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Appendix A. Tamarac Hunt Plan

Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge Hunt Plan

Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge Migratory , Upland and Big Game Hunt Plan

January, 2019

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge 35704 County Road 26 Rochert, MN 56578

Submitted By: Project Leader

______Signature Date

Concurrence:

Refuge Supervisor

______Signature Date

Approved:

Regional Chief, National Wildlife Refuge System ______Signature Date

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CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1. Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge 4 1.2. Purpose of the Refuge 5 1.3. Hunt Pan Purpose 5 2. CONFORMANCE WITH STATUTORY AUTHORITIES 5 2.1. Relationship to Other Plans and Documents 6 2.1.1. Previous Refuge Hunt Plans 6 2.1.2. Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) 6 2.1.3. Service Policy Regarding (605 FW 2) 6 3. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES 6 4. ASSESSMENT 6 4.1. Migratory Birds 7 4.1.1. Waterfowl 7 4.1.2. American 9 4.1.3. Wilson’s (common) snipe 9 4.1.4. American coot 9 4.1.5. Sora and (Proposed New Species) 9 4.1.6. (Proposed New Species) 10 4.1.7. American crow (Proposed New Species) 10 4.2. Upland Game 10 4.2.1. Ruffed 10 4.2.2. Gray, , and red 11 4.2.3. Eastern cottontail and 11 ​ 4.2.4. Wild (Proposed New Species) 11 ​ 4.3. Big Game 12 ​ 4.3.1. White-tailed deer 12 ​ 4.4. Furbearers 12 ​ 4.4.1. , , striped skunk, and (Proposed New Species) 12 ​ 4.5. Cumulative Harvest Assessment 13 ​ 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE HUNTING PROGRAM 14 ​

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5.1. Areas of the refuge that support populations of the target species. 14 ​ 5.2. Current Refuge Hunting Regulations and Opportunities 14 ​ 5.2.1. Current Opportunities 14 ​ 5.2.2. Access 15 ​ 5.2.3. Consultation and Coordination with the State and Tribe 15 ​ 5.2.4. Methods of Control and Law Enforcement 15 ​ 5.2.5. Funding and Staffing Requirements 16 ​ 5.3. Proposed Changes to the Refuge Hunting Program 16 ​ 5.3.1. Areas to be Opened 16 ​ 5.3.2. Species to be Taken, Hunting Periods, Hunting Access 16 ​ 5.3.3. Proposed Regulation 17 ​ 5.4. Consultation and Coordination with the State 17 ​ 5.5. Consultation and Coordination with White Earth Tribe 18 ​ 6. Measures Taken to Avoid Conflicts with Other Management Objectives 18 ​ 6.1. Biological Conflicts 18 ​ 6.2. Public Use Conflicts 19 ​ 6.3. Administrative Use Conflicts 19 ​ 7. Conduct of the Hunt 19 ​ 7.1. Current Refuge Specific Hunting Regulations 20 7.1.1. General Regulations 20 7.1.2. Federal Regulations (50CFR32.42) 20 7.2. Anticipated Public Reaction to the Hunting Program 23 ​ 7.3. Media Selection for Announcing and Publicizing the Hunt 23 ​ 7.4. General Requirements 23 ​ 7.5. Hunter Requirements 23 ​ 8. Compatibility Determination 23 ​ References 24 ​ Appendix A. Current Hunting Map (from CCP) 25 ​ Appendix B. Current Hunting Map with Regulations 26 ​

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1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the Hunt Plan is to reassess the existing hunt plan, evaluate and incorporate opportunities identified in the Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) for Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge dated September 24, 2010, as well add new opportunities identified through stakeholder and public input. This Hunt Plan summarizes past hunt designations for migratory birds, big and upland game, and furbearers. It also describes current hunting opportunities, how these hunts are conducted, and conflict resolution with other management objectives. 1.1. Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge (Tamarac Refuge) was established by Executive Order 7902 on May 31, 1938 by Franklin D. Roosevelt to serve as a “breeding ground and sanctuary for birds and other wildlife”. Tamarac Refuge encompasses nearly 43,000 acres and is located in Becker County, in northwestern Minnesota, 18 miles northeast of Detroit Lakes and 60 miles east of Fargo, North Dakota.

The north half of Tamarac Refuge (22,180 acres) lies within the original White Earth Indian Reservation that was established in 1867. Because two Federal agencies, the “Indian Service” and ”Bureau of Biological Survey”, now recognized as the “Bureau of Indian Affairs” and “U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service” respectively, had competing interests in the area, a management compromise was necessary before Tamarac Refuge could be established. The “Collier Agreement”, dated June 4, 1935 [Appendix G. in the 2010 Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP)] paved the way for refuge ​ ​ establishment.

Following establishment, much of the area in the north half and considerable land in the southern portion of the refuge were acquired from willing sellers and through Becker County tax forfeited lands. However, significant lands in the south half were owned by influential hunting clubs opposed to the refuge. This opposition resulted in legislative action in 1941 requiring the Governor’s consent before future land acquisition could occur in the southern portion of the refuge. The “Governor’s Line” that resulted essentially blocked Tamarac Refuge from completion for several decades.

In 1955 the Minnesota Legislature passed legislation allowing Tamarac Refuge to resume acquisition and on March 3, 1958 the Migratory Treaty Commission approved that lands necessary for completion of the refuge could proceed as well. By 1968, acquisitions from willing private sellers and land exchanges with the State of Minnesota completed the most significant remaining additions to the current refuge boundary. Several small land purchases have been added in recent years. 1.2. Purpose of the Refuge Tamarac Refuge was established in 1938 … ● “ as a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife: ” Executive Order … … 7902, dated May 31, 1938. ● “ for use as an inviolate sanctuary, or for any other management purpose, for migratory birds.” … Migratory Act, February 18, 1929, 16 U.S.C. 715d

Tamarac Refuge currently provides hunting opportunities for upland game (, gray squirrel, red squirrel, , cottontail rabbit, and snowshoe hare), big game (white-tailed deer),

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and migratory birds (, geese, coot, American woodcock, and Wilson’s (common) snipe), and furbearers (red fox, raccoon, and striped skunk) during the state seasons.

Refuge goals identified in the Comprehensive Conservation Plan include: 1. Wildlife: protect, restore and maintain a diversity of wildlife species native to habitats naturally ​ found on the refuge with specific emphasis on Service Regional Conservation Priority Species. 2. Habitat: protect, restore and enhance the and upland habitat on the refuge to emulate ​ naturally functioning, dynamic ecosystems emphasizing a variety of habitat conditions that were present prior to European settlement. 3. People: provide people with opportunities to experience quality wildlife-dependent activities ​ and make a connection with a natural, functioning landscape.

Specific objectives/rationale of the hunting program identified in the Comprehensive Conservation Plan include: 1. Annually, provide no less than 7,000 quality hunting experiences on the refuge. 2. Seventy-five percent of hunters will report no conflicts with other users, a reasonable harvest opportunity and satisfaction with the overall experience. 3. Hunting shall be consistent with the refuge mission and the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997. 4. Refuge lands will be open to hunting, subject to state and tribal regulations and public safety concerns, and where biologically feasible. 5. When necessary, refuge staff will seek ways to ensure that hunters have the opportunity for high quality experiences with both primitive and improved access opportunities. 6. All hunting will be conducted within the framework of the refuge regulations, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources statute and White Earth Reservation Tribal Conservation Code. 1.3. Hunt Plan Purpose This Hunt Plan describes in detail the current and future hunting opportunities, how hunting will be conducted, and conflict resolution with other management objectives. This Hunt Plan is a step-down plan of the Comprehensive Conservation Plan, completed in 2010. CCP can be found at: https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/Reference/Profile/5969

2. CONFORMANCE WITH STATUTORY AUTHORITIES

The Refuge Recreation Act of 1962 (16 U.S.C. 460K) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to administer refuges, hatcheries, and other conservation areas for recreational use. The Refuge Recreation Act requires 1) that any recreational use permitted will not interfere with the primary purpose for which the area was established; and 2) that funds are available for the development, operation, and maintenance of the permitted forms of recreation.

Fundamental to the management of lands within the National Wildlife Refuge System (System) is the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-57), an amendment to the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966. The National Wildlife Refuge System ​ ​ Improvement Act of 1997 provided a mission for the System and clear standards for its management, ​ ​

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use, planning, and growth. The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 recognized that wildlife-dependent recreational uses involving hunting, , wildlife observation and photography, and environmental education and interpretation, when determined to be compatible with the mission of the System and purposes of the refuge, are legitimate and appropriate public uses of the System. Compatible wildlife-dependent recreational uses are the priority general public uses of the System and shall receive priority consideration in planning and management. Hunting as specified in this plan is a wildlife-dependent recreational use and the law states that as such, it “shall receive priority consideration in national wildlife refuge planning and management.” The Secretary of Interior may permit hunting on a refuge if it is determined that the use is compatible and does not materially interfere with or detract from the fulfillment of the purposes of the refuge or the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System.

Recreational hunting authorized by the regulations does not materially interfere or detract with the primary purpose for which Tamarac Refuge was established. This determination is based upon the completion of a Compatibility Determination signed on Sept. 7, 2010 (Section 8).

Tamarac Refuge was established by Executive Order 7902 on May 31, 1938. “ as a refuge and breeding … ground for migratory birds and other wildlife ” The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) … administers lands acquired as part of Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge under the following authorities:

● Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act of 1934 ● Migratory Bird Conservation Act 16 U.S.C. 715d, “ for use as an inviolate sanctuary, or ​ … for any other management purpose, for migratory birds.” ● Refuge Recreation Act of 1962, (16 U.S.C. 460k-460k-4) ● National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, 16 U.S.C. 668dd(a)(2), ​ “ conservation, management, and restoration of the fish, wildlife and plant resources … and their habitats for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans ” … There are no official visitor counts for visitation associated to hunting on Tamarac Refuge. We have estimated that the number of visitors for the following hunts to be as follows: big game hunting – 3,400 visits, waterfowl or migratory bird hunting – 2,250 visits, upland game hunting - 1,800 visits. These anecdotal assessments are based upon long-term trends as well as car count surveys.

2.1. Relationship to Other Plans and Documents

2.1.1. Previous Refuge Hunt Plans The first Hunt Plan for Tamarac Refuge was completed in May 1987, with a few reviews and amendments in 1990, 1992, and 1994. In addition, the refuge completed compatibility determinations for public uses, including hunting. Hunting was determined to be compatible with the mission of the refuge and to have minimal impact on refuge resources. Hunt Plan 1987: https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/4118. ​ The Tamarac Comprehensive Conservation Plan and Environmental Assessment completed in September 2010, was used to fulfill NEPA compliance for the existing refuge hunting program. This ​ ​ Hunt Plan will be a step-down from the Comprehensive Conservation Plan.

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2.1.2. Service Policy Regarding Hunting (605 FW 2) As part of its policy for consistent management of the National Wildlife Refuge System (Refuge System), the Service provides managers with policy and guidance for implementing hunting on refuges (605 FW 2). This policy is intended to govern the management of recreational hunting programs on national wildlife refuges. This policy was developed alongside guidance for all wildlife-dependent recreation (hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography, environmental education and interpretation) presented in the Service Manual chapter 605 FW 1.

3. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

The objectives of migratory bird (, , coot, woodcock, and snipe), big game (white-tailed deer), upland game (ruffed grouse, gray, red, and fox squirrel, rabbit and hare), and furbearer (red fox, raccoon, and striped skunk) hunting programs on Tamarac Refuge and this hunt plan include:

1. Provide high quality, diverse, and safe hunting opportunities on refuge lands that minimize conflict with other wildlife-dependent public recreation activities and are compatible with the refuge purpose and Service policy. 2. Maintain biological diversity and wildlife populations at levels sustainable with refuge habitat. 3. Promote public understanding of and increase public appreciation for the refuge’s and surrounding area’s natural resources. 4. Allow expanded (new) hunting of migratory birds (mourning dove, sora and Virginia rail), upland game (, American crow), and furbearer (, bobcat) in accordance with federal regulations, refuge-specific regulations, the White Earth Reservation Tribal Conservation Code and the laws of the State of Minnesota.

4. ASSESSMENT

The refuge has permitted hunting since its establishment in 1938. Since 1987, the refuge has provided public hunting and administered a hunting program through a hunt plan that was reviewed and amended in 1990, 1992, and 1994. Hunting and fishing opportunities are abundant within the refuge and surrounding area. The refuge includes a diversity of habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, and marsh. These areas support waterfowl, deer, turkey, , , and other game species. The following game species have been evaluated at a local and state level to assess overall hunting pressure. 4.1. Migratory Birds

4.1.1. Waterfowl Waterfowl and resident wildlife are monitored by refuge and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) staff. Waterfowl assessments are based upon the distribution, abundance, and flight routes of migratory birds. The annual Waterfowl Population Status Report (USFWS 2016) includes the most current breeding and production information available and is a result of cooperative efforts of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Canadian Wildlife Service, and State and private conservation organizations. This report has been used to aid in the development of waterfowl harvest regulations for Minnesota, as well as the rest of the for the hunting season. Minnesota

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DNR collects data on resident species through a variety of annual surveys, harvest data, population indices, and historical information, which are used to determine hunting guidelines for each species.

State waterfowl surveys are conducted during the spring on predetermined locations primarily focused on the non-forested portions of the state. The refuge participates in these surveys and provides additional data to inform the annual state framework.

During the spring, summer, and fall refuge support thousands of waterfowl, including 27 species of , geese, ducks and mergansers. Trumpeter , goose, , , ring-necked duck and blue-winged teal are abundant while species such as , green-winged teal and are less prevalent. The refuge provides important habitat for breeding, resting and migration. The refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan identifies an objective to maintain a minimum annual population of 2,300 breeding waterfowl pairs (2,000 dabblers and 300 divers), 250 breeding pairs of Canada geese and 25 breeding pairs of trumpeter swans.

The peak time for waterfowl use on the refuge is during the fall migration. Refuge waterfowl surveys have indicated that over 35,000 ducks and geese may be using the refuge during mid to late October. Typically, MNDNR and the White Earth Natural Resources Department (WE NRD) allow hunting at various dates between mid-September and mid-December. These dates provide hunting opportunities on the refuge when waterfowl use is near its height.

In the Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report (August 2017), the US Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) estimates that 396,700 hunters harvested 4,962,600 (±6%) ducks in the 14-state during the 2016 hunting season. In addition, 260,400 hunters harvested 1,178,200 (±9%) geese of which 846,784 (~72%) were Canada geese during the same timeframe throughout the Mississippi Flyway.

The 2015 and 2016 MNDNR Small Game Hunting Survey reports estimate the seasonal duck harvest in Minnesota to be 699,620 (2014), 663,811 (2015), and 606,458 (2016). Duck harvest between 2005-2006 and 2015-2016 was stable with an estimated 572,220 ducks harvested in 2009-2010 (low) and 784,360 harvested in 2012-2013 (high). Hunter numbers have slightly decreased with 75,170 duck hunters in 2014, 76,243 in 2015, and 67,301 in 2016.

For the refuge’s 2016 RAPP (Refuge Annual Performance Plan), it was estimated that there were 1,800 waterfowl hunting visits on Tamarac Refuge. Of those 1,800 visits, approximately 80% were hunting specifically for ducks (1,440 visits). Using the number of hunter days or visits and the seasonal harvest per hunter, the refuge was able to calculate the estimated number of hunters and birds harvested on the refuge per year. As a result, it is estimated that 260 hunters harvested 2,232 ducks throughout the 2016 season on the refuge, which is approximately 0.4% of the duck harvest in Minnesota.

The 2016 MNDNR Small Game Hunting Survey report estimates the seasonal harvest in Minnesota to be 204,825 in 2016. Canada goose harvest between 2005-2006 and 2015-2016 was relatively stable with an estimated 185,012 geese harvested in 2015-2016 (low) and 324,498 harvested in 2006-2007 (high). Hunter numbers have been slightly decreasing with 48,240 goose hunters in 2014, 45,938 in 2015 and 40,950 in 2016. According to the Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report (August 2017), the Service estimates that 177,700 (±25%) geese are harvested in Minnesota specifically, by approximately 42,000 (±11%) goose hunters in 2016. When compared to duck hunting, it is estimated that about 15% of the waterfowl visits are specifically for geese. Using the 2016 RAPP data, it is estimated that the refuge

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hosted approximately 53 hunters that harvested 223 geese on the refuge in 2016, which is about 0.13% of the total estimated geese harvested in the state.

4.1.2. American woodcock In the Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report (August 2017), the Service estimates the total active woodcock hunters was 95,600 in 2015 and 104,800 in 2016, and total woodcock harvest was 200,200 (±15%) in 2015 and 202,300 (±16%) in 2016 throughout the United States. For Minnesota specifically, the estimated seasonal woodcock harvest was 13,500 woodcock hunters in both 2015 and 2016, and an estimated woodcock harvest of 25,600 (±42%) in 2015, and 25,900 (±36%) in 2016. In the 2016 RAPP, it was estimated that approximately seven hunters harvested 13 birds from the refuge in 2016 or 0.05% of the total harvest for the state of Minnesota. According to Seamans and Rau (2017), harvest in 2016-17 was 26.0% less than the long-term (1999-2015) average (213,400 birds/year) and 8.4% more than last year (145,700 birds) in the Central Region.

Anecdotal data observed by refuge staff indicates that the harvest rates for this species may be locally higher than what is extrapolated from the Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report. However, local harvests of this species would still be an insignificant portion of the overall state harvest.

4.1.3. Wilson’s (common) snipe Population sizes, and trends in abundance, are essentially unknown for snipe and rails at the flyway and national levels. Very few hunters attempt to harvest this species. In Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report (August 2017), the Service estimates about 17,200 people hunted snipe in 2015 and 17,300 in 2016, and they harvested 44,500 (±47%) and 118,400 (±55%) snipe in 2015 and 2016, respectively, throughout the US. In Minnesota specifically, it is estimated that there were 200 hunters in 2016 and 300 hunters in 2017, and an estimated snipe harvest of 500 (±195%) in 2015, and 700 (±113%) in 2016. Interpolating from the number previously presented and the 2016 RAPP data, it was estimated that less than two snipe were harvested from the refuge in 2016 or 0.29% of the total harvest for the state of Minnesota.

Anecdotal data observed by refuge staff indicates that the harvest rates for this species may be locally higher than what is extrapolated from the Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report. However, local harvests of this species would still be an insignificant portion of the overall state harvest.

4.1.4. American coot In the Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report (August 2017), the Service estimates coot hunters (about 27,400 in 2015 and 21,800 in 2016) harvested 253,200 (±92%) coots in 2015 and 138,200 (±61%) in 2016 throughout the US. In Minnesota, there were approximately 1,500 active coot hunters in 2015 and 2,900 in 2016. These hunters harvested about 4,400 coot in 2015 and 18,700 coot in 2016. Using the 2016 RAPP data, the refuge estimated that approximately 30 hunters harvested 192 birds from the refuge in 2016 or 1.02% of the total harvest for the state of Minnesota.

4.1.5. Sora and Virginia rail (Proposed New Species) Currently there is not a hunting season for these species on the refuge, however, these are proposed “new” harvestable species. Similar to the Wilson’s (common) snipe, very few hunters attempt to harvest

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these species and the population sizes and trend abundance is unknown at a local and national level. In the Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report (August 2017), the Service estimates approximately 6,400 rail hunters harvested 26,800 (±68%) birds in 2015 and 1,300 rail hunters harvested 14,500 (±41%) birds in 2016 throughout the US. Specifically for Minnesota, zero rail were reported harvested in both 2015 and 2016. Likewise, there were zero reported active rail hunters in 2015 and only 100 active rail hunters in 2016.

4.1.6. Mourning dove (Proposed New Species) Like the sora and Virginia rail, at present, there is no hunting season for this species on the refuge, however, this a proposed “new” harvestable species. The mourning dove is the most abundant and most harvested migratory game bird in the U.S. In the Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 Hunting Seasons report (August 2017), the Service estimates ​ ​ approximately 748,800 dove hunters harvested 13,157,300 (±6%) mourning doves in 2015 and 837,800 hunters harvested 13,502,000 (±8%) in 2016. For Minnesota specifically, the estimated seasonal dove harvest was 96,700 in both 2015 and 2016. According to the Service’s Morning Dove Population Status (2016), the most recent estimates indicate that there were 266 million mourning doves in the U.S. immediately prior to the 2015 hunting season. Compared to previous years, abundance appeared to remain relatively unchanged in the central management unit, which includes Minnesota.

4.1.7. American crow (Proposed New Species) Presently, there is no hunting season for the American crow on the refuge, however, this a proposed “new” harvestable species. Currently the State has established four hunting seasons for American crow: the first is from January 1-15, second is from March 1-31, third is from September 1 - October 31, and the fouthis from December 15-31. The total hunting days for American crow is 124 and excludes the nesting season. In the U.S., this species has been protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act since 1971, but hunting is allowed. Individual states set hunting seasons (not to exceed 124 days) that exclude the nesting season (Clapp and Banks 1993). Using the total number of statewide hunters (7,412) ​ ​ multiplied by the estimated rate of hunter success (86%), the number of “successful” hunters can be estimated (6,374). Multiplying the mean harvest for successful hunters (7.6 birds) by the number of success hunters (6,374), the refuge estimates that approximately 48,442 American crow were harvested throughout the State of Minnesota in the 2016-2017 season according to the 2016 Small Game Hunter Mail Survey data. The American crow is a very abundant permanent resident and a migrant throughout the refuge. Breeding Bird Survey data show significant increases nationwide for American crow populations from 1966-1996 (Verbeek and Caffrey 2002). 4.2. Upland Game

4.2.1. Ruffed Grouse According to the 2016 Small Game Hunter Mail Survey, ruffed grouse harvest increased slightly from 267,997 grouse in 2015 to 308,955 in 2016. The MNDNR also estimates that there are approximately 82,348 grouse hunters in the state. Using the success rate of 3.8 ruffed grouse harvested per day per hunter per season (MNDNR), the total hunting days in the 2016 ruffed grouse season (119 days), and the 1,615 grouse hunting visits that took place on the refuge (2016 RAPP data); the refuge is able to estimate that 52 ruffed grouse were harvested on the refuge in 2016. The estimated number of harvested ruffed grouse taken from the refuge represents about 0.0001% of the total harvested ruffed grouse in the state.

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Anecdotal data observed by refuge staff indicates that the harvest rates for this species may be locally higher than what is extrapolated from the 2016 Small Game Hunter Mail survey. At most, we predict a local harvest not greater than 150 birds. However, local harvests of this species would still be an insignificant portion of the overall state harvest.

4.2.2. Gray, fox, and red squirrel According to the 2016 Small Game Hunter Mail Survey, squirrel harvest decreased slightly from 96,400 (2015) to 95,374 (2016) for gray squirrel and 46,383 (2015) to 39,603 (2016) for fox squirrel. The MNDNR also estimates that there are approximately 23,806 gray squirrel hunters and 13,625 fox squirrel hunters in 2016 throughout the state. Using a combined (gray and fox squirrel) success rate of 6.9 squirrel harvested per day per hunter per season (MNDNR), the total hunting days in the 2016 squirrel season (171 days), and the estimated 95 squirrel hunting visits that took place on the refuge (2016 RAPP data); it was estimated that only 4 squirrels were harvested on the refuge in 2016. The estimated number of harvested gray and/or fox squirrel taken from the refuge represents about 0.00003% of the total harvested squirrels in Minnesota.

Red squirrel harvest numbers were not reported by the MNDNR as they are an unprotected species and therefore have not been discussed here. It is estimated that red squirrel harvest trends are less than the harvest numbers reported for either fox or gray squirrel here on the refuge.

At most, we predict a local harvest not greater than 30 squirrels. However, local harvests of this species would still be an insignificant portion of the overall state harvest.

4.2.3. Eastern cottontail rabbit and snowshoe hare The 2016 Small Game Hunter Mail Survey reports rabbit and hare harvest at 41,716 in 2015 and 49,187 in 2016 for eastern cottontail rabbit and 6,374 in 2015 and 5,990 in 2016 for snowshoe hare. The MNDNR also estimates that there are approximately 16,096 rabbit hunters and 3,369 hare hunters in 2016 throughout the state. Using a combined (eastern cottontail rabbit and snowshoe hare) success rate of 4.9 rabbits and/or hare harvested per day per hunter per season (MNDNR), the total huntable days in the 2016 rabbit and hare season (171 days), and the estimated 95 rabbit and/or hare hunting visits that took place on the refuge (2016 RAPP data); we were able to estimate that less than 20 rabbit and/or hare were harvested on the refuge in 2016. The estimated number of harvested rabbits and hare taken from the refuge represents about 0.00005% of the total harvested rabbits in Minnesota.

Anecdotal data observed by refuge staff indicates that the harvest rates for this species may be locally higher for than what is extrapolated from the 2016 Small Game Hunter Mail survey. At most, we predict a local harvest not greater than 25 rabbits and hares. However, local harvests of this species would still be an insignificant portion of the overall state harvest.

4.2.4. Wild turkey (Proposed New Species) Currently the MNDNR offers two seasons each year to harvest wild turkey, in the fall and in the spring. According to the Minnesota’s Wild Turkey harvest – Fall 2016, Spring 2017 report by the MNDNR, in the spring of 2016 the MNDNR reported 12,313 turkey were harvested over a 49-day season by 39, 648 permit holders. This same report also indicated that 8,562 permit holders throughout the state harvested 1,111 turkey over a 30-day season in the fall of 2016. Since 1990, spring turkey harvest rates have slightly increased and fall turkey harvest rates have remained relatively stable. According to the MNDNR, Minnesota's wild turkey population is expanding north and west and has grown from just a few birds in the early 1970s to more than 70,000 today. Informal surveys and staff observations

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indicate a stable to slightly increasing wild turkey population on the refuge. The refuge predicts that less than 10 individuals would be harvested annually. 4.3. Big Game

4.3.1. White-tailed deer Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) deer harvest summary information for 1995-2016 identified the state-wide harvest of deer ranged from 139,442 to a high of 290,525. Average harvest for this period is just over 205,000 deer annually. However, that average is closer to 170,000 deer harvested annually from 2011-2015. In 2016, the total deer harvest was 173,213 deer by 609,399 hunters across all seasons and all license types throughout the state of Minnesota. Lower annual harvests typically coincide closely with severe winter events.

The refuge permits archery, firearm and muzzleloader in accordance with Minnesota state seasons and White Earth Tribal archery, firearm and muzzleloader seasons on that portion of the refuge that lies within the extant boundary of the White Earth Reservation. Deer hunting, especially during the deer firearm seasons, has always been a popular activity on the refuge.

Minnesota Firearms Deer Permit Area 251 follows the boundary of the refuge. Deer harvest data for 2011-2015 indicates a stable average harvest of about 130 deer annually, with 142 harvested in 2016 for all license types throughout the deer season in permit area 251. The refuge estimates that 20 additional deer are harvested during the tribal and state archery and muzzleloader seasons combined. The total annual harvest in 2016 is estimated at 162 deer or approximately 0.09% of the state-wide total harvest.

The most significant use of hunting as a management tool involves regulating the deer population at levels compatible with the habitat management goals and objectives. This approach promotes habitat restoration and management goals to alleviate browse lines and impacts to habitat restoration efforts like reforestation and natural regeneration; reduce crop depredation on neighboring lands; reduce the chance for starvation and spread of disease, such as chronic wasting disease, within the deer population; and reduces the vehicle/deer collisions on adjacent roads. The refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan identifies deer population management goals that correlate with the overall habitat management and restoration objectives of the refuge. The refuge’s goal of managing deer population at pre-fawning densities of 13-17 deer per square mile minimizes habitat degradation caused by over browsing especially in areas where pine regeneration is the primary habitat objective. The refuge works annually with the MNDNR to identify deer population management goals for the refuge that balances habitat management goals and hunter harvest opportunities. In addition, white-tailed deer may benefit from some of the habitat management practices and habitat restoration efforts undertaken on the refuge for other species. 4.4. Furbearers

4.4.1. Raccoon, red fox, striped skunk, and bobcat (Proposed New Species) MNDNR show stable, huntable populations of these furbearers. The refuge does not perform any management practices specifically for raccoon, red fox or striped skunk populations, although they may benefit from some of the habitat management practices and habitat restoration efforts undertaken on the refuge for other species. The vast majority of the refuge provides suitable habitat for these furbearer species. The hunting pressure of these species is dependent on the price of pelts in any given

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year. Hunting seasons for these species on Tamarac Refuge are from September 1 through the end of February and during daylight hours only and in accordance to state and tribal seasons.

The 2016 Small Game Hunter Mail Survey reports that 22,312 raccoon were harvested by 5,840 hunters, 2,247 red fox were hunted by 3,594 hunters throughout the state. The Registered Furbearer Harvest Statistics 2015-16 report by the MNDNR stated that 109 bobcat were harvested by 68 hunters throughout Minnesota in the 2015-2016 season (this does not include the take of 657 bobcat by 355 trappers). The striped skunk is classified as an unprotected species by the MNDNR and harvest estimates are not available for this species. Using the 2016 RAPP data, the refuge estimated that approximately 95 visits were associated to harvest of raccoon, red fox, or striped skunk. Using a combined success rate for and red fox of 4.4 per day per hunter based upon information provided by the MNDNR, it is estimated that approximately 10 individuals of raccoon and/or red fox are harvested on the refuge in a given year. At the highest potential rate of harvest (4 raccoon or 4 red fox), it is estimated that the harvest on the refuge in 2016 for raccoon and red fox are approximately 0.02% and 0.18% of the total state harvest respectively. These approximations are the highest potential rates given that the estimated 95 visits are shared across three species: raccoon, red fox, and striped skunk. 4.5. Cumulative Harvest Assessment Recent assessments of game species hunted (i.e. white-tailed deer, waterfowl, other migratory birds, and turkey) on the refuge indicate that there are no significant declines in population levels and that harvest on the refuge would have little to no impact on the overall population levels of the target species, other wildlife populations, or other priority refuge objectives. Harvest by White Earth tribal hunters is unknown; however, the long-term trends seem to be stable.

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5. DESCRIPTION OF THE HUNTING PROGRAM

5.1. Areas of the refuge that support populations of the target species. Tamarac Refuge lies in the glacial lake country of northwestern Minnesota, in the heart of one of the most diverse transition zones in . Here eastern deciduous hardwoods, northern coniferous forests and western tall grass prairie converge, creating a rich assemblage of both plants and .

The landscape is characterized by rolling forested hills interspersed with shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and shrub swamps. Sixty percent of the refuge is forested with aspen, jack pine, red pine, balsam fir, paper birch, red and white , sugar maple and basswood tree types. Large and small wetland complexes comprise about thirty-five percent of the refuge. Many refuge lakes and rivers contain large native wild rice beds which produce abundant food for waterfowl and other wetland dependent species. Twenty-eight lakes lie within the refuge and three rivers flow through the refuge, while marshes and wooded potholes number several thousand. The remaining five percent of Tamarac Refuge are grassland, mostly remnants of early settler clearings or small farms. 5.2. Current Refuge Hunting Regulations and Opportunities

5.2.1. Current Opportunities Most of the refuge supports huntable populations of game species and is open to the public for some type of recreational use (hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, interpretation, photography, and or environmental education). The Sanctuary area is the northern two-thirds of the refuge, north of County Highway 26. This area is open to the general public from September 1 – end of February each year for the benefit of nesting and breeding wildlife and provides balance between the refuges trust wildlife responsibilities and visitors participating in other popular priority public uses.

Migratory Bird Tamarac Refuge is open to duck, goose, coot, woodcock, and snipe hunting on approximately 15,584.4 acres or 35.9% of the refuge before October 15 in accordance to State and Tribal Regulations. After October 15, 17,971.7 acres or 41.4% of the refuge is open to migratory birds on the refuge in accordance to State and Tribal Regulations.

Upland Game Tamarac Refuge is open to ruffed grouse, gray squirrel, red squirrel, fox squirrel, cottontail rabbit, and snowshoe hare hunting on 39,682.4 acres or 91.4% of the refuge in accordance to State and Tribal Regulations. After October 15, 42,069.7 acres or 96.9% of the refuge is open to upland game hunting in accordance to State and Tribal Regulations.

Big Game Tamarac Refuge is open to white-tailed deer hunting on 39,682.4 acres or 91.4% of the refuge in accordance to State and Tribal Regulations. After October 15, 42,069.7 acres or 96.9% of the refuge is open to big game hunting in accordance to State and Tribal Regulations.

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Furbearer Tamarac Refuge is open to red fox, raccoon, and striped skunk hunting on 39,682.4 acres or 91.4% of the refuge in accordance to State and Tribal Regulations. After October 15, 42,069.7 acres or 96.9% of the refuge is open to furbearer hunting in accordance to State and Tribal Regulations.

5.2.2. Access The refuge is open from 5:00am until 10:00pm daily.

Access is restricted to foot traffic only when off public and refuge roads and beyond open gates. Parking, blocking, or in any manner restricting access to roads and gates is prohibited.

Access by bicycle on the refuge is permitted on county and township roads, Bruce Boulevard, and the Blackbird Wildlife Drive.

Access by horseback is allowed on county and township roads, but prohibited on refuge trails and the Blackbird Wildlife Drive.

The use of motorized watercraft for hunting is permitted on the following lakes: Two Island, Carmen, Lower , Big Egg, Wauboose, Dry, North Tamarac, South Tamarac, Pine, Rice, Height of Land, Cotton,, and Johnson. Mud, Evans and Booth lakes are open to non-motorized watercraft only. All lakes or water bodies within areas open during the waterfowl hunting or the fishing season accessible by non-motorized watercraft.

Access accommodations for accessible or disabled hunts for various species are evaluated on a case-by-case basis and authorized through a special use permit.

5.2.3. Consultation and Coordination with the State and Tribe The refuge annually coordinates with the MNDNR and the White Earth NRD to discuss hunting regulations and enforcement on the refuge. Communication and information sharing with the White Earth NRD and the MNDNR will continue in the future.

5.2.4. Methods of Control and Law Enforcement Enforcement of refuge, tribal, and state hunting regulations, trespass and other violations associated with management of the refuge is the responsibility of a commissioned Refuge Law Enforcement Officer. Refuge Officers cooperate with, and are assisted by, state, tribal, and county officers as well as state and tribal conservation officers. The refuge regularly meets with various state, tribal, and county law enforcement agencies to review agreements and develop strategies to ensure law enforcement operations are performed as safely and efficiently as possible. Ongoing coordination and communication is conducted throughout the year. A law enforcement Memorandum of Understanding established in October 2014 between the Service and White Earth NRD supports law enforcement operations on the refuge.

A hunting brochure that identifies refuge specific regulations is available at the refuge visitor center, the refuge’s website, and kiosks located at all entrances to the refuge.

The refuge also uses non-law enforcement staff to manage hunting activities. Some staff have alternate work schedules to be available during the hunting seasons to assist hunters and non-hunters and ensure that all refuge users understand where to locate areas that are open to hunting. Staff that

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operate the refuge’s education and visitor center routinely interact with and assist refuge users during the hunting season.

5.2.5. Funding and Staffing Requirements The costs of administering and enforcing the refuge hunting program comes out of the refuge’s annual budget. Expenses include program management, staff resources, boundary posting, signage, brochures, parking lot construction, facility maintenance, gate installation, and other hunting specific activities. 5.3. Proposed Changes to the Refuge Hunting Program This hunt plan presents a hunting program for the refuge with updates from the current program. While many elements of the current hunt program remain in place, opportunities to expand the hunting program where minimal conflicts with other public and wildlife uses exist are being recommended.

5.3.1. Areas to be Opened (Appendix A) Areas to be Opened/Closed ⬜ Close October 15 area, Area B, (remove 2,387 acres; East of Hwy 29, West of Blackbird, North of Pine Lake, and South of Co Hwy 26) to migratory bird hunting, but would remain open for upland game, big game, and furbearers only after Oct 15. ⬜ Open the Marsh area, Area B, (add 2,121 acres; West of Co Hwy 35 and South of Egg Lake Trail) for migratory bird hunting as specified. ⬜ Open Johnson Tract, Area E, (add 160 acres) to upland game, big game, and furbearers according to State seasons and regulations. ⬜ Close a portion of the area West of Egg Lake Trail, Area A, (minus 102 acres) to migratory birds so to align with existing law. th ⬜ Close a portion of the area East of 400 ​ Ave and South of Co Hwy 26, Area A, (minus 46 ​ acres) to migratory birds so to align with existing laws and policy.

Access to be Improved/Limited ⬜ Allow bicycle access to trails where gates are open to vehicle traffic, in addition to county and township roads, Bruce Boulevard, and Blackbird Wildlife Drive.

⬜ Airboats are prohibited on all refuge waters. 5.3.2. Species to be Taken, Hunting Periods, Hunting Access Species to be Taken – Migratory Birds ⬜ Mourning dove to be hunted throughout the migratory bird hunting areas according to State and Tribal seasons and regulations.

⬜ American crow to be hunted from September 1 through end of February within the migratory bird hunting areas throughout the refuge in concurrence with State and Tribal seasons and regulations.

⬜ American crow to be hunted from March 1- end of the season in migratory bird areas only south of County Highway 26 in concurrence with state seasons and regulations.

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⬜ American crow to be hunted for the first, third, and fourth state seasons within the migratory bird hunting areas throughout the refuge in concurrence with State and Tribal seasons and regulations.

⬜ American crow to be hunted for the second season only within the migratory bird areas south of County Highway 26 in concurrence with state seasons and regulations.

⬜ Rails (Virginia rail and sora) to be hunted throughout the migratory bird hunting areas according to State and Tribal seasons and regulations.

Species to be Taken –Furbearers ⬜ Bobcat to be hunted throughout the refuge in concurrence with State and Tribal seasons and regulations.

Species to be Taken – Upland Game ⬜ Wild turkey to be hunted throughout the refuge during the fall season and only south of Co Hwy 26 minus the area East of Co Hwy 29, North of Pine Lake, and West of Chippewa Water Control Structure Road within the upland game hunting areas in the spring season according to State and Tribal seasons and regulations.

Hunting Periods ⬜ Extend the seasons in areas South of Co Hwy 26 open to hunting upland game, big game, migratory birds, and furbearers consistent with state seasons and regulations, including refuge th specific regulation. This allows hunting opportunities after Feb. 28 ​ outside of the Sanctuary Area ​ ​ if the state season allows (i.e. Apr 18 – May 31: wild turkey; Mar 1-31: American crow; Mar 15: gray fox, red fox, and raccoon).

o 50 CFR 32.42, B2. You may only hunt fox and raccoon from 1/2 hour before legal ​ ​ sunrise until legal sunset.

o 50 CFR 32.42, B3. You may only hunt striped skunk from 1/2 hour before legal sunrise ​ ​ until legal sunset from September 1 through the last day of February.

o General Regulation, furbearers may only be hunted from ½ hour before sunrise until sunset.

o Sanctuary Area is only open to hunting from September 1 through the last day of February.

Proposed regulations are in section 7.1.2. 5.4. Consultation and Coordination with the State The refuge hunting program has been developed in coordination with the MNDNR area managers. This coordination is accomplished through formal and informal meetings as well as refuge solicitation of MNDNR comments on the written Hunt Plan and supporting documents. Annual updates were provided at coordination meetings. In addition, a formal presentation of proposed changes was delivered and a formal comment period followed.

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5.5. Consultation and Coordination with White Earth Tribe The refuge hunting program has been developed in coordination with the White Earth Tribe. This coordination is accomplished through formal and informal meetings as well as refuge solicitation of White Earth NRD comments on the written Hunt Plan and supporting documents. Annual updates were provided at coordination meetings. In addition, a formal presentation of proposed changes was delivered and a formal comment period followed.

6. Measures Taken to Avoid Conflicts with Other Management Objectives

6.1. Biological Conflicts The refuge avoids conflict related to biological resources by adopting the “wildlife first” principle explicitly stated in the Refuge Improvement Act. Staff monitors species population trends to ensure that target species can be hunted on the refuge without adversely affecting the species. These monitoring activities include direct observation of populations, consultation with state and Service species specialists, and review of current species survey information and research.

The refuge limits or excludes hunting activities where there are biological concerns. Certain areas of the refuge are not hunted specifically to provide areas of sanctuary for nesting and breeding wildlife. For example, the Blackbird Lake and South Chippewa Lake area serves as a sanctuary for migratory birds in an area otherwise hunted heavily for migratory birds. Although not proposed in this current plan, the refuge, in the future, could limit or exclude hunting activities on additional portions of the refuge to avoid conflicts related to biological resources, such as threatened or . Special hunts could also be used to manage hunting pressure, provided increased opportunities, and manage overall take at appropriate levels.

State hunting seasons for some upland game species extend into the spring migration period. For these species, hunting on the refuge within the sanctuary area at the end of February to ensure that disturbance to migrating and breeding birds is minimized and to balance public use activities with trust wildlife resource responsibilities. Tribal hunting seasons within the reservation boundary are subject to special regulation.

Three Federally listed endangered, threatened, or candidate species occur or have the potential to occur on the refuge. These species include the gray , northern long-eared bat and rusty patched bumble bee. In addition, the Federally protected eagles occur on the refuge.

The proposed opening of the refuge to hunting will not conflict with the recovery and/or protection of these species. Attached and included in this proposal is a Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act requiring Federal agencies to evaluate potential impacts to threatened and endangered species and their habitats and an environmental assessment under the National Environmental Policy Act specifically for the hunting program and addresses each of these species.

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6.2. Public Use Conflicts In an effort to minimize conflicts with priority non-hunting recreational uses outlined in the Improvement Act, and for public safety, the refuge designates areas open to hunting and enforces refuge-specific regulations.

The boundaries of all lands owned or managed by the Service are posted with refuge boundary signs. Areas administratively closed to hunting are clearly marked with “No Hunting Zone” or “Area Beyond This Sign Closed” or “Area Closed Wildlife Sanctuary March 1 – August 31 All Public Entry Prohibited” signs.

Overall, hunting impacts to visitor services/recreation opportunities are considered short-term, minor and local since other parts of the refuge are available for use by non-hunters (other wildlife-dependent recreation users). 6.3. Administrative Use Conflicts The most potential for conflict with management activities occurs in areas where habitat treatments are conducted. Occasionally, an area open to hunting is proposed to receive a prescribed fire treatment. Typically, a notice of the impending treatment is posted at the unit public access points to alert all users, including hunters. Prior to implementing the fire treatment, the treatment unit is scouted by refuge staff to ensure that no one is endangered by the treatment. Other habitat treatments such as timber harvesting or invasive species treatment may generate a temporary or long-term closure of an area. Aquatic invasive species detection could lead to closure of one or more water bodies to prevent further spread. Notice or information about any of these closures may be posted and available at the refuge visitor center.

7. Conduct of the Hunt

Where hunting on the refuge is allowed, it follows the season dates and in the State and Tribal regulations. Other state regulations incorporated into the refuge hunting program include all methods of take legal in Minnesota (i.e., firearms, archery, ), all hunting weapons and ammunition restrictions (e.g., caliber and loads), and all state-regulated special seasons (e.g., early goose, youth deer, youth turkey, youth waterfowl) unless otherwise restricted by refuge-specific regulation.

All hunting activity is subject to refuge-specific regulations (as noted below) in addition to State and Tribal regulations. These regulations may be modified as conditions change or if refuge expansion occurs.

State and Tribal hunting regulations applicable to the refuge, such as seasons, bag limits, and general methods of take are published in the Minnesota Hunting and Trapping Regulations Handbook and the White Earth Conservation Code. In addition, a synopsis of refuge-specific regulations is made available to the public in the refuge’s hunting brochure. Copies of the hunting brochure are available at the refuge’s visitor center, unit entrance kiosks, and on the refuge website.

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7.1. Current Refuge Specific Hunting Regulations

7.1.1. General Regulations Hunting is permitted in accordance with Minnesota and White Earth Reservation seasons. (Map in Appendix B) All applicable Federal, State and White Earth Reservation regulations apply, subject to the Special Conditions listed:

7.1.2. Federal Regulations (50CFR32.42) Section A. National Wildlife Refuge System Lands Regulations pertaining to public use, including hunting, on all national wildlife refuges are found within 50 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The regulations as they are published in the CFR, are the official notification to the public. Subchapter C refers to all parts under the National Wildlife Refuge System. Regulations specific to hunting on all national wildlife refuges are found in 50 CFR 32.2. They state:

§ 32.2 What are the requirements for hunting on areas of the National Wildlife Refuge System? The following provisions shall apply to each person while engaged in public hunting on areas of ​ ​ the National Wildlife Refuge System:

(a) Each person shall secure and possess the required State license. ​ ​ (b) Each person 16 years of age and older shall secure and possess a Migratory Bird Hunting ​ ​ ​ ​ Stamp while hunting migratory waterfowl.

(c) Each person shall comply with the applicable provisions of Federal law and regulations ​ ​ including this subchapter and the current Federal Migratory Bird Regulations. ​ ​ (d) Each person shall comply with the applicable provisions of the laws and regulations of the ​ ​ State wherein any area is located unless further restricted by Federal law or regulation.

(e) Each person shall comply with the terms and conditions authorizing access or use of wildlife ​ ​ refuges, including the terms and conditions under which hunting permits are issued.

(f) Each person must comply with the provisions of any refuge-specific regulations governing ​ ​ hunting on the wildlife refuge area. Regulations, special conditions, and maps of the hunting areas for a particular wildlife refuge are available at that area's headquarters. In addition, refuge-specific hunting regulations for migratory game bird, upland game, and big ​ game hunting appear in §§ 32.20 through 32.72. ​ ​ ​ (g) The use of any drug on any arrow for bow hunting on national wildlife refuges is prohibited. Archers may not have arrows employing such drugs in their possession on any national wildlife refuge.

(h) The unauthorized distribution of bait and the hunting over bait is prohibited on wildlife refuge areas. (Baiting is authorized in accordance with State regulations on national wildlife refuges in Alaska).

(i) The use of nails, wire, screws or bolts to attach a stand to a tree, or hunting from a tree into which a metal object has been driven to support a hunter is prohibited on wildlife refuge areas.

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(j) The use or possession of alcoholic beverages while hunting is prohibited.

(k) You may possess only approved nontoxic shot while in the field, which we identify in 50 CFR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 20.21(j), while on Waterfowl Production Areas, or on certain other areas of the National ​ ​ Wildlife Refuge System as delineated on maps, leaflets and/or signs, available at each refuge ​ headquarters or posted at each refuge, or as stated in refuge-specific regulations. Where we allow turkey and deer hunting, you may use slugs and shot containing lead to hunt these species ​ ​ unless prohibited by refuge-specific regulations and/or State law.

(l) The refuge-specific regulations ( § 32.20 through § 32.72) may include the items discussed ​ ​ ​ ​ in § 32.3(b). Refuge permits and brochures should also include those items and any special ​ ​ conditions allowed by paragraph (f) of this section. ​ ​ Other regulations related to activities typically associated with hunting and apply to all national wildlife refuges are found elsewhere in 50 CFR. They are as follows:

§ 26.21 General trespass provision. (a) No person shall trespass, including but not limited to entering, occupying, using, or being ​ ​ upon, any national wildlife refuge, except as specifically authorized in this subchapter C or in other applicable Federal regulations.

(b) No unconfined domestic animals, including but not limited to dogs, hogs, cats, horses, sheep and cattle, shall be permitted to enter upon any national wildlife refuge or to roam at large upon such an area, except as specifically authorized under the provisions of § 26.34, § 27.91 or § ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 29.2 of this subchapter C. ​ § 27.31 General provisions regarding vehicles. Travel in or use of any motorized or other vehicles, including those used on air, water, ice, snow, is prohibited on national wildlife refuges except on designated routes of travel, as indicated by the appropriate traffic control signs or signals and in designated areas posted or delineated on maps by the refuge manager and subject to requirements and limitations. ​ ​ § 27.42 Firearms. Only the following persons may possess, use, or transport firearms on national wildlife refuges ​ ​ in accordance with this section and applicable Federal and State law:

(a) Persons using firearms for public hunting under the provisions of 50 CFR part 32. ​ ​ ​ (b) Persons carrying unloaded firearms, that are dismantled or cased, in vehicles and boats over ​ ​ routes of travel designated under the provision of subchapter C.

(c) Persons authorized to use firearms for the taking of specimens of wildlife for scientific ​ ​ purposes.

(d) Persons authorized by special regulations or permits to possess or use firearms for the ​ ​ protection of property, for field trials, and other special purposes.

(e) Notwithstanding any other provision in this Chapter, persons may possess, carry, and ​ ​ transport concealed, loaded, and operable firearms within a national wildlife refuge in

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accordance with the laws of the state in which the wildlife refuge, or that portion thereof, is located, except as otherwise prohibited by applicable Federal law.

§ 27.43 Weapons other than firearms. The use or possession of crossbows, bows and arrows, air guns, spears, gigs, or other weapons on national wildlife refuges is prohibited except as may be authorized under the provision of this subchapter C.

Regulations pertaining to public use, including hunting, specifically on Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge are found in 50 CFR Part 32 (32.42).

The proposed regulations state:

Part 32 - Hunting and Fishing, Subpart B - Refuge Specific Regulations for Hunting and Fishing

Statute 32.42 Minnesota

(q) Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge.

(1) Migratory Game Bird Hunting. We allow the hunting of goose, duck, coot, woodcock, ​ ​ dove, crow, rail and snipe on designated areas of the refuge subject to the following conditions: (i) Hunting by tribal members is in accordance with White Earth Reservation regulations on those portions of the Reservation that are a part of the refuge. (ii) All boats, decoys, blind materials, stands, platforms, and other personal property (see 27.93 and 27.94 of this chapter) brought onto the refuge, must be removed at the end of each day. (iii) We allow the use of dogs for hunting, provided the dog is under the immediate control of the hunter at all times. (see §26.21(b)). (iv) American crow may be hunted from September 1 through the end of February within all migratory bird hunting areas and in areas open to migratory bird hunting south of County Highway 26 from March 1 through the end of season. (v) Hunters must dismantle hunting blinds, platforms, and ladders made from natural vegetation at the end of each day

(2) Upland Game Hunting. We allow hunting of ruffed grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrel; ​ ​ cottontail rabbit; jackrabbit; snowshoe hare; turkey, red fox; bobcat, raccoon; and striped skunk on designated areas of the refuge subject to the following conditions: (i) Hunting by tribal members is in accordance with White Earth Reservation regulations on those parts of the Reservation that are part of the refuge. (ii) You may only hunt fox and raccoon from ½ hour before legal sunrise until legal sunset from the beginning of the State season through the last day of February and from March 1 through the end of the season south of County Highway 26. (iii) You may only hunt striped skunk from ½ hour before legal sunrise until legal sunset from September 1 through the last day of February. (iv) Wild turkey may only be hunted south of County Highway 26 during spring seasons. (v) You may possess only approved non-toxic shells (see 32.2(k)) when hunting wild turkey.

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(vi) The conditions set forth at paragraphs (q)(1)(ii), (q)(1)(iii) and (q)(1)(v) apply.

(3) Big Game Hunting. We allow hunting of white-tailed deer on designated areas of the ​ ​ refuge subject to the following conditions: (i) Hunting by tribal members is in accordance with White Earth Reservation regulations on those parts of the Reservation that are part of the refuge. (ii) We prohibit shooting on, from, over, across, or within 30 feet (9 meters) of a road edge open to public vehicle transportation at a big game or a decoy of a big game animal (iv) The condition set forth at paragraph (q)(1)(ii) and (v) apply. 7.2. Anticipated Public Reaction to the Hunting Program Based on the comments received during our initial public listening session on February 5, 2017, little negative public reaction is expected. The majority of comments were in support of hunting and focused on increased hunting opportunities and access. In general public reaction to hunting activities on refuge lands varies.

Concerns related to hunting as identified from subsequent user contacts relate to maintaining hunting opportunities, wildlife population control, potential user group conflicts and public safety. Efforts have been made to address user concerns by focusing hunting opportunities to specific portions of the refuge and specific methods of take within the framework of state seasons and limits. 7.3. Media Selection for Announcing and Publicizing the Hunt Reminders of upcoming hunting seasons and instructions where to find additional information are placed on the refuge website and Facebook page.

The refuge maintains a mailing list, for news release purposes, to local newspapers, radio, and websites. Special announcements and articles may be released in conjunction with hunting seasons via news releases and social media. In addition, information regarding refuge hunting opportunities is posted on the Tamarac Refuge website, at the visitor center, and in kiosks. 7.4. General Requirements General information regarding hunting and the other wildlife-dependent public uses can be obtained at Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge headquarters at 35704 County Highway 26, Rochert, Minnesota 56578 or by calling 218.847.2641. Dates, forms, hunting area maps, and permit requirements about the hunt will be available at the refuge visitor center or the refuge’s website at: http://www.fws.gov/refuge/tamarac/

Information regarding general hunting regulations for the State of Minnesota is available at the DNR Information Center, 500 Layfayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4040 or on their website at: www.mdnr.gov/hunting.

Information regarding general hunting regulations for the White Earth Nation is available at the Department of Natural Resources, PO Box 393, 216 North Main Street, Mahnomen, Minnesota 56557. The White Earth Tribal Conservation Code is also available on the White Earth Nation website at: http://www.whiteearth.com/programs/index.html@page_id=260&program_id=8.html

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7.5. Hunter Requirements State and Tribal regulations establish hunter requirements (i.e. age, equipment, licenses and permits, reporting harvest, and hunter safety training).

8. Compatibility Determination

Hunting and all associated program activities proposed in this plan are compatible with the purpose of the refuge. The current Hunting Compatibility Determination was completed in December, 2018.

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References

Dexter, Margaret. 2015. 2015 Small game hunter mail survey. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

Dexter, Margaret. 2016. 2016 Small game hunter mail survey. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

Erb, John. 2016. Registered Furbearer Harvest Statistics 2015-16. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

Messinger, Lindsey. 2017. Minnesota’s Wild Turkey Harvest – Fall 2016, Spring 2017. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

MNDNR. 2017. 2016 Minnesota Deer Harvest Report. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

Raftovich, R.V., S. C. Chandler, and K.K. Fleming. 2017. Migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2015-16 and 2016-17 hunting seasons. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland, USA.

Seamans, M. E. 2016. Mourning dove population status, 2016. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, , D.C.

Seamans, M.E., and R.D. Rau. 2017. American woodcock population status, 2017. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland.

Verbeek, N. A. and C. Caffrey (2002). American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), version 2.0. In The Birds ​ ​ of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of , Ithaca, NY, USA.https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.647 ​ Clapp, R. B. and R. C. Banks. 1993. Nesting seasons, nest sites, and clutch sizes of crows in Virginia. Raven no. 64:90-98.

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Appendix B: Current Hunt Map

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