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Results of the Phase I Archaeological Survey

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Results of the Phase I Archaeological Survey Supplemental Phase I Archaeological Survey for the Lochmeath Way to Puncheon Run Connector, Kent County, Delaware Parent Agreement 1777, Task 6a by Bill Liebeknecht and Curtis McCoy Prepared for Delaware Department of Transportation P.O. Box 778-800 Bay Road Dover, Delaware 19903 Prepared by Dovetail Cultural Resource Group 721 Philadelphia Pike Wilmington, Delaware 19809-2539 Dovetail Job #18-081 February 2020 February 11, 2020 Bill Liebeknecht, Principal Investigator Date Dovetail Cultural Resource Group This page intentionally left blank ABSTRACT On behalf of the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT), Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail) conducted a supplemental Phase I archaeological survey within the United States Route 13 (U.S. Route 13) Lochmeath Way to Puncheon Run Connector project in Kent County, Delaware. Dovetail completed an archaeological study of three stormwater management ponds in 2018 (Klein and Liebeknecht 2019). Since that time, DelDOT determined that the project area needed to be expanded to include an additional 28.7 acres (11.6 ha). The current supplemental report includes the archaeological survey of this expansion area as identified by DelDOT. The studies supplement the work completed in 2018. The goal for the investigations was to identify any archaeological sites or above-ground resources associated with archaeological sites such as building foundations, wells, etc. that are listed in or eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) within the project’s supplemental archaeological project area. Based on the topographic position, environmental setting, and the results of previous archaeological investigations adjacent to and slightly overlapping with this area, the project area was judged to have moderate potential for prehistoric and historic resources. According to Delaware’s Cultural and Historical Resource Information System (CHRIS), no previously recorded archaeological sites or above-ground resources are located within the supplemental project area. As the present document serves as an addendum to the original full Phase I report (Klein and Liebeknecht 2019), the cultural context and background review sections have been abbreviated as presented here to present relevant data not covered in the previous report. The current survey and report were completed in compliance with Secretary of the Interior (SOI) guidelines on cultural resources. These services are designed to comply with the criteria set forth by the Delaware State Historic Preservation Office (DE SHPO) and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its regulations (36 CFR 800). The Phase I archaeological fieldwork was conducted between August 12 and 23, 2019. The archaeological survey recovered 318 artifacts across the project area dating to the late- eighteenth through the first-half of the nineteenth century. Examination of the historic maps indicates that the artifacts were likely related to the farm/plantation known as Maple Grove, owned by the Jackson family. As such the DE SHPO assigned a single CRS number, K08079, and site number, 7K-C-470, to the entire site. Mapping the locations of artifact classes suggests an older and stronger signature on the northern portion of the field. The possibility that additional work at 7K-C-470 will produce important new information about local, regional, or Delaware history is moderate to high. Therefore, Dovetail recommends that the Maple Grove Site, 7K-C-470, is potentially eligible for NRHP listing under Criterion D and Phase II investigation, focused on the historic component, should be undertaken to fully evaluate that eligibility. Three dwellings (K03347, K03348, and K03349) formerly located in the northeast corner of the project area date to the 1940s. These dwellings were removed from the project area prior i to 1997. The sites of these three mid-twentieth century houses do not contribute to the potential eligibility of the site. Although there is a small prehistoric component to this site, the limited quantity of prehistoric artifacts found across the project area suggests that this component also does not contribute to the potential eligibility of the site. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................... 5 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .............................................................................................. 9 Geology ................................................................................................................................. 9 Hydrology ............................................................................................................................. 9 Soils....................................................................................................................................... 9 CULTURAL CONTEXT........................................................................................................ 11 Early Industrialization (1770–1830) ................................................................................... 11 Industrialization and Capitalization (1830–1880) .............................................................. 12 Urbanization and Suburbanization (1880–1940) ................................................................ 13 Suburbanization and Early Ex-urbanization (1940–1960) ................................................. 15 RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROJECT METHODOLOGY ................................................ 21 Background Research ......................................................................................................... 21 Archaeological Survey ........................................................................................................ 21 Laboratory Methods ............................................................................................................ 22 Research Design.................................................................................................................. 22 RESULTS OF THE PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ......................................... 25 Results of Pedestrian and STP Survey ................................................................................ 25 Site 7K-C-470 Description ................................................................................................. 27 Site 7K-C-470 Evaluation and Significance ....................................................................... 34 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................... 35 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 37 APPENDIX A: SHOVEL TEST CATALOG ........................................................................ 43 APPENDIX B: ARTIFACT CATALOG ............................................................................... 71 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Kent County Showing the Location of the Project Area. ............................. 2 Figure 2: Location of Project Area on the United States Geological Survey 7.5-Minute Digital Raster Graphic Mosaic of Kent County, Delaware. ............................................. 3 Figure 3: Location of Project Area. .......................................................................................... 6 Figure 4: View Northwest Showing the Overgrown Fallow Field in the North Half of the Project Area from the Central Hedgerow. ........................................................................ 8 Figure 5: Partial 1859 Map of Kent County, Delaware, Showing the Project Area Indicated with a Pink Star ............................................................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Partial 1868 Map of the Atlas of the State of Delaware, Showing the Project Area Outlined in Pink. ............................................................................................................. 14 Figure 7: Partial 1899 Map Showing a Building at the Intersection of Rising Sun and West Lebanon Roads within the Project Area. ........................................................................ 16 Figure 8: 1926 Aerial Image Showing the Project Area Outlined in Pink ............................. 17 Figure 9: 1937 Aerial Image Showing the Project Area Outlined in Pink. ............................ 18 Figure 10: 1954 Aerial Image Showing the Project Area Outlined in Pink. .......................... 19 Figure 11: Representative Soil Profile from K-15. ................................................................. 26 Figure 12: Map Showing Site 7K-C-470 Site Boundaries Outlined in Pink. ......................... 28 Figure 13: Percentages and Counts of Artifact Classes from 7K-C-470. ............................... 29 Figure 14: Location of Project Area Showing Shovel Test Locations. .................................. 30 Figure 15: Site Map Showing the Locations of Architectural Artifacts Recovered from STPs.. ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 16: Site Map Showing the Locations of Domestic Artifacts
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