DOCSLIB.ORG

Informal Economic Activities in Ghana: a Case Study of Slums in Kumasi and Accra

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Informal Economic Activities in Ghana: a Case Study of Slums in Kumasi and Accra UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL INFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN GHANA: A CASE STUDY OF SLUMS IN KUMASI AND ACCRA by Luther-King Zogli Junior Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Economics Supervisor: Prof D. Mahadea School of Accounting, Economics and Finance Faculty of Law and Management University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg December, 2016 DECLARATION I, Luther-King Zogli Junior, declare that: i. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my own original research. ii. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. iii. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from those persons. iv. This thesis does not contain other authors’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other authors. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; or b. Where their words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks, and referenced. v. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the references section. Signed: __________________________Date: ____________________ Luther-King Zogli Junior Signed: ____________________________Date: _______________________ Professor Darma Mahadea (Supervisor) i ABSTRACT Slums are urban households, which lack permanently durable housing, adequate living space, access to clean water, suitable sanitation and land tenure security. Globally, slums house a third of the world’s population. These slums do not only accommodate individuals who cannot afford formal housing, but also, a vibrant informal sector. Slum operators engage in diverse economic activities to earn a living, mostly in cities where there is lack of employment opportunities. Slum activities are an integral part of the informal sector, which globally, is found to contribute significantly to employment and income, especially among low-skill individuals. In Ghana, the informal sector employs 86% of the total labour force. The Harris-Todaro model suggests that people migrate from rural to urban areas because of income differentials and employment opportunities. In the absence of adequate housing and employment facilities in Ghana, migration results in the growth of slums and urban slum informal activities as people look for a place to stay and earn a living in desperation. The informal sector is a flourishing segment of the economy, a springboard from which many dynamic small firms may graduate to the formal sector over time. There may be other motivations too that influence people in Ghana to engage in the informal slum activity. This study examined what factors motivate individuals to engage in that sector on the basis of a survey of 344 slum operators in Kumasi and Accra, two major cities in Ghana. Data collected by means of a questionnaire were analysed using SPSS and STATA. The study found out that, three levels are involved when one engages in slum activities; the entry, operation and exit phases. Factors that motivate operators to engage in slum activities represent the first stage. Using Principal Component Analysis, the study found out that avoidance of government regulation is the main motive for one’s involvement in slum activities. Hence, government initiatives that will take away some of the bureaucratic burdens and rigorous procedures of operating in the formal sector may assist in reducing the growth rate of slum activities in Ghana. Other driving forces include the ‘luxury’ of working at one’s own time, making use of one’s talents and relations, and the quest for higher income. An operator’s participation in slum activities represents the second stage. As one engages in these economic activities to generate income, the study found out that, the surveyed operators earn about US $ 8 a day, higher than the World Bank’s poverty line of US $2 a day. To find out what factors determine the average daily income earned, the OLS regression analysis is used. Amongst factors, ii an operator’s social networks, locus of control, type of economic activity, educational level, age of business and labour size, it was found that firm age was the main determinant of average daily income in slum activities in Ghana, with a 20% increase in average daily income for every extra year of operation. Some hypotheses are also tested regarding differences in performance between the two regions and between male and female operators. The mean income of males is found to be significantly higher than that of females while differences in average income are also found between the two regions. The study then investigated the constraints that limit the growth and development of enterprises, using Factor Analysis. Of the constraints, insufficient skills and business knowledge was most inhibiting. Other growth constraints include infrastructural challenges, difficulty in accessing credit, lack of tools and materials, security problems, poor communication and social networking. Exiting informal slum activities represents the third and final stage, which involves a slum operator’s willingness to move into formal activities. Formalising of the informal sector is crucial to generating sustainable income and employment. Results from logistic regression indicate that of all the constraints, addressing access to finance will prompt slum operators to move into formal sector. Many slum operators are happy to stay in the informal sector. Nevertheless, it is imperative that policy makers come up with suitable financing strategies to assist slum operators in order to help in formalisation. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ xii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM .......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................... 4 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1Specific research objectives ................................................................................................ 5 1.4 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 6 ECONOMIC PROFILE OF GHANA ........................................................................................ 6 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 BACKGROUND OF GHANA ................................................................................................. 6 2.3 POLITICAL EVOLUTION OF GHANA ................................................................................ 7 2.4 GHANA’S ECONOMY (1960-2014) ...................................................................................... 9 2.4.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth ............................................................................ 9 2.4.2 Inflation ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.4.2 Performance of sectors of the economy ........................................................................... 16 2.4.3 International Trade ........................................................................................................... 17 2.4.4 Exchange rate ................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.5 External Debt ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Tomato Industry in Ghana Today: Traders' Perspective
    THE TOMATO INDUSTRY IN GHANA TODAY: TRADERS’ PERSPECTIVE The Ghana National Tomato Traders and Transporters Association (GNTTTA) is a key informal economy player in Ghana. It is also a key player in regional integration because of its trade links with Togo, Benin and Burkina Faso, as well as the consequent massive flow of people and resources among players, partners and participating States, in line with ECOWAS protocols. The Association is predominantly female. Partnered by its transport wing, which is strategically located in Kumasi, buyers use the services of cargo truck drivers owned by Ghanaian transporters to buy from farm gates in Ghana during the rain-fed period from June 15 to December 15. From December 15 to May 30, the lean season/cross border trade takes place, with supplies coming from farm gates in Burkina Faso and the Upper East. The Upper East harvest periods run from December 15 to March 15, whilst production by Burkinabe producers run from the same period in December beyond May 15. In fact, this year, Burkina Faso stepped up production up to June 30. Regrettably, since 2006, supplies from the Upper East have been running low, until last year, when the Region failed to supply even a single crate to the GNTTTA market, owing to production and marketing challenges. This is in spite of a DFID UK intervention to step into SADA’s shoes and revamp production in SADA Zones nationwide and a media campaigns in that regard. Consequently, they have switched to soya, rice, maize etc. For the local trade, the GNTTTA collects its supplies for the various markets in Ghana from farm gates in Nsawam, Suhum and communities in the Fanteakwa District, also in the Eastern Region.
    [Show full text]
  • 20727 Report
    AA CivilCivil SocietySociety ForumForum forfor AnglophoneAnglophone WestWest AfricaAfrica onon PromotingPromoting andand ProtectingProtecting thethe RightsRights ofof StreetStreet ChildrenChildren 21-24 October 2003 - Accra, Ghana 00Organised by Consortium for Street Children In partnership with Street Child Africa (SCA) and Catholic Action for Street Children (CAS) Working collaboratively with its members, the Consortium for Street Children (CSC) co-ordinates a network for distributing information and sharing expertise around the world. Representing the voice of many, we speak as one for the rights of street children wherever they may be. Formed in 1993, the Consortium for Street Children (CSC) is a network of non-governmental organisations, which work with street-living children, street working children, and children at risk of taking to life on the streets. CSC’s work is firmly rooted in the standards enshrined in the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Its efforts are focused on building its member agencies’ capacity to work with street children and on advocacy in the areas of child rights, poverty alleviation and social exclusion. Acknowledgements Consortium for Street Children (CSC) wishes to thank our donors: Comic Relief (UK) and Plan Netherlands, and our partners: Commonwealth Foundation (UK), the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) of the British High Commission and Plan Ghana, for supporting participants to attend the forum. We extend our appreciation to Catholic Action for Street Children (CAS) for organising and facilitating the field study during the forum and for providing the valuable opportunity for all participants to have first hand experience of street work in Accra, Ghana. Our thanks also go to Taysec Gh.
    [Show full text]
  • LJH Vol. 29 Issue 1
    Ansah, G. N./ Legon Journal of the Humanities 29.1 (2018) DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v29i1.3 Acculturation and integration: Language dynamics in the rural north-urban south mobility situation in Ghana Gladys Nyarko Ansah Senior Lecturer Department of English University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Submitted: November 13, 2017/Accepted: March 20, 2018/Published: June 8, 2018 Abstract This paper examines the role acculturation plays in the acquisition of Akan as L2 among young female migrants of northern Ghana origin (Kayayei), in their host communities in the south. While the literature is replete with studies on the migration of Kayayei to urban markets in the south, many of these studies are concerned with either sociological factors or economic ones or even health. Very little research has focused on the linguistic dimension of rural-urban migration in Ghana. Under the basic assumptions of Schumann’s Acculturation Model, a socio-psychological model of L2 learning, this paper employs mixed methods (structured interviews, participant observation) to investigate Akan as L2 acquisition among Kayayei in three highly multilingual urban markets in Ghana. The analysis of the data revealed that whereas social dominance patterns do not seem to aff ect acculturation among Kayayei in Akan acquisition and use in the selected urban markets, other social and psychological factors, e.g. size of immigrant group, residence, and length of period of stay/hope of return to home origin which tend to result in limited/full integration, do. The fi ndings of this paper resonate with Hammer’s (2017) fi nding about the relationship between sociocultural integration of migrants and the extent of their use of L2, i.e., that L2 learners with higher levels of acculturation tend to have higher levels of profi ciency in the L2.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Apparatchiks and Governance in Ghana
    Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences Volume 2, No. 2.1 Quarter I 2011 ISSN: 2229 - 5313 POLITICAL APPARATCHIKS AND GOVERNANCE IN GHANA Ransford E Gyampo (Lecturer, Dept. of Political Science, University of Ghana) Abstract Political apparatchiks play a major role in ensuring the electoral victory of their respective political parties. They are also expected to strive hard to keep their parties in power to ensure that they deliver on their promises to make the life of the ordinary citizenry more comfortable and decent. However, their activities sometimes pose a severe challenge to governance. Using Ghana’s Fourth Republic as a cases study, this paper discusses the evolution and role of political apparatchiks and the challenges their activities pose to governance in Ghana. Introduction The Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC), which overthrew the constitutionally elected government of Dr. Hilla Limann on 31st December 1981, started the process designed to return Ghana to constitutional rule and usher in the Fourth Republic. Indeed, this marked the third such transition from de facto military to de jure government in Ghana’s relatively short post-colonial history. In 1969, the National Liberation Council (NLC), which, on February 24, 1966, had overthrown the government of the First Republic led by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah and the Convention People’s Party (CPP), handed over power to the constitutionally elected Progress Party (PP) government, led by Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia. In 1979, the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), led by former President J.J. Rawlings turned over power to the constitutionally elected government of Dr. Hilla Limann and the Peoples’ National Party (PNP), completing a transition began in 1977 under the Supreme Military Council I & II regimes of Generals Acheampong and Akuffo (Shillington, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • An Urban Assemblage View of Flooding in an African City
    Planning Theory & Practice ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rptp20 Becoming Vulnerable to Flooding: An Urban Assemblage View of Flooding in an African City Clifford Amoako & Emmanuel Frimpong Boamah To cite this article: Clifford Amoako & Emmanuel Frimpong Boamah (2020): Becoming Vulnerable to Flooding: An Urban Assemblage View of Flooding in an African City, Planning Theory & Practice, DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2020.1776377 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2020.1776377 Published online: 18 Jun 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 41 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rptp20 PLANNING THEORY & PRACTICE https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2020.1776377 Becoming Vulnerable to Flooding: An Urban Assemblage View of Flooding in an African City Clifford Amoakoa and Emmanuel Frimpong Boamahb aDepartment of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana; bDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Community for Global Health Equity, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Assemblage thinking has emerged over the last two decades as an important Received 28 July 2019 theoretical framework to interrogate emerging complex socio-material phe­ Accepted 27 May 2020 nomenon in cities. This paper deploys the assemblage lens to unpack the KEYWORDS vulnerability of informal communities to flood hazards in an African city. Flood vulnerability; urban Focusing on Agbogbloshie and Old Fadama, the largest informal settlements assemblage; informality; in Accra, Ghana, this paper employs multiple methods including archival Accra; Ghana analysis, institutional surveys, focus group discussions, and mini-workshops to study the processes of exposure and vulnerability to flood hazards in these two communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Accepted Version
    Citation for published version: Agyei, YA, Kumi, E & Yeboah, T 2016, 'Is better to be a kayayei than to be unemployed: reflecting on the role of head portering in Ghana’s informal economy', GeoJournal, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 293-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-015-9620-z DOI: 10.1007/s10708-015-9620-z Publication date: 2016 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication University of Bath Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 GeoJournal DOI 10.1007/s10708-015-9620-z Is better to be a kayayei than to be unemployed: reflecting on the role of head portering in ghana’s informal economy Yaa Ankomaa Agyei • Emmanuel Kumi • Thomas Yeboah Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Abstract The implementation of neoliberal eco- standard of living of these young girls through nomic reforms with its resultant effects on rural improved access to income, health care and asset agricultural economies has facilitated the migration of accumulation while their families benefit from remit- young girls from northern to southern Ghana to seek tances.
    [Show full text]
  • Dress Fashion Politics of Ghanaian Presidential Inauguration Ceremonies from 1960 to 2017
    FTR Vol. 1 Issue 3 DRESS FASHION POLITICS OF GHANAIAN PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION CEREMONIES FROM 1960 TO 2017 Volume 1, Issue 3. September 2019 Pages: 35 - 55 ISSN: 2665-0983 (ONLINE) DOI: 10.35738/ftr.20190103.16 AUTHOR Osuanyi Quaicoo Essel Fashion Design and Textiles Education Unit, Department of Art Education, University of Education, Winneba - Ghana Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Presidential inaugurations are statutory in Ghana, but what a president wears during his inauguration are non-statutory, yet, it is a salient visual communicative apparatus that pulls the strings of patriotism, nationalism and fosters a sense of belongingness. In an attempt to throw light on the dress fashion politics of president-elects, the study examined their chronological inaugural dress fashion choice from 1960 to 2017 in order to establish the trend of dress cultural identity they have portrayed during their respective inauguration ceremonies. Using census sampling technique, the sample consisted of all democratically elected Presidents from the first to the fourth Republic. The instrumentation used were motion pictures, archival records and images of the president-elects during their respective inaugural ceremonies. Motion pictures and images gathered were subjected to semiological analysis. The study revealed that seven of the eight president-elects selected their inaugural ceremony dress fashion from the repertoire of Ghanaian fashion classics to signal their Ghanaian dress cultural identity. Their dress fashion, fabric weaves, pattern symbolisms and construal of colours used were sourced from the cultural knowledges of multi-ethnic nationalistic ideological experience and mindset with the aim of fostering unity, nationalism, and display of their Ghanaian identity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics, 1979-2000
    African Studies Quarterly | Volume 5, Issue 2 | Summer 2001 The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics, 1979-2000 JOHN L. ADEDEJI Abstract: Jerry John Rawlings, Ghana's leader since the December 31, 1981 coup until the 2000 elections, was a Flight Lieutenant in the Air Force and a militant populist when he led the first coup of June 4, 1979, that overthrew the regime of Gen. Fred Akuffo, who had, in turn, deposed his predecessor, Gen. I.K. Acheampong, in a palace coup. According to Shillington (1992), Rawlings was convinced that after one year of the Akuffo regime, nothing had been changed and the coup amounted to a "waste of time," and "it was then up to him to change not only the status quo, but also put the country back on track."1 Rawlings, unlike many other leaders in Ghana's history, subsequently led the country through the difficult years of economic recovery and succeeded in giving back to Ghanaians their national pride. Chazan (1983) observes "without Rawlings' strength of character and unwavering determination, Ghana would not have survived the Economic Recovery Programs (ERPs) of the 1980s put in place by the ruling Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC)."2 Rawlings saw his leadership role to be that of a "watchdog" for ordinary people and he addressed problems of incompetence, injustice and corruption. Rawlings also instituted a transition from authoritarianism to multi-party democracy by attempting to decentralize the functions of government from Accra to other parts of the country.3 When the PNDC established the People's Defence Committees (PDCs), a system of cooperatives, it became a unique move never before seen in Ghana's political economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration: Community Consequences and Individual Migrant Experiences in Agbogbloshie
    MIGRATION: COMMUNITY CONSEQUENCES AND INDIVIDUAL MIGRANT EXPERIENCES IN AGBOGBLOSHIE BY YAJALIN EBOTUI JOHN (B.A. POLITICAL SCIENCE) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING, KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES JUNE, 2015. DECLARATION I, Yajalin Ebotui John, do hereby declare that this thesis is my own submission towards the Master of Philosophy in Development Studies and, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university or any institution of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. YAJALIN EBOTUI JOHN ………….………… ……………… (PG8379812) SIGNATURE DATE CERTIFIED BY: DR. RONALD ADAMTEY ……………………. ……………... (SUPERVISOR) SIGNATURE DATE CERTIFIED BY: DR. DANIEL K. B. INKOOM ……………………. ……………... (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) SIGNATURE DATE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe the highest gratitude to the creator of all things who I personally believe has seen me through to the successful completion of this thesis. I thank Him for favour of life and the grace to conduct this work in spirit of humility against many odds. I want to render my sincerest thanks and deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Ronald Adamtey for his immense support in my journey. Without any form and shape, Dr. Ronald’s comments and responses pushed the limits of my thinking to enable me arrive at this destination. I acknowledge with sincerest appreciation Prof. K. K. Adarkwa’s input and contribution to the success of this thesis project.
    [Show full text]
  • Threads and Stitches of Peace- Understanding What Makes Ghana an Oasis of Peace? Hippolyt Akow Saamwan Pul Nova Southeastern University, [email protected]
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2015 Threads and Stitches of Peace- Understanding What Makes Ghana an Oasis of Peace? Hippolyt Akow Saamwan Pul Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, African Studies Commons, Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Economic Policy Commons, Economics Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Infrastructure Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Place and Environment Commons, Political Science Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, Religion Commons, Social Welfare Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Hippolyt Akow Saamwan Pul. 2015. Threads and Stitches of Peace- Understanding What Makes Ghana an Oasis of Peace?. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences. (23) http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/23. This Dissertation is brought
    [Show full text]
  • From Europe, to the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard
    Peace and Development Studies 2FU33E From Europe, to the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard By: Simon Strand C Thesis Supervisor: Lennart Wohlgemuth Abstract The challenge of sound e-waste treatment is something that is a global concern when relating to good business practices, safe working conditions, information security and environment. This research applies a holistic view of the illegal trade of e-waste from Europe to Ghana by aiming to highlight some of its drivers. By applying an adapted RV-model to identify the actors engaged in smuggling and rational choice theory to analyse market incentives this research identifies legal and procedural weaknesses that enable the illegal shipment of e- waste. The actors identified to target West Africa was in general smaller groups. These groups have established routes and transit points that complicate the international coordination of enforcers and inhibit their capacity to build strong cases against criminals. They target countries within the EU with limited enforcement capacity, high shipping volumes and low penalty rates for environmental crimes to exploit the domestic responsibility of enforcement and sentencing. They also mask e-waste as used electronics which is not heavily regulated and for which there is a strong Ghanaian market demand and employs a large number of workers in the informal sector, with the supply chain with an estimated 200,000 people employed. The main problems identified was enforcement procedures, international and domestic coordination, relative cost for formal recycling, lack of alternatives for workers and officials as well lack of deterring sentencing. This has led to secondary effects such as poor environmental and health protection as well as physical- and data-security.
    [Show full text]
  • The Avenues of Social and Economic Empowerment for Women in Ghana’S Poor Urban Settlements
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Theses Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Winter 12-14-2018 The veA nues of Social and Economic Empowerment for Women in Ghana's Poor Urban Settlements Comfort Amoah University of San Francisco, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes Part of the Africana Studies Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Amoah, Comfort, "The vA enues of Social and Economic Empowerment for Women in Ghana's Poor Urban Settlements" (2018). Master's Theses. 1179. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/1179 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Avenues of Social and Economic Empowerment for Women in Ghana’s Poor Urban Settlements. In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS in INTERNATIONAL STUDIES by [Amoah Comfort] November 20, 2018 UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Under the guidance and approval of the committee, and approval by all the members, this thesis project has
    [Show full text]