INDONESIA’S DIPLOMACY TOWARDS FIJI IN PREVENTING THE FULLY MEMBERSHIP OF UNITED LIBERATION MOVEMENT FOR WEST PAPUA INTO MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP (2013-2016)
By SITI RAUDINA CARMELIA PUTRI 016201300141
A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in International Relations Major in Strategic and Defense Studies
2017 THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER
This thesis entitled “Indonesia’s Diplomacy towards Fiji in Preventing the Fully Membership of United Liberation Movement for West Papua into Melanesian Spearhead Group (2013-2016)” prepared and submitted by Siti Raudina Carmelia Putri in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor in International Relations in the Faculty of Humanities has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense.
Cikarang, Indonesia, 5 June 2017
Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D. Thesis Advisor
i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
I declare that this thesis, entitled “Indonesia’s Diplomacy towards Fiji in Preventing the Fully Membership of United Liberation Movement for West Papua into Melanesian Spearhead Group (2013-2016)” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree.
Cikarang, Indonesia, 5 June 2017
Siti Raudina Carmelia Putri
ii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET
The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis entitled “Indonesia’s Diplomacy towards Fiji in Preventing the Fully Membership of United Liberation Movement for West Papua into Melanesian Spearhead Group (2013-2016)” that was submitted by Siti Raudina Carmelia Putri majoring in International Relations from the Faculty of Humanities was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on June 2nd, 2017
Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D. Chair – Panel of Examiners Thesis Adviser I
Bustanul Arifin, BA.IR, MA Thesis Adviser II
Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, MA., Ph.D. Examiner
iii ABSTRACT Siti Raudina Carmelia Putri, 016201300141, “Indonesia’s Diplomacy towards Fiji in Preventing the Fully Membership of United Liberation Movement for West Papua into Melanesian Spearhead Group (2013-2016)”
Advisors: Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D. and Bustanul Arifin, BA.IR, MA
Papua is the largest and easternmost province in Indonesia and the Papua secession issue has become one of the eye-catching headlines in the last years. Represent by the ULMWP, West Papua came up with the idea to hold self-determination and applied for membership in Melanesian Spearhead Group, an intergovernmental organization among Melanesian countries in the Pacific region, which aims to cooperation to improve and promote the economy of its member countries. The ULMWP in Papua is becomes a big issue that RI recently concerns because of this organization considered to threaten the sovereignty and security of RI. Meanwhile, as a sovereign country, Republic of Indonesia has the right to protect its citizens and choose the best policy for its governance. In response the human rights issue in Papua, the RI basically already implemented policy such Special Autonomy in response the issue, where the policy contains the state recognition on the speciality of Papua also includes wide authority and special authority to govern governance and development according to the aspirations and needs of the people of Papua. In 2015, RI accepted the status in MSG as the associate membership, which before as the observer, where this status give RI an important role in the bilateral relations between RI and each members of MSG, while the ULMWP also get their status as the Observer. Seen this issue, based on the Public Diplomacy, RI use public diplomacy as in counter the ULMWP and the Papuan self-determination issue, especially to the Republic of Fiji that considered as the most influential country in the MSG also in the South Pacific region. Indonesian’s diplomacy to Fiji practiced through technical cooperation and south-south cooperation. This way is considered as the best way for RI in prevent as well as reduce the fully membership of ULMWP also the role of RI as a sovereign country, which cannot interference by any other countries.
Keywords: ULMWP, Republic of Fiji, Republic of Indonesia, Diplomacy, Sovereignty, Public Diplomacy, Technical Cooperation.
iv ABSTRAK Siti Raudina Carmelia Putri, 016201300141, “Indonesia’s Diplomacy towards Fiji in Preventing the Fully Membership of United Liberation Movement for West Papua into Melanesian Spearhead Group (2013-2016)”
Pembimbing: Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D. dan Bustanul Arifin, BA.IR, MA
Papua adalah provinsi bagian timur dan terbesar di Indonesia. Isu pemisahan diri di Papua telah menjadi salah satu berita utama yang menarik perhatian di beberapa terakhir. Diwakili oleh ULMWP, Papua Barat mengemukakan gagasan untuk mengulang kembali penentuan nasib sendiri dan juga mengajukan keanggotaan di Melanesian Spearhead Group, sebuah organisasi antar pemerintah di antara negara- negara Melanesia di wilayah Pasifik yang bertujuan bekerjasama untuk memperbaiki dan mempromosikan ekonomi negara anggotanya. ULMWP di Papua menjadi isu besar yang baru-baru ini dikhawatirkan oleh RI, karena dinilai mengancam kedaulatan dan keamanan Republik Indonesia. Sementara itu, sebagai negara yang berdaulat, Republik Indonesia memiliki hak untuk melindungi warganya dan memilih kebijakan yang terbaik untuk tata kelola pemerintahannya. Pada tahun 2015, RI menerima status di MSG sebagai anggota asosiasi, yang sebelumnya sebagai pengamat, dimana status ini memberi RI peran penting dalam hubungan bilateral RI dan masing-masing negara anggota MSG, sedangkan ULMWP juga mendapatkan status mereka sebagai pengamat. Melihat isu ini, berdasarkan pengertian dari Diplomasi Publik, RI menggunakan diplomasi publik kepada MSG untuk melawan ULMWP dan isu penentuan nasib sendiri di Papua, khususnya kepada Republik Fiji yang dianggap sebagai Negara yang sangat berpengaruh di MSG dan juga di wilayah Pasifik Selatan. Diplomasi Indonesia terhadap Fiji dipraktekkan melalui kerja sama teknis dan kerjasama selatan-selatan. Cara ini dianggap sebagai cara terbaik bagi RI dalam menghalangi sekaligus mencegah keanggotaan penuh ULMWP dan peran RI sebagai negara berdaulat, yang tidak dapat dicampur tangan oleh negara lain.
Kata Kunci: ULMWP, Republik Fiji, Republik Indonesia, Diplomasi, Kedaulatan, Diplomasi Publik, Kerjasama Teknik.
v ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Days turn into months then years. 3.5 years in President University becomes an unforgettable lesson for me as a student that finally has gone through one more important phase in life. During the process of doing this thesis, I learned many things, to be patient, to keep trying and never give up, and to understand that if we want to achieve something, it is cannot only be obtained by seeing and saying, but we must endlessly try to achieve that result. For me, completing this thesis is one of my greatest achievements in life and makes my parents proud. I am so grateful for what is given as well as the people around me who continue to motivate and encourage unceasingly. First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT for His never-ending blessings given to me. To Prophet Muhammad SAW. I would like to thanks and bunch of love to both my parents, for their endless prayers and motivations they given to me, I present this thesis for them as a prove that their hard work educating me not in vain. And many thanks express to my sister and brother for their encouragement and support in working on this thesis until it is finally finish as well as their willingness to comfort me. Second, I would like to express my gratitude for my supervisor, Mr. Teuku Rezasyah for his effort in encourage his student, sharing his knowledge, also help me to finish my thesis with guidance, directed and advice, and spend the time for consultations. For Mr. Bustanul Arifin, for his time, support, and advice given to me, accept me for consultations even without making promises, and patience with the not-on-time of me, I thank you so much for that. Much gratitude I dedicated for my supervisors and their patience in help me finish this thesis in the midst of their busyness and weariness.
vi Third, I would like to say thousand thanks to Teuku Haikal Putra, my one and only 24/7 I can rely on, his endless support and motivation during the proses of this thesis. Nasya Ramadhini Ameilina, a best friend, a sister, a friend that I can rely on that accompanying me from the first day in the university and always be there for me, joy and sorrow. To Liddinii Haniifa, a best friend who always listen my story, even in the middle of the night, the one who kind to anybody and always inspire me. Bunch of thanks to Hinayah Nur, my lovely classmate, the awesome friends that always ready whenever I need her. To Onasis Tarigan, my other human diary and a struggle-friend in finishing this thesis together. Atika Hardicha, Winnie Kosasih, Qatrunnada Fitria, Fatimah Zuhra, Anastasia Trinata Pranindita, Aprilia Kusumaningtyas, Amalisa Safira Damai, Asprilia Haifa, Fadilla, Lindie Rutry, Rahma Yustika, Ayu Santika, Maria Dwiajeng A, Jihan Dja’far S, Annisa Faza, Nurul Ilmi J, Mentary, Michelle Aretha, Rizky Anugerah P, Farhan Abdullah, Diazzamun Afif, Aprizal Alexander, Fairuz Izdi, billion of thanks I express for them who giving such beautiful memories in my university life, support and motivated me in finish this thesis, being my mood-booster, and my second home. I hope we will meet again in the future. To the big family of International Relations 2013, the lecturers, also not forget to IR Futsal Squad, IR Basketball Squad and Chanted. Thank you so much. To close my gratitude, let me say Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, praising to Allah for all of these opportunities.
Cikarang, 29 May 2017
Siti Raudina Carmelia Putri
vii TABLE OF CONTENTS
THESIS ADVISER ...... i RECOMMENDATION LETTER ...... i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ...... ii PANEL OF EXAMINER ...... iii APPROVAL SHEET ...... iii ABSTRACT ...... iv ABSTRAK ...... v ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii LIST OF TABLES ...... xi CHAPTER II ...... xi LIST OF FIGURES ...... xii LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... xiii CHAPTER I ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 I.1. Background of the Study ...... 1 I.2. Problem Identified ...... 5 I.3. Statement of the Problem ...... 9 I.4. Research Objectives...... 9 I.5. Significance of the Study ...... 10 I.6. Theoretical Framework ...... 10 I.6.1. Geostrategy ...... 10 I.6.2. Sovereignty ...... 14 I.6.3. Public Diplomacy ...... 15 I.7. Literature Review ...... 18 I.8. Research Methodology ...... 22 I.8.1. Research Instrument ...... 23 I.9. Scope and Limitation of the Study ...... 24 I.10. Definition of Terms ...... 25 I.11. Thesis Structure ...... 26 I.11.1. CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION ...... 26 I.11.2. CHAPTER II – MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP ...... 27
viii I.11.3. CHAPTER III – PAPUA’S SELF DETERMINATION ISSUE AND UNITED LIBERATION MOVEMENT FOR WEST PAPUA ...... 27 I.11.4. CHAPTER IV – INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT DIPLOMACY TO FIJI IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE FULLY MEMBERSHIP OF ULMWP INTO MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP ...... 28 I.11.5. CHAPTER V – CONCLUSION ...... 28 CHAPTER II ...... 29 MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP ...... 29 II.1. The History of Melanesian Spearhead Group ...... 29 II.1.1. The Purpose of Melanesian Spearhead Group ...... 31 II.1.2. Membership Structure of Melanesian Spearhead Group ...... 33 II.2. The Republic of Indonesia Status and Its Cooperation with Melanesian Spearhead Group ...... 34 II.2.1. The Republic of Indonesia Cooperation with Melanesia Spearhead Group ...... 38 II.3. The Bilateral Relations of Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Fiji .... 44 II.3.1. Development Cooperation Agrement (2011) ...... 45 II.3.2. Joint Ministerial Committee (September 2015) ...... 46 CHAPTER III ...... 49 PAPUA’S SELF DETERMINATION ISSUE AND UNITED LIBERATION MOVEMENT FOR WEST PAPUA ...... 49 III.1. Introduction ...... 49 III.2. Self-Determination ...... 49 III.3. Papua Independence Issue ...... 51 III.3.1. The Beginning of The Free Papua Movements (OPM Groups) ...... 54 III.3.2. The Desire of Self-determination in West Papua...... 61 III.3.3. Free West Papua Campaign ...... 66 III.4. United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP)...... 67 III.4.1. The ULMWP Application Submission for Membership in MSG ...... 70 III.5. MSG Member Countries’ Stance on West Papua Issue ...... 71 III.6. ULMWP AND MSG TIMELINE ...... 77 III.6.1. The Year of 2013 ...... 77 III.6.2. The Year of 2014 ...... 82 III.6.3. The Year of 2015 ...... 86 III.6.4. The Year of 2016 ...... 87 III.7. ULMWP DEVELOPMENT ...... 88 CHAPTER IV ...... 90 INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT DIPLOMACY TO FIJI IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE FULLY MEMBERSHIP OF ULMWP INTO MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP ...... 90 IV.1. Introduction ...... 90
ix IV.2. Republic of Indonesia's Interest in MSG ...... 90 IV.3. Republic of Indonesia's Policy in Papua ...... 92 IV.3.1. Special Autonomy ...... 92 IV.3.2. Welfare Approach ...... 94 IV.4. Public Diplomacy of the Republic of Indonesia ...... 96 IV.5. RI’s Public Diplomacy to the Republic of Fiji ...... 101 IV.5.1. Economy ...... 105 IV.5.2. Agriculture ...... 106 IV.5.3. Marine and Fisheries ...... 106 IV.5.4. Trade ...... 107 IV.5.5. Social-Cultural ...... 107 IV.5.6. Education ...... 107 IV.5.7. Infrastructure Development ...... 108 IV.6. The ULMWP Status in MSG ...... 109 CHAPTER V ...... 112 CONCLUSION ...... 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 115 APPENDICES ...... 127
x LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER II Table 2.1. The points of RI–Fiji meetings and visits ...... 48
CHAPTER III
Table 3.1. Data on Violence and Shootings Action in Papua in 2013 ...... 57
Table 3.2. Data on Violence and Shootings Action in Papua in 2014 ...... 59
Table 3.3. Data on Violence and Shootings Action in Papua in 2015 (January– September) ...... 61
Table 3.4. The protests in Papua between April 2013 to December 2014 (especially regarding MSG) ...... 63
CHAPTER IV
Table 4.1. 4 Hierarchies Achieved by Indonesian Pubic Diplomacy on MSG ...... 103
xi LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER I
Figure 1.1. Four Hierarchies in Public Diplomacy by Mark Leonard ...... 17
CHAPTER II
Figure 2.1. The Benefits of KSST ...... 39
Figure 2.2. The Main Principles Underlying Differences in the Implementation of the Indonesia KSST Program ...... 40
CHAPTER IV
Figure 4.1. Research Framework ...... 96
xii LIST OF ACRONYMS
RI Republic of Indonesia
MSG Melanesian Spearhead group
SI Solomon Islands
PNG Papua New Guinea
ULMWP United Liberation Movement for West Papua
OPM Organisasi Papua Merdeka
WPNCL West Papua Coalition for Liberation
FLNKS Front de Liberation Nationale Kanak et Socialiste New Caledonia
NRFPB Negara Republic Federal Papua Barat
PNWP Parliament National West Papua
UNTEA United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
PEPERA Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat (Act of Free Choice)
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
PIF Pacific Islands Forum
KSS Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan (South-South Cooperation)
PIDP Pacific Islands Development Program
MSG RPA Melanesian Spearhead Group Regional Police Academy
xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I.1. Background of the Study
In this century, people can do anything to stand up for their rights, their choices, which they will do anything such campaign, demonstration, and baulk to get attention. Secession has become the other way to ask what all they want after a long time. What happened in Papua is one of the Republic of Indonesia’s concerns recently after the struggle of Papua in 54 years of neglecting from their central government, Republic of Indonesia.1
Papua is the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia. The Papua secession issue has become one of the eye-catching headlines in global news media in the last years. West Papua came up with the idea to hold self-determination determining whether or not to be independent state apart from Indonesia. In this prior, West Papua has been doing a series of campaign, petition and negotiation with other countries also applied for membership to Melanesian Spearhead Group to support them to become an independent state. However, the Indonesian government keeps declining the plan to conduct self-determination of West Papua. As we know that the struggle of Indonesia in defending the West Papua as part of Indonesia is troubled and complicated. As a sovereign country, and in accordance with Self- determination rules, Indonesia has the right to protect its citizens and choose the best policy for its governance, thus, Indonesia has their rights and rules toward the secession issue that happened inside.2
After Indonesia's independence, the Dutch still did not want let go of West Papua yet reasoned with ethnic differences. There are so many challenges for
1 Atlanta Black Star. (2016). What’s Happening in West Papua? Struggle for Self-Determination and Freedom Hinges on a Vote. Accessed on September 16, 2016 from http://atlantablackstar.com/2016/04/29/whats-happening-in-west-papua-struggle-for-self- -a-vote/ 2 Ibid.
1 Indonesia to take Papua back to their territory, since we already know that Papua itself is part of Indonesia. From ‘Konferensi Meja Bundar’, ‘TRIKORA’, ‘New York Agreement’, and ‘PEPERA’ has been past for Indonesia to fight for West Papua.3
The history of the integration process of Papua entry into territory of Indonesia from the Dutch authority has been mobilizing all the potential of the State. Diplomacy and Military strength as one of success factors integrated Papua from the Dutch.4 New York Agreement is an agreement used, which was proposed by an American Diplomat, Elsworth Bunker with "Bunker Proposals"5. Is an ultimatum of Indonesia Government towards the Dutch Government, which forced them to accept negotiations on the basis of “Bunker Proposals”. The negotiations resulted an agreement “Agreement Between Republic of Indonesia and The Kingdom of Netherlands Concerning West Papua” and signed on August 15, 1962 in New York. On 1 October 1962, the Deputy Governor General of Netherlands surrender his control over West Papua to a UN body specifically set up to deal with Papua’s problem named UNTEA (United Nations Temporary Executive Authority), the authority of Papua were held temporarily by UNTEA and on May 1st, 1963, the UNTEA surrender the West Papua to Indonesia Government and then be relayed to Indonesia. After a long journey, which takes 7 years, in 1969 the result of the referendum is Papua is part of Indonesia.6
The struggle of Papua to be a ‘State’ has been made since the independent of Papua from the Dutch. The execution of PEPERA in 1969 involving 1.026
3 Kompasiana. Papua Profile: Timeline. Accessed on September 16, 2017 from http://www.kompasiana.com/begawan.durno/serba-serbi-mengenai-sejarah-masuknya-papua-ke- indonesia_54f367187455137f2b6c743d 4 Marni Cordell. (2013). “The West Papuan Independence Movement – A History”. The Guardian. Accessed on January 18, 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/29/west-papua- independence-history 5 Bunker proposal is the idea from American diplomats in the United Nations, Elsworth Bunker to mediate the dispute of Indonesia – Netherlands over West Papua, where the Dutch had to hand over West Papua to Indonesia through United Nations body, which known as UNTEA (United Nations Temporary Executive Authority). Accessed on November 22, 2016 from http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unsfbackgr.html 6 Kompasiana. Papua Profile: Timeline. Accessed on September 16, 2017 from http://www.kompasiana.com/begawan.durno/serba-serbi-mengenai-sejarah-masuknya-papua-ke- indonesia_54f367187455137f2b6c743d.
2 representatives of each 8 districts discuss about the political status of Papua, which whether Papua remain in Indonesia or not. The forum attended by the Ambassador Fernando Ortiz Sanz as the Representative of the UN Secretary-General, and be resolved that the existence of West Papua is final as an integral part of Republic of Indonesia.7
Indonesian Government has already face problems concerning the unity of nation for many years, which one of it is the emergence of separatism in many areas, and the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) in Papua is one of the separatist group, this problem becomes a big issue for Indonesia to face and immediately completed because this organization is considered threaten the sovereignty and security of Indonesia. Basically, this separatist organization was created to prosecute secede from the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, the ULMWP desirous Papua to secede from Indonesia because of the injustice that they get in the welfare of society in Papua itself.8
Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) is an intergovernmental organization among Melanesian countries formed based on “Agreed Principles of Cooperation Among Independent States of Melanesia” signed in Port Vila on March 14, 1988, which aims to cooperation to improve and promote the economy of its member countries. MSG consists of Republic of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and one the organization for New Caledonia self-determination, Front de Liberation Nationale Kanak et Socialiste (FLNKS) New Caledonia. And in the 18th Summit in Fiji, Indonesia for the first time accepted as Observer.9 In the West Papua secession issue, the ULMWP really depend toward the MSG over the results of their existence within the organization.
7 Arndt, Peter. (2015). West Papua: The Irrepressible Struggle for Freedom 8 The Jakarta Post. (2015). Addressing the Papua Issue in the Pacific. Accessed on September 18, 2016 from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/05/addressing-papua-issue-pacific.html 9 Lowy Interpreter. The Melanesian Spearhead Group: What is it and What does it do. Accessed on September 16, 2017 from http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2014/03/14/The-Melanesian- Spearhead-Group-What-is-it-and-what-does-it-do.aspx
3 United liberation Movements for West Papua (ULMWP) is a separatism organization where establishes in Vanuatu on December 7, 2014, lead by Octavianus Mote as the Secretary General. This organization is demanding the separation of West Papua from the Republic of Indonesia and become a new country. ULMWP united three main organizations who have long struggled for independence in their own way,10 they also highlight several violence occurred in Papua. The violations being brought up are repeated footage of events, which occurred in the past. Recently, in order to gain international recognition over West Papua liberation, they carry out diplomacy in various international forums. Since 2014, their diplomacy was no longer about the civilians in West Papua, but leading towards the establishment of West Papua as a country. Then, ULMWP has applied for membership to Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) during the MSG Summit at Honoira, Solomon Island, which they enlisted themselves to MSG to be a new member and in 2015, the MSG decided the ULMWP as the observer. They based the application on Papua’s Melanesian descendants.11
After the decision stated that ULMWP accepted as the observer, in front of the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) leaders and Indonesian delegates in the plenary, Octavianus Mote, the Secretary General of ULMWP giving speech, said that12
“The people of West Papua are united under the leadership of ULMWP. And our unity is supported by the Melanesian people. Our leadership has been legitimized by more than 55,000 people who signed the petition supporting ULMWP application for full membership. Many of the applicants had been arrested, imprisoned and tortured,” for 53 years Papua nation has been struggling against the
10 Free West Papua Campaign. (2016). MSG, ULMWP and West Papua - What you need to know. Accessed on January 18, 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/2016/07/12/msg-ulmwp-and- west-papua-what-you-need-to-know/ 11 United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP). About ULMWP. Accessed on September 16, 2017 from https://www.ulmwp.org/about-ulmwp 12 Tabloid Jubi. (2015). Indonesian Delegates Protest at MSG Forum Over Speech by Papuan Pro- Kemerdekaan. Accessed on January 19, 2017 from http://tabloidjubi.com/en/2015/06/27/indonesian- delegates-protest-at-msg-forum-over-speech-by-papuan-pro-independence-leader/
4 colonial rulers of Indonesia and suffered human rights abuses. He claimed that at least 500,000 have been killed.”
Mote’s speech then gets strong reaction by Indonesia delegation. After the plenary, Mandy Setyawati, who led the Indonesia delegation give a press statement regarding the ULMWP Secretary General’s speech in the statement released to reporters in Honiara, she stated that13
“We reject all accusations that are unfounded and false submitted by an organization calling themselves ULMWP. We have absolutely no interest in taking advantage of this forum in things that are not productive and constructive. Through our records, we requested that we refrain from giving statements relating to the goals and objectives of MSG’s organization.”
The Indonesian delegation also assert that as a democratic country, Indonesia respect the law and appreciate the equality of human rights under the rules of Indonesian country.14
I.2. Problem Identified
West Papuan’s desire to build independent nation has been gradually increasing after series of discriminatory treat received from Indonesian Military in Papua. According to the article, West Papua, which greener and bluer occupied by the Indonesian military since 1963 and it is the struggle for Papua to find their voice after the referendum resulted Papua is under Indonesian territory. And in 2014, West Papuans are finding their voice through the Melanesian neighbors in Pacific region with recognize them as a nation-in-waiting to separate from the Republic of Indonesia. The Solomon Islands Solidarity for West Papua made a paper petition to
13 Tabloid Jubi. (2015). Indonesian Delegates Protest at MSG Forum Over Speech by Papuan Pro- Kemerdekaan. Accessed on January 19, 2017 from http://tabloidjubi.com/en/2015/06/27/indonesian- delegates-protest-at-msg-forum-over-speech-by-papuan-pro-independence-leader/ 14 Ibid.
5 support the ULMWP’s campaign to become a new member in the MSG. There are 487 activitsts were arrested and tortured during the signature-raising campaign between March to May 2015.15
In this position, Indonesia already responded this issue with two policies, which are violent approach and non-violent approach. Violent approach (military approach) is performed by using the arm forces by military to quell any form of resistance of the citizens perceived as an uprising ULMWP in Papua since the beginning of the rebellion in 1970 to around 1996.16
In President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono era, separatist conflict dealt with by giving Special Autonomy for West Papua. However, the separatist groups and the supporters view that Special Autonomy is not the answer to this problem. They maintained that the implementation of the right to self-determination for the citizens of West Papua have to be repeated because it was held not appropriate under international law.17
As the association member, Indonesia was represented by Minister of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia said that the United Liberation Movement for West Papua is a separatist movement that does not have the legitimacy to represent the Papua’s citizens, and requested that countries which are members of the MSG to respect the sovereignty of each State.18
At the MSG Leaders Summit on June 2015, Honiara, Solomon Islands, the MSG leaders were talk about the ULMWP’s campaign, which to become a new member of the Melanesian Spearhead Group. For ULMWP itself, gaining the membership in the MSG is an important step to bring back the self-determination
15 Arndt, Peter. (2015). West Papua: The Irrepressible Struggle for Freedom. 16 Ibid 17 In 2005, the Papua Council decided to “give back” to the government's Special Autonomy. Papua Council initiative appears to be part of the pressure on the government to review the implementation of the Act (PEPERA), such the Secretary General of the Papua Presidium Council indicated Mohammad Taha Alhamid. (August 2005). Cendrawasih Pos. 18 Papuapost. (2016). Menlu:ULMWP adalah gerakan separatis. Accessed on September 18, 2017 from https://papuapost.com/2016/06/20/menlu-ulmwp-adalah-gerakan-separatis/
6 issue internationally also bringing it to the United Nations, and the more people will recognize the secession issue happened in RI. However, the Indonesian government vigorously resists the independence for West Papua or any discussion of the rights of West Papuans in an international forum. This is because there is a lot of stake, such the fate of a million and a half people in Papua. The negotiation between RI and ULMWP only ended up as time wasting efforts, because either RI and ULMWP have been underlining their standpoint, which disables them to see a successful agreement.19
The ULMWP’s decision to focus on the MSG was important, because gaining the membership of the MSG itself was a herculean task, which not only did the ULMWP need to demonstrate massive support from inside the country, they also had to organize their efforts across countries in the South Pacific, which members of the MSG, while the other side that the RI with the backing of the Papua New Guinea and Republic of Fiji governments.20
In the 20th Communique of MSG, the decision was finally made. The report states that West Papua represented by the ULMWP was granted observer status that “representing Melanesians living abroad”, while Indonesian government represented by the five governors of the country’s easternmost provinces, which associate membership. The MSG Leaders recognize the Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua and at the same time they reject the Indonesian government’s diplomatic efforts to deny the ULMWP entry into MSG, however, the MSG keep respected the country’s territorial integrity. With the statement above, ULMWP yet trying to make the West Papua as the State and secede from Indonesia with become a permanent
19 Waging Non-Violence. (2015). A New Hopeful Chapter in West Papua’s 50-year Freedom Struggle. Accessed on September 18, 2017 from http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/new-hopeful- chapter-west-papuas-50-year-freedom-struggle-begins/ 20 The Jakarta Post. (2015). Addressing the Papua Issue in the Pacific. Accessed on September 18, 2017 from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/05/addressing-papua-issue-pacific.html
7 member in MSG, while Indonesia with the support given still trying to prevent the entry of ULMWP as a full membership in MSG.21
In 2016 United Nations General Assembly in New York, Pacific island countries, such Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Nauru, the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu and Tonga has critized the history of Indonesia’s human rights in Papua and West Papua provinces and demanded for self-determination in the region. The delegation from Pacific islands countries expressed concerns over West Papua, which are home for a majority Melanesian population in RI.22
As stated by Solomon Islands Prime Minister Manasseh,23
“Human rights violations in West Papua and the pursuit for self-determination of West Papua are two sides of the same coin.”
The comments earned a tough response from the Indonesia’s delegation. Nara Masista Rakhmatia, an official at Indonesia’s permanent mission to the United Nations said that such criticism politically motivated and designed to attract attention of the problems in their own countries. In turn, she accused the countries of interfering with Indonesia’s national sovereignty and territorial integrity. She mentioned that the report was a violation of sovereignty and territorial integrity of states. She added that it is regrettable and dangerous for states to misuse the United Nations, she also said that delegations from the six countries are using the General
21 MSG. (2015). MSG Legal Documents: 20th MSG Leaders’ Summit. Accessed on September 18, 2017 from http://msgsec.info/images/LegalDocumentsofCooperation/26%20Jun%202015%20- %2020th%20MSG%20Leaders%20Summit%20-%20Communique.pdf 22 ABC.net. (September 2016). Indonesia accuses pacific nations of ‘misusing’ the United Nations assembly after Papua critism. Accessed on January 20, 2017 from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016- 09-26/indonesia-pacific-islands-spar-at-un-over-human-rights-autonomy/7878292 23 Ibid.
8 Assembly to advance their domestic agenda and for some countries to divert attention from political and social problem at home.24
In the 71st United Nations General Assembly 2016, she stated that25
“Their politically motivated statements were designed to support separatist groups in the said provinces (West Papua and Papua), who have consistently engaged in inciting public disorder and in conducting armed terrorist attacks.”
Tensions over Indonesian rule triggered a long separatist conflict in the resource-rich region, and Indonesia's rule over the province has been dogged by allegations of human rights violations.26
I.3. Statement of the Problem
Based on the problems explained above, the research question is stated below:
Question: How did Indonesia practice its diplomacy towards Fiji to prevent the fully membership of ULMWP into MSG during 2013-2016?
I.4. Research Objectives
Based on the statement of problems above, the main objectives of this research are as follows:
24 ASEAN today. (October 2016). Indonesia’s human rights problem: All eyes on Papua after United Nations outburst. Accessed on January 20, 2017 from https://www.aseantoday.com/2016/10/indonesias-human-rights-problem-all-eyes-on-papua-after- united-nations-outburst/ 25 Ibid. 26 ASEAN today. (October 2016). Indonesia’s human rights problem: All eyes on Papua after United Nations outburst. Accessed on January 20, 2017 from https://www.aseantoday.com/2016/10/indonesias-human-rights-problem-all-eyes-on-papua-after- united-nations-outburst/
9 1. To understand the Republic of Indonesia and ULMWP conflict where affects for the Melanesian in Indonesia 2. To understand the dynamics of Indonesia’s Government negotiation with MSG 3. To understand the dynamics of ULMWP negotiation with MSG 4. To understand the practice used by Indonesia in preventing the fully membership of ULMWP towards Fiji 5. To know the standpoint of MSG as intergovernmental organization regarding the decision of the ULMWP status
I.5. Significance of the Study
The significance of this thesis will be presented below:
1. This thesis is designed for helping to understand interaction between central government with intergovernmental organization in holding negotiation and the existence of separatist group 2. This research is aimed to give deep view in on-going regional secessionism issue in West Papua 3. This thesis is intended to enrich knowledge on how people involved in process of regional secessionism in West Papua 4. This research is produced to help in learning what the role of Indonesia in preventing their territory from secessionism 5. This research is produced to help in learning the standpoint of MSG as an intergovernmental organization in the issue of freedom of West Papua between ULMWP – Indonesia Government
I.6. Theoretical Framework
I.6.1. Geostrategy
Geostrategy, which subfield of geopolitics is defined as a type of foreign policy guided principally by the geographical factors that affect the planning of
10 political and military. Geostrategy are relevant to the context in which they were devised: the nationality of the strategist, the strength of his country’s resources, the scope of his country’s goals, the political geography of the time period, and the technological factors that affect military, political, economic, and cultural.27
“Geostrategy is the geographic direction of state’s foreign policy. More precisely, geostrategy describes where a state concentrates its efforts by projecting military power and directing diplomatic activity. The underlying assumption is that states have limited resources and are unable, even if they are willing, to conduct an all-out foreign policy. Instead they must focus politically and militarily on specific areas of the world. Geostrategy describes the foreign-policy thrust of a state and does not deal with motivations or decision-making processes, the geostrategy of a state, therefore, is not necessarily motivated by geographic or geopolitical actors. A state may project power to a location because of ideological reasons, interest groups, or simply the whim of its leader.”28
Indonesia interprets Geostrategy as a method to realize the ideals of proclamation, as stated in the preamble of the 1945 Constitution, through a process of national development.29 Indonesia geostrategic provides direction on how to create a strategy for the better future development, more secure, and constitutional. Geostrategic Indonesia aspects are the ideological and constitutional aspects, consciousness aspect, social, cultural and religious aspects, and political aspects. Geostrategic Indonesia is a strategy in utilizing the geography constellation of
27 Gray, Colin S. & Geoffrey Sloan. (November 1999). Geopolitics, Geography, and Strategy. London and Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass. p.3. 28 Grygiel, Jakub J. (2006). Great Powers and Geopolitical Change. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p.23. 29 Department of Informastion Republic of Indonesia. (1989). The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Accesed on January 18, 2017 from http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/id/id048en.pdf
11 Indonesian to determine the policies, goals and means to achieve national goals of Indonesia.30
Since the proclamation of independence on August 17th, 1945, Indonesia did not escape from the turmoil and threats from both inside and outside the country. Various problems that arise after the independence really rocked the national stability. However, the Unitary State of Republic of Indonesia survives as a nation and independent country, which united and sovereign. Based on the ideal basis of Pancasila, the 1945 constitution, and grounding archipelago insight, the conditions of national life are a reflection of national defense. National Defense of Indonesia is a dynamic condition of Indonesia that covers all aspects of the integrated national life.31
The meaning of national defense itself is a dynamic condition of a nation that contains tenacity and toughness, which were able to develop a national power in the face and overcome all challenges, threats, obstacles, as well as a good distraction that comes from within and outside who are directly or indirectly that could jeopardize the integrity, identity also the survival of the nation and the State.32
Indonesia Geostrategy Conception
Indonesia Geostrategy Concept is not to develop the strength, which control of areas outside Indonesia, but the concept of strategy based on the conditions of method is a way to develop the potential of national power that aims to secure and maintain the sovereignty of Indonesia and the national development also the possibility of interference that comes from within and outside the country.33
Indonesia Geostrategy Interests
30 The Global Review. The Essence of Geopolitics, Geostrategy and Geoeconomics. Research Associate of Global Future Institute. Accesed on January 18, 2017 from http://theglobal- review.com/content_detail.php?lang=id&id=16794&type=4#.WH6hxLZ95PM 31 Journal of the Indian Ocean Region. (2011). The Enduring Strategic Trinity: Explaining Indonesia’s Geopolitical Architecture. Routledge. Accesed on January 18, 2017 from http://futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/jior-indonesia-geopolitical-architecture.pdf 32 Ibid. 33 Ibid.
12 The Indonesia Geostrategy interests are to formulate and develop the potential of national strength based on ideology, political, social, cultural, and even natural aspects. The main task of Indonesia Government:34
- Law and order - Welfare and prosperity - Defense and prosperity - Juridical justice & social justice - Freedom of the people
In the white paper of Ministry of Defence in 2015, in efforts to achieve national goals and protect the national interests, the Ministry of Defence formulates number of factors, 35 which can be categorized as a threat, and the political and security conditions in the country is one of those threat. Political condition in Indonesia itself is undergoing significant restructuring in the political infrastructure aspects, superstructure politics, and political culture. Meanwhile, the separatism in Indonesia still became a security issue that threatens the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity of NKRI, and the safety of the entire nation, this separatism done through political movements and armed by exploiting the weaknesses of implementation of governmental functions. The analysis process in formulating strategies implemented continuous threat to the facts, data and trends of situation on a global scale, regional, and national levels.36
In Papua, the peaceful resolution of on-going conflict was avoids Papua, despite the adoption of political and economic policies intended to establish amity in the region. This lack of success is due to deep mistrust and a perception gap between the government and pro-independence movements. Geostrategically, Indonesia located across sea-lanes of trade and communications, which lies between the Indian
34 Journal of the Indian Ocean Region. (2011). The Enduring Strategic Trinity: Explaining Indonesia’s Geopolitical Architecture. Routledge. Accesed on January 18, 2017 from http://futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/jior-indonesia-geopolitical-architecture.pdf 35 Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia. (2015). p.5. 36 Ibid. p.19–21.
13 and Pacific oceans. This is a major challenge for Indonesian government to maintain national sovereignty and territorial integrity.
I.6.2. Sovereignty
“If a determinate human superior, not in the habit of obedience to a like superior, receives habitual obedience from the bulk of given society that determinate human superior is the sovereign and that society (including the superior) is a society political and independent. Every positive law or every law simple or strictly so called, is set directly or circuitously by a sovereign person or body to a member or members of the independent political society wherein that person or body is sovereign or supreme.”37
In political theory, sovereignty or authority is as the decision-making process of the state and in maintenance of order. The English jurist, John Austin (1790 – 1859) developed the concept further by investigating who exercises sovereignty in the name of the people or of the state: he said that sovereignty is vested in a nation’s parliament. 38 A parliament is a supreme organ that enacts laws binding upon everybody else but that is not itself bound by the laws and could change these laws at will.39
Sovereignty is the full powers to govern the whole territory without interference from other countries. In law of constitution and internationally, the concept of sovereignty associated with the government who has full control of affairs in their own country within a territory or territorial or geographical boundaries. In general, the sovereignty can interpret as to govern itself. Sovereign state means that the state has the power to govern the people without the interference of other countries. Indonesia is a country that is sovereign, which means Indonesian nation
37 Dewey, John. (1894). Austin’s Theory of Sovereignty. The Academy of Political Science. p.36. 38 Encyclopedia Britannica. Sovereignty. Accessed on January 8, 2017 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/sovereignty 39 Ibid.
14 has the highest power to regulate people's lives in order to achieve a fair and prosperous society.40
In the West Papua secession issue, some of MSG countries try to help ULMWP in bringing their issue globally. In the 71st UN General Assembly, six pacific states, which are Nauru, Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tuvalu and Tonga, expressed their concerns for the human rights violations that took place in West Papua and asked that both the UN and the Indonesian government take action toward this issue and mention that this is one of the concern issue regarding human rights violations. As what has been explained before, Indonesia as the sovereignty country has full control to govern the whole territory without interference from other countries.41
I.6.3. Public Diplomacy
Diplomacy is a way to achieve the interests of an actor in a peaceful way to overcome a conflict or issue. Along with the development of the era and globalization increasingly make the countries in the world connected and dependence on each other, then, diplomacy also developed.42 The development of world situation, actors, and information technology make the direction of traditional diplomacy shifted to be more into modern diplomacy, in this case one of them is public diplomacy. If previous diplomacy has been colored by issues related to war it is now increasingly shifting, it does not mean that war does not exist, but the emergence of other issues such as environment, tourism, terrorism, health and human rights are targeted to public diplomacy. Public diplomacy has been seen as a means a sovereign
40 Indonesian Embassy. The Birth of the Republic. Accessed on January 8, 2017 from http://www.indonesianembassy.org.ph/about_indonesia/history-republic.html 41 ASEAN Today. (October 2016). Indonesia’s human rights problem: All eyes on Papua after United Nations outburst. Accessed on January 20, 2017 from https://www.aseantoday.com/2016/10/indonesias-human-rights-problem-all-eyes-on-papua-after- united-nations-outburst/ 42 Riadi, Muchlisin. Diplomasi Publik dan National Branding. Kajian Pustaka. Accessed on May 17, 2017 from http://www.kajianpustaka.com/2015/02/diplomasi-publik-dan-national-branding.html
15 country communicates with publics in other countries that aimed to inform and influence the publics overseas as well as to promoting the national interest and its foreign policy goals.
Public diplomacy is interpreted as a process of government communication to the foreign public that aims to provide understanding of the state, attitudes, institutions, culture, national interests, and policies taken by the country. Jay Wang (2006) sees public diplomacy as an attempt to enhance the quality of communication between the state and society. Meanwhile, Jan Mellisen (2006) defines public diplomacy as an attempt to influence other people or organizations outside the country in a positive way that changes the perspective on a state. Based on all the definitions, it can be said that public diplomacy serves to promote the national interest through understanding, informing, and influencing public abroad to achieve its foreign policy goals.
The implementation of public diplomacy cannot be separated from the communication of foreign policy to the foreign public. The main characteristic of public diplomacy involves all stakeholders in the process. Stakeholders here are not only overseas departments, but also across departments within government, private, NGO, media, and individu. According to Mark Leonard, the development of public diplomacy is influenced by three things, which are the change of issues and the international agenda, the development of non-state actors, and the development of communication and information media. Public diplomacy then entered into foreign policy instruments and became one of the government's priorities in international politics.43
Mark Leonard in his book ‘public diplomacy’ says that public diplomacy is a way of building relationships by understanding needs, cultures and societies, which
43 Leonard, Mark. (2002). Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre. p.9
16 communicate views, justify misperception in the international community, and find the areas where governments can find common ground.44
Strengthening Increase the Increasing the relationships with Influence the kinship the community appreciation community (Familiarity) (involving the community)
Figure 1.1. Four Hierarchies in Public Diplomacy by Mark Leonard
Mark considers that there are four hierarchies that can be achieved with the existence of public diplomacy, which are45
Increasing the sense of kinship with other countries, by making them think of the country have a good image. Increasing the public appreciation to country, such as having a positive perception. Strengthening the relationships with communities in one country, with education into scientific cooperation, convincing people in one country to come to the attractive destination of tourism, and giving knowledge of the values upheld by the actor. Influence people in one country to invest, and become partners in political relations.
Traditionally, public diplomacy seen as an integral part of state-to-state diplomacy, to conduct official relations between official representatives representing sovereign states. Public diplomacy in this sense is as the diplomacy activities in educational exchange programs for scholar and students, visitor programs, language training, cultural events and exchange. Those activities normally focused on
44 Leonard, Mark. (2002). Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre. p.8. 45 Ibid. p.9.
17 improving the country’s image as a way to shape the wider policy environment in the other country.46
From the purpose of public diplomacy that Mark proposes, public diplomacy requires two-way communication to create good communication so that the value and message given can be received without any misunderstanding.
In this issue, to reduce the support of ULMWP issue in MSG, Indonesia as central government of Papua uses public diplomacy towards MSG member countries to build relationships between MSG member countries and achieve their goals. However, this cooperation also provides an opportunity for MSG Member States to undergo bilateral and multilateral relations with Indonesia, which, if they see, cooperate with Indonesia make their trading and economic markets more widely open, whereby this objective has the right objectives this organization formed. This way, it becomes one of the tools for Indonesian government to prevent the full membership decision on ULMWP. In this case the RI will practice its public diplomacy to the Republic of Fiji that considered as the most influential country in the MSG.
I.7. Literature Review
“As the foundation of any research project, the literature review should accomplish several important objectives. It sets the broad context of the study, clearly demarcates what is and what is not within the scope of the investigation, and justifies those decisions. It also situates an existing literature in a broader scholarly and historical context. It should not only report the claims made in the existing literature but also examine critically the research methods used to better understand whether the claims are warranted. Such an examination of the literature enables the author to distinguish what has been learned and accomplished in the area of study and what still needs to be learned and
46 USS Center on Public Diplomacy. (n.d.). Public Diplomacy. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/page/what-pd
18 accomplished. Moreover, this type of review allows the author not only to summarize the existing literature but also to synthesize it in a way that permits a new perspective. Thus a good literature review is the basis of both theoretical and methodological sophistication, thereby improving the quality and usefulness for subsequent research.”47
A literature review is so important that it supports the argument related to the topic. Plus, it helps the reader to catch different view on the issue being discussed. This thesis focuses on two books, one article, and one journal respectively.
The first book to review is Securitization in Papua: The Implication of Security Approach towards Human Rights Condition in Papua. It was published by the Imparsial Team (the Indonesian Human Rights Monitor) in June 2011.
This book discusses the implementation of Indonesia's security policies towards human rights in Papua, which the policy used is military policies and its implications. There are 6 chapters that will discuss in this book, first begins with an introduction, which to see the problems that occurred in Papua and the dynamics of Indonesian military policies.48 In the chapter II describes the conflict in Papua and military policies from the Old Order Era until the New Order Era. This chapter also explains the use of military dimension in Papua also the beginning of the growth of the armed forces.49
While chapter III discusses the military policies during the reform period when the downfall of Soeharto in 1988, which also includes the military operations and their types, forces and troops as well as the plan to develop and to build military power in Papua in the near future. This chapter explains the process of military in the New Order Era and its relation to the military approach used in Papua.50 In chapter
47 Boote, D. N. & Beile, P (2005). Purpose of the literature Review. Sage Publication. p.4. 48 IMPARSIAL. (2011). Securitization in Papua: The Implication of Security Approach towards Human Rights Condition in Papua. Accessed on January 12, 2017. 49 Ibid. p.9–10. 50 IMPARSIAL. (2011). Securitization in Papua: The Implication of Security Approach towards Human Rights Condition in Papua. Accessed on January 12, 2017. p.74.
19 IV, it is explains the military's role to human rights of the Papuan people, in which there are a number of human rights violations and violence in Papua from the New Order Era to the Reform Era.51
In chapter V, the readers will look at the analysis of the security policies and its implication for human rights. There are several points to be discussed in this chapter to let the reader know how the author analyzes security politics and human rights violations in Papua, the number of soldiers and security built by the central administration (Jakarta) and the justification on the security policies in Papua.52 In the last chapter, which chapter VI, the authors give conclusions and some recommendations taken from a series of research conducted. The recommendations in this chapter are explained in detail as it is expected to be constructive recommendations for resolving conflict in Papua peacefully.53
The second literature that will review is by Jim Elmslie, Regionalism, Security & Cooperation in Oceania: Indonesia Diplomatic Maneuvering in Melanesia: Challenges and Opportunities.
This paper discusses the convoluted process of West Papuan political actors, which in this case is a separatist group that seeking to join the melanesian Spearhead Group, a sub-regional body representing the interests of the southern pacific countries. However, this development is opposed by the Indonesian government, which believes that the entry of this separatist group will strengthen the West Papua independence movement. This paper also explains some of the challenges and opportunities that Melanesian Spearhead Group has with the presence of Indonesia.54
51 IMPARSIAL. (2011). Securitization in Papua: The Implication of Security Approach towards Human Rights Condition in Papua. Accessed on January 12, 2017. p.134. 52 Ibid. p.189. 53 Ibid. p.289. 54 Elmslie, Jim. (2015). Regionalism, Security & Cooperation in Oceania: Indonesian Diplomatic Maneuvering in Melanesia: Challenges and Opportunities. The Daniel K. Inouye. Accessed on January 18, 2017.
20 The third literature that will review for this thesis is The Current Status of the Papuan Pro-Independence Movement staged by Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC).
Indonesia’s approach to the independence movement in Papua has been to try to crush it. Nothing has worked, and it has proved impossible to eradicate. The best policy the Indonesian government could adopt now would be the equivalent of “do no harm”, taking measures that will avoid further radicalization. The most urgent is to invest in better policing.55
At the same time, the movement itself, generically known as the Free Papua Organisation (Organisasi Papua Merdeka, OPM), which consists of three elements: a disparate group of armed units, each with limited territorial control, that does not answer to a single commander; several groups inside Papua that through demonstrations and protests give expression to a much more widespread sense of injustice and resentment; and a small group of leaders based abroad, in the Pacific, Europe and the U.S., who try to raise awareness of Papuan issues with a view toward generating international support for independence.56
The diaspora elites have only rarely managed to overcome longstanding divisions that date back to the early 1970s, but determination to become a member of the Melanesian Spearhead Group, an association of Pacific nations, gave them a clear short-term goal, resulting in the formation of the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) in December 2014.57
President Jokowi has made a point of trying to show he cares about Papua by making repeated visits, releasing a few political prisoners and promising to free
55 IPAC. (August 2015). THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE PAPUAN PRO-INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. Accessed on January 18, 2017. 56 Ibid. 57 IPAC. (August 2015). THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE PAPUAN PRO-INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. Accessed on January 18, 2017.
21 more, and committing the central government to several major development projects.58
The last literature that will review to complete this thesis is by Lukas Enembe, Papua: Antara Uang dan Kewenangan
Lukas Enembe is the governor of papua who leads since 2013. This book contains Lukas’s note off during his term as governor of papua, where the book contains various descriptions of papua, as well as Lukas personal experience. In this book, there are some points that are presented like low level of education, health and welfare in Papua, then this book also explains how the special autonomy from the government towards the welfare of papua and the economic stretching as well as the change of development approach for Papua and its people.59
I.8. Research Methodology
Research methodology is one of the ways to systematically solve the research problem. In it we learn the wide steps that are basically applied by a researcher in learning her research problem along with the logic behind them. Researcher require to know which of these methods or techniques, are relevant and which are not, and would they mean and show and why. Researcher also have to see the assumptions underlying wide techniques and they should know the characteristic by which they can determine that particular techniques and procedures will be applicable to particular problems and others will not.60 There are two methods that used in writing academic research and thesis; Qualitative method and Quantitative method. However, this thesis will be adapting qualitative method, the author will provide deep view on RI-West Papua (ULMWP)
58 IPAC. (August 2015). THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE PAPUAN PRO-INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. Accessed on January 18, 2017. 59 Enembe, Lukas. (2016). Papua: Antara Uang dan Kewenangan. Jakarta: Wahana Semesta Intermedia. 60 Research Methodology: An Introduction. Accessed on January 18, 2017 from http://www.limat.org/data/research/Research%20Methodology.pdf
22 issue. Yet it gives details on the interaction between ULMWP as the separatist group and Republic of Indonesia as the central government also the Melanesian Spearhead Group as the intergovernmental organization in this issue. On top of that, this thesis will describe the RI practice by diplomacy in facing the secession issue using the geostrategy theory and sovereignty as well as public diplomacy, which through these theories, the author can analyze what kind of diplomacy that RI used regarding the Papua’s self-determination issue. In doing so, the author doing an interview with one of the representative from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia that handle this issue, where this interview help the author to analyze the insurgency in West Papua. Nonetheless, this thesis mostly will be relying on secondary data such as reports, electronic news, literatures, journals and other publications, which are compiled from secondary sources. Additionally, Melanesian Spearhead Group Agreement and official speech and Ministry of Foreign Affairs Statement report categorized as primary data. This research is also come up with content analysis to conclude the arguments. These documents are collectively compiled from official website of Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Melanesian Spearhead Group website.
I.8.1. Research Instrument
This research will be using four sources to support the literature review and electronic news update from the Internet.
Books
In this thesis, the researcher use two books as the literature review, which explained the securitization in Papua and the current issue also what the actually happened in Papua regarding the Lukas Enembe book, the Governor of Papua. These books help the researcher to know the history of West Papua, and to find data that will help the researcher in strengthens the arguments in this thesis.
23 Journals and Articles
To support the literature, the total of journals and articles used in this thesis is two, it is explained what tactics used by Indonesia against the insurgency in Papua and the cooperation between Indonesia and MSG countries. These articles and journals much help the author to find the right explanation regarding the issue.
Internet
Nowadays, Internet is one of the most effective and efficient ways to find documents shortly. In this thesis, the author use Electronic news update from the Internet also absorbed mainly from the West Papua news agency, the Melanesian Spearhead group news agency as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia news agency.
Interview
To get the accurate data in supporting the analysis in this thesis, the author directly doing an interview with one of the representative in Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia, who deal directly with the issue. The interview contains the current issue and the strategy used by Indonesia itself.
The author had been received the updated information regarding the Indonesia – ULMWP, ULMWP – MSG, and Indonesia – MSG issue since 2013. However, not all of the news took part in this thesis. The author firstly had to analyze which one will be useful to enrich the research then filter the article that does not fit in the topic.
I.9. Scope and Limitation of the Study
This thesis will start the research from 2013 when the West Papua liberation group or known as the West Papua National Coalition for Liberation (WPNCL) apply as the membership in MSG, then the four Melanesian Countries discussed the ‘West Papua’ issue at the MSG Summit in Noumea, New Caledonia, which the
24 leaders of the MSG decided delay the decision until WPNCL make an official umbrella group to represent the West Papuan voice to express the self-determination. And the formed of ULMWP as the group that represents the West Papua, then the re- submit application to the MSG. In 2015, they decide to place ULMWP as the observer and also Republic of Indonesia as the associate membership. In this thesis, the author will give a view of the RI government diplomacy towards MSG, especially to the Republic of Fiji regarding the Papuans’ secession. Thesis’ observation will be ended in December 2016 when the applications of the fully membership of ULMWP suspended by the all members of MSG.
I.10. Definition of Terms
For a letter understanding of this study, the following terms are operationally defined, the following terms are:
Here is detailed definition of Secession used in the study:
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, se·ces·sion is the act of separating from a nation or state and becoming independent. (Merriam - Webster Dictionary: Secession. Retrieved 2 October from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secession)
Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, military alliance or especially a political entity. Threats of secession might also be a strategy for obtaining more limited purpose.61
Here is detailed definition of Autonomy used in the study:
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, au·ton·o·my is the power or right of a country, group to govern itself. (Merriam -Webster Dictionary: Autonomy. Retrieved 2 October from https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/autonomy)
61 Allen Buchanan (2007). Secession. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
25 It refers to the capacity of a rational individual to create an informed, un- coerced settlement. It is often used as the basis for deciding moral responsibility and accountability for one’s behavior. In the perspective of United States Government, it defines one’s own self-governance.62
Here is detailed definition of Sovereignty used in the study:
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, sov·er·eign·ty is a country’s independent authority and the right to govern itself. (Merriam -Webster Dictionary: Sovereignty. Retrieved 2 October from https://www.merriam - webster.com/dictionary/sovereignty)
Sovereignty is the highest authority in a State that is valid for the entire region and all the people in the country. In the constitution and international law, sovereignty concept associated with a government that has full control over the internal affairs of their own in a region or territorial or geographical boundaries, and in certain contexts associated with various organizations or institutions that have their own legal jurisdiction.
I.11. Thesis Structure
I.11.1. CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION
In the first chapter, this research explains about the background of study regarding the self-determination issue of West Papua from the Republic of Indonesia, the self-determination of West Papua in this case was represent by the United Liberation Movement for West Papua and also the involvement of the Melanesian Spearhead Group as the intergovernmental organization, which lists the problems that engage in their interaction and the beginning of the issue happened. There are objective of the thesis, which tells what might significant for study material in the view of international relations. Public Diplomacy and Geostrategy are the two
62 Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Plato. Stanford. Edu
26 theoretical frameworks and Sovereignty as the conceptual frameworks that fit in the thesis discussion. In this chapter, the author also tries to point and review some books, articles and journals that help in better understanding about the issue. It argues in what extent that the researcher finds that source is very valuable in writing the research. Then, the author will mention how the research was conducted and which method is used to analyze the issue. The limitation on how far the timeline of the discussion and defining the term used on the thesis will be explained in this first chapter.
I.11.2. CHAPTER II – MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP
In the chapter two, the author will give overview and the development of Melanesian Spearhead Group as the new intergovernmental organization that existed in the South Pacific region, where this IGO also consists of Melanesian people. This chapter also explains about the cooperation of Republic of Indonesia in the MSG. It is divided into the history of Melanesian Spearhead Group as well as the purpose and the member structure. Then, this chapter explains about the beginning of the joining of RI into this IGO that represent the five Melanesian provinces and explains how the relations between RI and MSG member countries run since the joining of RI in this forum.
I.11.3. CHAPTER III – PAPUA’S SELF DETERMINATION ISSUE AND UNITED LIBERATION MOVEMENT FOR WEST PAPUA
In this chapter, the author will gives brief overview on the United Liberation Movement for West Papua as the separatist group from Papua and the Papua’s self- determination issue. It is divided into the brief overview about Papuan independence issue and self-determination, as well as the desire of Papua to secede from Republic of Indonesia in ULMWP perspective, and explain the relations between ULMWP and MSG members that support the self-determination of Papua. This chapter also provides the timeline of the WPNCL then become ULMWP journey regarding their application of membership to the MSG.
27 I.11.4. CHAPTER IV – INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT DIPLOMACY TO FIJI IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE FULLY MEMBERSHIP OF ULMWP INTO MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP
In this chapter, the author will analyze the diplomacy practiced by Indonesia towards Fiji in order to preventing the fully membership of ULMWP in MSG. It also equipped with internal debate whether the ULMWP become the full membership or not, beside they are in under the reign of Indonesia.
I.11.5. CHAPTER V – CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, this chapter provides the sum up and gathers all the essential points out of this issue that talked about in this thesis. It will be done by adding the recommendation for Melanesian Spearhead Group regarding their decision and Indonesia to better accommodate West Papua.
28 CHAPTER II MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP
II.1. The History of Melanesian Spearhead Group
South Pacific is a region located between three major continents, which are Asia in the West, America in the East, and Australia in the Southern hemisphere. Its territory stretches about 16,000 km from Guam in the West to Pitcairn in the East and stretching about 15,000 km from the Bering Strait in the North to the Antarctic Circle in the South.63 Geographically, the South Pacific region covers an area about 30 million square kilometers in South of the Pacific Ocean. Hence, the South Pacific region can be referred to as the “Aquatic Continent”. 64 The South Pacific was originally inhabited by immigrants from Southeast Asia and other Asian tribes later known as Melanesia65, Micronesia66 dan Polynesia67.68
Consists of small islands, which are generally separated from each other by a distance apart, the physical condition of the South Pacific is dominated by oceans. The islands circumstances are also very vulnerable to the natural phenomena, both because of its position open by wind currents from different directions, abrasion
63 Hamid, Zulkifli. (1996). Sistem Politik Pasifik Selatan. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. 64 Ibid. 65 Melanesia is a group of islands in the north and northeast of Australia. Melanesian ethnic demographically a lot is in the South Pacific, such are Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste, Samoa, and New Caledonia are countries inhabited by Melanesians. Physical characteristics of Melanesian are dark skinned. From Saripuddin, Hery & et al. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik & Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. (2013). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan: Menimbang Etnis Melanesia Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia. Jakarta: P3K2 Aspasaf. 66 Micronesia consists of 8 countries, namely Micronesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, and Wake Islands. Physical characteristics of Micronesia are black and have curly hair. From Saripuddin, Hery & et al. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik & Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. (2013). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan: Menimbang Etnis Melanesia Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia. Jakarta: P3K2 Aspasaf. 67 Polynesia consists of middle and southern islands of the Indian Ocean such as Hawaii, New Zaeland, and Easter Island. Physical characteristics of Polynesia are tall stocky, well-built, somewhat brighter skin and straight hair. 68 Hamid, Zulkifli. (1996). Sistem Politik Pasifik Selatan. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
29 seawater that hit its shores, as well as earthquakes. Abundant natural resources such as marine and mineral become a great potential for this region. However, the economy of South Pacific countries in general remains limited. The main dependable incomes are from the sectors of fisheries, coconut plantations and tourism. Although some countries have the potential for a major mining materials, but has not been fully utilized.69
In 1986, the formation of an organization occurs as a result of an informal meeting between Heads Government of Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and a representative of the Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS), which is Melanesian Spearhead Group, where the Leaders thinks that it was important to have common positions and solidarity in spearheading regional issues of common interest.70 Melanesian Spearhead Group is one of the sub-regional groups in the Pacific Islands region, consisting of Melanesian countries in the Western Pacific, which is adjacent to Australia; Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the pro-independence movement of New Caledonia, the Front de Libération Nationale Kanak et Socialiste (FLNKS).71
Melanesian Spearhead Group was established in Port Vila, Vanuatu on 14 March 1988, and in 2007, the Melanesian Spearhead Group is approved as a formal institution that recognized in international law. Then, in 2008 the Melanesian Spearhead Group officially established a secretariat in Port Vila, Vanuatu. The birth of the Melanesian Spearhead Group is the latest regional organization in the South Pacific that has colored new architecture in regionalism in that region.72
Unlike the regionalism organizations that developed in other regions, the history of regionalism in the South Pacific was marked by several things; First,
69 Hamid, Zulkifli. (1996). Sistem Politik Pasifik Selatan. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. 70 Melanesian Spearhead Group. Brief about Melanesian Spearhead Group. Accessed on April 28, 2017 from http://www.msgsec.info/index.php/members/brief-about-msg 71Pacific Institute of Public Policy Briefing Paper 2. (2008). MSG: Trading on Political Capital and Melanesian Solidarity. Accessed on April 8, 2017 from http://www.sastrapapua.com/2016/02/melanesia-sejarah-dan-politik-sebuah_7.html 72 Wardhani, Baiq L.S.W. (2015). Quo Vadis Melanesian Spearhead Group?. Departemen Hubungan Internasional FISIP Universitas Airlangga. Global & Strategis, Vol. 9, No.2
30 regionalism in the region colored by shades of identity and a strong rivalry, even dominate intra sub-regional relationship, between Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. Second, the regional cooperation built is not too related to the market- sharing approach as experienced by most countries (free trade, the development of the banking sector, industrial planning). The approach used in initiating cooperation driven by the geographical, isolation, economic powerlessness, and lack of resources factors. Third, the regional cooperation in the South Pacific is functionally formed to “amplifying their voice”, where the countries in the South Pacific almost never noticed by the international community. Fourth, which still associated with the third factor, that regionalism in the South Pacific, amid differences, gives a sense of unity, which is based on the relationship between traditions, interests and viewpoints together.73
II.1.1. The Purpose of Melanesian Spearhead Group
In dealing with issues of security and economy that growing, it is required the cooperative relationship between the state. The establishment of sub-regional organizations the “Melanesian Spearhead Group” in 1988 is because it is influenced by two factors, external pressures factors and regional interdependence factors.74
External pressure factor is the form of pressure from outside the Melanesian region through the establishment and development of various economic regionalisms in different regions. This triggers a strong desire that causes Melanesian countries forming this sub-regional organization. The emergence of market which formed by European Union in 1992 and NAFTA and APEC was formed and entered into force
73 Wardhani, Baiq L.S.W. (2015). Quo Vadis Melanesian Spearhead Group?. Departemen Hubungan Internasional FISIP Universitas Airlangga. Global & Strategis Vol. 9, No.2 74 Ibid.
31 in 1994 makes the sub-regional Melanesian countries and various regions of the world moves to be involved in the emerging trading block.75
The second factor is the regional interdependence factor among member countries of the Melanesian Spearhead Group in the Melanesian region. Regional Interdependence occurs because the level of intra-regional trade and economic cooperation that has never stopped since the establishment of this subregional organization, even before the formation of the subregional organization, the economic cooperation and trade between the countries has been formed although trading volume was not high enough. The existence of trade economic relations that have been formed causes Melanesian countries thought better to unite economic and trade within a region. Later this organization appears, follow the global development by establishing a free trade area in 1993 in the sub-regional area. Various efforts to improve the economy have been undertaken in order to later be able to penetrate the markets of the Asia-Pacific free trade in 2020 for the flourish countries.76
However, the common history and the similarity of culture and values system can be a strong foundation for the likely success or failure of the regional organization. South Pacific showed a fairly large cultural diversity. As it is known that the Melanesian Spearhead Group originated from the vision of the struggle for decolonization and freedom throughout the Melanesian nation. However, some Melanesia regions still under the other countries that requires more effort to help them gain independence. One such effort is to develop linkages and cultural identity, political, social and economic Melanesia society.77
75 Zonggonau, Lenie Marlina. (2011). Pembentukan Kerjasama Sub-Regional the Melanesian Spearhead Group Tahun 1988. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran". 76 Ibid. 77 Wardhani, Baiq L.S.W. (2015). Quo Vadis Melanesian Spearhead Group?. Departemen Hubungan Internasional FISIP Universitas Airlangga. Global & Strategis Vol. 9, No.2
32 II.1.2. Membership Structure of Melanesian Spearhead Group
A description of the Melanesian Spearhead Group structure aims to provide an overview of how the voting power of member countries plays an important role in decision-making because they adhere to consensus system. Melanesian Spearhead Group operates on five levels, where all the rules already contained in The Agreement Establishing the Melanesian Spearhead Group (The Melanesian constitution) chapters 8-17 signed by all five members in 2007. The main decision-making is done through the Leaders’ Summit held every two years and in turn carried out in member states that are holding leadership. Making these decisions include the acceptance of the Melanesian Spearhead Group general policy, the appointment of the Director General of the Melanesian Spearhead Group Secretariat, the establishment of the Ministers Committee (if necessary), and the ratification or the filing of the amended agreement both at the Melanesian Spearhead Group nor with constituents.
Differences criteria, properties, and rights of observers and associate membership are not too far adrift. Observer states only have a right to participate in the meeting if received an invitation from the Melanesian Spearhead Group. Meanwhile, the association membership states has little privilege that is have a right to ask to be invited. Associate countries member also has an obligation to give an annual contribution or pay dues according to the agreed amount. The obligation to provide annual contributions resembles the obligations of member countries. From this difference, Indonesia can play its rights and obligations in line with the change of membership status in the Melanesian Spearhead Group. If compared with the ULMWP as the observer, Indonesia has a distinctive position.78
78 Interviews with sources, Rezha Fernando Wanggai. Functional Officials Diplomat, Sub-Directorate II, KSIA Aspasaf. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. 23 January 2017.
33 II.2. The Republic of Indonesia Status and Its Cooperation with Melanesian Spearhead Group
Indonesia is a country that has the largest archipelago in the world and also strategically has big influence on the economic, social, cultural, and other dimensions. With a total population of about 250 million people, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. The ethnic composition in Indonesia varied as the country has hundreds of ethnic and cultural diversity. Nevertheless, more than half the population of Indonesia is dominated by the two largest tribes, which are Java (41 percent of the total population) and Sundanese (15 percent of the total population). 79 Indonesia also has ethnic Melanesians, located in eastern Indonesia where there are about 11 million people spread across five provinces, namely the province of Papua, West Papua, Maluku, North Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT).80
In terms of its economy, Indonesia is a country that has high economic potential; potential that began to be considered internationally. Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest economies in Southeast Asia. Abundant natural resources with diversity in it makes Indonesia is known as the country's potential. Indonesia is a country that is very active in establishing relations with other countries and also non-state organizations. This is done as a step to promote the country's development as well as increasing national needs that cannot be accommodated by the Indonesian state itself.81
79 Indonesia Investments. (2016). Penduduk Indonesia. Accessed on April 17, 2017 from http://www.indonesia- investments.com/id/budaya/demografi/item67 80 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia . (2013). Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan. Accessed on April 17, 2017 from http://portal.kemlu.go.id/Pages/NewsKemlu.aspx?IDP=385&l=id 81 Saripuddin, Hery & et al. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik & Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. (2013). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan: Menimbang Etnis Melanesia Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia. Jakarta: P3K2 Aspasaf.
34 Indonesia's relations with South Pacific countries have long existed and continue to experience the dynamics from year to year.82 The geographical proximity Indonesia with South Pacific has brought the position of Indonesia with the countries in the region, especially in the fight for a particular problem in the international forum. Equally important, people in the South Pacific area have the same cultural roots, especially with the Indonesian community living in the eastern region of the archipelago.83
Some countries that have ethnic Melanesians (particularly) Vanuatu and Solomon Islands support for West Papuan independence.84 The strength of fraternity Melanesia becomes the strong support. This is of course threatens the integrity of the state sovereignty of Indonesia. On that basis, Indonesia continues to establish and maintain relationships in order to create public trust especially among ethnic Melanesian in the South Pacific. One of the efforts to build trust and support for the sovereignty of Indonesia, is to establish cooperation in several fields. Among these are the economic and political fields.85
Countries such as Vanuatu, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia is a country that is more developed than other countries in the South Pacific region. In terms of political interests, these five countries are countries that are in the organization Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG), where the issue of solidarity Papua was one of the main agenda.86
82 Saripuddin, Hery & et al. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik & Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. (2013). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan: Menimbang Etnis Melanesia Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia. Jakarta: P3K2 Aspasaf. p.16. 83 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. (2015). Meningkatkan Diplomasi Ekonomi Di Kawasan Pasifik. Tabloid Diplomasi. Accessed on April 18, 2017 from http://www.tabloiddiplomasi.org/previous-isuue/209-diplomasi-februari-2015/1834zpeningkatan- hubungan-dengan-negara-negara-kepulauan-pasifik.html 84 Saripuddin, Hery & et al. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik & Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. (2013). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan: Menimbang Etnis Melanesia Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia. Jakarta: P3K2 Aspasaf. p.VIII. 85 Ibid. 86 Saripuddin, Hery & et al. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik & Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. (2013). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia di
35 MSG is an organization consisting of countries whose cultural backgrounds of Melanesia, namely Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and one the unifying organization of the Kanak struggle in New Caledonia that championed the independence of the Kanak from France, which is FLNKS, aims to promote and strengthen trade relations between members, Melanesia cultural exchanges, as well as technical cooperation in order to achieve growth economy, sustainable development, good governance, and security.87
On the 18th MSG Summit, on March 2011 in Suva, Fiji, Indonesia accepted as an observer. As observer, Indonesia is expected to work more closely together and contribute to the countries members of the MSG. Then, at the 20th Summit in Honiara, Solomon Islands, 24–26 June 2015, Indonesia improved the status of observer became an associate member.88
"As an associate member, Indonesia is committed to keep promote closer cooperation and concrete with MSG to explore the potential and address the development challenges together," said Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia, A.M. Fachir.89
Indonesia finally officially became an associate member at MSG after three years as an observer. The enhancement status of Indonesia in MSG is become an effort to strengthen the cooperation with South Pacific countries. In addition to the strategic geographical location adjacent to the Pacific region, Indonesia is home for about 11 million of Melanesian people spread across five provinces, namely the
Kawasan Pasifik Selatan: Menimbang Etnis Melanesia Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia. Jakarta: P3K2 Aspasaf. 87 Tabloid Diplomasi. (July 2015). Status Indonesia di MSG dibarengi dengan kerjasama konkrit. Tabloid Diplomasi. Accessed on March 18, 2017 from http://www.tabloiddiplomasi.org/teras- diplomasi/1930-status-indonesia-di-msg-dibarengi-dengan-kerjasama-konkrit.html 88 Ibid. 89 Ibid.
36 province of Papua, West Papua, Maluku, North Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT).90
Another reason for Indonesia's increasing membership status in MSG is to increase cooperation in the economic and cultural fields. Foreign ministry spokesman, Arrmanatha Nasir or Tata said that president Joko Widodo and foreign minister Retno Lestari Priansari Marsudi give serious attention to the region. The government wants to improve the relations with other Melanesian descendants, especially those who are members of the regional group.
“Indonesia also wants to develop and increase cooperation in the Pacific region to advance eastern Indonesia,” said Tata. He added, “Various programs and cooperation have been designed. One of them is the Melanesian Cultural Festival, which will be held on October 2015 in East Nusa Tenggara.”91
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia said that the changing status of RI in MSG who has become an associate member give positive impact for the government of Indonesia forward in the south pacific region. Arrmanatha Nasir said, “MSG's current focus is on economic and development with the principle of respect for international law, which in line with Indonesia's development vision.” He said that Indonesia often cooperate positively and contributes significantly to MSG member countries.92
Focus Indonesia to the Pacific region is also reflected by the visit of the President of RI (Joko Widodo) to PNG in May 2015 also to other MSG member
90 Dewi, Ni Kumara Santi. (27 June 2015). RI Resmi Bergabung jadi Anggota Organisasi di Negara Melanesia. Dunia news. Retrieved 18 march 2017 from http://dunia.news.viva.co.id/news/read/643695-ri-resmi-bergabung-jadi-anggota-organisasi-negara- melanesia 91 Indonesia Bergabung dengan Melanesian Spearhead Group. June 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2017 from https://jakartagreater.com/indonesia-bergabung-dengan-melanesian-spearhead-group/ 92 Utami, Ranny. (2015). CNN Indonesia. July 2015. Kemlu RI: Keanggotaan MSG Dorong Pembangunan Indonesia Timur. Retrieved 29 April 2017 from http://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20150702163906-106-63932/kemlu-ri-keanggotaan-msg- dorong-pembangunan-indonesia-timur/
37 countries, and the visit of Foreign Minister of RI to PNG, Solomon Islands, and Fiji.93 Indonesia and MSG countries facing same development challenges as prone to natural disasters and climate change to be faced together. As an associate member of MSG, Indonesia will be able to cooperate more closely in meeting the development challenges for the island nation. In addition, technical cooperation in various fields had been running like in the field of fisheries, handicraft, making, arts and culture, and diplomacy will also continue to be strengthened.94
II.2.1. The Republic of Indonesia Cooperation with Melanesia Spearhead Group
Melanesia is becoming a region of many partners, which expanding diplomatic options and a new sense of independence. Since the joining Indonesia to MSG from becoming obersever who later as associate member, Indonesia has made many cooperation, agreement up to bilateral relations with MSG member countries. Such cooperation;
South-South Cooperation
South-South cooperation is development cooperation among developing countries in achieving mutual independence based on solidarity, mutual opportunity and mutual benefit, which will also strengthen the position of developing countries in international forums.95 In its journey, this cooperation type has developed with the support of development partners known as Triangular Cooperation. Indonesia's active participation in KSST is based on Indonesian foreign policy and the implementation
93 Dewi, Ni Kumara Santi. RI Resmi bergabung jadi anggota organisasi di Negara Melanesia. Dunia news. 27 Juni 2015. Accessed on March 18, 2017 from http://dunia.news.viva.co.id/news/read/643695-ri-resmi-bergabung-jadi-anggota-organisasi-negara- melanesia 94 Arisandy, Yuni. (27 Juni 2015). Indonesia Peroleh Status Anggota Asosiasi dalam MSG. Antara News. Accessed on March 18, 2017 from http://www.antaranews.com/berita/503823/indonesia- peroleh-status-anggota-asosiasi-dalam-msg 95 Choesni, Tb. A. (June 2014). “Kebijakan Kerja sama Pembangunan Selatan-Selatan dan Triangular Indonesia”. Direktorat Kerjasama Pembangunan Internasional Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS).
38 of free and active international relations as a manifestation of the mandate of the 1945 Constitution, which is to participate in the implementation of world order.96
The increase of Indonesia's status from developing countries to middle income country and G-20 members help Indonesia to play role in various international forums to achieve national development targets. Increasing the active role of Indonesia in KSST is very important because it is considered to provide benefits for development, both from the political, economic and socio-cultural.97
Means of Indonesian political diplomacy in the global sphere that affects to the state resilience. Political Benefits Encourage the creation of a secure and orderly world order that impacts on the stability of national security.
Means of Indonesian economic diplomacy in achieving the goals of national development. Economic KSST Benefits Benefits Encourage national economic development through increased the Indonesia's market access, trade and investment in the southern countries.
Increase the capacity of the parties involved in the program through knowledge exchange.
Introduce noble culture and values to other countries involved in cooperation. Socio-cultural Benefits Improve the positive image of Indonesian culture in international forums as a country that has been able to contribute actively with the principle of solidarity.
Creating people-to-people contact to get to know and understand each other's culture.
Figure 2.1. The Benefits of KSST
96 Tim Koordinasi Nasional KSST Indonesia. Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan dan Triangular Indonesia. p.2. 97 Ibid. p.3.
39 Indonesia has value-added in the implementation of KSST program, which one of them because Indonesia has various experiences as accumulated a long journey of development process. On the other hand, Indonesia as a developing country also has many similarities in terms of technology, culture, and natural conditions with other southern countries. The Government of Indonesia sets priority countries in implementing KSST programs and activities, in this case, MSG members who have support from Indonesia to this program are Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands.98
Solidarity Harmony Mutual with opportunity national and mutual development benefits priorities
Non- The main principles Demand interference underlying driven differences in the implementation of the Indonesia KSST program
Equality and mutual Inclusive respect
Transparen- Comprehen- cy and sive and accountabili sustainable -ty
Figure 2.2. The Main Principles Underlying Differences in the Implementation of the Indonesia KSST Program
The alignment of the KSS program with the national interest is the authority of the foreign ministry that is strongly influenced by the dynamic changes in its
98 Tim Koordinasi Nasional KSST Indonesia. Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan dan Triangular Indonesia. p.8–9.
40 international relations. Foreign policy is a reflection of domestic politics and based on national interests. In the Indonesian KSS program for the countries in the south pacific region, the Government of Indonesia seeks to promote friendship, cooperation and partnership with the countries in the region. Indonesia seeks to develop connectivity in the south pacific region as an effort to increase connectivity between communities, both between Indonesia with the south pacific region, and intra-region. Indonesia’s KSS program with MSG covers the areas of capacity building in fisheries and agriculture, trade and economy, and security, as well as technical cooperation. 99
Technical Cooperation between Republic of Indonesia and MSG Member Countries
Technical cooperation is a form of development cooperation to channel international assistance in the form of training, education, and dispatch of experts.100 As what have been explained above, the technical cooperation in Indonesia is an integral part of Indonesian foreign policy. This cooperation aims to realize the independence and acceleration of development in developing countries. This technical cooperation is one of the efforts to enhance inter-state partnerships through various activities within the framework of technical cooperation, which is expected to occur information exchange, experience and create a solid foundation for cooperation between Indonesia and participating countries, which is currently also conducted with the MSG countries. This cooperation is expected to help each other in development to reduce dependence and on developed countries. In this case, Indonesia has been providing technical assistance in the field of economy and good governance in politics to MSG member countries (Fiji, Solomon Islands and Papua
99 Pujayanti, Adirini. (25 March 2015). South-South Cooperation and Its Benefit for indonesia. Peneliti Madya Bidang Hubungan Internasional pada Pusat Pengkajian, pengolahan Data dan Informasi, Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI. 100 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. Kerjasama Teknik. Accessed on April 26, 2017 from http://www.kemlu.go.id/id/kebijakan/isu-khusus/Pages/Kerjasama-Teknik.aspx
41 New Guinea), and this economic and political cooperation become the main cooperation of Indonesia and the three countries.101
Joint Statement 2014
The status of Indonesia gives the significant leverage within the MSG. At the 18th MSG Leaders' Summit in Suva on 31 March 2011, Indonesia accepted his status as an observer in MSG. Since the status of Indonesia has been given, in this forum, the president of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono also explained about the condition of Papua and invited representatives of MSG to come to Papua to hear directly related to economic development policy and security aspects in Papua and see the condition of Papua directly.102
On 11 - 16 January 2014, delegates and ministers of MSG countries are in Indonesia. The theme of the Foreign ministers visit to Indonesia is “Promoting Economic Ties and Development Cooperation” which is in line with the goal of forming MSG. The purpose of this visit is to look directly at the situation in Papua and the latest development of Melanesian descendants in Indonesia, as well as to develop connectivity between MSG with Indonesia.103
The results of this vist is the agreed on ‘Joint Statement’ between foreign minister of Indonesia and the foreign ministers of MSG member countries (Fiji, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea).104 This joint statement consists of nine- paragraphs, which in essence are; supported the respective sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity and territorial integrity and the principle of non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations;
101 Tampubolon, Lia Kartika. (2015). Kerjasama Teknik Indonesia – Melanesia Spearhead Group Terhadap Keutuhan NKRI di Papua tahun 2011-2014. 102 Waluyo, Andylala. (2014). SBY Kunjungi Fiji untuk Jelaskan Kondisi Papua. VOA Indonesia. Accessed on May 11, 2017 from http://www.voaindonesia.com/a/sby-kunjungi-fiji-untuk-jelaskan- kondisi-papua/1938483.html 103 Zona Damai. Kerjasama MSG–Indonesia. (January 2014). Zona Damai. Accessed on May 8, 2017 from https://zonadamai.com/2014/01/21/kerjasama-msg-indonesia/ 104 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. Kunjungan Negara Angota MSG: Bangun Kemitraan Ekonomi dan Kerja Sama Pembangunan. Accessed on May 11, 2017 from http://www.kemlu.go.id/_layouts/mobile/PortalDet ail-NewsLike.aspx?l=id&ItemID=a216093c-936b- 4888-b56a-26a3399bd80e
42 determined to strengthen their partnership and constructive relationship, building bilateral relations; promote contacts and exchanges of visits at various levels; and seek to expand and deepen their economic ties and development cooperation for mutual benefit and direct relevant officials to intensify cooperation in some areas.105
Melanesian Cultural Festival
The Indonesia’s Province, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) will host the Melanesian Cultural Festival, which will be held in Kupang, from 26 – 30 October 2015. The festival takes the theme of “Celebrating the Culture Diversity of Melanesian World.”106
Director General of Culture of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Kacung Marijan said that this cultural festival would be attended by seven countries with similar Melanesian culture, namely Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor Lester, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Indonesia itself.107
The purpose of this festival is to show the people, especially festival participants that race and Melanesian culture are interconnected and spread all the way to eastern Indonesia. Kacung added that this Melanesia cultural festival is a forum for people with Melanesian cultural influence to exchange knowledge, tradition and culture in hopes of enhancing mutual understanding and solidarity in the Melanesian region, where Indonesia itself has five provinces with Melanesian race, which are East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Maluku, North Maluku, Papua and West Papua.108
The Melanesian cultural festival is a follow-up acceptance of Indonesia as an associate member at MSG, which is where the festival aims as a form of promotion
105 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. Joint Statement. Accessed on April 26, 2017 from http://www.kemlu.go.id/Documents/MSG%202014/JOINT%20STATEMENT%20INDONESIA%20- %20MSG.pdf 106 Berita Satu. (Oktober 2015). NTT Tuan Rumah Festival Budaya Melanesia. Accessed on May 2, 2017 from http://www.beritasatu.com/budaya/316456-ntt-tuan-rumah-festival-budaya-melanesia.html 107 Berita Satu. (Oktober 2015). NTT Tuan Rumah Festival Budaya Melanesia. Accessed on May 2, 2017 from http://www.beritasatu.com/budaya/316456-ntt-tuan-rumah-festival-budaya-melanesia.html 108 Ibid.
43 by mutual appreciation of each other's culture, as well as customs and traditions; Strengthening the sense of brotherhood, solidarity and harmony among the people, and enriching similar programs organized by MSG. Every 4 years, MSG holds ‘Melanesian Art and Culture Festival’, where the previous year was held in Papua New Guinea with the theme “Celebrating Cultural Diversity.”109
II.3. The Bilateral Relations of Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Fiji
Bilateral relations are used to strengthen cooperation between two countries by using its influence so as to achieve its national objectives. Didi Krisna, in his international politics dictionary, says that a bilateral relations is a condition that describes the existence of relationships that affect each other or a mutual relationship between two parties or two States.110
From some of Indonesia's participation in the agreement, cooperation and decision between Indonesia and MSG members, Indonesia also has bilateral relations with MSG member countries. Among all MSG members, the RI more practiced his diplomacy towards Fiji.
The relations of RI – Fiji have generally been going well and contribute positively to the cooperation in the framework of bilateral, regional and multilateral. Since 2011, bilateral relations between Indonesia and Fiji head to the new level with the implementation of the visit of Prime Minister, Frank Bainimarama to Indonesia on 5–6 April 2011, where the opening of the Fiji Embassy in Jakarta, and the signing agreement “Development Cooperation Agreement” 111 on 27 May 2011, which this
109 Pesona Indonesia. (October 2015). Festival Budaya Melanesia Merayakan Keragaman Budaya Dunia Melanesia. . Accessed on May 1, 2017 from http://pesona.indonesia.travel/acara/festival- budaya-melanesia-merayakan-keragaman-budaya-dunia-melanesia/ 110 Krisna, Didi. (1993). Kamus Politik International. Jakarta: Grasindo. 111 Development Cooperation Agreement or DCA is a framework Agreement that ensures cooperatiom in the various fields including Agriculture, Fisheries and Marine Resources, Forestry, Trade & Investments, Education, Legal & Judicial Sector, Defence, Police, Tourism and etc. The two countries also agreed to cooperate in Multilateral Fora on development related issues. Accessed on April 16,
44 agremenet is a cooperation between the two countries in various fields, such as cooperation in agriculture and fisheries.112
The implementation of the President of Republic of Indonesia visit to Nadi, Fiji, 17th–20th June 2014 is the first historical visit of Head of Government of Indonesia, Joko Widodo to Fiji also coincided with the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries and as the Chief Guest in the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF) Second Leaders Meeting. Foreign Minister of Republic of Indonesia has also conducted a bilateral meeting with Foreign Minister of Republic of Fiji, Ratu Inoke Kubuabola in the framework of the visit of the Foreign Minister and Vice Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) to Indonesia on January 15th, 2014.113
II.3.1. Development Cooperation Agrement (2011)
Development Cooperation Agreement (DCA) is the preferred cooperation to be implemented for both countries because it can be a basic requirement for each actor. The contents of this cooperation program are; Engagement for support to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, technical cooperation in the field of democratization, good governance in the state government as well as capacity building in the marine, fishery, agriculture, tourism, transportations, police and law and the improvement of Melanesian people-to-people contact, which one of them through scholarship of higher education. The signing of this agreement is expected to pave the way for the establishment of the Joint Ministerial Committee between RI and Fiji, which will discuss cooperation in various fields. In addition, through DCA,
2017 from http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/media-resources/media-release/350-fiji-indonesia-sign- development-cooperation-agreement 112 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Government of the Republic of Fiji. Fiji-Indonesia Sign Development Cooperation Aggreement. Accessed on April 16, 2017 from http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/media-resources/media-release/350-fiji-indonesia-sign-development- cooperation-agreement 113 Diplomasi Indonesia 2014. Direktorat Informasi dan Media, Direktorat Jenderal Informasi dan Diplomasi Publik, Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. p.47.
45 Indonesia can also contribute significantly to the implementation of Fiji in the context of the Roadmap to Election 2014.114
II.3.2. Joint Ministerial Committee (September 2015)
The first meeting of the Joint Ministerial Committee (JMC) at the Foreign Ministerial level was held in Suva, Fiji, where the meeting was an implementation from the Development Cooperation Agreement signed in 2011. The meeting between Indonesian Foreign Minister led by Retno L.P. Marsudi with Fiji's Foreign Minister led by Ratu Inoke Kabuabola aims to enhance bilateral cooperation especially in the economic field, where the two countries agreed to continuously improve economic cooperation by encouraging intensification of cooperation between business to business. In addition to economic issues, the meeting also addresses issues related to democracy and good governance, as well as the security and stability of the region. Several other areas of cooperation agree to be developed include peacekeeping, agriculture, fisheries, the development of small and medium enterprise, youth and sports, and women's empowerment.115
The following points are the meetings and visits of the two countries, Republic of Indonesia - Republic of Fiji:116
No. Date and Year Meetings and Visits 1 May 2011 Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia dan the Republic of Fiji on the Framework for Development Cooperation by Indonesia's foreign minister, Marty Natalegawa who subsequently produced bilateral agreements, there are 14 documents including agreements, memoranda of understanding, and letter of intent, among others arein the fields of agriculture, fisheries, forestry, education, art, culture, trade and investment, technical cooperation, tourism,
114 Diplomasi Indonesia 2011. Direktorat Informasi dan Media, Direktorat Jenderal Informasi dan Diplomasi Publik, Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. p.75. 115 Effendi, Anwar. (September 2015). Pertemuan Joint Ministerial Committee Pertama Indonesia- Fiji. Pikiran Rakyat. Accessed on April 29, 2017 from http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/luar- negeri/2015/09/01/340621/pertemuan-joint-ministerial-committee-pertama-indonesia-fiji 116 Saripuddin, Hery & et al. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik & Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. (2013). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan: Menimbang Etnis Melanesia Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia. Jakarta: P3K2 Aspasaf.
46 transportation, law, cooperation in developing mutual understanding between the two countries. 2 5th–6th April 2011 State visit of Fii’s prime minister, Frank Bainimaraman to RI, which this visit is a series of activities of Fijian Prime Minister in Indonesia who later on will inaugurate the Fiji embassy office in Jakarta. During his visit, Fiji's prime minister was accompanied by four of his staff including Fiji's foreign minister, Mr. Inoke Kubuabola. 4 17th–20th June 2014 State visit of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to Fiji that was accompanied by Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs Djoko Suyanto, State Secretary Sudi Silalahi, Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa, Cabinet Secretary Dipo Alam, Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Syarif Cicip Sutardjo, Minister of Public Works Djoko Kirmanto, and Minister of Youth and Sports Roy Suryo. During this visit, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyoni met with President of Republic of Fiji, Ratu Epeli Nailatikau to discuss the improvement of bilateral relations between the two countries. In addition to the President of Fiji, President Yudhoyono also held a bilateral meeting with Fiji's prime minister, and later attended the second Pacific Islands Development Forum. 6 1st September 2015 Meeting between Indonesian foreign minister Retno L.P. Marsudi and Fiji's foreign minister Ratu Inoke in the first Joint Ministerial Committee RI–Fiji in Suva 9 22nd March 2016 In the 6th Bali Process Foreign Ministerial Meeting, Indonesian foreign minister Retno L.P. Marsudi met with ministers from other countries including Fiji foreign minister, Ratu Inoke to seek conclusions between member states especially the migration-related countries which finally the meeting produced two documents, which are Co-Chair Statement and Bali Declaration. 10 3rd June 2016 Secretary General of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Kemenkumham), Bambang Rantam Sariwanto receives the Fiji Ambassador to Indonesia visit, MR. H.E. Ratu Seremaia Tui Cavuilati. In this visit, Cavuilati conveyed two points that become his concern, which regarding the implementation of visa reciprocal between Fiji and Indonesia, and the correctional training for Fijian correctional officers. It is said to make the relationship better and mutually beneficial between Fiji and Indonesia. 11 31st March 2016 The Coordinating Minister of political, legal, and security affairs, Luhut Pandjaitan, in his visit to Fiji held a meeting with Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama at the prime minister's office in Suva. Luhut expressed his grief from the Indonesian government to PM Bainimarama, Fiji over Winston's typhoon that occurred a month
47 ago and killed 19 people also destroyed some part of the country. Table 2.1. The points of RI–Fiji meetings and visits
48
CHAPTER III PAPUA’S SELF DETERMINATION ISSUE AND UNITED LIBERATION MOVEMENT FOR WEST PAPUA
III.1. Introduction
Self-determination issue in Papua happened since the independence of Indonesia, and the freedom of papua from decolony of the Netherlands (Dutch). They bring the issue with tells that Indonesian military doing some violations and murderer towards Papua indigineous people. Then, ULMWP was formed to represent the Papuans and bringing the self-determination issue internationally. And the result is that the ULMWP was accepted as the Observer in the MSG.
III.2. Self-Determination
Self-determination becomes a new idea in today’s era to ask for rights of the people in a country when they feel injustice or they feel that they deserve to lead their own regions without interference from central government. Based on the explanation of Legal Aspects of Self-Determintaion, there are two aspects in self-determination, which are internal and external. Internal self-determination itself is the right of the people of a state to govern themselves without outside interference, while external self-determination is the right of peoples to determine their own political status including formation of their own independent state.117
117 Encyclopedia Princetoniensis. Legal Aspects of Self-Determination. Encyclopedia. Accessed on February 14, 2017 from https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node/254
49 According to the international law recognized in the 1960s, the right of self- determination was defined as the right of all colonial territories to freely choose their status to become independent. Nowadays, the right of groups to govern themselves is increasingly interconnected with human rights norms, especially in the rights of minorities and indigenous peoples.118
Indonesia is a country that proclaimed its independence on 17th August 1945. However, it was recognized internationally in December 27th, 1949 when the Netherlands formally transferred the sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to a new political entity called ‘Indonesia’ at the Round Table Conference (Perundingan Meja Bundar) in the Hague.119 Recently, Indonesia also facing the self-determination issue, which come from Papua, the east side of Indonesia. They bring the issue with tells that Indonesian military doing some violations and murderer towards Papua indigineous people.120
In Indonesia, these self-determination issues has been accompanied by hostilities and armed conflicts in various border regions, such as Aceh, East Timor and West Papua as well as in other parts of the world. 121 Self-determination in Indonesia frequently emerged due to the historical fact that the country is a collection of former sovereign kingdoms, ethnic groups, minority groups, and indigenous people. Self-determination conflicts in Indonesia can be viewed from two perspectives: internal self-determination and external self-determination. 122 This notion also applies to many communities and provinces that seek for a higher degree of autonomy and privileges from the central government. The latter is more
118 Encyclopedia Princetoniensis. Legal Aspects of Self-Determination. Encyclopedia. Accessed on February 14, 2017 from https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node/254 119 Kadir, M. Ya’kub Aiyub. (2015). Revisiting Self-Determination Conflicts in Indonesia: An International Law Perspective. Indonesia Law Review. 120 Macleod, Jason. (March 2011). The Struggle for Self-Determination in West Papua (1969-Present). Non-Violent Conflict. Accessed on February 14, 2017 from https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/the- struggle-for-self-determination-in-west-papua-1969-present/ 121 Grant, J. Andrew. (2006). “National Self-Determination and Secession: East Timor, Eritrea, Aceh, and Cabinda in Comparative Context”. Accessed on February 16, 2017 from http:// www.allacademic.com/meta/p98794_index.html. 122 Bamualim, C. S. & et al. (2002). Communal Conflicts in Contemporary Indonesia. Jakarta: The Center for Language and Culture IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
50 concerned with people’s movements to separate themselves from Indonesia, which may be triggered by historical, economic, social, or political factors.123
The centralistic and militaristic approaches imposed by Jakarta, compounded by its neglect of economic development in frontier areas, have eventually become the potential source of the establishment of various self-determination movements. Hence, strengthening Indonesian identity and ensuring an equal distribution of welfare and justice to all people must be considered as indispensible measures for preserving and sustaining the unitary characteristic of Indonesia.124
III.3. Papua Independence Issue
Papua consists of two provinces, West Papua and Papua, located on the border of Asia and Pacific. Papua is the western half of the island of New Guinea, and the other side is the independent state of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Papua and PNG are the Melanesian peoples that share cultures, ethnicities, and religions.125 After the independent nation of Indonesia, the history of the entry of Papua, one of the Melanesian in Indonesia into the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia until today left the unresolved circumstance. The Papuan independence issue emerged since the Papua independent from the Dutch colony. The Netherlands and Indonesia agreed in August 1962 that the Netherlands would transfer the sovereignty of West Papua to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA). Then, had to pass before a nationwide referendum could be held to determine the future of West Papua: whether it would be granted independence or be integrated into Indonesia.
After the New York Agreement signed both Indonesia and the Netherlands, the administration of the West Papua region offered to the UNTEA for a short time,
123 Kadir, M. Ya’kub Aiyub. (2015). Revisiting Self-Determination Conflicts in Indonesia: An International Law Perspective. Indonesia Law Review. 124 Ibid. 125 Free West Papua Campaign. History of West Papua. Accessed on February 13, 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/info/history-of-west-papua/
51 and would then pass to Indonesia. Then, in May 1st, 1963, the Papua territory was transferred to Indonesian administration and characterized with the announcement of a Papuan member of the New Guinea Council, Mr. E. J. Bonay as the first Governor of West Irian (the Indonesian name for West Papua). After the UN withdrawal, Indonesia’s President Soekarno banned all political parties and activities in Papua, and clashes started breaking out between Papuans and Indonesian military units, where the Indonesian military killed thousands of Papuans. Regarding the self- determination issue happened in West Papua, There are so many human rights violations and injustice towards the indigenous people of Papua.126
During 1962 until 1969, there were thousands of Papuans were killed by the Indonesian military, where the Papuans were exercise their right to self- determination. The UN continued in a supervisory role until the AOFC (Act of Free Choice), the vote for self-determination in 1969.127 From 14 July and 2 August 1969, the Indonesian government held the ‘Act of Fre Choice’ (PEPERA) in West Papua. It gathered 1026 Papuan tribal representatives into eight locations, one for each region of West Papua: Merauke, Jayawijaya, Paniai, Fak-Fak, Sorong, Manokwari, Cenderawasih and Jayapura. 128 These 1026 Papuans were asked to choose two alternatives, either to remain with Indonesia or to sever ties with Indonesia and become an independent state separate from Indonesia. The decision-making process from each region was same, chose to remain a part of Indonesia. The Indonesian Minister of Home Affairs informed them that this ‘Act of Free Choice’ would finally safeguard the unity of the Indonesian nation and there was no alternative but to
126 Sadadi, Puguh. (2015). Cold Dark Matter: Don’t Wait for Papua to Explode. Press Reader. Accessed on February 14, 2017 from http://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/the-jakarta- post/20151215/281724088497283/TextView 127 UN. West New Guinea Histocial Background. Accessed on February 10, 2017 from http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unsfbackgr.html 128 Ibid.
52 ‘remain within the Republic of Indonesia’.129 To signify this result, West Papua was then renamed ‘Irian Jaya’ in 1973 by President Soeharto.130
PEPERA that held in 1969 was a "referendum" which certifies that Papua was under the territory of Republic of Indonesia and the result was officially and democratically ratified by United Nations. While the central government assume the integration of Papua entered into the territory is final and legally valid internationally, on the other hand, Papuan views that the process was underhand and contravene Papuans’ civil and politic rights, and the dissatisfaction of separatist group which represented by the resistance, diplomacy and street actions relative frequency increases. They consider that the “PEPERA” of 1969 is an international political engineering project and its implementation is not in accordance with international law.131
After the fall of Suharto, the former Indonesian President in 1998, the struggle for self-determination in Papua change from armistice and war of guerrilla groups in the jungles and mountains into the nonviolent civilian-based movement in the towns. There are five complaint used to turn on the Papua resistance; resisted the history, where Papuan believes that the transfer of sovereignty from Netherlands to the Indonesian Government was fundamentally unfair, Human rights violations, Economic injustice and the development projects, which socially and environmentally destructive, the appearance of conflict and competition over land and resources between the migrant and indigenous populations because of the Indonesians migration from other parts into Papua, and Institutional racism, education sector, security forces and bureaucracy.132
129 Janki, Melinda. (20 December 2009). A Violation of International Law. Inside Indonesia. Accessed on February 10, 2017 from http://www.insideindonesia.org/a-violation-of-international-law 130 Ibid. 131 Cordell, Marni. (August 2013). The West Papuan Independence Movement – A History. The Guardian. Accessed on February 14, 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/29/west-papua-independence-history 132 Macleod, Jason. (March 2011). The Struggle for Self-Determination in West Papua (1969-Present). Non-Violent Conflict. Accessed on February 14, 2017 from https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/the- struggle-for-self-determination-in-west-papua-1969-present/
53 III.3.1. The Beginning of The Free Papua Movements (OPM Groups)
Among many regions in Indonesia with economic grievances, there are two major conditions, which have shaped the degree to secessionist movements have resorted to violence in order to advance their claims. 133 The first is historical condition. Facts show that violent movements are more common in regions that were not deeply integrated into the Netherlands East Indies from which Indonesia was founded.134 The second factor is a legacy of severe human right abuses committed by the Indonesian military in certain regions of Indonesia. Armed secessionist groups have mostly emerged in regions where Indonesian military violence has been more prominent and intense.135
Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) is the armed secessionist group in Papua. This organization (movement) was founded in 1965 to oppose the return of Papua to RI. The name of OPM itself is given by the Indonesian government to every organization that make up the strength against Indonesian government with aim to separate Papua apart from the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI).136 OPM first movement was began with the attack of a group of people from the Arfak tribe to the Batalyon 751 (Brawijaya) armys’ barracks in Manokwari on July 28th, 1965.137 The rebellion then extended to several districts in Irian Jaya, such as Biak Numfor, Sorong, Paniai, Fakfak, Yapen Waropen, Merauke, Jayawijaya and Jayapura.138
Around 1980, the OPM made a petition signed by 50 members, which containing three statements; First, protest against the 1969 Act of Free Choice which should be a one man one vote, not by council deliberation. Second, a support
133 Gershman, John. Indonesia: Islands of Conflict. A Times. Accessed on April 17, 2017 from http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/DJ26Ae05.html 134 Ibid. 135 Ibid. 136 Gere, Nico. (January 2017). Merawat Kedaulatan Indonesia di Papua. Perum LKBN Antara. p.170 137 Aditjondro, George Junus. (2000). Cahaya Bintang Kejora: Papua dalam Kajian Sejarah, Budaya, Ekonomi, dan HAM. Jakarta: Elsham. p.35. 138 Djopari, Jhon RG. (1991). “Pemberontakan Organisasi Papua Merdeka: Suatu Studi Kasus tentang Integrasi Politik di Irian Jaya dari Tahun 1964–1984.” Jakarta. p.1–2.
54 statement for the struggle of West Papua independence. And third, is the appeal to the Indonesian government to acknowledge the independence of the people of West Papua.139
Then, during the reform era, OPM attacks on TNI posts as well as the personnel of Police and TNI appear to be increasing,140 until there are several attacks that one of them occurred in the area of PT. Freeport, Mimika which resulted three people death.141 Up to now, the shootings carried out by armed OPM groups have not yet subsided.
No. Date Event Victim Source 1 1 January 2013 Jayapura, a housewife badly 1 civilian injured. Bintangpapua.com injured by OTK gunfire. Victims January 2, 2013 could be rescued. 2 10 January 2013 The old town market, Mulia, 1 civilian died and Merdeka.com Puncak Jaya regency, OPM groups 1 TNI member January 11, 2013 attacked members of TNI and a injured. taxibike driver. The taxibike driver (Abbas Hadis) was killed, while Pratu Hasan was injured. 3 1 February 2013 Kampung Watiyai, East Tigi No casualties. Merdeka.com District, Deiyai regency, OPM February 2, 2013 group shot employee of contractor companies. 4 21 February 2013 In the Tingginambut district, 8 TNI members Sindonews.com Puncak Jaya regency, OPM groups and 2 civilians June 26, 2013 attacked local TNI post. A few were killed. hours later, in Sinak district, another OPM group attacked TNI member who walking without weapons to the Sinak pioneer base to pick up the communication tools. 5 11 March 2013 In Enarotali, Panian regency, there 1 civilian killed. Bintangpapua.com was stabbing of a motorcycle taxi
139 (1971). Dinas Sejarah Militer Kodam XVII Cenderawasih. Jayapura. p.89. 140 Al-Rahab, Amiruddin. (2010). Heboh Papua: Perang Rahasia, Trauma dan Separatisme. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu. p.5. 141 CendrawasihPos. (July 2009). Penyerangan OPM ke Freeport. Cendrawasihpos.com. Accessed on May 12, 2017.
55 driver and the victim was killed on March 13, 2013 the spot. 6 21 April 2013 In Tingginambut, there was a 1 civilian killed. Bintangpapua.com shooting of a citizen by OTK and August 2014 the victim was killed on the spot. 7 30 April 2013 Shooting occurred in the Aimas, 3 civilians were Bintangpapua.com Sorong regency. killed. February 8, 2014 8 6 May 2013 Member of Parliament from Papua, 6 civilians were Tabloidjubi.com Diaz Gwijangge said that on 1 May injured. May 12, 2013 2013, TNI members in Aimas, Sorong regency shot local villagers, six Aimas villagers were injured and in West Papua, police officers shot fishermen catching fish in Raja Ampat waters because of using fish bombs. 9 26 June 2013 In the Ilu district, Puncak Jaya 3 TNI members Kompas.com regency, there was a shootout were shot dead. July 12, 2013 between TNI and OPM group around the vineyard of Kampung Jigonikme, Ilu district. 10 1 July 2013 In the Tiom, Lany Jaya regency, an 1 schoolboy killed. Kompas.com 11-year-old elementary student July 12, 2013 was found dead with a gunshot wound. 11 1 July 2013 In the Puncak Jaya, OPM groups 1 PMII officer Kompas.com fired on ambulances that were killed and 2 August 5, 2013 evacuating sick residents, from the injured. Tingginambut district headed to the Mulia Hospital in the Puncak Jaya capital city. 12 12 July 2013 In the Kota Mulia, Puncak Jaya, 1 civilian killed. Kompas.com there was a shootout between July 12, 2013 dozens of OPM group members and TNI. 13 26 November 2013 In Abepura, Jayapura, there was a 2 civilians were Portalkbr.com rally from KNPB group, which killed and 10 December 3, 2013 ends into anarchist. injured. 14 29 November 2013 In Yongsu village, Sentani, 1 citizen from Indopos.co.id Jayapura regency, there was an OPM killed. December 12, 2013 armed contact between Papuan
56 police team woth ‘Raja Cyclop Group’ (from OPM). 15 25 December 2013 In Sentani, with the coinciding of Police post and Liputan6.com Christmas Day, a mob of about office were December 25, 2013 300 people who were escorting the damaged. Simon Sokoy body burned down the police and office post because they did not accept the Simon's death. Table 3.1. Data on Violence and Shootings Action in Papua in 2013
Father John Djonga who is also a human rights activist mentioned that shooting actions in Papua along 2013 were higher than in the previous year. The victims of the shootings include security officers, immigrants and indigenous Papuans. These acts of violence are related to the development of the political temperature towards the political activities of Papuan’s independence support groups that more intense.142
No. Date Event Victim Source 1 9 January 2014 A shootout occurred in the East 2 civilians were Kompas.com Levee, Kali Kopi, Mimika between killed. January 15, 2014 a joint TNI-Polri force and the OPM group. 2 18 January 2014 Kompas post of Kodim 1714/PJ 2 TNI members Beritasatu.com intelligence unit, Kota Lama, were shot dead. January 20, 2014 Mulia, Puncak Jaya regency, was shot by OPM group, resulting two TNI members killed. 3 24 January 2014 There was a gun shooutout 2 TNI members Kompas.com between the joint TNI-Polri team were killed. January 24, 2014 and the OPM group. Two were killed. 4 29 January–April 2014 Members of the Tribe Moni, Mee, Dozens civilians Snpk-indonesia.com Amungme, and Dani-Damal in the were killed and Mimika regency were involved hundreds were tribal war triggered land ownership injured.
142 Gere, Nico. (January 2017). Merawat Kedaulatan Indonesia di Papua. Perum LKBN Antara. p.183
57 issues. 5 1 February 2014 A joint TNI-Polri team raided the 1 OPM member Pesisirone.com OPM headquarters led by killed and 2 TNI February 2, 2014 Fernando Warobai di the Sasawa members were village, West Yapen district. There injured. was armed contact, which ends with 10 OPM members caught. 6 7 February 2014 Kurilik village, Puncak Jaya 1 honai burned and Liputan6.com regency, an indigenous house 50 residents February 7, 2014 (honai) burned by the OPM group. evacuate. 40 Puncak police personnel descended to secure the situation get a shot. However, there are no casualties. 7 18 March 2014 In Pucnak Jaya regency, the 1 OPM member Merdeka.com 751/Raider Task Force ambushed killed. March 18, 2014 armed civilians from Yambi group. 1 OPM member jumped into the chasm and died, three of his colleagues were hit by gunshot wounds. 8 9 April 2014 In the Mulia, Puncak Jaya, there 1 OPM member Merdeka.com was a shootout between OPM killed. April 9, 2014 group and TNI. One OPM member named Wenda was killed. 9 27 April 2014 In the Mulia, Puncak Jaya regency, 1 TNI member Merdeka.com the OPM group shot TNI killed. April 27, 2014 personnel. The victim died on the spot. 10 28 July 2014 Tiom, Lanny Jaya regency, eight 2 Police members Republik.co.id police personnel were attacked by were killed. July 29, 2014 the OPM group. Two police members were killed. 11 30 July 2014 Indawa village, Lanny Jaya 5 Police members Republik.co.id regency, OPM groups shot police were injured. July 30, 2014 patrols. 12 1 August 2014 Pirime district, Lanny Jaya 5 OPM members Republikaonline.co regency, there were gun shootout were killed and 2 m between TNI and OPM group. TNI members were August 6, 2014 injured. 13 6 September 2014 Arso, Keerom regency, there was a 1 civilian killed Tabloidjubi.com murder of a woman who then and 17 house
58 triggered the burning of 17 burned. September 24, 2014 residents’ house. 14 12 October 2014 The Yapen police station and 15 OPM members Detik.com additional troops from the TNI arrested. October 12, 2014 stormed the headquarters of OPM Angkaisera led by Maikel Merani in Yapen. 15 8 December 2014 Enarotali, Paniai regency, TNI 5 civilians were Liputan6.com members shot civilians who were killed and 4 cars December 11, 2014 decorating the christmas cage. 5 damage. civilians died. This incident occurred because triggered beatings of citizens by the security forces on 7 December 2014, then citizens responded by attacking the police station and Madi Koramil, Enarotali. Table 3.2. Data on Violence and Shootings Action in Papua in 2014
No. Date Event Victim Source 1 1 January 2015 In the Utikini area, Tembagapura 3 civilians were Kompas.com district, Mimika regency, there are killed. January 2, 2015 two Brimob members and one Pt. Freeport security officer were intercepted by 5 unidentified people in Banti village to Utikini village, Mimika. The, they were shot dead. 2 4 February 2015 In Dani's hotel yard, Jayapura, a 1 injured on left Bintangpapua.com police shot civilian for allegedly thigh. February 6, 2015 affairing his wife. 3 26 May 2015 In the Usir village, Mulia district, 1 civilian killed Kompas.com Puncak Jaya regency, armed and 5 people May 28, 2015 civilian groups opened fire on suffered gunshot resident's home resulting in the wounds. death of one resident at home for being shot in the head, then the victims were evacuated to Jayapura by using Tri Gana airplane to get intensive care. 4 25 June 2015 In Ugapuga, East Kamu district, 1 civilian killed Antaranews.com
59 Dogiyai regency, Yoseni Agapa and 1 injured. June 30, 2015 and Melianus Mote cross the Trans-Papua road using motorbikes, then they are fired by unidentified people who pass by car. 5 17 July 2015 In Karubaga, Tolikara regency, a 1 civilian killed, 11 Okezone.com group of citizens attacked the injured, 1 mosque, July 29, 2015 Muslims who are running Eid 6 houses and 11 prayer. The residents burned down stall buildings were the mosque and caused a number burned. of stall buildings around it burn. 6 6 August 2015 Timika, Papua, armed civilians No casualties. Beritasatu.com shooting at helicopter belonging to August 7, 2015 the TNI AD. 7 28 August 2015 Koperapoka, Timika, two TNI 2 civilians were Jpnn.com soldiers argue with the residents on killed, 4 injured. August 29, 2015 the street because they were disturbed by the closing of some road for the Tifa event near Koperapoka St. Francis Church. Residents surrounded two TNI members but they managed to escaped, shortly afterwards, the two TNI returned with weapons and shooting citizens. 8 9 September 2015 East Arso district, Keerom 1 gunshot wounded Cnnindonesia.com regency, there were group of and 2 citizens September 14, 2015 gunmen attacked logging company hostage. workers in Skopro village. 1 victim was shot and grounded, two others captured and taken to the PNG territory by the attacker group. On 17 September 2015, the two hostages were released by PNG troops. 9 29 September 2015 In the Biak Gorong-gorong 1 civilian killed, 1 Antaranewsw.com complex, Timika, three members critical victim with September 29, 2015 of Mimika Police station using a gunshot wounds. patrol car went to the scene of a theft case experienced by a resident in the Gorong-gorong. However, upon arrival at the scene, the three polices were attacked by
60 the citizens and finally the police gave warning shots that killed one citizen and one critical victim. Table 3.3. Data on Violence and Shootings Action in Papua in 2015 (January–September)
Data above shows that the violence in Papua still high, armed movement not only about ideology (papua merdeka), but also related to the condition of injustice that is generally felt by the people of Papua.143
The establishment of the Free Papua Movement (OPM) is to oppose Indonesian hegemony in Papua. This movement erupted because of various factors. First, the Papuans felt that they did not share the same identity with Indonesia. Second, the Indonesian central government issued policies, which coerced the indigenous Papuans into adopting “Indonesian” culture and values, and this quickly fuelled anti-Indonesian sentiment across the territory. Third, Indonesia designated West Papua as a destination of its transmigration policy, and this measure was considered as a challenge to the customary ownership of land, a tradition that was deemed sacred and highly valued by the West Papuans. As a result, out of 1.8 million inhabitants of West Papua, a majority of 770,000 were migrants brought to Papua by the Indonesian transmigration program.144
III.3.2. The Desire of Self-determination in West Papua
According to the issue, there are some main reasons that highlighted the desire of Papuans to secede from Indonesia Government in addition to racial equality, which are:
III.3.2.1. Human Rights Violations
What have been explained above, there are some violations happened in Papua by Indonesian military since Papuans’ freedom from Dutch colony and their
143 Gere, Nico. (January 2017). Merawat Kedaulatan Indonesia di Papua. Perum LKBN Antara. p.189 144 Sutter, Keith. (1997). East Timor, West Papua/Irian and Indonesia (Minority Right Group). UK: Minority Rights Group. p.10-13.
61 statement to have self-determination from Republic of Indonesia. Papua province is a region continues to be plagued cases of human rights violations and the ongoing conflict. The living conditions of indigenous people with the living conditions of immigrants who came from other parts of Indonesia are very different.145
The indigenous people of Papua have long experience of human rights violations, which the security forces make them as objects of violence through murder, torture, and arbitrary arrests.146 According to ICP147 reports in 2015, there has been going on several cases from 2013 to 2014, such as murder, arrests and excessive use of force, of related warnings 1 May 2013 in which the people of Papua commemorate 50 years transfer of administration of Papua to Indonesia, to the arrest of supporters campaign supports the opening an office of Free West Papua campaign (FWPC) in Papua New Guinea. In Papua also happens violence and intimidation against journalists who wish to cover the news about Papua, where the journalists received a number of risks such as threats and intimidation. Access of foreign journalists to freely visit Papua region is also limited.148
No. Date Rally Location Arrest Violence 1. 10 June 2013 Demonstrations in Sentani 3 Arbitrary arrests support West Papua membership in MSG 2. 18 June 2013 Demonstration Biak 0 Note: supporting MSG Protesters negotiate with police meeting in New who offer vehicles instead of Caledonia their long march. Protesters agreed to go up to three vehicles provided by the police.
145 Manurung, Hendra. (9 March 2017). Penyelesaian Konflik Papua VS Hak Menentukan Nasib Sendiri. Imparsial. Accessed on March 20, 2017 from http://www.imparsial.org/uncategorized/penyelesaian-konflik-papua-vs-hak-menentukan-nasib- sendiri/ 146 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.4. 147 ICP is the International Coalition for Papua, which works to fight for human rights and promote Papua Land of Peace, where Papuans can obtain their rights to self-determination through peaceful means. 148 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.12 & 20.
62 3. 13 January MSG delegation visit Jayapura 7 Arbitrary arrests, mistreatment 2014 during arrest. 4. 17 July 2014 Demanding a Timika 25 Arbitrary arrests (25), referendum mistreatment during arrest (15), mistreatment in custody (3), torture in custody (1), unpleasant treatment (3). 5. 15 August Protests against the Waena, 11 Arbitrary arrests, mistreatment 2014 approval of New York Jayapura during arrest (3). Table 3.4. The protests in Papua between April 2013 to December 2014 (especially regarding MSG)149
In 2014, the Human Rights Institutions observed a drastic increase in the numbers of criminalization, intimidation and even attacks against human rights defenders during the presidential election, which brought political instability in Papua. Threats and attacks against human rights defenders are often associated government approach with the military-based. Those approaches lead to human rights violations and attacks against human rights defenders. The high number of cases showed a narrowing of democratic space in Papua. Local activists often voice the many human rights violations in the two eastern provinces in Indonesia, Papua and West Papua.150
Between April 2013 to January 2015, at least 22 people became victims of extrajudicial killings in Papua. Some cases occur due to the use of excessive force during combing operations and in effort dissolution of peaceful protests. All the victims of extrajudicial killings are indigenous people of Papua. The absence of efficient mechanisms for the investigation or judicial process, the security forces who committed the crime gets impunity. NGOs and churches in Papua have reported an increase in the number of horizontal conflicts in Papua since the beginning of 2014. Some of these conflicts occurred between tribes, but most of the cases documented
149 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.24 150 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.30.
63 showed a growing tension between indigenous people with immigrants. Human rights violations also happen to women in Papua. In the period 2012-2014, more than 1,700 women in Papua interviewed about their experiences in terms of violence, discrimination, and marginalization. 151 Human Rights cases in Papua frequently occur. Many young people, human rights activists, journalists, women, and leaders were tortured, imprisoned, and killed for their struggle to realize the right to self- determination.152
III.3.2.2. Violence and Discrimination against Women in Papua
According to the report of Human Rights Papua 2015, Domestic Violence (KDRT) is a common occurrence in Papua, for Papuan women “experiencing violence as well as drinking coffee - everyday.” Seeing how often domestic violence occurs, the tendency of victims to not report it because of complaints filed by Papuan women who experienced violence rarely received a response from the security apart. In addition to the violence, many of them were abandoned, especially in the hinterland in the mountains, which far from the access of communities and NGOs. In addition to domestic violence, polygamy and burdened with household duties also occur against Papuan women, where these cases become serious psychological problems, which they are treated like slaves and driven by fear if their work is not completed. One of the example is the case of Papuan women, which on 8 December 2014, when Mama Marci Yogi raised her hand to ask the security forces to stop shooting at the tragedy killing four students in Karel Gobai field, Enarotali, Paniai. The incident made mama Marci Yogi receives two shots, which hit the scripture in her traditional bag (noken) that she’s carried and the second bullet is hit her left hand.153
151 151 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.34. 152 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.34. 153 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.56-57
64 In addition to the violence taken by Papuan women, they are also subject to poverty, as their access to ownership the economic resources is very limited. Based on a group discussion and interviews in International Coalition for Papua (ICP), LIPI and KOMNAS HAM recommendations, there are 1,700 women of Papua interviewd about their experiences, there are three forms of marginalization and discrimination experienced by women of Papua; the first is the exclusion of women of Papua from the economic system, in which the women face difficulties in meeting their daily needs, such as food, water, shelter, health, and education. They experience poverty for generations as a result of structural insulation and attenuation of women. The second is the weakening of identity and poverty as a result of the loss of natural resources, which is where the expropriation or seizure of natural resources adopted by investors in cooperation with national and local governments resulted Papuans lost their land and their natural resources, paraperempuan yang dilarang untuk pergi kehutan yang menjadi sumber kehidupan mereka, hingga perampasan identitas perempuan papua. And the third is the lack of political participation of women of Papua, which is where the political involvement of women in Papua are very limited, because of the poverty and isolation problems. Women of Papua rarely took part in decision-making, both in the political context of the region and and bureaucracy.154
III.3.2.3. The Natural Resources Exploitation
Since the first day of Indonesian occupation, the people and land of West Papua have been under relentless attack. The ongoing exploitation of natural resources in Papua’s land, but the condition of the indigineous people remains neglected and even forgotten, making them in a position which is very alarming, and marginalized indigenous people on injustice in the enjoyment of their produce than the migrants.155
154 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.72. 155 International Parliaments for West Papua. About West Papua. IPWP. Accessed on February 17, 2017 from https://www.ipwp.org/about-west-papua/
65 According to ICP’s report, Papua become the target of new plantations, as land for agriculture in Borneo and Sumatra is scarce. These developments resulted in increased land conflicts with indigenous peoples in Papua, along with the increasing number of plantation companies operating in the area of Papua. The local society faced as a result of the expansion of plantations, such as the expropriation of land and forest, inadequate compensation, broken promises, and intimidation if they refuse to cooperate.156
Papua is rich in natural resources. In addition to forest and fertile soil in the highlands, Papua is rich in gold, nickel, copper, abundant marine fish, petroleum and gas. Papua wealth has attracted mining, timber and plantation companies and causes deforestation and the expulsion of the indigenous population of Papua.157
Then, the Papua conditions worsened by the presence of migrants who slowly began dominated the economic sector in Papua. The government's moves seemed slow and the results were insignificant and failed to prevent the widening social gap between Papuans and migrants.158
III.3.3. Free West Papua Campaign
According to the report about human rights abuses and the eploitaxion of land in papua, there is come up the ideas of established the free west papua campaign which led by Benny Wenda that holding and separate the papuan’s self-determination issue internationally. The Free West Papua Campaign was launched in 2004 in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is grown and having permanent offices in Oxford (UK), The Hague (Netherlands), Port Moresby Papua New Guinea) and Perth (Australia). It is a group of people from human rights, political and environmental backgrounds, which of whom have spent time in West Papua. It aims to give the people of West
156 International Coalition for Papua (ICP). (September 2015). Human Rights in West Papua 2015. p.86. 157 Ibid. p.92. 158 Gere, Nico. (January 2017). Merawat Kedaulatan Indonesia di Papua. Perum LKBN Antara. p.191.
66 Papua the freedom to choose their own destiny through a fair and transparent referendum.159
The other campaign groups are scattered in several countries, which are Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Poland, USA, Netherlands, UK, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, and Spain.160 In November 2015, Benny Wenda went to South Africa, which this is his second trip to this country. The embarked of Benny to South Africa is to continue his drive to build support for the self-determination for the people of West Papua. On his first trip to South Africa in February, is to officialy formed another the free west papua campaign in South Africa. Benny met with many people from across South African society including civil society leader Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu, Chief Mandla Mandela, delegates from the ANC and Pan- African Congress, university students, organizations and others from the South African community. The people embraced the West Papuan struggle as their own and the tour was deemed as one of the most important trips in his recent history and has confirmed that with Africa’s support, the free west papua campaign is getting stronger.161
III.4. United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP)
In December 2014, an historic agreement was reached in Vanuatu between West Papuan leaders of all the major political groupings within and outside West Papua, such as WPNCL, PNWP, and NRFPB to form a united called the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP), this organization come together under the umbrella of the nationa struggle of the people of West Papua. The
159 Free West Papua Campaign. About the Campaign. Free West Papua. Accessed on March 22, 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/info/about-the-campaign/ 160 Free West Papua Campaign. Info: Other Campaign Groups. Free West Papua. Accessed on March 22, 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/info/west-papua-campaign-groups/ 161 Free West Papua Campaign. (December 2015). FWPC Travel to South Africa and Meet with Civil Society Leaders. Free West Papua. Accessed on March 22, 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/2015/12/09/fwpc-travel-to-south-africa-and-meet-with-civil-society- leaders/
67 ULMWP was officially formed on December 7th, 2014 in Vanuatu. It is unites three main resistance organizations that together form a majority representation of leadership advocating for west papua’s right to self-determination, economic, environmental and social justice. This organization was created to overspread news about the violations and injustice that the Papuans deserve from the central government, Indonesia. Since the formation of the ULMWP, the issue of west papua has reached new diplomatic levels as it is now finally being addressed by government states, and not just civil society.162 Indonesian Government mentions that avtivist groups (some from academics) that support Papua to secede from Republic of Indonesia called the ‘Gerakan Separatis Papua’ (GSP) or what is known now is ULMWP.163
Prior to the ULMWP being given observer status within the MSG, a petition of over 150,000 signatures from inside west papua was presented to the Vanuatu government to ask for their support at the MSG as well as expressing full support for the ULMWP to represent the interests and aspirations of the west Papuan people within the MSG. observer status of ULMWP is acknowledgment that the desires of the west Papuan people are being heard throughout Melanesia. The ULMWP being designated as the representative body of the people of west papua also counters Indonesia’s argument that the west Papuan independence groups are divided and iundemocratic.164
The established of ULMWP begins from the Papuan activists who wants the independence of Papua and secede from the Republic of Indonesia. It starts chaos in the year of 1980s, which occurred the political escalation that eventually formed the
162 Free West Papua Campaign. (12 July 2016). MSG, ULMWP and West Papua – What You Need to Know. Free West Papua. Accessed on March 20, 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/2016/07/12/msg-ulmwp-and-west-papua-what-you-need-to-know/ 163 Kambuaya, Agustinus R. (21 June 2016). Jalan Panjang Menuju Masa Depan Papua di MSG. Harian Indo Progress. Accessed on March 18, 2017 from https://indoprogress.com/2016/06/jalan- panjang-menuju-masa-depan-papua-di-msg/ 164 Free West Papua Campaign. (12 July 2016). MSG, ULMWP and West Papua – What You Need to Know. Free West Papua. Accessed on March 20, 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/2016/07/12/msg-ulmwp-and-west-papua-what-you-need-to-know/
68 area of military operations in Papua, where this escalation is called the exodus of the people of Papua. At that time, the political escalation was increase and affect to the securituy in Papua, that cause the exodus of the people of Papua to the Papua New Guinea, Australia, and the Netherlands. There is an activitst that as one of the influence people regarding the independence in Papua, he is Andi Ayamiseba or known as Andi. Andi is a manager of one of the legendary group music at that time, which ‘Black Brothers’ comes from Jayapura, Andi also one of the member in ULMWP. Through music and songs he created, he spreads messages about the independence of Papua. With his role as the manager in the group music, Andi ask his members in ‘Black brothers’ to do a concert outside of Indonesia, which in Port Moresby, Vanuatu. There are the reasons behind his strategy to take his band to Port Moresby, that it is actually a form of campaigning towards the Papuan independence that ultimately made the group music ‘Black Brothers’ banned from Indonesian government because it is considered as a separatist, then they could not return to Indonesia and making the music group glassware. In 1970s, through the role of Andi brings ‘Black Brothers’ to Port Moresby that makes activitsts and the independent Papua warrior comes to Vanuatu.165
ULMWP formed at the summit leaders of West Papua on reconciliation and unification that held in Malvatumauri Makamal in Port Villa, Vanuatu on December 4th – 6th, 2014 and is recognized as the only institution representing the people of West Papua to apply for membership at MSG. ULMWP establishment authorized by the Vanuatu government, represented by Prime Minister, Joe Natuman, and ULMWP office is in Port Villa, Vanuatu. During formed, ULMWP already has some agenda other than to apply for full membership in MSG, which are the right to self-
165 ULMWP. Historical Background. ULMWP. Accessed on March 18, 2017 from https://www.ulmwp.org/historical-background
69 determination of West Papua, pushing the issue of human rights violations, and the high-level negotiations.166
ULMWP reasons filed its membership to the MSG is because, first is common culture, where MSG members are the Melanesian people, and second is because the activitsts of Papuan independence has existed in Vanuatu since 1980s. The established of ULMWP itself was ratified in the ‘Saralana Declaration’167 signed in Port Villa, Vanuatu, 2014.168
III.4.1. The ULMWP Application Submission for Membership in MSG
In the year of 2013, there is an organization on behalf of Papuan independence that registering application to become a member in the intergovernmental organization, which in this case is Melanesian Spearhead Group, this organization is West Papua Coalisi national for Liberation (WPNCL). 169 Otherwise, this application was rejected because it was not present the people of Papua, MSG view that this group is unilaterally and there is no representative of the people of Papua in regards to the registered the application. Seeing that, the countries that support Papuan independence, which at that time one of was Vanuatu, helps WPNCL to form an organization that represents the people of Papua, later known as United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) or ‘Gerakan Separatis Papua (GSP)’.
166 Suara Wiyaimana Papua News. (March 2015). Tiga Organisasi Terbuka Sosialisasi Hasil Deklarasi ULMWP di Timika. Suara Wiyaimana. Accessed on March 16, 2017 from http://suarawiyaimana.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/tiga-organisasi-terbuka-sosialisasi.html 167 ‘Saralana Declaration’ is the momentum that tells the beginning of the formation of ULMWP, the establishment of the ULMWP was witnessed by the Vanuatu customs chiefs, which signed by three major groups, WPNCL, NFRPB, and PNWP on 6 December 2014 in Port Villa, Vanuatu and elected secretaries and spokespersons for ULMWP. 168 Saralana Declaration On West Papua. 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2017 from https://www.ulmwp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Saralana-Declaration_with-Witnesses.pdf 169 West Papua National Coalition for Liberation (WPNCL) is the umbrella organization of West Papuan independence movement established in 2008 and based in Port Vila, Vanuatu. The WPNCL objective is to organize and coordinate programs and activities to reclaim Papuan people’s right of self-determination with the motto to be ‘one people one soul’.
70 ULMWP is an umbrella organization whose members therein are groups that support the Papuan independence.170 This groups were formerly separate, that has different opinions and have their own purpose also their own way to assert the independence in Papua and find out who the right person to lead the organization in support of Papuan independence, then the establishment of ULMWP. ULMWP formed with therein three main organizations; they are West Papua Coalisi National for Liberation (WPNCL), Negara Republic Federal Papua Barat (NRFPB), and Parlemen Nasional West Papua (PNWP), then followed by several small organizations, then ULMWP is recognized as the only institution (co-ordinating body) representing the people of West Papua to apply West Papua in MSG, and appointed Oktavianus Motte as the leader and Benny Wenda sebagai as the spokesperson of the ULMWP. The established of ULMWP aims to complete the requirements of MSG in order to register their application to the MSG.171 After the formed of ULMWP in December 2014, the ULMWP then resubmits the application for membership in MSG on February 3rd, 2015.
III.5. MSG Member Countries’ Stance on West Papua Issue
In an interview with CNNIndonesia.com, Benny Wenda, ULMWP spokesman said that172
"We, the people of Papua, very pleased with the chairman of the Melanesian Spearhead Group and Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands Mannaseh Sogavare is true Melanesian leaders are strong and always ready to support the
170 Wenda, Benny. Indonesia Supports Palestinian Independence – What About West Papua?. Huffington Post. Accessed on March 18, 2017 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/benny- wenda/indonesia-supports-palest_b_9911520.html 171 Bohane, Ben. (10 December 2014). West Papuans Unite to Form New Umbrella Group. Pacific Institute of Public Policy. Accessed on March 18, 2017 from http://pacificpolicy.org/2014/12/west- papuans-unite-to-form-new-umbrella-group/ 172 Kusumadewi, Anggi & Amanda Puspita Sari. CNN Indonesia. Benny Wenda: Negara-negara Melanesia dukung pembebasan Papua. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017 from http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160218124454-20-111775/benny-wenda-negara-negara- melanesia-dukung-pembebasan-papua/
71 family members of the Melanesian in the Papua occupation region.”
Then, the ULMWP diplomacy succeeded with their stipulation as an observer in the MSG. ULMWP presence in the MSG further strengthen their position to express political aspirations of the people of Papua, the political dynamics in Pacific region increasingly attractive with the entry of ULMWP.173 The Solomon Islands, FLNKS and the Vanuatu governments recognize the political identity of the ULMWP of West Papua and officially support their application for full membership at the MSG Leaders’ Summit, they also committed to take in charge in guarantee the ULMWP’s full membership, where the decision will be held on December 2016.174
As what have been explained in the previous chapter, Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) is a sub-regional political and economic alliance in the Pacific, this organization was formed to promote trade and economic cooperation but also to uphold ‘Melanesian cultures, traditions and values’. The importance of common positions and solidarity in spearheading regional issues of common interest was recognized by leaders, this included FLNKS cause for political independence in New Caledonia.175
According to Saralana Declaration, the Federal Republic for West Papua (NFRPB), West Papua National Coalition of Liberation (WPNCL), and West Papua National Parliament (WPNP) have conducted the Summit on West Papuan Unification at Saralana, Port Vila, Vanuatu, and in 6th December 2014, the undersigned groups have united and established the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP), and play the role as the observer in MSG on the basis that
173 Kambuaya, Agustinus R. 21 June 2016. Harian IndoProgress. Jalan Panjang Menuju Masa Depan Papua di MSG. Retrieved 18 March 2017 from https://indoprogress.com/2016/06/jalan-panjang- menuju-masa-depan-papua-di-msg/ 174 Free West Papua Campaign. 12 July 2016. MSG, ULMWP, and West Papua – What You Need to Know. Retrieved 17 March 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/2016/07/12/msg-ulmwp-and- west-papua-what-you-need-to-know/ 175 Pacific Institute of Public Policy. July, 2008. MSG: Trading on Political Capital and Melanesian Solidarity. Retrieved 18 March 2017 from http://www.pacificpolicy.org/wp- content/uploads/2012/05/D02-PiPP.pdf
72 “representing Melanesians living abroad,”176 which with the merger of ULMWP in MSG, they claims that all West Papuans, both inside and outside West Papua are united under this new body and will continue their struggle for independence.177
In June 2015, Indonesia becomes the associate member in MSG. This status makes Indonesia become the official representative of Papua and other Melanesian ethnics inside Indonesia, while the liberation movements of Papua formed december 2014 remain status as observer in the MSG. regardless of membership Indonesia in MSG, Benny Wenda said that the ULMWP is determined to unite with their Melanesian family. Benny added that the ULMWP would continue to intensify their efforts to raise awareness and international support for the rights of the people of Papua to self-determination.178 According to what Benny Wenda said, there are three member countries of MSG that intensively supports the ULMWP to raise the issue of self-determination and human rights violations in Papua.
Vanuatu
The Vanuatu government has shown great support for ULMWP's entry into the Melanesian Spearhead Group. Vanuatu was a longtime supporter of West Papuan independence. Vanuatu's First Prime Minister, Father Walter Lini, in his speech said that Vanuatu is not entirely independent if other parts of Melanesia, especially West Papua, are still under foreign rule.179 Since the early independence of Vanuatu, Prime Minister Walter Lini has been cooperating with several separatist groups, even allowing his country to be used as a basis for the separatist movement.180
176 IPAC. 24 August 2015. The Current Status of the Papuan Pro-Independence Movement. p.18 177 Saralana Declaration On West Papua. 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2017 from https://www.ulmwp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Saralana-Declaration_with-Witnesses.pdf 178 Kusumadewi, Anggi & Amanda Puspita Sari. CNN Indonesia. Benny Wenda: Negara-negara Melanesia dukung pembebasan Papua. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017 from http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160218124454-20-111775/benny-wenda-negara-negara- melanesia-dukung-pembebasan-papua/ 179 Elmslie, Jim. (2015). Regionalism, Security & Cooperation in Oceania: Indonesian Diplomatic Manuvering in Melanesia: Challenges and Opportunities. Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. p.99. 180 Wardhani, Baiq L.S.W. (2015). Quo Vadis Melanesian Spearhead Group?. Departemen Hubungan Internasional FISIP Universitas Airlangga. Global & Strategis, Vol. 9, No.2. p.196.
73 As what have been explained above, there are many activists from West Papua moved to Vanuatu and looking for support to West Papua self-determination, and the history of the form of ULMWP itself comes from Vanuatu. Andi Ayamiseba, also one of the member of ULMWP come to Vanuatu in 1980s, and he was one of that declare the West Papuans independence through his music. It started when Andi arrived in Vanuatu, and that time is the time of the freedom movement in Vanuatu increased. In the same time, the arrival of Andi to Vanuatu also bring the issue of self-determination, since that, the Government of Vanuatu support the independence of Papua, where he also stated in Vanuatu constitution that “Melanesia would never be free until West Papua is Free”.
The people of Vanuatu declare that Vanuatu traditionally a supporter of the independence of Papua.181 Hon. Joe Y Natuman, the Prime Minister of The Republic of Vanuatu makes sure that he and the people of Vanuatu declared to support the self-determination of West papua. As he stated at the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly, He said that182
“I cannot close this section of my speech without paying tribute to late Dr. John Ondowame, a Freedom fighter from West Papua who passed away last month while in exile in my country. He was laid to rest in my country as a hero who had fought for the rights to self-determination for the people of West Papua. He and other martyrs had a dream that one day the United Nations and all nations advocating and promoting the democratic principles will hear their cries and deliver the promise of a self-determined future. At his funeral service, I stated that his struggle for freedom and justice will continue to be our struggle until colonialism is eradicated.”
181 Gerhana News. 22 July 2016. Demi Sponsori Separatis Papua Merdeka, MSG Ubah Aturan Organisasi untuk ULMWP. Retrieved 20 March 2017 from http://www.gerhana85.com/2016/07/demi- sponsori-separatis-papua-merdeka.html 182 Statement Delivered by Hon. Joe Y Natuman, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Vanuatu at the 69th Session of the United nations General Assembly. 29th September 2014, New York. Retrieved 12 february 2017 from http://www.un.org/en/ga/69/meetings/gadebate/pdf/VU_en.pdf
74 Vanuatu became the sole supporter of Papua in diplomatic forums for a long time and continues the campaign of Papua. Vanuatu highlights the issue of Papua in the General Assembly and Human Rights Council and asked the UN to appoint a special rapporteur of the UN with the authority to continue the investigation into the human rights situation in Papua. To continue support of Vanuatu towards ULMWP, Vanuautu new Prime Minister, Charlot Salwai once again affirmed its support to ULMWP to obtain full membership, as well as support the independence of West Papua independence. He said that his country's foreign policy remains firm that Vanuatu will not be truly free until all Melanesian are free.183
Solomon Islands
Solomon Island through its government recommended the appointment of the Special Select Committee to report on the position of Solomon Islands in West Papua in 2011. Furthermore, at the visit of WPNCL representative Andi Ayamiseba, Dr. Otto Ondawame, and Rex Rumakiek April 2013, Prime Minister Darcy Lilo emphasizes supporting the Melanesian brothers in West Papua to fight for self- determination. Before the June 2013 Leaders’ Summit, the Solomon Islands Prime Minister Gordon Darcy Lilo publicly admitted his concern for West Papuans’ human rights, stating his belief in the importance of the issue being raised at the MSG. Furthermore, at a meeting with a delegation from the WPNCL in early 2013, he stated that “the West Papuan case is an incomplete decolonisation issue; it has been going on for too long; it must be resolved now”.184
Then, during the reign of Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare. He expressed his support for the motion that Prime Minister Vanuatu will nominate at the Melanesian Spearhead Group Leader Summit 2016 on increasing ULMWP membership at the Melanesian Spearhead Group. The support from Solomon Islands
183 Tabloid Jubi. 21 December 2016. Terkait Status ULMWP, MSG Masih Bahas Pedoman Keanggotaan. Retrieved 20 March 2017 from http://tabloidjubi.com/artikel-2613-terkait-status- ulmwp-msg-masih-bahas-pedoman-keanggotaan.html 184 West Papua National Coalition for Liberation. 26 June 2013. Pacific Scoop. Statement Regarding the MSG Decision on West Papua. Retrieved 16 April 2017 from http://pacific.scoop.co.nz/2013/06/statement-regarding-the-msg-decision-on-west-papua/
75 to ULMWP can be seen from the official ULMWP offices opened in the Solomon and Vanuatu. The ULMWP has inaugurated three offices, which the headquarters is located in Vanuatu, and branch offices located in Solomon Islands and Wamena.185
At the 70th session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands, Hon. Manasseh Sogavare spoken up with strong support for West Papua. The Prime Minister called for an end to the human rights violations in West Papua, and call “for the full and swift implementation of the 1960 declaration on the granting of independence to colonized countries and peoples.”186
FLNKS
Victor Tutugoro, spokesperson for the FLNKS, at his meeting in 2016 with Pator Alan Nafuki, the leader of the Free West Papua Association Vanuatu, expressed his full support for ULMWP membership submissions at the Melanesian Spearhead Group. FLNKS has previously rejected WPNCL membership and advocated a merger of pro-independence West Papuan movements to raise bargaining positions in Melanesian Spearhead Group membership submissions.
Caroline Machoro-Regnier, Chair of the MSG Foreign Ministers group, declared FLNKS support for West Papua at the 2013 summit, and revealed that the West Papua issue was raised at this particular summit at the FLNKS’ behest:
“We asked the representatives of West Papua to come to New Caledonia to explain the situation to us. We cannot just leave the issue aside, with all the exactions, the violation of human rights that West Papua is suffering.”187
185 Kusumadewi, Anggi & Amanda Puspita Sari. CNN Indonesia. Benny Wenda: Negara-negara Melanesia dukung pembebasan Papua. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017 from http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160218124454-20-111775/benny-wenda-negara-negara- melanesia-dukung-pembebasan-papua/ 186 Free West Papua Campaign. 4th October 2015. Prime Minister of Solomon Islands Show Support for West Papua at UN. Retrieved 20 March 2017 from https://www.freewestpapua.org/2015/10/04/prime-minister-of-solomon-islands-shows-support-for- west-papua-at-un/ 187 Maclellan, Nic. 18 June 2013. Islands Business. MSG to Send Mission to Jakarta and West Papua. Retrieved 17 April 2017 from http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/new-caledonia/1540/msg-to- send-mission-to-jakarta-and-west-papua/
76 III.6. ULMWP AND MSG TIMELINE
As already known that some MSG member countries (Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and FLNKS) give their support to ULMWP to voice the Papuan independence. From support, there are also some of members, which do not support the independence. There is the timeline of Papuan Separatist Group, or what is now known as ULMWP in spreading the Papuan independence issue and with the help of some MSG members in the application for membership in MSG.
III.6.1. The Year of 2013
28 January 2013 : The WPNCL officials have submitted an application for membership in MSG at the Head Quarters of the MSG in Port Vila, Vanuatu. In this occasion, the WPNCL official has a one-hour meeting with the Director General of the MSG, Peter Forau. The delegation are consisted of Vice Chairman, Secretary General, Head of the Vanuatu Mission, a Women Representative and Students and Youth Representative, and they were accompanied by former Prime Minister and staunch advocate for West Papuan Independence, Barak T. Sope Maautamate and a representative from the FLNKS of Kanaky New Caledonia. After received the application, Mr. Peter Forau as the Director General of the MSG stated that as procedure he would send the application to the current Chairman of the MSG, Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama as well known as Frank Bainimarama, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Fiji.188
188 Mambor, Victor. (1 February 2013). West Papua National Coalition for Liberation Seeks MSG Membership. Tabloid Jubi. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from
77 25 & 27 March 2013 : The WPNCL officials met with the Prime Minister of Fiji, & 2 April 2013 Frank Bainimarama on March 27th, 2013. Previously, on March 25th, 2013, the delegation met with the Foreign Minister & International Cooperation, Ratu Inoke Kubuabola and his staff. The delegation consists the Vice Chairman, Dr. John Otto Ondowame, General Secretary, Mr. Rex Rumakiek and the former of Prime Minister of Vanuatu also adviser to the WPNCL, Mr. Barak T. Sope Mautamata. Delegations were in Fiji to lobby for full membership in MSG, which currently headed by the Prime Minister of Fiji. In addition to Fiji, WPNCL delegations would visit other MSG members. In welcoming the delegation, the Prime Minister Bainimarama thanked the delegates who had visited Fiji to formally request Fiji's support to West Papua. 189
On behalf of WPNCL, Dr. Otto Ondowame thanked the Prime Minister of Fiji for his willingness to meet the delegation and he also expressed his gratitude to the Foreign Minister & International Cooperation, Ratu Inoke Kubuabola for understanding between the ministries and WPNCL during the discussions held at the Foreign Ministry & International Cooperation office. Inoke Kubuabola acknowledged the delegation met with the
http://tabloidjubi.com/16/2013/02/01/west-papua-national-coalition-for-liberation-seeks-msg- membership/ 189 Tabloid Jubi. (29 March 2013). WPNCL Bertemu PM Fiji untuk Lobi Status Anggota Penuh MSG. Tabloid Jubi. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://tabloidjubi.com/16/2013/03/29/wpncl-bertemu- pm-fiji-untuk-lobi-status-anggota-penuh-msg/
78 Fijian Prime Minister through the ministerial protocol rules. 190
11 April 2013 : Getting full membership on MSG has become a major goal in the applications of WPNCL. To seek support among all MSG members, delegations from West Papua visited Noumea, Kanaky New Caledonia, which as part of an official political tour in the Melanesian region. The delegation consisting of Dr. John Otto Ondowame, Mr. Barak T. Sope Mautamata, and Hon. Nato Taiwia, warmly welcomed by the FLNKS spokesperson, Mr. Victor Tutugoro in Noumea, New Caledonia.191
19–21 June 2013 : The 19th MSG Summit that held in Noumea, Kanaky-New Caledonia were a succesfull summit for FLNKS. On June 18th, 2013 held the Foreign Minister Meeting of MSG countries. At this meeting, the RI represented by Baltazar Kambuaya as Chairman and some members recommended inviting MSG Ministers to visit West Papua, to see first hand the condition in Papua. And the decision was finally approved, which is where the Foreign Ministers of MSG countries recommend accepting the Indonesia's invitation in visiting Jakarta and Papua and postpone the discussion of West Papua until MSG visits to Jakarta and Papua. In this summit, FLNKS requested representatives from West Papua to come to New Caledonia to explain the situation in Papua in front of the MSG members. And in a different
190 Melanesian Spearhead Group. (2013). 02 Apr 2013 - MSG Chairman meets with the West Papua National Coalition for Liberation. MSG. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://www.msgsec.info/index.php/publicationsdocuments-a-downloads/press-release/184-msg- chairman-meets-with-the-west-papua-national-coalition-for-liberation 191 Mambor, Victor. (14 April 2013). WPNCL Lanjutkan Lobby Status West Papua di MSG. Tabloid Jubi. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://tabloidjubi.com/16/2013/04/14/wpncl-lanjutkan-lobby- status-west-papua-di-msg/
79 place, Edward Natapei, the Foreign Minister of Vanuatu said that his country was keen to discuss the West Papua issue at the meeting, but Papua New Guinea, the Republic of Fiji and Solomons Islands shared the same view of the Indonesian invitation decision that left Vanuatu and FLNKS outnumbered voting.192
On June 21st, 2013, which in the Leaders’ plenary part, held at the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Conference Centre and aside from the MSG leaders, the observers, President of the Government of NC (New Caledonia) and West Papua Coalition to Peoples’ Liberation (WPNCL) were also invited to this leaders’ summit and given an opportunity to speak. 193
In the 19th MSG Summit, the Vice Chairman of West Papua Coalition to Peoples’ Liberation (WPNCL), Dr. Otto Ondawame state that ‘Granting full membership in the MSG provides new hope for the future. Under the principle of “Melanesia for Melanesia” we can collectively stand together to defend our Melanesian fundamental values in all costs. However, such dream and hope cannot be achieved as long as the colonial power remains in West Papua, as long as our immediate ewgion becomes new heaven for many interest groups… I call upon all leaders of MSG as members of United Nations and G77 to take decisive actions… Send fact-finding mission to West Papua to monitor and investigate the current situation in
192 Mambor, Victor. (18 June 2013). WPNCL: Status Papua akan Ditentukan dalam Pertemuan Para Pemimpin Negara-Negara MSG. Tabloid Jubi. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://tabloidjubi.com/16/2013/06/18/wpncl-status-papua-akan-ditentukan-oleh-pertemuan-para- pemimpin-negara-negara-msg/ 193 Melanesian Spearhead Group. Annual Report 2013, The Leaders’ Plenary. p.53.
80 the territory, notably the issue of human right abuses. Such mission can only be sent when firstly WPNCL becomes full member of MSG in order to avoid any unnecessary conflict on the ground in West Papua.’194
Statement regarding the MSG Decision on West Papua stated in its resolution announced in the plenary session on 21st June 2013, which the leaders MSG made two important decisions on West Papua;
“(1) MSG fully support the inalienable rights of the people of West Papua towards self-determination as provided for under the preamble of the MSG constitution; (2) MSG stated its concerns about human rights violations and other forms of atrocities relating to the West Papuan people. It encouraged members to raise these concerns through their bilateral relations with Indonesia.” The new chairman, Excellency Victor Tutugoro of the FLNKS invited WPNCL to attent the opening and also address the plenary session held at the Head Quarters of the former South Pacific Commission now South Pacific Community. The MSG decision on the application by WPNCL for membership was retained awaiting a visit to Indonesia by the MSG Foreign Ministers to fulfill Jakarta’s invitation.195
194 Melanesian Spearhead Group. (2013). 21 Jun 2013 - 19th MSG Leaders Summit - Statement by Dr. Otto Ondawame, Vice Chairman of the West Papua National Council for Liberation. MSG. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://www.msgsec.info/index.php/publicationsdocuments-a- downloads/statements/222-21-jun-2013-19th-msg-leaders-summit-statement-by-dr-otto-ondawame- vice-chairman-of-the-west-papua-national-council-for-liberation 195 Human Rights and Peace for Papua. (2013). MSG Decision on West Papua. Human Rights Papua. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://www.humanrightspapua.org/13-news/2013/44-msg-decision- on-west-papua
81 III.6.2. The Year of 2014
As endorsed by the Leaders, the MSG Ministerial Mission visited Indonesia in January 2014 to establish dialogue and consultation with Indonesia in order to progress the assessment on the application for Membership by the West Papua National Council for Liberation (WPNCL) during the 19th MSG Leaders’ Summit in New Caledonia in June 2013. All members except Vanuatu participated in the Mission. The Report by the Ministerial Mission was submitted to the Leaders at the Special Summit in June 2014 for their consideration. In April, the Secretariat received a team from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Indonesia to discuss programs for the MSG members under Indonesia’s Technical Cooperation Program for the period 2014-2018 and the discussions are ongoing.196
11–15 January 2014 : On that date, the Foreign Ministers delegations of MSG countries (MSG Ministerial Mission) are reportedly going to visit Indonesia. The visit was the resolution of 19th MSG Summit in Noumea, June last year. The decision regarding the application of WPNCL for membership in MSG was postponed after Indonesia offered a visit to Jakarta and Papua to look more closely at issues of human rights violations in Papua. The Ministers include Fiji's Foreign Minister Ratu Inoke Kubuabola, Papua New Guinea Foreign Minister Rimbink Pato, the Solomon Islands Foreign Minister Clay Forau Soalaoi, and representative/envoy from the Front de Liberation Nationale Kanak et Socialiste Yvon Faua, and high- officials of MSG HE Kaliopate Tavola except Vanuatu participated in the Mission. "Since 11 January, during the last few days, the MSG Foreign Ministers and delegates are in Indonesia, it is at the invitation of Indonesia
196 Melanesian Spearhead Group. Annual Report 2014, Engagement with Observers to the MSG. p.34.
82 Government in order to enhance bilateral cooperation in the field of economy and development", said Marty Natalegawa, the Foreign Minister of Republic of Indonesia. In addition, the MSGs' Foreign Ministers representative visited Papua, West Papua and Maluku, while also undertaking missions to improve understanding of Papua and West Papua.197
Also, in this meeting, according to Marty, the president has conveyed to the representatives of MSG on the importance of cooperation in the Pacific and Southeast Asia region. And, regarding the attitude of MSG to the WPNCL application, Marty said that the basic principle of MSG cooperation is mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty./ ‘mutual respect of sovereignty and territory is a fundamental principle of cooperation’.198
In addition, along with the theme of this visit is "Promoting Economic Ties and Development Cooperation" which is in line with the goal of forming the MSG. This visit resulted an agreement between the Indonesia Minister of Foreign Affairs and the MSG Foreign Minister, to agree on a 'Joint Statement'. The foreign minister of Papua New Guinea, Rimbink Pato, in a press conference with the Indonesian Foreign Minister, Dr. R. M. Marty Natalegawa, said that the purpose of this visit is to develop the connectivity between MSG and Indonesia
197 Mambor, Victor. (10 January 2014). Kunjungan MSG Hanya ke Jakarta dan Bali, Tanpa Papua. Tabloid Jubi. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://tabloidjubi.com/16/2014/01/10/kunjungan-msg- hanya-ke-jakarta-dan-bali-tanpa-papua/ 198 Rastika, Icha. (15 January 2014). Bertemu Menlu Negara MSG, Presiden SBY Bahas Papua. Kompas.com. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/01/15/1636205/Bertemu.Menlu.Negara.MSG.Presiden.SBY.Ba has.Papua
83 and also to see first-hand how the current development of Melanesian descendants in Indonesia which amounted to 11 million. Furthermore, this connectivity will be intensified in the form of economic and technical cooperation as well as other areas that aimed to improve the welfare of the community. Through this visit, Indonesia and MSG will enhance wider relationships and cooperation. Both sides will seek closer consultation to discuss issues of mutual concern in order to improve the relationship and cooperation. 199 In a Joint Statement, Indonesia and the MSG delegations stated its respect for Indonesian sovereignty, unity, and territory. Indonesia and the MSG concluded/stated they ‘supported respective sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity and the principle of non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations’.200
4 March 2014 : The Vanuatu Prime Minister, Moana Carcasses Kalosil became one of the official government who openly support the WPNCL group. On this date, Carcasses gave a speech at the 25th Annual Session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland. The speech of PM Vanuatu consists of two important things; first about the indigenous people rights issues in his country and the second relating to human rights violations in Papua. He in his speech said, "My country in this forum wants to echo what the concerns to the human rights situation in Papua.
199 ZonaDamai.com. (21 January 2014). Kerjasama MSG-Indonesia. Zona Damai. Accessed on April 25, 2017 from https://zonadamai.com/2014/01/21/kerjasama-msg-indonesia/ 200 Ina, Parlina & Margareth S. Aritonang. (16 January 2014). Melanesians Respect RI’s Sovereignty. The Jakarta Post. Accessed on April 26, 2017 from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/16/melanesians-respect-ri-s-sovereignty.html
84 We are deeply concerned about the way and attitude of the international community that ignores the voices of Papuans, whose their rights have been trampled and violently suppressed since 1969." But, the Indonesian government does not remain silent. Through his delegation led by Dian Triansyah Djani (Permanent Representative of Indonesia to UN) asked the UN to not to be fooled by such statements. Indonesia will continue its democratic agenda including promoting and respecting the human rights of all its citizens.201
26 June 2014 : In this Special MSG Leaders’ Summit, the leaders noted that regarding to the application by West Papua National Coalition for Liberation (WPNCL) for membership in June 2013 at the 19th MSG Leaders’ Summit, decided to have a MSG Ministerial Mission, which led by Ratu Inoke Kubuabola, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Fiji, to visit Indonesia from 11-15 January 2014 to obtain information and conduct an assessment on the application for membership submitted by the WPNCL. In addition, at the Special MSG Leaders’ Summit held in Port Moresby, the MSG leaders suggested and invites West Papuan representatives to unite and form an umbrella group. The united umbrella group in consultation with Indonesia to work on submitting a fresh application. 202 Then, the government of Vanuatu followed up the decision
201 Keepo. PM Vanuatu Memanfaatkan Isu Papua untuk Kepentingan Politik Partainya. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://keepo.me/poco-poco/pm-vanuatu-manfaatkan-isu-papua-untuk- kepentingan-politik-partainya 202 Melanesian Spearhead Group. (26 June 2014). Special MSG Leaders’ Summit.
85 by funding and hosting a meeting of West Papuan leaders in Port Vila from 30 November to 6 December 2014.203
7 December 2014 : With the help of the Government and people of Vanuatu, the Malvatumauri National Council of Chiefs, the Vanuatu Council of Churches and faciliated by the Pacific Conference of Churches, the ULMWP formed comprised/consists by three main resistance groups in West Papua, which are West Papua National Coalition for Liberation (WPNCL), Federal Republic of West Papua (NRFPB), and National Parliament of West Papua (NPWP). 204 The new organizations unites three main groups coming together to present a united front and they hope to re-submit a fresh application for membership in the MSG. the divisions have ended to be more about personalities than any real policy differences since all the groups have been pushing for the same thing, which is independence from Indonesia.205
III.6.3. The Year of 2015
3 February 2015 : ULMWP resubmits the application for MSG Membership. The ULMWP that comprised of three main resistance groups, which are NRFPB, WPNCL, and PNWP have submitted their application for membership in the MSG in
203 Saralana Declaration. (6 December 2014). 204 Melanesian Spearhead Group. (2015). United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP). MSG. Accessed on April 24, 2017 from http://www.msgsec.info/images/PDF/Statement_by_Octovianus_Mote_Secretary_General__- _United_Liberation_Movement_for_West_Papua_ULMWP.pdf 205 Bohane, Ben. (2014). West Papuans Unite to Form New Umbrella Group. Pacific Institute of Public Policy. Accessed on April 25, 2017 from http://pacificpolicy.org/2014/12/west-papuans-unite- to-form-new-umbrella-group/
86 Port Vila, Vanuatu. Regarding the application, the Secretary General of ULMWP, Octovianus Mote said,
“Today the hearts of our Papuan people are with us as we make this application to be properly recognized by the family of Melanesia. We believe we have fulfilled the criteria asked of us by the MSG and we trust the MSG will process our application with due deliberation. At the MSG Summit in Noumea, the leaders endorsed our ‘inalienable right to self-determination’ but asked us to unify under one group so as to be representative of all the Papuan people. Last December we achieved this unification during a historic reconciliation meeting here in Port Vila and thanks to the support of both the Vanuatu government and Pacific Cpouncil of Churces.”206 26 June 2015 : At the 20th MSG Leaders’ Summit, it is results that the application of ULMWP for membership is that ULMWP be admitted as an Observer member under the regional and international category representing Melanesians living abroad. While Indonesia approved that associate membership be accorded to Indonesia, which representing the five Melanesian provinces in Indonesia.207
III.6.4. The Year of 2016
28 May 2016 : Papua New Guinea prohibits the political leader of the West Papua liberation movement into his country that is still close to the region, which Papua province. This rejection has happened twice, which previously forbade Benny Wenda from entering the country. The Secretary
206 Melanesian Spearhead Group. (2015). 03 Feb 2015 - West Papua resubmits application for MSG Membership. MSG. Accessed on April 25, 2017 from http://www.msgsec.info/index.php/publicationsdocuments-a-downloads/press-release/720-03-feb- 2015-west-papua-resubmits-application-for-msg-membership 207 Melanesian Spearhead Group. (26 June 2015). 20th MSG Leaders’ Summit “Let’s Build A Strong Melanesia in the Pacific Where Peace, Progress and Prosperity is Ensured and Sustained for All.”
87 General of ULMWP, Octovianus Mote, was banned from entering Papua New Guinea and said that two PNG immigration officers who annulled his visit returned his visa but gave no explanation the reason for the ban. Another representative of ULMWP, none other than the spokesperson, Benny Wenda, has also been denied entry to the PNG on the grounds of technical problems related to his visa. The aim of Octovianus Mote to PNG is to prepare the Leaders' Summit, which was postponed to July. Its presence is also to assist the Governments of Vanuatu and Solomon Islands in their representation for West Papua in the Leaders' Summit with countries from Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific.208
14 July 2016 : At the MSG Special Leaders’ Summit, the leaders agreed to defer the consideration of the application for full membership by ULMWP until membership criteria and guidelines are further developed by the Sub-Committee on Legal & Institutional Issues (SCLII), considering fundamental principles, political aspirations and principles of international law and to be completed before end of September 2016.209
III.7. ULMWP DEVELOPMENT
Since the formed of ULMWP, in its development, the ULMWP finally get their status in MSG, which for being the observer that decided at the 20th MSG Leaders’ Summit on June 2015, where this position was occupied by Republic of Indonesia. With its new status of being an observer in the MSG, elements of Papuan independence struggle have gained formal legal status abroad. It is noteworthy that the issue of political status in the Papua region will be intensively discussed and
208 Lantipo, Yuliana. (30 May 2016). SekJen ULMWP Ditolak Masuk ke PNG. Tabloid Jubi. Accessed on April 25, 2017 from http://tabloidjubi.com/16/2016/05/30/sekjen-ulmwp-ditolak-masuk-ke-png/ 209 Melanesian Spearhead Group. (14 July 2016). MSG Special Leaders’ Summit.
88 fought, since the ULMWP administrators such as Benny Wenda, Octo Motte, Leoni Tanggahma et al are figures who have been incentive to raise the issue of Papuan political status in discussion forums abroad.
Benny Wenda et al supported by many figures from number countries who have been supporting the struggle of Papua independence. Among them are Andrew Smith (English), Melinda Janki and Jennifer Robinson (international human rights lawyers who co-founded International Parliament for West Papua (IPWP) and International Lawyer for West Papua (ILWP)), Richard Di Natale and Bob Brown (Green Party Australia) as well as pastor Alan Nafuki from Vanuatu (Head of the Pacific Council of Churches Conference based in Suva, Fiji) .There are also a number of politicians from the South Pacific who joined the Parliamentary Caucus for Papua (IPWP) such as Powes Parkop from PNG, Rahl Regenvanu from Vanuatu and Chaterine Delahunty from New Zealand.210
The support to ULMWP's agenda to become a member of MSG has become the new theme of political movement of the independent Papua political activists in the country over the past two years.211
With such developments, it is certainly not easy for the Indonesian government to stem the possibility of discussing the political status of Papua region in the MSG forum and the Pacific Island Forum (PIF). However, it is also difficult for any party including MSG and PIF to oppose the principles of international law that give legality to Indonesia to maintain Papua as an integral part of its sovereign territory.212
210 Gere, Nico. (January 2017). Merawat Kedaulatan Indonesia di Papua. Perum LKBN Antara. p.82- 83. 211 Gere, Nico. (January 2017). Merawat Kedaulatan Indonesia di Papua. Perum LKBN Antara. p.194. 212 Gere, Nico. (January 2017). Merawat Kedaulatan Indonesia di Papua. Perum LKBN Antara. p.83.
89 CHAPTER IV INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT DIPLOMACY TO FIJI IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE FULLY MEMBERSHIP OF ULMWP INTO MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP
IV.1. Introduction
In this chapter, the author will analyze the practiced the RI’s government towards Fiji, which the most influential country in the South Pacific region since joining the Melanesian Spearhead Group, this practiced also as the way to counter the Papua separatist movement in the pacific region. The ways of author analyze is using public diplomacy in the field of social culture, economy, education, health and infrastructure.
RI strategy in developing the wings in the south pacific region can gain the benefits needed by exploiting political potential, strategy and economy through future cooperation as well as to reduce the Papuan self-determination issue that brought by the ULMWP into the MSG.
IV.2. Republic of Indonesia's Interest in MSG
After the Southeast Asian region, Indonesia's foreign relations priority will be referred to the South Pacific region. With the various visits, technical and non- technical assistance, appliance donation support economic activity can be used as a benchmark of Indonesia's seriousness in a relationship with the South Pacific region countries. From its inception to the Melanesian Spearhead Group in 2011, RI, with its wealth of Melanesian culture in five provinces, has become an integral part of this community and its cultural heritage. The Pacific region is one of the top priorities for Indonesia, where Indonesia wants to continue its positive involvement by building
90 strong connectivity with fellow Melanesian Spearhead Group members, where a better connectivity will open up wider opportunities for everyone.213
Arrmanatha Nasir, the spokesman for the RI’s foreign minister at the minister of foreign affairs of RI’s office, Jakarta on Thursday, July 14, 2016 said that “at the MSG Summit meeting Indonesia is now seen as a gateway aimed at linking countries incorporated in MSG to the Asian countries and to the ASEAN market so that we are now going to fight for the economic cooperation and development with the principle of respecting international law, where in line with the RI development vision,” He also said that RI has been helping the MSG countries that has now reached 1.8 million US dollars Or 23.5 billion rupiah from 2014 to 2016. “The form of Indonesia's assistance to Melanesian countries in the form of capacity building,” he added.214
The cooperation relationship between RI and Melanesian Spearhead Group has increased significantly since the economic and development cooperation visits by Melanesian Spearhead Group's Foreign Ministers to Jakarta, Jayapura and Ambon on 11-16 January 2014. The visit resulted an important commitment between Indonesia, Fiji, PNG, Solomon Islands and FLNKS New Caledonia, which to support each other's national sovereignty, enhance cooperation in various areas of common interest such in the economic, infrastructure and also culture identity, as well as increasing the exchange of visits of officials, academics, youth and athletes.215
The Pacific region is an area, which is quite strategic in relation to RI foreign policy. Indonesia's main interests in maintaining relations with Pacific countries are to maintain national and regional Pacific stability and enhance the economic for both
213 Tabloiddiplomasi.org. (2015). Memperkuat Kemitraan dengan the Melanesian Spearhead Group. Tabloid Diplomasi. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from http://www.tabloiddiplomasi.org/index.php/2015/10/28/memperkuat-kemitraan-dengan-the- melanesian-spearhead-group/ 214 Simbolon, Bob H. 14 July 2016. RI Perjuangkan Kerja Sama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan di KTT MSG. Retrieved 28 April 2017 from http://www.satuharapan.com/read-detail/read/ri-perjuangkan- kerja-sama-ekonomi-dan-pembangunan-di-ktt-msg 215 Diplomasi Indonesia 2014. Direktorat Informasi dan Media, Direktorat Jenderal Informasi dan Diplomais Publik, Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. p.161.
91 countries. Indonesia also acknowledged the importance of cooperating with MSG in order to apply its diplomacy to strengthen and to bridge the gap between developing and developed countries.216
The domestic development of a state is not spared from disputes or clashes between one group or another ethnic groups who oppose the government to meet their demands. Then, a state will endeavor to resolve the conflict by establishing a cooperative relationship with other states, it happens in RI, which cooperates with MSG member countries that one of the aims is to maintain the integrity of NKRI in Papua. This cooperation is also done considering the geographical proximity between RI and MSG member countries, in addition to overcoming the Papuan independence movement, this is done because this cooperation can improve the economy both RI and the MSG member countries as well as to improve the image of RI in the eyes of MSG member countries because of the Papuan independence issue.
IV.3. Republic of Indonesia's Policy in Papua
IV.3.1. Special Autonomy
Special autonomy for the province of Papua is a middle ground for solving the problems of Papua. This policy is the result of the demands of 100 Papuan figures to president BJ. Habibie at the National Palace, Jakarta 1999 who asked for independence for Papua, and also one of the strategic to create peace permanently on Papua land and at the same time is to create an essential progress for the creation of the welfare of the people of Papua. The autonomy is contained in Law number 21 year 2001 which contains the state recognition on the speciality of Papua which includes wide authority and special authority to govern governance and development according to the aspirations and needs of the people of Papua as well as the context of Papua region of special autonomy government. This autonomy is present because
216 MoFA. Regional Cooperation. Accessed on June 2, 2017 from http://www.kemlu.go.id/id/kebijakan/kerjasama-regional/default.aspx
92 it is driven by the need for a sense of justice and prosperity, human rights and equity guarantees, respect for basic rights in the political, economic, and socio-cultural fields as well as recognition of customary rights and the environment. The autonomy also present to making the people of Papua a master in his own country because of the natural resources of Papua managed by the state, private and individuals investment have not yet prospered the indigenous people of Papua as the heirs of their natural wealth.217
Since the enactment of special autonomy in 2002 in the Papua land, the central government has spent 42 trillions for both regions, Papua and West Papua. However, there is still no significant progress regarding the development in the area. Meanwhile, throughout 2012-2015 Papua set the budget up to 13.26 trillions rupiah. But the provincial government of Papua considers the funds are not sufficient to build Papua.
However, the Special Autonomy that symbolizes the cessation of all forms of violence that violate human rights, has also resulted in human rights violations and violence. RI government is often present in Papua with a military approach and spawned prolonged conflict. The autonomy laws in Papua have not fully succeeded in winning the hearts and minds of the people of Papua. The Papuan independence activists in principle do not believe in all the promises of the Jakarta government. The distrust of this independence activists answered by the government with military power in paralyzing them. As a result, conflict and violence continue to be preserved to this day.218
217 Enembe, Lukas. (2016). Papua: Antara Uang dan Kewenangan. Jakarta: Wahana Semesta Intermedia. p.59. 218 Ibid. p.60.
93 IV.3.2. Welfare Approach
Joko Widodo together with Jusuf Kalla under his government applying welfare approach to the society in the eastern tip of Indonesia. The implementation of the welfare by Jokowi are to improve the quality of human life through improving the quality of education and training with ‘Smart Indonesia Program’, and improving the welfare of the community with the ‘Indonesian Work Program’ and ‘the Prosperous Indonesia’. The Government has to do the comprehensive approach to the welfare and progress in Papua where various physical development projects with humanitarian approach have been conducted in this eastern tip of Indonesia.219
In the field of health, as many as 3,600,162 people have received a ‘Indonesian Healthy’ card, where there are 26 nusantara healthy programs in Papua and West Papua were held and the result is Malaria disease decreased by 2,744 people.
In the field of education as many as 358,617 students have received ‘Smart Indonesian’ cards. The government also has built 10 new dormitory-patterned schools, 25 front-line construction schools, and 33 schools receiving new classroom assistance. In addition, the government also provides 500 scholarships. A total of 45 libraries were build and as many as 40,166 teachers receive career-enhancement program assistance, in which teachers attend the principal exchange program and some receive the assistance of undergraduate and post-graduate qualification programs.
While in the field of infrastructure itself, the government built as many as 22 markets mama-mama. Along 4,480.05 km of new roads were built in Papua and West Papua. The government also built 3 new airport terminals and added 3 new ferryboats for sea transportation.
219 Jordan, Ray. (2016). Dua Tahun Pemerintahan Jokowi – JK, Apa Saja yang Dilakukan untuk Papua. Detik News. Accessed on May 26, 2017 from https://news.detik.com/berita/3324961/dua- tahun-pemerintahan-jokowi-jk-apa-saja-yang-dilakukan-untuk-papua
94 The Jokowi administration also raised the 2016 regional budget, which for Papua increased by 15% becomes 43.6 trillion, while West Papua increased 10% to 16.5 trillion to support the development and welfare in Papua.
The government also awarded customary communal land certificates to indigenous peoples in West Papua as part of the protection of indigenous peoples. Later, the Jokowi government also implements a ‘one price policy’, where this policy is applied to the price of Oil Fuel applicable throughout Indonesia including Papua. The program starts from Puncak regency, Arfak Mountain district, Mamberamo district, and Nduga district.
“What needs to be considered now is how to make the results of development can be felt more evenly. The good economic development must be felt by the whole Papua’s community. The Papua villages receive an allocation of village funds this year about 1,2 billion rupiah. I propose them, with large funds and relatively small numbers of residents, it is good that every 4-5 villages join to build a boarding school for elementary to high school kids. Furthermore, if they can afford it, they can join the government scholarship program to complete their college education,” said Luhut.220
In a series of activities in the Papua, Coordinating Minister of RI, Luhut do face to face and dialogue with various circles in Papua. In addition, he also held meetings with regents and mayors throughout Papua province. From the dialogue, he concluded that the approach that done to the papua cannot be hit equal because the character of the population and culture of the people of Papua are vary. Luhut saw that indigenous Papuans should be given the opportunity to grow, including in business. He also said that building education for the young generation of Papua is
220 Human Polkam. (March 2016). Pemerintah akan Melakukan Pendekatan Kesejahteraan untuk Papua, Operasi Militer adalah Opsi Terakhir. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from https://polkam.go.id/pemerintah-akan-melakukan-pendekatan-kesejahteraan-untuk-papua-operasi- militer-adalah-opsi-terakhir/
95 needed to complement the government's development program that will be more active in building infrastructure.221
IV.4. Public Diplomacy of the Republic of Indonesia
According to the Papuan secession issue brought by the ULMWP in the Melanesian Spearhead group, the RI, which also the associate membership of the MSG using his strategies in order to keep maintain the Papuan territory as well as to remind the MSG member countries with the Indonesian sovereignty and its rules. Through this, below are the research framework used in analyze the RI diplomacy towards Fiji in order to prevent the Papuan secession issue as well as to reduce the fully membership of ULWMP into MSG.
Geostrategy
Internationalization RI’s Papua Issue + Government Sovereignty
RI’s Government to the Fiji Technical Assistance - Economy - Agriculture Public - Marine and Fisheries Diplomacy - Trade - Social-Cultureal - Education - Infrastructure debvelopment
Figure 4.1. Research Framework (Conducted by the Author)
221 Human Polkam. (March 2016). Pemerintah akan Melakukan Pendekatan Kesejahteraan untuk Papua, Operasi Militer adalah Opsi Terakhir. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from https://polkam.go.id/pemerintah-akan-melakukan-pendekatan-kesejahteraan-untuk-papua-operasi- militer-adalah-opsi-terakhir/
96
"Violence only generates hatred and hatred destroys humanity itself," Luke Enembe.
The Free Papua Movement (OPM) has existed since the integration of Papua into the Unitary States of Republic of Indonesia, the presence of OPM is because they want Papua to stand as its own country. In addition, the trauma of the Papuan people in the past with the enactment of the Papuan policy as a Military Operation Area (DOM) left trauma and anger over political assassinations, the forced invasions of indigenous rights, and the misery of indigenous Papuans made some Papuans plant themselves as OPM, take up arms and against the central government. Although the Military Operation Area (DOM) has been withdrawn from Papua, the OPM issue that has declared Papua independence has not been completed until now. Even now, there are some groups who are in the name of Papua to campaign inside and outside the country for the Papuan secession. Then, joining the ULMWP, a separatist movement into the Melanesian Spearhead Group.222
The efforts of the Papua’s separation were conducted through internal resistance with the military wing of the separatist movement and through nonviolent actions, the political and internationalization of the Papuan issue. The new round of internationalization begins with the opening of the Free West Papua Campaign organization office in Oxford on April 2013, followed by the opening in the Netherlands, Australia and in the Melanesia countries itself, also the opening of ULMWP offices in Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, and the last is in Wamena. Campaigns are always lifted by this group is human rights violations, oppression and injustice suffered by the Papuan people. 223 Various attempts made Indonesia to
222 Enembe, Lukas. (2016). Papua: Antara Uang dan Kewenangan. Jakarta: Wahana Semesta Intermedia. p.9. 223 Hendrajit. (2013). Amerika-Inggris-Australia-Belanda, Mata-Rantai gerakan Internasionalisasi untuk Papua Merdeka. The Global Review. Accessed on May 21, 2017 from http://www.theglobal- review.com/content_detail.php?lang=id&id=12963&type=4#.WSKNOBOGNPM
97 defend Papua as part of RI. Joining Indonesia in the MSG certainly cannot be separated from its association with separatist issues in Papua.224
Geostrategy is importance, because every nation that has been country needs a strategy to take advantage of the territory as a living space nationwide to determine the policy, means and objectives, as well as embodiment interests and national objectives through the development, so that nation still exist in terms of ideological, political, economic, social cultural, and defense. Indonesia Geostrategy formulated in the form of conceptions of national defense. National defense goals itself are to deal with threats, challenges, obstacles, and interference. And sovereignty based on the English jurist, John Austin (1790 – 1859), sovereignty is vested in a nation’s parliament. 225 Indonesia is a country that is sovereign, which means Indonesian nation has the highest power to regulate people's lives in order to achieve a fair and prosperous society.226
The separatism in Indonesia still became a security issue that threatens the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity of NKRI, and the safety of the entire nation, this separatism done through political movements and armed by exploiting the weaknesses of implementation of governmental functions. And as what has been explained before, Indonesia as the sovereignty country has full control to govern the whole territory without interference from other countries, in this issue, the MSG member countries (Vanuatu, Solomon Islands) are those who support the ULMWP and also violate the agreement between RI and MSG countries, which enter and interfere with problems within Indonesia. MSG countries themselves have
224 Dewi, Ni Kumara Santi. (june 2015). RI Resmi Bergabung jadi Anggota Organisasi Negara Melanesia. Viva.co.id. Accessed on May 21, 2017 from http://dunia.news.viva.co.id/news/read/643695-ri-resmi-bergabung-jadi-anggota-organisasi-negara- melanesia 225 Encyclopedia Britannica: Sovereignty. Retrieved 8 January from https://www.britannica.com/topic/sovereignty 226 Indonesian Embassy: The Birth of the Republic. Retrieved 8 January from http://www.indonesianembassy.org.ph/about_indonesia/history-republic.html
98 recognized the sovereignty of Indonesia through the agreement in the Foreign Ministers’ visit to RI on January 2014.227
Based on geo-strategy concentric circle228 approach that sets the order of priority in the area in implementing foreign policy, South Pacific region is geographically bordered by Indonesia, it should be a foreign policy priority of Indonesia. South Pacific is seen as sphere of primary strategic interest229 in political, social, cultural, and economic. It is precisely to have a strategic position for measures to safeguard the sovereignty and defend of The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The closeness became the main capital to counter the Papua separatism movement or now called ULMWP.230
Mark Leonard, in his book Public Diplomacy says that public diplomacy is a way to build relationships by understanding needs, culture and society by communicating views and justifying misconceptions that exist within the international community. Public diplomacy then entered in foreign policy instruments and became one of the government's priorities in international politics.231
Indonesia plays the role as the associate membership that “representing the five Melanesian provinces in Indonesia.”232 With its status, Indonesia is increasingly active in making agreements, bilateral and multilateral relations with MSG Member countries, this aims in addition to strengthening relations between the two countries, is to reduce the issues of Papuan independent that could become influential in this sub-regional forum, because of the Melanesian ethnic and human rights violations
227 Zonnadamai. (Januaru 2014). Kerjasama MSG-Indonesia. Zonna Damai. Accessed on May 21, 2017 from https://zonadamai.com/2014/01/21/kerjasama-msg-indonesia/ 228 Concentric circles are the terms of Indonesia's foreign policy analysis unit for the immediate region 229 Sphere of primary strategic interest is the concentric circle of foreign politics geographically, geostrategically, and geopolitically 230 Saripuddin, Hery & et al. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik & Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. (2013). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan: Menimbang Etnis Melanesia Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia. Jakarta: P3K2 Aspasaf. 231 Leonard, Mark. (2002). Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre. p.9-10. 232 Ligo, Godwin. Juni 27th, 2015. DailyPost Vanuatu. Indonesia is Associate Member, West Papua Observer in MSG. Retrieved 16 March 2017 from http://dailypost.vu/news/indonesia-is-associate- member-west-papua-observer-in-msg/article_5922c439-24a1-5653-bb03-476f793ea9c7.html
99 that brought by the ULMWP into MSG also to bring back the good image of the RI. And as has been explained, the cooperation between RI and MSG countries is getting tighter after the agreement between the foreign ministers in 2014 together with their recognition of the sovereignty and geographical location of Papua, which is under Indonesia.
From the first visit of president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono then president Joko Widodo which further strengthen the cooperation relationship with the Pacific countries prove the seriousness of Indonesia in forming close relationship with MSG member countries, especially in economic, social and culture.
As a country that lies between Southeast Asia and the Melanesian Pacific region, Indonesia needs to take advantage of the strategic location both politically and economically. This has begun to be done by helping to integrate the Pacific region with wider cooperation forums, first, through the RI’s Government initiative to invite the Director General of the Melanesian Spearhead Group to attend the APEC Ministerial Meeting in Bali and the Bali Democracy Forum 2013. Continuing the initiative, The Melanesian Spearhead Group Director General was again invited and attended the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations in Bali on 29-30 August 2014.233
One of the factors that could justify the full membership of Indonesia in the Melanesian Spearhead Group is that Indonesia has the largest Melanesian community in comparison to the Melanesian community across the Pacific, so that Indonesia has proximity of geographic, racial and cultural as a fellow Melanesian community, and it should be that RI join in the Melanesian Spearhead Group as a full member.234
233 Tabloid Diplomasi. (2015). Memperkuat Kemitraan dengan The Melanesian Spearhead Group. Tabloid Diplomasi. Accessed on May 17, 2017 from http://www.tabloiddiplomasi.org/current- issue/219-4-articles-juli-2015/1928-memperkuat-kemitraan-dengan-the-melanesian-spearhead- group.html 234 Munandar, Yusuf. (2014). Pentingnya Kerja Sama Ekonomi Indonesia – Vanuatu. Accessed on May 21, 2017 from http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/sites/default/files/Pentingnya%20Kerja%20Sama%20Ekonomi%20Indon esia%20%E2%80%93%20Vanuatu%20edited.pdf
100 Indonesia's full membership in the Melanesian Spearhead Group is very important for two reasons. First is to keep the dialogue between the people of West Papua and the Indonesian government within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) remains constructive and directed to the unity and integrity of Indonesia according to the 3rd principle of Pancasila. Second is to change the concept of Melanesian Socialism and Solidarity in Melanesian Spearhead Group, especially the sub-concept of support for West Papua's independence, to be full support for justice and prosperity of the people of West Papua.235
As what have been explained, since the joining of RI into MSG, Indonesia is increasingly active in making agreements, bilateral and multilateral relations with MSG Member countries, which one of it is with the Republic of Fiji. Fiji in MSG itself known as the central of gravity for RI, that is why doing bilateral and technical assistance in various field with Fiji will benefitly for Indonesia in order to prevent the full membership of ULMWP into MSG as well as strengthening the economic for both countries.
IV.5. RI’s Public Diplomacy to the Republic of Fiji
“As an associate member, Indonesia is committed to continuing to promote close and concrete collaboration with MSG to explore the potential and address the common development challenges,” said the deputy foreign minister, A.m. Fachir.236
Improving the status of Indonesia in MSG is an effort to strengthen cooperation with the pacific countries. In addition to the strategic geographical
235 Munandar, Yusuf. (2014). Pentingnya Kerja Sama Ekonomi Indonesia – Vanuatu. Accessed on May 21, 2017 from http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/sites/default/files/Pentingnya%20Kerja%20Sama%20Ekonomi%20Indon esia%20%E2%80%93%20Vanuatu%20edited.pdf 236 Tabloid diplomasi. 28 october 2015. Status Indonesia di MSG dibarengi dengan Kerjasama Konkrit. Retrieved 27 April 2017 from http://www.tabloiddiplomasi.org/index.php/2015/10/28/status- indonesia-di-msg-dibarengi-dengan-kerjasama-konkrit/
101 location adjacent to the pacific region, Indonesia is home to 11 million Melanesian people residing in five provinces, namely Papua, West Papua, Maluku, North Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara.237 Indonesia and MSG countries face the same development challenges as disaster-prone and climate change that must be faced together. As an associate member, Indonesia will be able to work closely together in facing various development challenges for the archipelago countries.238 In addition, the technical cooperation in various fields that have been running such as in the field of fisheries, handicraft making, art culture, and diplomacy will continue to be cemented.239
In addition to attending the 20 Leaders’ Summit, the deputy foreign minister also held bilateral meetings on the sidelines of the meeting, among others, with the prime minister and foreign minister of Fiji, prime minister and foreign minister of Papua New Guinea, foreign minister of the Solomon Islands, as well as official from Vanuatu as a concrete approach related to the implementation of cooperation in the context of MSG in the future.240 The MSG aims to promote and strengthen trade relations among members, Melanesian cultural exchange, and technical cooperation in order to achieve economic growth, sustainable development, good governance and security.241
Leonard Mark in his book explains that public diplomacy in foreign policy has four hierarchies, which these hierarchies already practiced by RI, those hierarchies are242
237 Dewi, Ni Kumara Santi. (June 2015). RI Resmi Bergabung jadi Anggota Organisasi Negara Melanesia. Viva.co.id. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from http://dunia.news.viva.co.id/news/read/643695-ri-resmi-bergabung-jadi-anggota-organisasi-negara- melanesia 238 Tribun News. (June 2015). Status Indonesia Meningkat dalam MSG ke-20 di Solomon. TribunNews.com. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2015/06/29/status-indonesia-meningkat-dalam-msg-ke-20-di- solomon 239 Ibid. 240 Arisandy, Yuni. (June 2015). Indonesia Peroleh Status Anggota Asosiasi dalam MSG. Antara News. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from http://www.antaranews.com/berita/503823/indonesia-peroleh- status-anggota-asosiasi-dalam-msg 241 Tabloid diplomasi. 28 october 2015. Status Indonesia di MSG dibarengi dengan Kerjasama Konkrit. Retrieved 27 April 2017 from http://www.tabloiddiplomasi.org/index.php/2015/10/28/status- indonesia-di-msg-dibarengi-dengan-kerjasama-konkrit/ 242 Leonard, Mark. (2002). Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre. p.9-10.
102 No. Hierarchies Phase Achievement of Indonesian Public Diplomacy on MSG 1 Increase the intimacy of the Various people-to-people links between RI and MSG people of other countries with member countries. our country. 2 Increase the appreciation of the President Joko Widodo gives access to the international mass people of other countries to our media to cover the news directly from Papua and the RI country. government is committed to build the economy in Papua. 3 Engaging the people of other The RI Government involves youth from 4 Melanesian countries with the activities of countries in various social-cultural, economic and our country. educational activities in indonesia, for example are the Promotion of Indonesia Language Foreign Diplomats in 2010, ITP on Marine Protected Area Management Planning for Pacific countries in tegal on 3–13 juni 2013, and ITP/W (International training program workshop). 4 Influence people of the other 1. The 20th MSG Leaders’ Summit in Honiara, countries. Solomon Islands, 24–26 June 2015 has increased the RI status from observer to associate member, 2. Vanuatu immediately opens an embassy office in Jakarta, (news from liputan6: improves relations with RI, Vanuatu opens embassy office) 3. All the Fijians alumni of scholarship assistance from Indonesia always participate in various promotional activities of Indonesian cultural arts, 4. The PNG army has released 2 Indonesian citizens on September 2015, 5. Vanuatu has participated and utilized the training offered by RI in the framework of south-south cooperation, Including micro-finance training, (News from MoFA: Country profile and Vanuatu cooperation) 6. PNG's support for the RI territorial integrity has been demonstrated in the international forums such as the UN and at the regional organizations such as the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG), and SwPD, (news from MoFA: Country profile and PNG cooperation) 7. The Government of Fiji always supports the integrity of The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia in every agenda of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) that discussed on the issue of Papua and fully supports the participation of RI as a PIF partner speech. (News from MoFA: Country profile and Fiji cooperation) Table 4.1. 4 Hierarchies Achieved by Indonesian Pubic Diplomacy on MSG
103 As what have been explained in the previous chapter, south-south cooperation is the cooperation among developing countries in achieving mutual independent, mutual opportunity and also mutual benefit that wil strengthen the position of developing countries in international forum, while technical cooperation is a form of development cooperation to channel international assistance in the form of training, education, and dispatch of experts. For Indonesia, technical cooperation becomes a tool of diplomacy, which basically directed to achieve goals such as guaranteeing the integrity of NKRI. Indonesia go through of people-to-people contact and offers cooperation in areas needed by MSG member countries with capacity owned by Indonesia. Technical cooperation aims to achieve self-reliance and acceleration of development in developing countries.243
This technical cooperation is one of the efforts to enhance inter-state partnerships through various activities within the framework of technical cooperation, which is expected to occur information exchange, experience and create a solid foundation for cooperation between Indonesia and participating countries, which is currently also conducted with the MSG countries. In this case, Indonesia has been providing technical assistance to the Republic of Fiji, which one of the MSG member countries.244
Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Fiji has been open since 1974 and marked by the signing of the MoU of the Ambassador of RI with the High Commissioner of Fiji in Wellington, New Zealand. At that time, the Republic of Fiji was held by the Indonesian Embassy in Wellington, then, on August 22nd, 2002, Indonesia opened the Embassy in Suva, Fiji, which was opened by the Director General for Asia Pacific and Africa, Department of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Makarim Wibisono.245 For Fijian government, RI was Fiji's friend in the
243 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. Kerjasama Teknik. Accessed on April 26, 2017 from http://www.kemlu.go.id/id/kebijakan/isu-khusus/Pages/Kerjasama-Teknik.aspx 244 Tampubolon, Lia Kartika. (2015). Kerjasama Teknik Indonesia – Melanesia Spearhead Group Terhadap Keutuhan NKRI di Papua tahun 2011-2014. 245 Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Suva, Republik Fiji. Fiji Profile. MoFA. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from http://www.kemlu.go.id/suva/id/Pages/Fiji.aspx
104 south pacific region, when Fiji was isolated following the 2006 coup, RI helped Fiji with transform from military regime to democratic and also provided technical assistance in several fields. When the Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Luhut Pandjaitan made a courtesy visit to Suva in 2016, Luhut provided assistance as a sympathy over the Winston Typhoon disaster that occurred in Fiji at the end of the feburary 2016.246 The momentum of aid was also used by both countries to strengthen cooperation in other areas, such as agriculture, disaster mitigation, and fisheries, where with the strengthening of cooperation in several fields is in line with the challenges and potentials of both countries. In addition, the Indonesia minister said that Fiji is one of Indonesia's largest trading partners in the Pacific region. 247 Then, below is the technical assistance as well as the south-south cooperation that RI government runs with the Republic of Fiji.
IV.5.1. Economy
RI's economic assistance to Fiji is assistance in areas such as agriculture, marine and fisheries and trade. When the Winston typhoon that hit the Queen Victoria region, Fiji happened, the Indonesian government through the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security Affairs, Luhut Pandjaitan provide assistance as much as US $ 5 million and one of the TNI Zeni Corps to Fiji.248
246 Indra, Putu Agung nara. (2016). Bantuan Topan Winston Buka Kerjasama Indonesia – Fiji. Tirtoid. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from https://tirto.id/bantuan-topan-winston-buka-kerjasama-indonesia-- fiji-xRT 247 Arisandy, Yuni. (2016). Indonesia-Fiji Bahas Kerjasama Pembangunan di Kawasan Pasifik. Nasional Kompas. Accessed on June 2, 2017 from http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/09/21/14473761/indonesia- fiji.bahas.kerja.sama.pembangunan.di.kawasan 248 BBC. (2016), Bantu Fiji, Indonesia ingin Redam Gerakan Pembebasan Papua. BBC.com. Accessed on June 2, 2017 from http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/03/160329_indonesia_fiji_papua_bantuan
105 IV.5.2. Agriculture
The RI government through the Ministry of Agriculture of the RI handed over the aid of agricultural machinery equipment, that is 10 of hand tractors to the Fijian agriculture ministry in Suva on 15 March 2014, which this assistance is the second time of RI assistance (the first in 2004), and also sending agricultural extension experts.249
IV.5.3. Marine and Fisheries
In this cooperation, the Director General of Information and Public Diplomacy (IDP) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RI has opened a seaweed processing training center (seaweed center) in Mau Village, West Suva, Fiji on July 2013. 250 In 2014, the Indonesian government conducted a second technical cooperation activity, which is fish cracker processing training conducted with MoFA, Ministry of Maritime and Fisheries Affairs (KKP), and Ministry of Women Empowermentand Child Protection KKP, then this training will be continued with the establishment of cracker center in Namotomoto, Nandi. Then, the Ministry of Maritime and Fisheries Affairs of RI submitted a MoU draft to the Fijian Embassy in Jakarta with a scope of cooperation covering fisheries and cultivation, processing and marketing of fishery products, fish quarantine, eradication of IUU fishing and capacity building. Through this cooperation, both countries will develop, encourage, promote the cooperation and mutual consultation on various fields of marine and fisheries . 251 In December 2014, RI has opened the Training of Trainers (ToT) program: Value Addition of Fish Processing Products in Nasau Youth Training
249 MoFA. (2015). Diplomasi Indonesia. Direktorat Informasi dan Media, Direktorat Jenderal Informasi dan Diplomasi Publik, MoFA. p.47. 250 MoFA. (2015). Diplomasi Indonesia. Direktorat Informasi dan Media, Direktorat Jenderal Informasi dan Diplomasi Publik, MoFA. p.47. 251 AntaraNews. (June 2014). RI-Fiji Perkuat Kerjasama Kelautan dan Perikanan. Antara News. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from http://www.antaranews.com/berita/439900/ri-fiji-perkuat-kerjasama- kelautan-dan-perikanan
106 Center, Fiji and handed 1 set of cracker processing machine. This program is Indonesia's commitment in the Pacific in the field of capacity building.252
IV.5.4. Trade
RI in its trade relation with Fiji still using the third state as its intermediary, where the relations between these two countries occur through contacts of Indian descent people residing in both countries. A number of goods from Indonesia in the Fijian market such are; electronic goods, household utensils, automobile parts, glass products, housing materials (wood and wire fencing), indomie, coffee in glass packaging, snack, soap, various soft drinks and others.
IV.5.5. Social-Cultural
Indonesian art and cultural products have been well known and gained a place especially among the Fijian youth. Some of RI's capacity building programs that attracted the participants of Fiji include the Indonesian Arts and Culture Scholarships (BSBI) and various capacity building training in rural micro-hydro energy development, post-harvest cultivation and processing (agriculture and fisheries), fishery technology and navigation and disaster management.253
IV.5.6. Education
Fijian youth have considerable interest in obtaining scholarships for education in RI. Fiji is one of the largest recipients of Indonesian Art and Culture scholarship (BSBI), and the alumni of Fiji always participate in various arts and cultural promotion activities of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Suva. For the
252 Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Suva, the Republic of Fiji. (2014). Pemri berikan Sumbangan Mesin dan Program Pelatihan pengolahan kerupuk kepada Fiji. MoFA. Accessed on June 2, 2017 from http://www.kemlu.go.id/suva/id/berita-agenda/berita-perwakilan/Pages/Pemri- Berikan-Sumbangan-Mesin-dan-Program-Pelatihan-Pengolahan-Kerupuk-kepada-Fiji.aspx 253 MoFA. (2015). Diplomasi Indonesia. Direktorat Informasi dan Media, Direktorat Jenderal Informasi dan Diplomasi Publik, MoFA. p.47.
107 scholarship programs organized by Ministry of Education and Culture, participation of Fiji origin as many as 10 Dharmasiswa scholarship recipients (1993-2013). As for the Indonesian Art and Culture. In 2014, together with Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Fiji attended a fisheries business course at the Waiheru medium-sized fish business school, Ambon under the program “Scholarship program on Fisheries and Marine Human Resource Development for MSG.”254 This scholarship program also provides an opportunity for Fiji students to learn and understand the culture and the traditions of Indonesia, especially Maluku.255 Fiji also became one of the largest recipients of Indonesia Art and Cultural Scholarship (BSBI), and the alumni of Fiji always participated in various art-cultural promotion activities of the Embassy of Suva.
IV.5.7. Infrastructure Development
For Indonesia, public diplomacy is not just about matters relating to how to build public opinion, but also steps that the results can be seen and enjoyed physically, this method is more able to see the seriousness of Indonesia. In the infrastructure development, one of the efforts made in Indonesia is mainly related to the typhoon disaster in Winston that has recently happened in Fiji, the infrastructure development is can be seen through the school complex reconstruction of the Queen Victoria School (QVS) after the Winston Typhoon happened, which has helped greatly in the recovery of the teaching and learning process in Fiji. The disaster was detrimental to Fiji, especially in the field of large infrastructure. Other than that, the RI government also has provided the assistance as many as USD 500,000 for the
254 The Global Review (2014). Indonesia Berikan Pelatihan pada Perwakilan Melanesian Spearhead group. Acessed on June 2, 2017 from http://www.theglobal- review.com/content_detail.php?lang=id&id=16412&type=15#.WTThkBOGMc 255 The Global Review (2014). Indonesia Berikan Pelatihan pada Perwakilan Melanesian Spearhead group. Acessed on June 2, 2017 from http://www.theglobal- review.com/content_detail.php?lang=id&id=16412&type=15#.WTThkBOGMci
108 infrastructure contruction related to the plan of the establishment of Melanesian Spearhead Group Regional Police Academy (MSG RPA) build in Fiji.256
IV.6. The ULMWP Status in MSG
It is started when the WPNCL submitted an application for membership to the MSG. however, the decision over the application was postpone after RI offered visit Jakarta and also West Papua to see directly the human rights situation in West Papua, and also this visit resulted an agreement between RI and MSG member countries except Vanuatu. Then, at the MSG Leaders’ Summit in 2014, the leaders was suggested the West Papuan representatives to form an umbrella group that represent the West Papuan people who wants secede from RI and unite. Then, the ULMWP formed by three-resistance group in West Papua, which are WPNCL, NRFPB and NPWP. The ULMWP was formed and then re-submit the application in MSG. in the MSG Leaders’ Summit held in 2015, the status of ULMWP was decided to be the observer, while RI also change the status to become the associate membership, where this status gives RI an enormous influence on the role of RI in MSG and Pacific region to build more close bilateral relations with each countries. Then, at the MSG Special Leaders’ Summit in July 2016, the application of ULMWP was agreed to defer until the ULMWP developed the criteria and guidelines, help by the Sub- Committee on Legal and Institutional Issues (SCLII) and has to be completed before end September 2016. The summit also inaugurates the new Director General of the MSG Secretariat, Amena Yauvoli Ambassador of Fiji.257 Until September, the status of ULMWP still postponed until December 2016 without giving a full explanation. Then, the ULMWP status until December 2016 still have no decision whether accepted or not because it has not completed the criteria and guidelines.
256 VOI. (2014). Prospek Peningkatan Kerjasama Indonesia-Melanesian Spearhead Group. Accessed on June 2, 2017 from http://id.voi.co.id/voi-komentar/5330-prospek-peningkatan-kerjasama- indonesia-melanesian-spearhead-group 257 MoFA. (2016). ULMWP Fails toBecome the Full Membership in MSG. Accesssed on June 2, 2017 from http://kemlu.go.id/id/berita/Pages/ULMWP-Gagal-Menjadi-Anggota-Penuh-MSG.aspx
109 Indonesia's full membership in the MSG is very important for two reasons. First, to maintain the dialogue between the people of West Papua with the Indonesian government in the framework of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) remain constructive and focused on the unity and integrity of Indonesia in accordance with the 3rd precepts of Pancasila, 258 Second, changing the concept of Melanesian Socialism and Solidarity in MSG, especially sub concepts support for the independence of West Papua becomes full support to justice and the welfare of the people of West Papua.259
In addition, another reason for the Fijian government does not want to interfere the west Papua problems because the Fijian government is also facing the same problem, which they often facing the coup problems, and the lattest are to throw the Australian officials from Fiji. More than a hundred years, the Fijis’ population lot of that comes from India, and economy in Fiji controlled by Fiji with Indian ethnics. Where this is also happened with Papuans, which their economy mostly dominated by immigrants in Papua, for example comes from Java. According to Fiji, they also experienced the same thing with West Papua and therefore they do not want to interfere with the Papua’s self-determination issue. The Fiji’s Prime Minister sees that Indonesia had a similar experience with Fiji that Indonesia managed to pass the reform and the reform itself was born from Indonesian citizens that are fed up with the military and Fiji saw that Indonesia successfully through it all. Threrfore, Fiji wanted to get closer and learn with Indonesia. At that time, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono whose came from the military led Indonesia and Fiji see that
258 http://politik.kompasiana.com/2013/08/12/isu-papua-barat-menguntungkan-kepulauan-solomon- 583557.html 259 The Melanesian Spearhead Group. (2012). Annual Report 2012. Port Vila: MSG Secretariat. Diakses pada Senin 31 Maret 2014 pukul 01.53 WIB, dari http://www.msgsec.info/index.php/publicationsdocuments-a- downloads/annualreports?download=285%3A2012-annual-report.
110 leadership, which from the military support the reform and reducing the military roles and make Fiji wants to learn to Indonesia mainly related to the elections.260
The issue of human rights violations in West Papua has captured the world's attention. There are differences of opinion from Melanesian Spearhead Group members about the support for West Papuan independence. The issue of West Papua is often used as a means to mobilize support during the elections to attract people's sympathy. The unbelieving motion related to this issue also impose some political officers of the position. While, PNG and Fiji supports Indonesia for west papua remain in Indonesia. The issue of Papua is being used by Vanuatu and Solomon Islands for domestic politics, in Vanuatu for example, Vanuatu itself is very easy to replace the leadership, in Vanuatu's politics, Vanuatu can replace up to 7 times in leadership until a statement says “if you want to win, the prospective prime minister selling the name of Papua and say will support Papua” then the candidate will definitely win.261
Tantowi Yahya, House of Representatives defense commission said that Papua is home to 40 percent of the Melanesian tribe. Therefore it is important to strengthen the role of Indonesia in the south pacific and place the defense attaches of RI in those countries.262
260 Interviews with sources, Rezha Fernando Wanggai, Functional Officials Diplomat, Sub-Directorate II, KSIA Aspasaf, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia Kementerian Luar Negeri Indonesia, 23 January 2017. 261 Pratama, Herlambang. (2017). Menyoal Manuver Vanuatu dan Solomon Islands dalam Isu Papua. Suara Dewata. Accessed on May 24, 2017 from https://suaradewata.com/read/2017/04/03/201704030007/Menyoal-Manuver-Vanuatu-dan-Solomon- Islands-dalam-Isu-Papua.html 262 Kusumawati, Utami Diah. (February 2016). Tangkal Pembebasan Papua, RI akan dektai Pasifik Selatan. CNN Indonesia. Accessed on May 22, 2017 from http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160222144154-20-112589/tangkal-pembebasan-papua-ri- akan-dekati-pasifik-selatan/
111 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
The separatist movement in West Papua is still a sensitive issue for Indonesia. West Papua was officially declared as an Indonesian territory after the PEPERA in 1969 that about 1,026 Papuans were chosen as representatives to determine whether the region would remain with the RI. After that, the area occurred clashes of arms and violence between Indonesian security forces with pro-independence supporters.
In June 2015, the United Liberation Movement for West Papua was approved to be an observer in the Melanesian Spearhead Group. Then, the ULMWP volunteered to become full members in hopes their movement would get higher recognition. The ULMWP members who attended the Leaders’ Summit in Honiara welcomed the MSG decision as a historic step for West Papua. At the same time, the MSG leaders decided to accept Indonesia as associate member so as to pave the way for stronger cooperation between Jakarta and the Melanesian countries. Fijian Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama said Indonesia's sovereignty over West Papua could not be questioned, which the Papua province is an integral part of Indonesia, so when we talk about West Papua and its inhabitants, MSG has no choice but relate to Indonesia, in a positive form. Sade Bimantara, spokesperson of Indonesia Embassy in Canberra said that Indonesian membership in MSG would open and strengthen connections between Indonesian citizens and Melanesian brothers in the south pacific. Since 1998, all efforts have been made by the Indonesian government to improve the human rights situation in Indonesia, especially in Papua.
Based on the the meaning of geostrategy and sovereignty, the separatism in Indonesia still became a security issue that threatens the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity of NKRI, and the safety of the entire nation, this separatism done through political movements and armed by exploiting the weaknesses of
112 implementation of governmental functions. As what has been explained before, Indonesia as the sovereignty country has full control to govern the whole territory without interference from other countries, in this issue, the MSG member countries (Vanuatu, Solomon Islands) are those who support the ULMWP and also violate the agreement between RI and MSG countries, which enter and interfere with problems within Indonesia. MSG countries themselves have recognized the sovereignty of Indonesia through the agreement in the Foreign Ministers’ visit to RI on January 2014 Papua secession issue.
Public diplomacy is influenced by three things; the change of issues and international agenda, the development of non-state actors, and the development of communication and information media. In the case of Papua, Indonesia uses public diplomacy to get closer to MSG member countries, which in this case is the practiced towards the Republic of Fiji. The purpose of public diplomacy applied by the Indonesian government to Fiji is because the Republic of Fiji itself is one of the most influential country in the pacific region, and as the central of gravity in the MSG, that is why doing technical assistance with Fiji very helpful in increasing the cooperation between both countries as well as to has the voice of support to maintain the Papua under Indonesian territory, so that the fully membership of ULMWP in MSG cannot be continued, and this is the way of RI prevent the fully membership of ULMWP, which also related with the RI’s sovereignty that all MSG member already recognize and it also stated on the agreement between RI and MSG member countries. The technical assistance between RI and Fiji are still ongoing and the author sees that the practiced is moving to the positive ways to be able to influence perspectives on the issue of Papua.
Through the study, the author gets a noteworthy note. First, public diplomacy between Indonesia and Republic of Fiji should continue to be done continuously although the results cannot be immediately enjoyed but in the long run will be very helpful. Secondly, the presence of Indonesia in MSG becomes a necessity in controlling the public security, economic, socio-cultural and educational sectors as
113 well as maximizing the diminishing influence of other major countries that intend to use MSG to interfere the NKRI interests. This study tells how the importance of public diplomacy in the understanding of states on the situation in other countries.
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121 Davidson, H. (2016, May 26). West Papua: UN Must Supervise Vote on Independence, Says Coalition. Retrieved May 2017, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/03/west-papua-un-must- supervise-vote-on-independence-says-coalition Department of Information. (1989). The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/id/id048en.pdf Fauzi, G. (2016, March). Tiba di Fiji, Rombongan Luhut Bawa Bantuan Senilai US$5 Juta. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from CNN Indonesia: http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160330192051-20-120642/tiba- di-fiji-rombongan-luhut-bawa-bantuan-senilai-us-5-juta/ Fawnia. (2016, October). Indonesia’s human rights problem: All eyes on Papua after United Nations outburst. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from ASEAN Today: https://www.aseantoday.com/2016/10/indonesias-human-rights-problem- all-eyes-on-papua-after-united-nations-outburst/ Fiji akan Belajar Sistem Pendidikan dari Indonesia. (2010, July). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from The Global Review: http://www.theglobal- review.com/content_detail.php?lang=id&id=2615&type=9#.WSsTbBOGN PM Fiji and Indonesia Sign Development Cooperation Agreement. (2011, May). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Fiji: http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/media-resources/media-release/350- fiji-indonesia-sign-development-cooperation-agreement Firdaus, E. (2015, June). Status Indonesia Meningkat dalam MSG ke 20 di Solomon. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Tribun News: http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2015/06/29/status-indonesia- meningkat-dalam-msg-ke-20-di-solomon Humas Polkam. (2016, March). MENKOPOLHUKAM BERTEMU PERDANA MENTERI FIJI DAN MENYAMPAIKAN BANTUAN PEMERINTAH INDONESIA. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Kementerian Koordinator Politik, Hukum dan Keamanan: https://polkam.go.id/menkopolhukam- bertemu-perdana-menteri-fiji-dan-menyampaikan-bantuan-pemerintah- indonesia/ Indonesia Bergabung dengan Melanesian Spearhead Group. (2015, June). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Jakarta Greater: https://jakartagreater.com/indonesia- bergabung-dengan-melanesian-spearhead-group/ Iskandar, M. (2013, August). PM Kepulauan Solomon terkesan kemajuan Papua. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Antara News:
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124 Pembukaan Program Beasiswa Seni & Budaya Indonesia (BSBI) 2010. (2010, July). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia: http://www.kemlu.go.id/id/berita/siaran-pers/Pages/Pembukaan- Program-Beasiswa-Seni-Budaya-Indonesia-BSBI-2010.aspx PERSAHABATAN MSG DAN INDONESIA. (2014, January). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Kodam XVII Indonesia: http://www.kodam17cenderawasih.mil.id/persahabatan-msg-dan- indonesia/ Prabow, P. H. (2014, June). Presiden Yudhoyono bertemu Presiden Fiji . Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Antara News: http://www.antaranews.com/berita/439594/presiden-yudhoyono-bertemu- presiden-fiji Pratiwi, I. (2016, July). Papua Barat Merdeka Ditolak MSG, Kemenangan Diplomasi Indonesia. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Republika: http://www.republika.co.id/berita/internasional/global/16/07/14/oab07n377 -papua-barat-merdeka-ditolak-msg-kemenangan-diplomasi-indonesia Profil Negara dan Kerjasama Fiji. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from KEDUTAAN BESAR REPUBLIK INDONESIA DI SUVA, REPUBLIK FIJI: http://www.kemlu.go.id/suva/id/profil.aspx PROFIL NEGARA PAPUA NUGINI. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia: http://www.kemlu.go.id/portmoresby/id/Pages/Papua-Nuigini.pdf PROFIL NEGARA SOLOMON ISLANDS. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia: http://www.kemlu.go.id/portmoresby/id/Pages/Solomon-Island.pdf Prospek Peningkatan Kerjasama Indonesia – Melanesian Spearhead Group. (2014, January). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Voice of Indonesia: http://id.voi.co.id/voi-komentar/5330-prospek-peningkatan-kerjasama- indonesia-melanesian-spearhead-group Radio Australia. (2012, March). Papua New Guinea continues to 'look north'. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Radio Australia: http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2006-01-28/papua-new- guinea-continues-to-look-north/751026 RI-FIJI Perkuat Kerjasama Kelautan dan Perikanan. (2014, June). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from Antara News: http://www.antaranews.com/berita/439900/ri-fiji-perkuat-kerjasama- kelautan-dan-perikanan Sari, A. K. (2016, February). Benny Wenda: Negara-negara Melanesia Dukung Pembebasan Papua. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from CNN Indonesia:
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