battani who were not white, straight, and Girls is that they are a group of activists Ph.D. and Dennis Malaret Ph.D.), it was middle-class. Seeing NOW addressing that fight discrimination in the art decided that website evaluations were a intersectional issues is pretty sound world and represent the continuing legitimate way to gauge the integration evidence that the feminist movement has legacy of giving voice to women artists of intersectionality. While connecting been responsive to critiques by women like Audre Lorde. They are also the with a representative helps to determine like Lorde. only organization founded explicitly on internal politics in a way that is The logic of selecting the Grand addressing the intersectional issues of impossible in evaluating websites alone, Valley State University Women’s Center race and gender representation within websites control for interviewer bias (GVWC) is manifold. The GVWC is an the art world. and provide similar information that example of a localized feminist action interview questions attempt to access.8 center and helps to embody the feminist Evaluations ideal of allowing students/community To evaluate these feminist organizations Results members to think globally and act locally. an eleven-question interview was A blanket and uniform approach to It is housed within a mid-sized university designed that asked general questions confronting intersectionality did not

6 Ideas for determining the logic of the research sample came from What Is a Case?: Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry by Ragin and Becker (1992) 7 Some organizations seemed to view me as an agitator or interloper and would not grant an interview. I got the distinct feeling that my lack of cre- dentials was a significant factor in at least one denied interview. 8 See Appendix 2: Website Evaluation Rubric 40 Confronting the Concept of Intersectionality: The Legacy of Audre Lorde and Contemporary Feminist Organizations emerge in this research. Approaches are endorsed presidential hopeful Carol to create an identity hierarchy in terms varied and distinct to the specific aims Moseley Braun in 2000. Also, they of race and sex. She says, of each organizational mission. The encourage and organize direct mass “I never knew what came first, findings lend themselves most readily to action that attempts to protest and Being Woman or Being Black at a qualitative interpretation. otherwise dismantle racism, classism, Birth.” and heterosexism. Lastly, they have Additionally, they attempt to embed National Organization for Women (NOW) policy statements like the one above that diversity into the overall atmosphere NOW’s mission reads as follows: include acknowledgement of multiply of the women’s center. For example, oppressed peoples. library books by authors such as Gloria Since its founding in 1966, NOW’s Anzaldua and bell hooks, art reflecting goal has been to take action Grand Valley State University Women’s a multiracial women’s perspective to bring about equality for all Center (GVWC) and furniture with upholstery from women. NOW works to eliminate GVWC’s mission statement reads as around the world. Lastly, they invite discrimination and harassment in follows: “Creating a Grand Valley State women who represent traditionally the workplace, schools, the justice University community that promotes marginalized groups to an all-expense system, and all other sectors of and supports the present and future paid annual retreat. society; secure abortion, birth success of women students” (Grand control and Valley State University Women’s Center Ms. Foundation for all women; end all forms of 2006). There is also an emphasis on The mission of the Ms. Foundation as ; eradicate the importance of diversity reflected in stated on their website reads as follows: racism, sexism and homophobia; the following excerpt from the GVWC’s and promote equality and justice in values statement (Grand Valley State The Ms. Foundation supports the our society (National Organization University Women’s Center 2006): efforts of women and girls to govern for Women 2006). their own lives and influence the The GVSU Women’s Center strives world around them. Through its In another section of their website to create a place for women to leadership, expertise and financial there is a statement that recognizes achieve their full educational, support, the Foundation champions the interconnectedness of oppressive personal and career potential an equitable society by effecting forces more explicitly and expresses a in a safe and fun environment. change in public consciousness, commitment to combating them. It reads: This begins with recognition of law, philanthropy and social policy the diversity among women (i.e. (Ms. Foundation 2006) NOW is one of the few multi- ethnicity, race, religion, disability, issue progressive organizations sexual orientation, age, and socio- Their beliefs and values speak more in the . NOW economic status) and the need directly to the importance of confronting stands against all oppression, for communication, learning, and multiple oppressions: recognizing that racism, sexism equality among them. and homophobia are interrelated, Our work is guided by our vision that other forms of oppression To this end, the GVWC takes a few of a just and safe world where such as classism and ableism work important actions. They have an power and possibility are not together with these three to keep annual program examining the impact limited by gender, race, class, sexual power and privilege concentrated of class and race on women’s lives. orientation, disability or age. We in the hands of a few. (National They produce and annual unofficial believe that equity and inclusion Organization for Women 2006) publication called “In Our Own Words: are the cornerstones of a true A Journal About Women.” The journal democracy in which the worth and In adherence to the above statement, often deals with the impact of having dignity of every person are valued NOW takes a few important actions. multiple oppressive identity markers. (Ms. Foundation 2006) They do political advocacy of candidates For example, a poem entitled “Say It at the local and national levels who Loud… African-American Woman and In a phone interview with Ms. give attention to intersectional issues Proud” by Harriet Singleton gives voice Foundation President, Sara Gould, in their platform; for example, they to the pressure Black women often feel various methods of exploring

GVSU McNair Scholars Journal VOLUME 10, 2006 41 intersectionality that coincide with young women and transgender Next, they supply grants for young their mission and value statement were youth nationwide, Third Wave women working for racial, economic, explained. She mentioned that internal is building a lasting foundation social, reproductive, gender justice. work on strategic diversity questions for young women’s activism Also, they provide resources, was being conducted in order to make around the countr[y] (Third Wave scholarships and fellowships to the organization more able to embrace Foundation 2006) lesbian/gay and transgender youth difference of all kinds. She also said that of color. They also link all initiatives the organization injected the issue of The Third Wave value statements to broader social justice movements gender into the race, class discussion recognize the necessity for an in an attempt to demonstrate the surrounding Hurricane Katrina. intersectional analysis of feminist interconnected nature of oppression. Additionally the organization started the affairs. For example, one of many Lastly, they promote multi-issue social Katrina Women’s Response, raised over value statements reads “Third Wave justice events for young activists that one million dollars and granted these Foundation’s feminism is explicitly deal with confronting intersectionality. funds in an intersectional way. Gould connected to issues of race, class, gender For example, at the time of print there also mentioned that the guidelines for identity, heterosexism, and other justice was a hip-hop conference that critically various grant-making programs are movements” (Third Wave Foundation analyzed hip-hop and the intersections always compared to the organization’s 2006). The organization takes a few of gender and sexuality. mission, belief and value statements. important actions in adherence to their Lastly the organization attempts to mission and values. The Guerrilla Girls deepen the analysis of how to reach First, they provide a brief biographical The following quote from the Guerrilla women who are marginalized the most. sketch of each founder and each Girl’s website explains how the Guerilla member serving on the board of Girl’s define themselves and their Third Wave Foundation directors. The sketch includes how tactical approach to confronting the An abbreviated version of the Third Wave privilege and oppression may overlap intersections of art, race, and sex: mission statement, as it appears on their in their own lives; thus demonstrating website, recognizes the interconnected the personal impact of the intersectional We’re a bunch of anonymous females nature of gender, race, social and issues at hand and knowledge of the who take the names of dead women economic oppression. It reads as follows: complicated interplay of oppressive artists as pseudonyms and appear forces. For example, the website says, in public wearing gorilla masks. We The Third Wave Foundation is have produced posters, stickers, a feminist, activist foundation Board Member Beth George is a 24 books, printed projects, and actions working nationally to support year-old white lesbian who comes that expose sexism and racism in young women and transgender from a working-class family in politics, the art world, film and youth ages 15 to 30. Through South Carolina. She is currently the culture at large. We use humor financial resources, public at Fenton Communications, a to convey information, provoke education, and relationship national strategic communications discussion, and show that feminists building, Third Wave helps support firm, where she creates can be funny. We wear gorilla masks and strengthen young women, communications strategies for such to focus on the issues rather than transgender youth and their allies human rights and social justice our personalities. Dubbing ourselves working for gender, racial, social, campaign, including women’s the conscience of culture, we declare and economic justice. rights and health care. George ourselves feminist counterparts began her communications career to the mostly male tradition of Third Wave is led by a board by serving as the inaugural Public anonymous do-gooders like Robin of young women, men, and Education Fellow at the American Hood, Batman, and the Lone Ranger. transgender activists striving Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). She Our work has been passed around to combat inequalities that we is a researcher and contributing the world by kindred spirits who ourselves face as a result of writer for the book “Too High A we are proud to have as supporters. our age, gender, race, sexual Price: The Case Against Restricting It has also appeared in The New orientation, economic status, or Gay Parenting” (Third Wave York Times, The Nation, Bitch and level of education. By empowering Foundation 2006) Bust; on TV and radio, including

42 Confronting the Concept of Intersectionality: The Legacy of Audre Lorde and Contemporary Feminist Organizations NPR, the BBC and CBC; and in within feminism. The organizations I Foundation).9 5) Every organization countless art and feminist texts. The examined continue to participate in supports external feminist efforts dealing mystery surrounding our identities this discussion, and they have done with intersectionalty (via funding, co- has attracted attention. We could be work to incorporate more marginalized programming, scholarships, promoting anyone; we are everywhere (Guerilla voices into feminist organizing. All of community events, endorsing of political Girls 2006) the organizations unquestioningly have candidates, housing library books, a complex understanding of structural selling merchandise, etc.). 6) Every In order to confront the intersections of inequalities and how they play out organization has diversity initiatives. race, sex, and art etc., the Guerrilla Girl’s in women’s lives. However, given the 7) Every organization has a structure use several, often humorous, tactics. limitations of this research, it is difficult that allows for the incorporation of They distinguish between themselves to say whether the constituents/ marginalized voices into decision making while in costume by addressing members of these organizations feel (steering committees, all-expense paid one another by codenames. These adequately supported. Future research retreats, leadership positions, collecting codenames represent dead women artists will have to examine the responses feedback on programming/services). (often women of color) and this is done of women who utilize the services of 8) Three out of five organizations to secure these women artists a historical these organizations. This will have to (Grand Valley State University Women’s presence and protect the anonymity of be done in order to accurately gauge Center, Third Wave Foundation, and the actual Guerilla Girls. For example, the success or failure of the policies the Guerilla Girls) were founded after one Guerilla Girl uses the codename and actions these organizations take to women like Audre Lorde called for a Zora Neal Hurston. confront intersectionality. Until then, more intersectional approach to feminist Another tactic for confronting the conclusions must be drawn from practice.10 9) Every organization takes intersectionality is the use of humorous the data. steps to ensure the continuation of posters, billboards, and bus ads that Based on the data collected, every intersectional analysis. often embarrass the people/institutions organization is making some attempt Given the above data, it is still difficult responsible for actively perpetuating through policy and action to address to make a direct connection between racism and sexism. They also send the needs of women dealing with policy statements and supporting letters to offenders within the art/ intersectional inequalities. Though actions; this is especially so for entertainment world who devalue the intersectional approaches may differ organizations where website perusal work of women artists or don’t include from organization to organization, was the only tool of analysis. How do women and men of color in art shows. a commitment to confronting policies translate directly into action? In They send “apologist of the year” awards intersectionality is the common recognizing that racism, homophobia, to women in positions of power within denominator. There is a set of nine classism, ableism, etc. are all linked, the art world who don’t stand for up- discernable similarities that exist what specific actions are taken to and-coming women artists and artists among the organizations. 1) Every confront them all and to properly treat of color. They encourage women to organization has a policy statement that victims? These questions have not been develop additional unconventional acknowledges overlapping oppressions made clear by this research. However, tactics to expose the racism and sexism and vows to act against them. 2) this research can conclusively say that in their own artistic communities/college Every organization takes multiple intersectionality is being confronted by campuses. Lastly, they publish books and varied approaches to confronting the examined feminist organizations. that attempt to re-write art history intersectionality. 3) Every organization These findings suggest a correlative from a less White, male and western has members who personally experience relationship between the work of perspective (Guerilla Girls 1998, 2004). overlapping oppressions serving in Audre Lorde and current attention key leadership positions. 4) Four out to intersectionality in contemporary Discussion/Conclusion of five organizations are multi-issued feminist organizations. It is clear that Audre Lorde helped to (NOW, Grand Valley Women’s Center, initiate dialogue about intersectionality Ms. Foundation and the Third Wave

9 The Guerrila Girl’s deal specifically with the intersections of race, sex and art. Of the organizations examined they are the only one dealing explicitly with intersectionality. 10 The other organizations, NOW and the Ms. Foundation were founded in the second wave. They have adapted policy since inception to address intersec- tional issues.

GVSU McNair Scholars Journal VOLUME 10, 2006 43 Appendix 1: Interview Questions Background questions 1. Would you consider this a feminist organization? 2. How is power within the organization set up? 3. How many people does the organization employ? 4. Is the organization classified as a non-profit? 5. Is there a board of directors or a steering committee? If so, who comprises it? 6. What are the organization’s sources of funding?

Prompts 1. What would you say are the strengths and weaknesses of this organization? 2. What is the most recent success story? 3. What are the major programs/services offered? Has programming always been this way? 4. How do you think the organization’s programs/services reflect the mission of the organization? 5. Does the organization have a measure for adherence to mission, vision, values? 6. What is the most often used service? What is the most highly attended program? 7. Do you have a way of collecting statistics on participants? 8. What are the biggest obstacles the organization faces? 9. Do you have any diversity initiatives? 10. Is there anything the organization does to deal specifically with issues like race, class, sexual orientation etc. or to otherwise reach out to groups who have traditionally felt marginalized by the women’s movement? 11. What would the organization consider the most pressing issues facing the women’s movement today?

Appendix 2: Website Evaluation Rubric Steps 1. Read every page of website 2. Cross-reference content 3. Retrieve published literature mentioned on website when possible Questions 1. Does the website explicitly mention the term “intersectionality?” 2. Does the website offer biographical sketches of the organizations leaders? 3. Does the website mention the elimination of multiple oppressions in the mission, vision and/or value statements? 4. Does the website mention diversity initiatives? 5. Does the website disclose the organization’s funding sources? 6. Does the website disclose organization structure? How is power set up? 7. Does the website express the organizations main interests? 8. Does the website mention feminist influences such as Audre Lorde? 9. Does the website mention programs/services offered?

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