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Transperineal Prostate Biopsy: a Review of Technique

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Transperineal Prostate Biopsy: a Review of Technique 3017 Review Article on Surgery for Urologic Cancers Transperineal prostate biopsy: a review of technique Alice Thomson1, Mo Li1,2, Jeremy Grummet3,4, Shomik Sengupta1,2,5 1Urology Department, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia; 2Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia; 3Urology Department, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia; 4Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia; 5Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia Contributions: (I) Conception and design: S Sengupta; (II) Administrative support: S Sengupta; (III) Provision of study material or patients: None; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: A Thomson, M Li; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: A Thomson, M Li; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Professor Shomik Sengupta. Eastern Health Clinical School, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, Victoria 3128, Australia. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: As the second most diagnosed cancer worldwide, prostate cancer is confirmed via tissue biopsy. Given the large number of prostate biopsies performed each year, the technique should be as accurate and safe as possible for the patient’s well-being. Transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-biopsy) is most offered worldwide. Transperineal biopsy (TPP-biopsy), on the other hand, has been gaining popularity due to its superior sensitivity and lower rate of sepsis. This article offers a review of the brachytherapy grid technique used to perform a TPP-biopsy, as well as a discussion of possible variations in the procedure. TPP- biopsy is typically performed under general anaesthesia with patient in lithotomy. Through the perineum, cores of tissue are taken systematically, with or without targeting, under US guidance. Different fusion techniques (cognition, MRI-US fusion software, MRI in-bore) can be used to target pre-identified lesions on MRI. The sampling can be done either by free hand or using a brachytherapy grid. Robotic assisted prostate biopsy is also available on the market as an alternative. In recent years, there has been accumulating evidence showing that it is safe and feasible to perform TPPB under local anaesthesia. This may improve the uptake of TPPB as the preferred biopsy technique for prostate cancer. Keywords: Prostate cancer; transperineal prostate biopsy (TPP-biopsy); transrectal prostate biopsy Submitted Oct 02, 2019. Accepted for publication Dec 24, 2019. doi: 10.21037/tau.2019.12.40 View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.12.40 Background as the specificity for significant prostate cancer (3). It is estimated that over two million men undergo prostate Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed biopsy world-wide each year. As such, it requires that the cancer worldwide, and the fifth leading cause of cancer technique is as accurate and safe as possible for the patient’s death in men (1). Most guidelines recommend screening well-being (4). for PCa for well-informed men with more than seven Tissue biopsy can be obtained using either transrectal to ten years of life expectancy (2). The process involves ultrasound guided biopsy (TRUS-biopsy) or transperineal performing a clinical history, digital rectal examination prostate biopsy (TPP-biopsy). TRUS-biopsy is the most (DRE) and serum testing of prostate specific antigen (PSA). commonly offered worldwide as it can be performed in a Prostate biopsy is performed on the basis of screening clinic setting with local anaesthesia. TPP-biopsy is typically results, and remains the gold standard for diagnosis. This a day procedure often requiring general anaesthesia (5). has recently been supplemented by the use of pre-biopsy TPP biopsy was first described in the 1970s but has multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). recently become more widely adopted as it has shown to mpMRI improves the sensitivity of prostate biopsy as well be superior in sensitivity especially in detecting anterior © Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved. Transl Androl Urol 2020;9(6):3009-3017 | http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.12.40 3010 Thomson et al. Transperineal prostate biopsy: a review of technique cancers, as well as having a lower rate of sepsis compared (6,12,13). to TRUS-biopsies (6-8). The patient is positioned in lithotomy on the operating Due to the indolent nature of insignificant (low risk) table. A DRE is performed for clinical evaluation of forms of prostate cancer and morbidity associated with the prostate, noting the size, consistency, any presence treatment, avoiding the diagnosis of clinically insignificant of nodules and clinical T stage if there is suspicion of disease is of increasing importance (9). The optimal prostate malignancy. biopsy technique should aim to have a high detection rate of The scrotum is elevated and held out of the way using clinically significant PCa whilst also having a low detection tape to expose the perineum. Excessive hair is shaved off the rate of insignificant PCa (10). Given the high number perineum. The perineum is prepared using Betadine (7.5% of prostate biopsies performed each year, biopsy must povidone-iodine) or other equivalent antiseptic solutions. be accessible, time-efficient and cost-effective to ensure A stepper is placed at the end of the operating table to feasibility for patients and health care systems (9,11). allow for attachment of a sampling brachytherapy grid at This article offers a review of the brachytherapy grid the level of the perineum and an US probe at the level of technique used to perform a TPP-biopsy, as well as a the rectum. discussion of possible variations in the procedure. Operative technique Selection criteria A well lubricated ultrasound probe is inserted into the Asymptomatic patients should be well informed of the rectum. The gland is visualised fully in axial and sagittal potential for over-diagnosis and over-treatment when views to allow for the identification of landmarks and undergoing screening for prostate cancer. Patients estimation of volume. Prostate specific landmarks include undergoing screening should have a life expectancy of more the urethra, which can be further defined on imaging as than 10–15 years. If general anaesthesia is used, the patient’s being either at the apex or the base, the apex, mid gland fitness for this should be assessed before selecting patient of the prostate, the transitional and peripheral zones, and for TPP-biopsy. the verumontanum. Patient-specific landmarks can include calcifications, cysts and hypoechoic lesions which may or may not correlate to pre-operative prostate imaging. Set-Up Prostate volume (mL) is calculated using the formula height To perform the procedure, basic equipment required × width × length × 0.52. includes: When no prior MRI has been obtained, or a prior MRI Operating table and lithotomy stirrups; is negative, but the patient is deemed sufficiently at risk of Stepper; harbouring significant prostate cancer, a systematic biopsy Brachytherapy grid (if being used); is performed with ultrasound guidance, with samples taken Ultrasound (US) machine, transrectal ultrasound from the apex to the base and from posterior to anterior. probe; The prostate is divided into left and right lobes. For each lobe, three to four cores are taken from anterior, middle and Water balloon spacer; posterior zones. In larger prostates, additional biopsies may Core biopsy needle; be taken to sample the base adequately. To avoid impairment Specimen container with formalin. of a target area on US images, targeted biopsies of any suspicious lesion on pre-biopsy mpMRI should be taken Procedure immediately prior to systematic biopsy. The number of cores taken should balance the detection of clinically significant Preparation prostate cancer whilst minimising side effects associated with Anaesthesia can be general, spinal, regional or local. increased sampling numbers (14). In a review by Shariat Prophylactic antibiotic should be administered up to et al. (2008) the authors recommend that for initial biopsy, at 60 minutes prior to biopsy. For patients without sensitivity, least 10 biopsy cores should be taken (11). current Australian therapeutic guidelines suggest 2 g The decision to take more cores is based on prostate intravenous cephazolin, a first-generation cephalosporin size. For prostates larger than 50 mL, an extended sampling © Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved. Transl Androl Urol 2020;9(6):3009-3017 | http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.12.40 Translational Andrology and Urology, Vol 9, No 6 December 2020 3011 protocol of 12–14 cores must be taken to detect clinically Sepsis occurs in less than 1% of patients (6). Voiding significant prostate cancer. Taking more than 18 cores difficulties are common, especially in patients with pre- has not been found to improve the detection of prostate existing lower urinary tract symptoms, and acute urinary cancer, and a saturation technique involving 20 cores at retention can occur. In a large series of 3000 patients, the initial biopsy is associated with a worse side effect profile, morbidity of TPP biopsy positively correlated with the namely haematospermia and acute urinary retention number of cores taken (14). (11,14,15). Using a solely sextant biopsy protocol is no longer considered adequate, additional cores should be Additional considerations taken from areas of suspicion
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