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The Bipartisan Women of the Us Senate

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The Bipartisan Women of the Us Senate THE BIPARTISAN WOMEN OF THE U.S. SENATE: CIVILITY, COLLABORATION AND STEWARDSHIP OF THE UPPER CHAMBER A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Liberal Studies by Shannon M. Kula, M.P.S. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. 24 March 2016 COPYRIGHT 2016 Shannon M. Kula ii THE BIPARTISAN WOMEN OF THE U.S. SENATE: CIVILITY, COLLABORATION AND STEWARDSHIP OF THE UPPER CHAMBER Shannon M. Kula, M.P.S. DLS Chair: Elizabeth Duke, PhD ABSTRACT The United States Senate has long been called one of the world’s “greatest deliberative bodies” yet today, many Americans see a bitterly divided and ideologically polarized Congress. The American public rightfully demands to understand why limited bipartisanship, as well as significant stalemate and obstructionism, persist in hindering legislative work on Capitol Hill. What is urgently needed is an inclusive polity and healthy public institutions that ensure the success of the American democracy. Indeed, a vital resource is found in the values and actions of the bipartisan women of the U.S. Senate who represent a small, yet impactful, twenty percent of the legislative body. The examination of the bipartisan women of the Senate is a critical analysis of successful behaviors and belief systems in need of replication for productive governance within the legislative branch. How the women of the Senate work with each other and with their colleagues to be successful in a traditionally male dominated institution and in a political environment that currently makes large and small legislative accomplishments a challenge will be explored at length. iii The dissertation illuminates not only the impact of the bipartisan women of the Senate in their formal roles as legislators and leaders, but also the informal, successful yet not widely recognized dynamic impact they have on the legislative body as a whole, despite increasingly divisive partisan rhetoric. Their accomplishments as legislators and leaders rising above the acrimony to drive progress far outmatch their relatively small number. The bipartisan women of the Senate’s adoption and adaptation of folkways from a great Senate of an earlier time is leading the institution back to the norms of a bygone era. It was a time when civility, collaboration and cooperation ruled the Upper Chamber. In an increasingly polarized Congress, the women of the Senate have not only mastered these folkways or playbooks, but have improved upon them to fit the times. Today the women take the lead on negotiations when the Senate is in stalemate or shutdown, they lead on and pass key legislation not agreed upon in years and they find issues of common ground to work together on, despite differences in political ideology. There are three important lessons to learn from and examine. First, the women of the Senate do something no other group of bipartisan Senators do in the Senate – they all get together on a regular basis and because of this, have grown as a group to value a discursive approach to friendship, politics and collegiality thus resulting in successful bipartisan collaboration. Second, the women of the Senate possess unique leadership characteristics that stem from their values and personal experiences. Experiences and values that primed their adoption and adaption of unofficial Senate rules and norms created before women served as they do today. Finally, the result of their unique actions demonstrate the bipartisan women as effective stewards of the Senate as an institution, iv exemplifying a fiduciary responsibility to carry on that which is good in the institution, for the benefit of the American democracy. The bipartisan women of the Senate are not only effective legislators because they adopted and adapted what was once a “men only” playbook, but they are increasingly the core group protecting and preserving the very institution of the U.S. Senate itself through their unique methodologies. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Helen Keller rightly said "alone we can do so little but together we can do so much" and while writing this dissertation involved countless solitary hours, it also included the time and talents of many who helped make this academic endeavor possible. One extraordinary mentor was none other than my dissertation advisor, Dr. Elizabeth Duke. Dr. Duke is an inspiring woman of great strength with a career filled with personal and professional accomplishments that I have watched and learned from with awe. Over the years we have collaborated on more than a few academic projects that have culminated in this dissertation. To Dr. Elizabeth Duke and her husband Dick, I am eternally grateful for the tireless support, guidance and for opening up their home (and kitchen) to see this endeavor through. My dissertation committee included two other remarkable women, U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe and Ann F. Lewis. Senator Snowe is a historic figure in the Senate who championed remarkable legislative efforts and tirelessly worked to restore civility and collaboration in the Upper Chamber. Her enduring commitment to this work and my academic endeavor ensured the firm grounding of theory in practice. Another accomplished leader, teacher, suffrage expert, Emmy Award nominee communicator, and fellow former chief of staff, Ann F. Lewis, is an enduring source of wisdom. Her valuable insights and professional experiences, in conjunction with hours of reading, made significant contributions to this dissertation. Of course, this dissertation would not have been possible without the fearless leader I have such respect and admiration for, U.S. Senator Barbara A. Mikulski. Senator Mikulski is truly a force and has been a source of constant support and encouragement vi throughout the years as I took classes, studied for tests and wrote this dissertation. I am humbled and honored to have one of the loudest champions for me to accomplish my goals be one of our nation's most distinguished, intelligent, trailblazing woman in history. Senator Mikulski is the “Lioness of the Senate” and her devotion to my family, this work and me has been unwavering. Indeed, Senator Mikulski and the entire bipartisan women of the U.S. Senate have been the inspiration for this dissertation and I am grateful to have learned from their collective service. Without a doubt, Georgetown University’s Liberal Studies Program has been the bedrock of this endeavor. I am grateful for the foundation that the department has provided to pursue this scholarship as well as the opportunity to work under the tremendous leadership of Dr. Frank Ambrosio and the guidance of Anne Ridder. I must acknowledge and sincerely thank my husband, Dr. Ronald J. Clark. Ron has always been the first voice to say "yes you can" and last one to turn out the lights after a long day of research. Although the dissertation process is a solitary journey, I was never alone. Whatever idea or aspiration I have, Ron not only says "let's do it" but we immediately develop an action plan and he is by my side all the way. For those who might know both my husband and Senator Mikulski, you know the level of energy and motivation I am blessed to have on this journey. Last, but not least, I thank my entire family for being such a wonderful support system and source of strength throughout this entire process. Blessed to have been raised and surrounded by women who exemplify strength, courage and commitment my entire life, I am determined to share these lessons with the next generation. Exegi monumentum aere perennius. Thank you all. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT ii ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. RELEVANT LITERATURE 15 CHAPTER 3. WOMEN OF THE SENATE: 75 VALUES & FRIENDSHIP CHAPTER 4. LAST GREAT SENATE: 112 WHAT DID IT LOOK LIKE CHAPTER 5. WOMEN OF THE SENATE: 130 REGULAR ORDER CHAPTER 6. WOMEN OF THE SENATE: 166 COMMITTEE LEADERSHIP CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION 199 APPENDICES 220 BIBLIOGRAPHY 265 viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The United States Senate has long been called one of the world’s “greatest deliberative bodies” yet today, many Americans see a bitterly divided, ideologically polarized Congress with a 15% approval rating.1 The public rightfully demands to understand why limited bipartisanship, as well as significant stalemate and obstructionism, persist in stymieing legislative work from advancing into law. What is urgently needed is an inclusive polity and healthy public institutions that ensure the success of the American democracy. Indeed, a vital resource for the health of the institution can be found in the values and actions of the women of the U.S. Senate who represent a small, yet impactful, twenty percent of the legislative body. This examination of the bipartisan women of the Senate (as they self-identify) is a critical examination of successful behaviors and belief systems in need of replication for productive governance within our esteemed legislative branch. With over 16 years in the U.S. Senate, serving first with the senior Senator from Connecticut, Chris Dodd and for the last 13 years with the senior Senator from Maryland Barbara Mikulski, the author witnessed first-hand two things happening simultaneously yet independently from one another. First, over the course of the last twenty years, the Senate as an institution appears to have increased its ideological divisiveness and toxic discourse, as well as reduced its legislative productivity, comity and approval rating
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