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La Communication Politique En Albanie 1991- 2009 : L’Arrive De L’Image

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La Communication Politique En Albanie 1991- 2009 : L’Arrive De L’Image UNIVERSITE PANTHEON-ASSAS (PARIS II) (DROIT – ECONOMIE – SCIENCES SOCIALES) N° attribué par la bibliothèque THESE (Loi du 26 janvier 1984 – Arrêté du 25 avril 2002) Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PANTHEON ASSAS (PARIS II) Droit – Economie – Sciences Sociales Discipline: Sciences de l’information et de la communication Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Monsieur HENRI ÇILI LA COMMUNICATION POLITIQUE EN ALBANIE 1991- 2009 : L’ARRIVE DE L’IMAGE Directeur de thèse: Monsieur le Professeur Jacques BARRAT Membres du jury de thèse : Monsieur Francis Balle, Professeur Emérite (Université de Paris II) - Président Monsieur Jacques Barrat, Professeur (Université de Paris II) - Directeur Monsieur Jean-Marie Cotteret, Professeur (Université de Paris I) - Rapporteur Monsieur Claude Collin-Delavaud, Professeur Emérite (Université de Paris VIII) Monsieur Artan Fuga, Professeur (Université de Tirana – Albanie) Monsieur Edmond Jouve, Professeur Emérite (Université de Paris V) Monsieur Bernard Valade, Professeur (Université de Paris V) - Rapporteur Date de soutenance : 7 mars 2012 1 PRÉCAUTIONS L’Université PANTHÉON-ASSAS (PARIS II) Droit – Economie – Sciences sociales n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse, ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur. 2 FICHE DOCUMENTAIRE 1. Titre du document en français: La communication politique en Albanie 1991- 2009 : L’arrivée de l’image 2. Nom du fichier: 3. Identité de l’auteur: Monsieur Henri Çili 5. Directeur de thèse: Professeur Jacques BARRAT 6. Nature du travail: Thèse pour obtenir le grade de Docteur d’Université 7. Université: Paris II (Panthéon-Assas) Droit – Economie – Sciences sociales 8. Discipline: Sciences de l’information et de la communication 9. Année de soutenance: 2011-2012 3 LA COMMUNICATION POLITIQUE EN ALBANIE 1991- 2009 : L’ARRIVEE DE L’IMAGE REMECIEMENTS AVERTISSEMENT INTRODUCTION PREMIERE PARTIE LE CADRE DE LA COMMUNICATION POLITIQUE ET SES ACTEURS 1-1 - Le système politique, les médias et l’industrie de l’image en Albanie 1.2 - L’approche quantitative et l’approche qualitative 1.3- Le cadre juridique et financement de la communication politique DEUXIEME PARTIE De la propagande communiste à la communication politique à travers l’image: évolutions et révolutions 2.1 - L’image dans la propagande communiste et dans la démocratie : évolution et la révolution 2.2 – Trois révolutions superposées 2. 3 - Typologies des signes de la communication politique en Albanie 2.4 - Une approche théorique sur le classement des signes 2.5. Caractéristiques essentielles des signes-images et leur réception dans la communication politique en Albanie TROISIEME PARTIE Les conséquences et les perspectives de la communication politique à travers l’image 3.1- Les conséquences 3.2 – Les critiques du nouveau modèle de la communication à travers l’image 3.3 - La perspective et les obstacles CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHIE 4 TABLE DES ANNEXES ANNEXES TABLE DES MATIÈRES 5 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier de tout mon cœur le directeur de cette recherche, Monsieur le Professeur Jacques Barrat, pour l’aide et le soutien extraordinaire qu’il m’a apportés tout au long de mon travail. Ses conseils ont été un réconfort pour moi et m’ont aidé à faire face aux difficultés et aux dilemmes que je rencontrais. Ils m’ont aidé à dépasser les moments difficiles dans la réalisation de cette recherche. Exigeant d’un côté et faisant preuve d’humanité d’un autre côté, le professeur Jacques Barrat m’a encouragé et incité continuellement à poursuivre ce travail. Je lui suis très reconnaissant pour sa contribution généreuse, pour ses idées et pour son soutien qui m’ont été indispensables dans l’accomplissement de cette thèse. 6 AVERTISSEMENT 7 L’idée d’entreprendre une recherche sur la communication politique à travers l’image, pendant la transition démocratique en Albanie 1991-2009, est attrayante, mais sa réalisation rencontre nécessairement de nombreux problèmes. Nous avons considéré que la naissance des nouvelles pratiques de la communication politique dans un pays comme l’Albanie, qui vit une phase de transition démocratique, représenterait une bonne raison pour entreprendre un tel défi. D’abord il faut souligner que les études sur les médias albanais sur la période 1991-2008 sont très modestes. Et surtout les études sur les médias et politiques ensemble sont encore plus rare. Il n’existe de nos jours aucune thèse ni publication complète en Albanie ou à l’étranger sur les nouvelles pratiques de la communication politique à l’exception de quelques études qui n’en abordent que des aspects particuliers. Cette étude est donc la première qui vise à analyser l’élément « image » dans la communication politique en Albanie entre 1991 et 2009. L’utilisation de l’image dans la communication politique en Albanie représente une caractéristique locale importante. Il s’agit d’une tendance qui suit les dynamiques communicationnelles en Occident. Par un comportement de mimétisme, les acteurs politiques locaux ont trouvé intéressant, efficace et rentable d’appliquer en Albanie le modèle occidental de la communication politique sous tous ses aspects et surtout en ce qui concerne la logique interne des processus qui constituent la communication politique, les infrastructures qui rendent possible la communication politique. Les sciences de l’information et de la communication sont des disciplines récentes et les recherches sur la communication politique imagée en constituent une sous-discipline encore plus récente. L’école albanaise des sciences de la communication a pris forme récemment, parce qu’avant tout, les médias libres et la communication massive ont été légitimés en Albanie durant la même période que se sont produits les processus de démocratisation et de l’ouverture de l’Albanie par rapport au monde. Nous sommes obligés de restreindre notre champs de recherche parce que nous considérons que la communication politique possède un ensemble assez vastes d’éléments constituant et, 8 d’autant plus, qu’une campagne électorale est le produit d’une interaction entre un nombre encore plus grand de facteurs et de contextes empiriques. Notre étude fait distinguer et analyser ensuite les trois principales manifestations de la communication par l’image : Les affiches électorales, les spots publicitaires de la campagne électorale et la scénographie-type des acteurs politiques dans la campagne, (meetings, rencontres, spectacles, conventions électorales, etc.). La première difficulté rencontrée est l’impossibilité de s’appuyer sur des études précédentes qui sont absentes ou bien sont, à certains égards, périphériques et indirectes par rapport à l’objet de notre étude. La deuxième difficulté, c’est le fait que les données officielles et fiables sur les dimensions quantitatives du phénomène sont très différentes. Même si les données collectées soutiennent notre thèse, leur exactitude en ce qui concerne leurs détails reste à être prouvée. Pour compléter notre base de données nous avons été obligés d’aller à la recherche des statistiques confidentielles et informelles. La troisième difficulté, c’est l’aspect rudimentaire des archives, surtout pendant la première décennie de la transition albanaise : 1990 – 2000, où la difficulté rencontrée est extrêmement grande à cause du niveau élevé des renseignements quantitatifs sur les médias, les acteurs politiques et la tradition totalement défectueuse des archives en Albanie. 9 I. INTRODUCTION 10 1. Un sujet de recherche contemporain et prioritaire Ce travail de doctorat sur la communication politique dans l’Albanie postcommuniste vise à étudier la place, le rôle, les effets de l’industrie de l’image et de la communication politique basée sur l’image pendant les campagnes électorales au niveau national et local durant la période de la transition politique en Albanie. Au centre des analyses effectuées, nous avons établi des thèmes, importants et cruciaux comme le rôle, la fonction et la place des images dans le cadre de la communication politique et électorale, l’évolution et la transformation de ce rôle jusqu’au point où elle a réussi à se placer au centre des stratégies de persuasion et de propagande des partis politiques et des autres acteurs politiques du pays. L’image dans le contexte de cette thèse est considérée comme un ensemble significatif de formes, de couleurs, de mouvements, qui représentent des objets réels ou imaginaires, des signes spatiaux souvent associés à des bandes sonores et des textes, articulés sur des supports variés : affiches électorales, spots publicitaires électoraux et structuration des apparitions télévisées des acteurs politiques locaux, et la « scénographie –type » des événements organisés dans le cadre des campagnes électorales. Toujours en fonction des besoins de cette étude, nous allons appeler cet aspect de la communication politique : « communication par l’image», et par ce terme que nous utiliserons tout au long de cette thèse, nous entendrons : Communication à travers les affiches électorales, la publicité électorale ainsi que la structuration scénographique de l’apparition des acteurs politiques locaux devant les médias en période de campagne électorale. L’utilisation de l’image dans la communication politique en Albanie représente une caractéristique locale importante. Il s’agit d’une tendance qui suit les dynamiques communicationnelles en Occident. Par un comportement de mimétisme, les acteurs politiques locaux ont trouvé intéressant, efficace et rentable d’appliquer en Albanie le modèle
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