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The Unmaking of Arab Socialism Ii i The Unmaking of Arab Socialism ii Anthem Frontiers of Global Political Economy T h e Anthem Frontiers of Global Political Economy series seeks to trigger and attract new thinking in global political economy, with particular reference to the prospects of emerging markets and developing countries. Written by renowned scholars from diff erent parts of the world, books in this series provide historical, analytical and empirical perspectives on national economic strategies and processes, the implications of global and regional economic integration, the changing nature of the development project and the diverse global-to-local forces that drive change. Scholars featured in the series extend earlier economic insights to provide fresh interpretations that allow new understandings of contemporary economic processes. Series Editors Kevin Gallagher – Boston University, USA Jayati Ghosh – Jawaharlal Nehru University, India Editorial Board Stephanie Blankenburg – School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), UK Ha-Joon Chang – University of Cambridge, UK Wan-Wen Chu – RCHSS, Academia Sinica, Taiwan Alica Puyana Mutis – Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLASCO– México), Mexico Léonce Ndikumana – University of Massachusetts– Amherst, USA Matías Vernengo – Bucknell University, USA Robert Wade – London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), UK Yu Yongding – Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), China iii Th e Unmaking of Arab Socialism A l i K a d r i iv Anthem Press An imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company www.anthempress.com This edition fi rst published in UK and USA 2016 by ANTHEM PRESS 75– 76 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8HA, UK or PO Box 9779, London SW19 7ZG, UK and 244 Madison Ave #116, New York, NY 10016, USA Copyright © Ali Kadri 2016 The moral right of the authors has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Kadri, Ali, author. Title: The unmaking of Arab socialism / by Ali Kadri. Other titles: Anthem frontiers of global political economy. Description: New York : Anthem Press, an imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company, 2016. | Series: Anthem Frontiers of global political economy | Includes bibliographical references and index. I d e n t i fi e r s : L C C N 2 0 1 6 0 2 9 7 6 7 Subjects: LCSH: Arab countries–Economic conditions. | Arab countries–Politics and government–1945– | Socialism–Arab countries. | Neoliberalism–Arab countries. | Economic development–Arab countries. Classifi cation: LCC HC498 K335 2016 | DDC 330.9174927–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016029767 ISBN- 13: 978-1-78308-440-1 (Hbk) ISBN- 10: 1-78308-440-5 (Hbk) This title is also available as an e- book. v To the memory of Arthur K. Davis vi vii C O N T E N T S List of Illustrations ix A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s xi Introduction From Arab Socialism to Neo-liberalism: The Politics o f I m m i s e r a t i o n 1 1 . A r a b S o c i a l i s m i n R e t r o s p e c t 2 9 2 . T h e D e v a s t a t i o n o f P e a c e i n E g y p t 7 7 3 . T h e I n f e a s i b i l i t y o f R e v o l u t i o n i n S y r i a 1 1 7 4. Iraq – Then and Now 159 5 . T h e P e r v e r s e T r a n s f o r m a t i o n 2 0 1 6. Permanent War in the Arab World 249 B i b l i o g r a p h y 285 I n d e x 303 viii ix I L L U S T R A T I O N S Tables 1.1 Yearly average real GDP per capita growth, real GDP growth and output per worker growth rates in constant local currency units for the periods 1960– 1979 and 1980– 2011 74 1.2 High and low points for the periods 1960– 1979 and 1980– 2011 followed by modal range for infl ation rates 74 1.3 Average unemployment rates for the periods 1960–1979 a n d 1 9 8 0 – 2 0 1 1 7 5 1.4 Average total debt service as a percentage of Gross National Income for the periods 1960–1979 and 1980–2011 75 1.5 Average for the diff erence between the rate of investment and the rate of saving as a percentage of Gross National Income for the periods 1960–1979 and 1980–2011 75 4.1 Major economic and social development indicators in the economy over selected years 183 4.2 Infl ation and market exchange rates: 1990– 2003 183 4.3 Gross Domestic Product at 2002 prices by sectors (in millions of U S d o l l a r s ) 1 8 4 4.4 Estimates of GDP and selected components at constant 1990 prices (in millions of US dollars) 185 5.1 Share of agricultural investment in total investment in Egypt 206 5.2 Rural and urban populations of Arab countries, 1980– 2020 (percentages) 235 5.3 The agriculture sector’s contribution to employment and as a share of GDP (%), selected countries and years 235 5.4 Distribution of rural and urban poverty 235 Figures 3.1 General Price Level Index for 1960– 2010 146 3.2 Income inequality index for some available years between 1987 a n d 1 9 9 5 1 4 6 x xi A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S Thanks to Adam Cornford for his attentive reading of my manuscript and many helpful suggestions. xii 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n FROM ARAB SOCIALISM TO NEO- LIBERALISM: THE POLITICS OF I M M I S E R A T I O N At the time of writing this introduction, in early 2016, the richest countries on earth, the Gulf States, were bombarding Yemen, possibly the poorest of all countries. Conditions of malnutrition, confl ict, or a combination of both, characterise most Arab countries today. But things were not always as bad. As in much of the developing world, the immediate post- independence period represented an age of hope and relative prosperity. Yet, imperialism does not fall asleep while the Third World develops. No sooner than it could inter- vene with the assistance of its class allies to destroy Arab post- independence achievements, imperialism did so in a big way. Two principal defeats by, and losses of territory to, Israel in 1967 and 1973, and many others that followed, left behind more than mere destruction of assets and loss of human lives; the Arab World (hereinafter the AW) lost its ideology of resistance, Arabism, and its associated socialism. This book is a modest attempt to understand why Arab development declined from its peak in the heyday of Arab socialism to the present desolate conditions. Reversing this defeat and ideological defeatism requires a metamorphosis of the multitude into the masses and of the working class into a proletar- iat. It requires people who espouse an ideology – the actualisation of which, through policy, assigns a greater share of wealth to the security of the working classes. A living security, nonetheless, which obtains from an anti- imperialist struggle because the higher share of wages in the aristocratic nations have for long created the colonial mercenaries who pillaged the developing world. Undoubtedly, all ideologies will represent a system of thought shaped by the conditions of the class struggle. Revolutionary theory regards reigning ideology, even its own, as involving a biased perception of real processes. Capitalistic ideologies, however, are either the prefab social dicta meant to discipline labour or the unexamined assumptions upon which theory is built to strengthen the rule of capital. Deciphering positive from negative ideology requires more than just the Debord (1967) criterion: the true is a moment of 2 2 THE UNMAKING OF ARAB SOCIALISM the false. In revolutionary praxis, the true is not any moment of the false; the true is its determining moment; the true is its state of becoming in continued anti-imperialist struggle and all-round development. The consensus on the signifi cance of ideological shifts to policy turna- rounds dates back millennia. The Annunaki of the sky Made the Igigi (lower- class gods assigned hard work) bear the workload They were counting the years of loads For 3,600 years they bore the excess Hard work, night and day They groaned and blamed each other Grumbled over the masses of excavated soil: Let us confront our Warden And get him to relieve us of our hard work! Then Kingu, (a rebellious god) made his voice heard And spoke to the gods (the Igigis), his brothers: Now, cry battle! (Atrahasis, eighteenth- century BCE, as compiled by Lambert, 1999) It has taken the Igigis 3,600 years to rise up, win their war and retire to leisurely activities.
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