Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48534-0 — a Jewish Jesuit in the Eastern Mediterranean Robert John Clines Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48534-0 — A Jewish Jesuit in the Eastern Mediterranean Robert John Clines Index More Information

Index

Abraham, Coptic Envoy to Rome, 42, 44–5, Arabic, 54, 69, 104, 116, 123, 160, 204 60, 66, 73–7, 86 As preferred missionary language, 63, Acquaviva, Claudio, Superior General of the 103, 127, 177 Society of Jesus (1543–1615) Books produced in, 2, 90, 103, 123, 139, As co-present in Eliano’s Autobiography, 147, 158, 160, 167 211–14, 217, 221 Christian manuscripts in, 109–10, 115, Decision to send Eliano to Egypt, 147 123, 126, 143–4, 157–8, 168 Election as father general, 140 Eliano’s knowledge of, 2, 22, 32, 38, 55, Eliano’s hopes for new leadership, 58, 77, 87, 90, 99, 102–3, 122–3, 140–1 126–7, 135, 139, 148, 189, 197, 217 Eliano’s caution with, 154–5, 157, 162, Armanno, Benedetto, 192 164, 166, 183, 207, 210, 213, 218 Armenian(s), 63, 83, 106, 116, 146, 149, Leadership style, 147, 197 175 Oversight of Coptic mission, 146, 158–9, ar-Ruzzy, Mihail, Maronite Patriarch of 165–6, 178, 182, 185 Antioch (1526–1581), 100, 119, Relationship with Eliano, 140–1, 146, 121–2, 145 157, 159–60, 162–3, 167–8, 176, Cooperation with Eliano, 119, 122, 124, 189, 198, 206–19 226 Sentiments against Jewish-lineage Jesuits, Distrust of Raggio, 112, 114 97–8, 140–1, 152, 157, 161, 215, Fear of Ottomans, 110, 134–5 226 Latinization, 127–8, 145 Skepticism of Eliano, 98, 152, 161, Reform work, 129 165–7, 169, 187, 198, 207 Request for Jesuit mission, 99, 101–3, Adrian VI, Pope (Adriaan Floriszoon 115, 125 Boeyens, 1459–1523), 26 Struggles within community, 99–100 Alcalá, University of, 40–1 Athanasius of Alexandria (296–373), 148 Aleppo, 110, 144, 146–7, See also Syria Alexandria, 15, 17, 50–1, 59–60, 77, 80–1, Baal, 106 147, 179–80, 205, 213, 215, See also Basil of Caesarea (330–379), 148 Egypt Battle of Lepanto, 151, 183 Amato, Mario, S.J. (1543–1584), 102–3, Bellarmino, Roberto, S.J. (1542–1621), 153 106, 109–10, 112–16, 122, 147, Blood purity (limpieza de sangre), 41 155, 215 Bongrani, Francesco, 192, 204

258

Index 259

Borja, Francisco, S.J. (1510–1572), 41, 58, Church of the Gesù, 1, 92–3, 187–8, 94–6 See also Rome Borromeo, Carlo, Archbishop of Milan Clement VII, Pope (Giulio di Giuliano de’ (1538–1584), 163 Medici, 1478–1534), 26 Botero, Giovanni (1544–1617), 200 Cocalino, Marino, 192 Braudel, Fernand (1902–1985), 15–18, College of the Neophytes, Rome, 124 226–7 Collegio Romano (Roman College), 1–2, Bravo, Alfonso, S.J. (1540–?), 46, 48, 50, 37–8, 78, 85, 90, 93, 132, 142, 146, 52, 54, 56, 60, 63, 70, 85–6, 213 157, 177, 187, 217, See also Rome Bruno, Giovanni, S.J. (1544–1623), 123–6, Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum 131, 133, 135, 138, 140, 142, 144–6 (German and Hungarian College), Buono, Francesco, S.J. (1550–1599), 160, 83 166, 168, 175, 197 Constantinople, 32, 64, 107, 109, 111–12, 114, 118, 137, 151, 182, 192, 205, Caimo, Giovanni-Paolo, 163–4 220, 226 Cairo, 15, 24, 33, 37, 42, 49, 60, 62–3, 66, Conversion, 3, 129 70, 72–3, 75, 79, 85, 147, 162, And identity, 3, 55–6 166–8, 179, 195, 205, 208, 212, And the self, 3, 15, 18, 24, 106, 116 See also Egypt As apostasy, 50–1, 65, 116 Campo de’ Fiori, Rome, 1–2, 38, 93, 153, As institutional goal, 5–6, 37, 44, 46, 90, 223, See also Rome 117, 137, 181, 191 Campo Marzio, Rome, 1, See also Rome As internal struggle, 38–9, 50, 54, 84, 87, Canisius, Peter, S.J. (1521–1597), 109 99, 117, 120, 209–10, 213, 220, 224 Carafa, Antonio, Cardinal Protector of the As lived experience, 3–4, 8–11, 18–19, Maronite Catholic Church 35–6, 60, 88–9, 197–200, 206–8, (1538–1591), 112, 125, 134, 140–2, 210, 219, 222, 224, 227 144–7, 154 As more than switching faiths, 38 Emphasis on liturgical reform in As opportunism and renegadism, 68, 81 Lebanon, 123 As singular act, 213 Interest in Maronite books and literacy, As Pauline, 216–19 126, 143, 147–8, 154, 171 Conversion narratives, 9–10, 225 Relationship with Eliano, 112, 117, 119, Disdain for, 33, 86, 213 121–4, 127, 141, 166, 198 Eliano as only Jewish-born Jesuit, 35, 37, Understanding of Mediterranean 211 geopolitics, 121, 134, 137 Fear of, 88, 115–16, 118, 135–7, 202 Work with Maronites, 101–2, 115, 121, From Judaism, 53, 56, 80–1, 83, 93–4, 123, 166, 227 157, 166, 169, 191, 216 Castile, Spain, 40–1, 104, See also Spain Hatred of, 191 Chalcedon, Council of (451), 153, 175, 181 Ignatius of Loyola’s views of converts, 40 Chalcedonian Formula, 129 Judging sincerity, 44, 53–4 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Motivations for, 7–8, 42 (1500–1558), 28 Pervasiveness in Mediterranean world, Chigi, Agostino (1466–1520), 28 33, 35, 68, 223 Church of San Benedetto in Arenula, Rome, Punishment for, 79–80, 87, 128, 168, 93, See also Rome 194, 214 Church of Sant’Apollinare, Rome, 187, Relationship with previous faith, 3, 5, 13, See also Rome 46–9, 61–2, 152, 169, 213, 222 Church of Santissima Annunziata, Rome, Skepticism of, 4, 7, 42, 53, 87, 89, 105, 187, See also Rome 116–17, 120, 138, 153, 163, 222 Church of Santo Stefano, Rome, 187, Temptations of recidivism, 84, 87, 116, See also Rome 213

260 Index

Conversion (cont.) Cum nimis absurdum, 2 To Catholicism, 7, 13, 58, 73, 86–7, 161, Cyprus, 15, 17, 65, 71, 78, 80, 82–3, 85, 89, 169 107, 215–17 To Islam, 4, 65 Eliano’s ministries on, 82–3 Turning Turk, 6–7, 53, 57, 65, 68, 86–7, Eliano’s shipwreck off coast, 80–1 135–7 Maronites on, 131–2, 135–7, 144 Vittorio Eliano’s, 33–4, 208 Nicosia, 82, 85, 99, 217 Conversos, 5, 39–41, 46, 51, 69, 95–6, 98, Paphos, 80–1 190, 194, 217 War of (1570–73), 151, 193 Jesuit Converso Triumvirate, 41, 49, 97 Coptic Orthodox Church. See Copts D’Acquisti, Marsilio, 192, 205 Copts, 21–2, 58, 106, 155, 164–5, 170, da Basilicata, Fra Bernardino, 114 179, 200 da Lecce, Riccardo, Commisary of the Holy Acceptance of synod, 177–8 Sites in Egypt, 192 Coptic books, 167–8 Damascus, Syria, 144, 218, See also Syria Divisions within community, 174–5, Dandini, Girolamo (1552–1634), 148 178–9 de Freux, André (1515–1556) Eliano’s desires to convert, 71 Praise for Eliano, 37 Eliano’s frustrations with, 63–5, 72–8, de Germigny, Jacques, the French 157–9, 168, 181–2, 185, 199 Ambassador to Constantinople, 205 Eliano’s preoccupation with, 44–5, 55, de Notariis, Giovanni Nicola, Provincial of 61, 67, 82, 149, 152–7, 164, 169, Italy, 185 171, 174, 177, 183, 189, 195, 198, degli Eletti, Marc’Antonio, 35, 50 202–7, 220 des Freux, André, S.J. (1515–1556), 24, 34, Jesuit missions to, 41, 44–6, 53–4, 57–8, 37, 46, 198, 210 85–6, 94, 104, 113, 117, 146, 159, Greek Chair at Collegio Romano, 38 161, 166, 179, 188–9, 197, 220 Mentorship of Eliano, 37 On Cyprus, 71, 82–3 Praise for Eliano, 88, 94–5, 99, 142 Participation in Council of Florence, 42 Participation in Council of Trent, 82 Egidio da Viterbo (1469–1532) Purported rebellion against Ottomans, Church reformer, 26, 101 189–92, 195–6 Patronage of Elijah Levita, 26–9 Relationship with Eastern Christians, 107 Scrutiny from Catholics, 29 Relationship with Muslims in Ottoman Egypt. Passim Egypt, 44, 128, 183, 185 Alexandria, 15, 17, 50–1, 59–60, 77, Resistance to missionary efforts, 56, 60, 80–1, 147, 179–80, 205, 213, 215 75–7, 83, 86, 150, 171, 196 Cairo, 15, 60, 63, 66, 72–3, 75, 79, 85, Views of papal primacy, 58, 78 147, 166–7, 179, 195, 205, 212 Willingness to engage with Rome, 42, 45, Eliano’s family presence, 62, 212 77, 83, 150, 154, 161, 164–5, 168, Eliano’s travels in youth, 24, 33, 37, 172–3, 175 208 Corfù, War of (1537–1540), 51 Jesuit presence in, 42, 49, 73, 168 Coronato, Francesco, 193 Jews of, 33, 70, 72, 162 Crypto-Judaism, 5–7, 9, 22, 47, 91, 95–6, Eliano’s arrest and ﬂight from, 22, 99, 104, 106, 108, 115, 117–18, 80–2, 87, 89, 94, 128, 135, 124, 162–3, 187, 190–1, 193, 198, 149–50, 152, 157, 161–2, 185, 197, 226 220 Crypto-Religion, 4–7, 9–10, 22, 29, 47, 91, Eliano’s family presence, 25, 33–4, 56, 95–6, 99, 104, 106, 108, 115–18, 61–2, 66, 161, 164, 212–13 124, 131, 162–3, 181, 187, 190–1, Eliano’s travels in youth, 32–4, 44–5, 55, 193, 198, 226 69, 77, 87, 103, 208

Index 261

French presence, 12, 151, 160, 169–70, Education under Elijah Levita, 27, 29–32, 176, 182 103, 133, 156, 208 Jesuit presence, 2, 45, 57 Efforts to convert the Jews, 81–4, 87, 137, Jews in, 5, 47, 56, 79–80, 82, 152, 161, 169, 216–17 165, 167–8, 207 Efforts with the Copts, 60–1, 63–6, 70–9, Mamluk Empire, 64 82–3, 153–4, 156–9, 164–8, 175–8, Monastery of Saint Anthony the Great, 183, 194–7 72 Efforts with the Maronites, 99–103, Ottoman rule in, 22, 44, 63–5, 121, 128, 105–6, 115–16, 121–34, 146 167, 185, 204 Entry into Society of Jesus, 36–8, 186 Eleazar of Worms (1178–1238), 26 First return to Venice after conversion, Eliano, Giovanni Battista, S.J. (1530–1589) 46–52 Ability to navigate cultural landscape of Impact of sentiments against Jewish- Mediterranean, 47, 107, 112–13, lineage Jesuits, 98–9, 118, 177, 181, 135, 148, 189, 197, 200 197–8, 202, 207 Arrests and imprisonments, 79–80, 82, Interactions with Jewish family, 61–2 94, 121, 128, 135, 149–50, 157, Knowledge of Arabic, 2, 22, 32, 38, 55, 161, 183–8, 197–8, 203, 213 58, 77, 87, 90, 99, 102–4, 123, As Biblical Jew, 99, 106, 211 126–7, 135, 139, 148, 189, 197, 217 As John the Baptist, 21, 67, 74, 106, 207, Life as microcosm of early modern 211 religious culture, 10–13 As only Jewish-born Jesuit, 3, 13, 35, 48, Mentorship under Ignatius of Loyola, 54–5, 93, 108, 118, 128, 149, 152, 37–8 174, 188, 191, 198, 200, 202, 211, Ministries in Rome, 90–5, 117, 128, 165, 223 201 As Paul of Tarsus, 17, 21, 207, 211–19 Negotiation of Jewishness, 3–4, 7–9, As Prophet Elijah, 21, 106, 128, 132, 13–15, 18–21, 45–56, 58–60, 62, 149, 211 66–70, 81–2, 84–9, 94, 99, 104, 116, As suspected crypto-Jew or Renegade, 120–1, 126, 128–31, 135, 138–9, 5–6, 59, 67–8, 79–81, 105–6, 117, 148–9, 162–4, 187–8, 190–2, 204, 124, 130–1, 135, 138, 152–3, 159, 206, 222, 227 161, 163, 165, 168, 187, 198, 222, Novitiate, 3, 24, 37–8, 128, 142 224, 226 Preoccupation with the Copts later in life, Baptism, 34, 210–12 202–6, 220 Book production efforts, 122–3, 125, Priestly ordination, 42 133, 138, 141–4, 147, 152, 154, Problems with Vento, 176, 178–83, 157, 160, 171, 208 189–91 Burning of Talmud in 1553, 1–3, 79, 93, Professor at Collegio Romano, 2, 38, 90 153, 213, 223–4 Relationship with Acquaviva, 154–5, Commercial activities with father, 3, 25, 161, 166–7, 207 32, 34, 44, 58, 61, 67, 79, 103, 161 Relationship with brother Vittorio, 34–5, Condemnation of renegadism, 136–7, 208–9 190, 193–4, 199 Reactions to Vittorio’s conversion, Conversion, 15, 21, 34–6, 39, 55, 137, 33–4, 208 186, 207–10 Relationship with Carafa, 112, 121, Conversion narrative, 10, 17–18, 206–19, 124–5, 141–4, 154 225 Relationship with converso Jesuits, 39–42 Death (3 March 1589), 221 Relationship with Ignatius of Loyola, 95, Difﬁculties with Raggio, 104–15, 122, 198 124 Relationship with Laínez, 40–1, 44–6, 58, Early life, 25–6, 207–8 73, 75–8, 80, 82–3, 198

262 Index

Eliano, Giovanni Battista, S.J. (1530–1589) Gabriel VII, Patriarch of Alexandria (cont.) (1525–1570), 46, 60, 135 Relationship with Mariani, 151–3, Cooperation with Jesuits, 60, 63 169–71, 179, 189, 202–6, 219–20 Deferral to assistant, 74 Relationship with Mercurian, 108–9, Delegation sent to Council of Trent, 63, 111–12, 124 82–3 Death of Mercurian, 140–1 Fear of Ottomans, 63–7, 113 Relationship with mother, 61–2, 202, Overtures to Rome, 42, 44, 76, 83 212–13 Refusal to accept Catholic orthodoxy, 74, Relationship with Santoro, 138, 146, 76, 78, 82, 86, 176 153, 165–8, 181 Relationship with other Eastern Relationship with sister, 161–3, 168–9, Christians, 63 202–3 Relative power within Coptic community, Eliano, Vittorio (b. Yusef, 1528-?) 72, 82, 176 Censor of Hebrew books, 50 Gabriel, Assistant to the Patriarch of Conversion to Catholicism, 33 Alexandria, 74–5 Eliano’s reactions to his conversion, Galata, 205–6 208 Gandía, Spain, 41, 69, See also Spain Role in Eliano’s conversion, 34–5, 37, Gardiolles, Guillaume, French Consul to 208–10 Egypt (Served 1547–1570), 63, 213 Elijah, Old Testament Prophet, 99, 106 Germany. See Holy Roman Empire Eliano as, 21, 106, 128, 132, 144, 149, Giddens, Anthony (1938–), 15 211 Girardi, Lorenzo, 192 Emo, Lunardo, Venetian Consul to Egypt Goa, 78 (1524–1579), 60, 62, 68, 76, 79 Greece, 55 England, 89 Greeks, 46, 52, 107, 116, 149 Ethiopia, 65, 73, 78 Catholic views of, 71, 77, 83–4, 86–7, Ethiopians 136–7, 157, 216 Eliano’s desire to convert, 56, 60, 73, 78, Council of Florence, 70 90, 92 Economic prosperity, 64, 135–6 On Zakynthos, 56 Greek Rite, 107, 135 Eucharist, 129, 212, 221 Views of Catholics, 87 Views of Maronites, 106 Fagius, Paul (1504–1549), 31, 208 Gregorian Calendar. See Gregory XIII, Ficino, Marsilio (1433–1499), 27 Pope (Ugo Buoncompagni, Inﬂuence on Elijah Levita, 26 1502–1585) Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517), Gregory of Nyssa (335–394), 148 101 Gregory XIII, Pope (Ugo Buoncompagni, Filioque clause of Nicene Creed, 138 1502–1585), 99–100, 112, 115, 123, Fioribello, Antonio, Papal Secretary, 52, 125, 141, 153–4, 160, 163, 166, 73–6 168–70, 175, 178–9, 216 Florence, Council of (Council of Gregorian Calendar, 123 Basel–Ferrara–Florence, Inﬂuence on Jesuit politics, 96–7 1431–1449), 70, 137, 154 Missionary vision, 100–1, 160, 178–9, Coptic Participation, 42 195–6, 198, 227 Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 102, 143 Patron of Eastern Rite Christians in Maronite participation in, 127 Rome, 147–8 France, 92, 171, See also Henry III, King of Role in Jesuit politics, 117, 124 France (1551–1589) Franciscans, 110, 114, 192 Habsburgs, 183–5, 190, 192, See also Freire, Fulgencio, S.J. (1512–1571), 85 Philip II, King of Spain (1527–1598)

Index 263

Hebrew, 2, 21, 143 Jacobites, 63, 106, 143, 146, 148–9, 175 Eliano’s knowledge and use of, 38, 53, Janissary, 63 90, 93, 99, 208, 217 Jeremias II, Greek Patriarch of Henry III, King of France (1551–1589), Constantinople (1530–1595), 137 180, 182, 202, 206 Jerusalem, 24, 33–4, 37–8, 64, 164, 168, Aid to Jesuits, 181, 185, 226 179, 213 Aims to challenge Habsburgs, 179, 226 Jesuits. See Society of Jesus Aims to challenge Republic of Venice, Jews. See Judaism 151–2, 179 John Damascene (St. John of Damascus, Alliance with Ottomans, 151, 169, 190, 675/676–749), 143 203 John the Baptist, 67, 99, 210 Decision to send Vento, 176, 179–80, 182 Eliano as, 21, 67, 74, 106, 207, 211 Distrust of Mariani, 170–1 John XIV, Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria Distrust of Paolo Mariani, 169, 180, 205 (r.1571–1586), 160–1 Hita, Spain, 41, See also Spain Cooperation with Jesuits, 153–4, 172, Hoffaeus, Paul, S.J. (1525–1608), 98 178 Holy Roman Empire, 31–2, 55, 140, 208 Death and election of new patriarch, 182, Isny im Allgäu, 31 189, 194–5, 204 Württemberg, 31 Relationship with Eliano, 153 Young Eliano in, 31–2 Relationship with Paolo Mariani, 166, 170, 176 ibn Tibbon, Judah ben Saul (1120–c.1190), Relative power within Coptic community, 32 176, 178 Ignatius Dawud II, Jacobite Patriarch of Resistance to Catholic orthodoxy, 156, Antioch (r. 1578–1591), 146 175–7, 180 Negative view of Maronites, 148 Judaism, 1, 36, 46, 52, 86, 94, 193, 213–14, Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556), 35, 37, 42, 225 44, 49, 58, 96–7, 142 As mark of evangelizing distinction, 22, Conversion, 38–9 40, 67, 106, 207, 211, 217 Mentorship of Eliano, 37–8, 49, 58 Ashkenazim, 25, 31, 55 Views of Judaism and Jewish-lineage Catholic conversionary efforts, 1, 35, 61, Jesuits, 39–41, 46, 95, 198 93–4, 137–8, 146, 157, 165, 190–1, Indian Ocean, 184 193, 227 Innocent III, Pope (Lotario dei Conto di Catholic fears of the Jews, 39 Segni, 1161–1216), 102, 127 Conversion from, 5, 34, 81, 83, 88, 157, Isaac, Coptic Archbishop of Nicosia, 71–2, 166, 169, 191, 216 82–3 Eliano’s, 27, 34, 37, 79–80, 212 Interactions with Eliano on Cyprus, 83 Differences within early modern Jewry, Isaiah, Book of, 67, 209 25, 36 Islam, 11, 21, 88, 94 Eliano distancing himself from, 38, 67, Apostasy from, 65, 80, 87, 185 81–2, 167–8, 171, 194, 203, 209, Conversion from, 5 213, 215 Conversion to, 4, 6, 65, 79, 87, 89, 113, Eliano’s desire to confront the Jews, 24, 135, 226 53–4, 78, 81, 215–16 Isny im Allgäu. See Holy Roman Empire Eliano’s fear of the Jews, 21, 49–50, Italy, 22, 25, 29, 82, 85, 92, 111, 114, 116, 59–60, 72, 80, 87, 150, 152, 165, 127, 138, 146, 155, 179, 190 167, 208, 217 As home base for Jesuits, 185, 197 Eliano’s Jewish family, 50, 56, 59, 61–2, Eliano returning to, 78, 158–9, 171, 176, 150, 152, 161–3, 168–9, 202, 179, 202, 213, 217 212–13 Eliano’s youth in, 5 Expulsion from Iberia, 69

264 Index

Judaism (cont.) Qannubin, Maronite Patriarchal In modern Rome, 223–5, 227 Monastery, 122, 125–6, 134, 147 Jewish attacks on Eliano, 21–2, 47, 50, Return to, 123 56–7, 59, 67–70, 79–80, 82, 85, Ties to Rome, 101, 120, 145 87–9, 186–9, 193, 201–2, 213–15, Tripoli, 15, 103, 109–10, 114, 125, 222, 226 139–40, 147, 153 Jewish life under Catholic rule, 24, 28–9 Ledesma, Diego de, S.J. (1519–1575), 109 Jewish resistance to Catholicism, 2, 54 Leo X, Pope (Giovanni Lorenzo de’ Medici, Jews in Egypt, 33, 47, 62, 80, 207 1475–1521), 26 Jews in the Levant, 139 Levant, 25, 121, 146–7, 168 Jews in Venice, 30–1, 52, 60–1 Levita, Elijah (1469–1549), 25–6, 32 Relationship with former Jews, 35 Collaborations with Christians, 29–32, Sephardim, 69 101 Yiddish, 25 Distrusted by Jews, 29 Julius II, Pope (Giuliano della Rovere, Effect of death on Eliano, 33–4, 36, 1443–1513), 26 208 Julius III, Pope (Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Levitical status, 211 Monte, 1487–1555), 190 Tutelage of young Eliano, 21, 29–31, 34 Livy. See Titus Livy (Titus Livius Patavinus, Kara Şahin Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman 64 or 59BC - AD 12 or 17) governor of Egypt (1524–1566), Loredan, Pietro di Lorenzo (1505-1568), 35 63–4, 79, 89 Luther, Martin (1483-1546), 28 Coptic fear of, 64–6 Lutheranism, 46, 86

Laínez, Diego, Superior General of the Macarius of Egypt (c. 300–391), 163–4 Society of Jesus (1512–1565), 40, 51, Attempted theft of relics, 163–4 94–5, 198, 206, 213, 216 Maggio, Lorenzo, S.J. (1531–1605), 98 Concern for Eliano regarding the Jews, Mamluk Empire. See Egypt 59, 62, 66–70, 80–1 Mancinelli, Giulio, S.J. (1537–1618), 182 Converso legacy, 40–1, 46, 95, 98, 217 Mannaerts, Olivier, S.J. (1523–1614), Distrust of Copts, 42, 45, 48, 51, 56, 73, 140–1 76, 78 Mariani, Mariano, 202–4 Eliano’s lament to Laínez on Cyprus, Mariani, Paolo, Consul of France to Egypt 81–5 (d. 1596), 147, 162, 166, 174–5, Eliano’s relationship with, 44, 47–8, 183, 188, 204, 220 52–5, 57, 59–61, 66, 73–8, 80 Aid given to Jesuits, 151, 153, 169–71, Generalate, 40 174–6, 178, 182, 188, 203, 205 Mentorship of Eliano, 40–2, 48, 58 As Consul of England to Egypt, 202 Oversight of Coptic mission, 45, 47, Assassination of, 220 50–1, 53, 58–9, 68, 77–8, 85 Correspondence with elder Eliano, Participation in Council of Trent, 43, 202–6, 220 217 Dismissal as French Consul, 170, 172–6, Tensions with Pope Pius IV, 42–4 179–82 Landsknechte, 28 Loyalty to France, 169–70, 174, 178, Lebanon. Passim 189, 194 Christian communities of, 22 Political intrigues, 179, 189–92, 194, Eliano in, 17, 22, 91, 99, 104, 114–15, 204 121, 128, 152, 156, 161, 166 Relationship with Copts, 152, 165–6, Eliano’s return to, 22, 115, 117, 119, 170, 174, 176, 179, 182, 204 142, 146 Rivalry with Vento, 170–1, 173–4, Jesuit missions to, 101–2, 107, 148 179–82, 190, 192–4, 196, 202–6

Index 265

Maronites, 17 Religious identities within, 10–12, 38, Books and literacy, 103, 115, 118, 122–3, 88, 117, 120 125, 142–4, 154, 157–8, 171–2, 197 Theater of the everyday within, 13, 19, Efforts to Latinize, 102, 109–10, 113, 88, 200, 226 115, 119–20, 123–4, 126, 129, Trade, 19, 34, 36, 55, 90 131–3, 138–9, 144–5, 148, 155, 199 Travel and migration, 3, 34, 90 Eliano as savior, 105–6, 128–9, 144, Mercurian, Everard, Superior General of the 148–9 Society of Jesus (1514–1580) Historic ties to Rome, 71, 83, 100–2, 115, Controversial election as father general, 120–1, 159 97, 99 Jesuit missions to, 22, 102, 108, 118 Death of, 97 Maronite College in Rome (Collegio dei Eliano’s reaction to death of, 140–1 maroniti), 147–8 Eliano’s frustrations with, 90, 108–13 Participation in Catholic synod, 126–31, Measures against Jewish-lineage Jesuits, 155, 198 97–8, 103–4, 115, 117–18, 124, 226 Relationship with Eastern Christians, Oversight of Maronite mission, 102–3, 102, 109, 115, 124, 135–7 105, 107, 110, 113–14, 117–18, Relationship with Ottoman authorities, 124, 138 100, 102, 115, 120, 124, 135 Reluctance to promote Eliano, 103–4, Relationship with Tommaso Raggio, 107, 109, 117–18, 124 106–7, 109, 111–14, 117, 119, 121 Views of Eliano, 98, 102–3, 108, 117, Seminarians in Rome, 132, 142, 145, 147 124–5, 198 Martin, Gregory (c. 1542–1582), 91–3 Mocenigo, Filippo, Catholic Archbishop of Roma Sancta (1581), 91, 137 Nicosia (1524–1586), 78, 82 View of Eliano, 90, 92–3, 99 Moka, Yemen, 85 Mediterranean Moze (also Mosso), David, 22, 173, 192, As a sea of determinism, 16, 23, 226 194 As locus for identity formation, 2, 4, Attack on Eliano, 192–4, 199, 202–4, 13–14, 23, 84, 87, 117, 120, 222–4, 226 226 Execution of father, 190–1, 199 As shared space, 15–16, 19 Hatred of Catholicism, 190–1 Climate, 83 Commerical cosmopolitanism, 26, 36, 79 Nadal, Jerome, S.J. (1507–1580), 98–9 Conversion in, 3–4, 8, 10–11, 18–21, 33, As member of Converso Triumvirate, 41, 87, 118, 134–8 97 Cross-cultural interaction, 10, 15, 19, 21, Reformer of Jesuit education, 49, 97 198, 222, 227 Naples, 155 Eastern Mediterranean, 3, 6, 10, 20, 86, Neoplatonism, 26 123, 135 Nestorian Christianity, 106, 149, 177 Historiography of, 15–18, 225 Nicosia, Cyprus, 82, 85, 99, 217, See also Imperial rivalries, 12, 16, 19, 24, 38, 80, Cyprus 152, 163, 175, 179, 184, 199 Religious landscape, 11, 13, 19, 24, 38, Ottoman Empire, 6, 48, 63, 102–4, 113, 55, 136, 152, 163, 199–200, 222, 135 224–5 Alliance with France, 151, 169, 190, Religious and cultural boundaries, 4, 203 21, 47, 56, 148, 222 Christian communities, 10, 72, 170, 216 Religious and cultural ﬂuidity in, 3, 5, Conquest of Cyprus, 135 15, 31, 47, 55, 87–8, 116, 118, Defeat at Lepanto, 151, 183 120, 128, 134–8, 198, 222, 225, Dominance of Eastern Mediterranean, 6, 227 116, 151, 197

266 Index

Ottoman Empire (cont.) Portugal and Portuguese, 184 Fear of rebellion, 112, 134, 150, 174, Philip II of Spain as king of, 184 185–6, 188–90, 192, 195–6, 199, Possevino, Antonio (1533–1611), 206 204, 222, 227 Converso legacy and work with the Jews Jews in, 55, 68, 80, 135, 188, 214 of Rome, 98 Sephardic, 69 Prisca Theologia, 27 Relations with Venice, 51, 151, 193 Priuli, Girolamo, Doge of Venice Rivalry with Habsburgs, 184, 189–90, (1486–1567), 79, 85 192, 204 Protestantism, 2, 28–9, 31, 133, 195, 220 Role of Islam in political ideology, 11, 57, Paul IV, Pope (Gian Pietro Carafa; 65, 68, 80, 113, 118, 121, 227 1476–1559, 2, 173, 190 Rule in Egypt, 22, 44, 64, 80, 167, 185, 189, 199, 204, 214 Raggio, Tommaso, S.J. (1531–1599), 22, Rule in Lebanon, 99–101, 121 102, 115, 122, 131, 141, 155, 161 Treatment of religious minorities, 44, 64, As superior over Eliano, 103–4, 116, 118, 67, 72, 79–80, 106, 120, 135, 137, 124 139, 145, 195–6, 227 Desire to learn Turkish and travel to Turkey, 84 Constantinople, 109, 113, 118, 226 Failure in leadership, 104–5, 107–10, Padua, 25 113–17, 119, 121, 123–4 Palmio, Benedetto, S.J. (1523–1598), 40, 97 Relationship with Eliano, 105–7, 109–12, Construction of Jesuit Converso 115–17, 124 Triumvirate, 41, 49, 97 Relationship with Eastern Christians, 71 Papal Primacy, 128 Renegades, 4–5, 7–8, 11, 48, 52, 86, 174, Coptic views on, 58, 63, 71, 86 191, 193, 199, 202, 224 Paphos, Cyprus, 80–1, See also Cyprus Eliano as, 59, 79, 87, 187, 226 Paul of Tarsus, 40, 99, 201 Fear and fascination, 6–7, 86 Eliano as, 17, 21, 207, 211 Greeks as, 136 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 43 Ribadeneyra, Pedro de (1527–1611), 97–9 Pelegrini, Nicolò, 192 Rodrigues, Manuel, S.J. (1534–1596), 98 Penitentiary of St. Peter, 201, 217 Rodríguez, Cristóbal, S.J. (1521–1581), 41, Philip II, King of Spain (1527–1598), 28, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56–7, 60, 63, 68, 202, 226, See also Habsburgs 70, 74–5, 77, 87, 212–13, 215 As chief rival of Ottoman Empire, 183–4 Anxieties concerning Eliano, 50–3, 70, 80 Purported plot to invade Egypt, 185, Converso status, 41, 51, 68–9, 95, 98 189–90, 192 Departure from Egypt, 85–6 Role in Jesuit Order, 96–7 Missionary leadership, 45, 51, 57–8, 69, Pico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola and 94, 104 Concordia (1463–1494), 26 Romano, Giulio (1469–1546), 28 Pius IV, Pope (Giovanni Angelo de’ Medici, Rome, 2, 15, 17, 48, 56, 59, 70, 75, 84–5, 1499–1565), 42, 45, 50, 58, 71, 89–91, 95, 97, 99, 105, 108, 74–6, 85, 90 112–13, 115, 119, 122, 126, 132, Desire for Coptic mission, 42–4, 227 138, 140–1, 143, 146, 154–5, Eliano’s relationship with, 51, 76 157–8, 162, 167–8, 171, 174, 188, Platonic Academy of Florence, 26 192, 196–7, 200, 204, 206, 216–17, Polanco, Juan Alfonso de, S.J. (1517–1576), 219, 221 41, 96–8 Campo de’ Fiori, 2, 38, 153, 223 Italian and Portuguese Jesuit fears of, 96 Campo Marzio, 1 Opposition to his election as Superior Church of San Benedetto in Arenula, 93 General, 96–7 Church of Sant’Apollinare, 187 Ostracization, 97 Church of Santissima Annunziata, 187

Index 267

Church of Santo Stefano, 187 Sebastiano del Piombo (c.1485–1547), 28 Church of the Gesù, 1, 92–3, 187–8 Semitic Languages, 22, 90, 99, 116 Cityscape, 1, 196 Sigüenza, Spain, 41, See also Spain Collegio Romano, 1–2, 22, 62, 115, 132, Sixtus V (Felice Peretti di Montalto, 146, 187, 201 1521–1590), 196, 201, 205 Eastern Christians in, 42, 60, 73, 76, 83, Eliano’s audience with, 197, 201 86, 92, 103, 115, 124–5, 132, Society of Jesus, 46, 48, 52, 60, 78, 81, 89, 141–2, 145, 147–8, 186 91, 116, 123, 128, 140, 148, 152, Efforts to convert the Jews, 93–4, 117, 171, 178, 191, 199–200, 207, 210, 137, 146, 157, 166, 198 212, 218–19 Eliano’s early life, 25 Activities in Rome, 92–4, 105, 128, Eliano’s novitiate, 37–8, 40 187–8 Jesuit presence, 80, 82, 91–3, 96, 105, Anti-Jewish sentiments, 22, 89, 91, 95–9, 128, 185, 187 118, 121, 124, 126, 152, 163, 165, Jewish Ghetto, 2 198, 202, 204, 213, 226 Jews in, 24–5, 30, 36, 55, 223–5, 227 Collegio Romano, 1–2, 22, 37–8, 62, 78, Sack of 1527, 27–9 85, 90, 93, 132, 142, 146, 157, 177, St. Peter’s Basilica, 92–3, 201 187, 217 Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum Santoro, Giulio Antonio, Cardinal of Santa (German and Hungarian College), Severina and Protector of the 83 Oriental Orthodox Churches Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, 48–9 (1532–1602), 137, 140, 146, 153–4, Early views of Jewish-lineage members, 167, 170, 178, 183, 197, 205 39–42, 88, 95 Conversion of the Jews in Rome, 137–8, Education, 27, 37, 49, 57, 78, 97, 141–2, 157, 198 147, 174, 187, 209 Micromanagement of Coptic mission, Eliano’s admision, 3, 21, 34, 36–7, 58, 165–6, 182, 194 95, 150, 186, 212 Role on Inquisition, 153–4 Eliano’s novitiate, 3, 24, 37–8, 128, 132 Theological oversight, 168, 181–3, 191, Jesuit churches in Rome 195, 198, 204 Gesù, 1, 92–3, 187–8 Views of Eliano, 198 Sant’Apollinare, 187 Views of self, 227 Santissima Annunziata, 187 Sanzio, Raphael (1483–1520), 28 Santo Stefano, 187 Sarkis ar-Ruzzy, Maronite Patriarch of Jesuit historiography, 19–21 Antioch (r.1581–1597), 145–7 Ministries, 2, 37, 46, 58, 81–2, 88–9, Election as patriarch, 145 91–2, 105, 109, 116, 142, 202, 206 Eliano’s admiration of, 145 Missions, 37, 42, 44–5, 49, 101, 220 Participation in Maronite synod, 145 Spiritual Exercises, 49, 187 Sasso, Francesco, S.J. (1552–1623), 159–61, Spain, 92 168 Castile, 40–1, 104 Advisor to Eliano, 167–8, 196 Gandía, 41, 69 Arrest and imprisonment, 185, 189 Hita, 41 Delay in arrival, 161, 166–7 Sigüenza, 41 Frustrations with Copts, 176 Valladolid, 41, 104 Pilgrimage to Jeruslaem, 168, 179 St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, 92–3, 201, Role in synod, 173, 175–8, 204 See also Rome Theological work, 159–60, 171, 173, Sylvester I, Pope (r. 314–335), 45 178, 181, 198 Syria, 132, 189 Savary de Brèves, François, French Aleppo, 110, 144, 146–7 ambassador to Constantinople, 220 Damascus, 144, 218

268 Index

Syriac Language, 2, 103, 123 As cosmopolitan city, 46–7, 52, 79 Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. See Benedictine monastery of San Gregorio, Jacobites 34, 208 Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, 35 Talmud Eliano’s conversion in, 34–6, 46–9, 54, 2011 plaque commemorating 1553 186, 208, 210 burning, 223–5, 227 Jewish Ghetto, 30–2, 46, 55, 210 As Kabbalistic text, 29 Jews in, 24, 30–1, 36, 49–51, 60 As purportedly anti-Catholic, 1 Mercantile networks, 46, 61, 80–1, 83, Burning in Rome (9 Septemer 1553), 1–2, 151 17, 38, 58, 66, 79, 93, 126, 153, Relations with Ottomans, 51, 151, 191, 199, 213, 223 193 Eliano’s knowledge of, 3, 213 Young Eliano in, 30–2, 46–7 The Acts of the Apostles, 213, 215–16, 218 Vento, Cristoforo, Consul of France to The Go-Between (L.P. Hartley novel), 223 Egypt, 188, 193, 198 Thirty Years’ War, 43 Arrival in Egypt to replace Mariani, 174, Titus Livy (Titus Livius Patavinus, 64 or 59 178–83 BC – AD 12 or 17), 225 Attempts to provoke Ottoman Trent, Council of (1545-1563), 43, 63, 74, authorities, 195, 199, 204 82–3, 85, 90, 102–3, 123, 133, 217 Attempts to reclaim French consulship in Tripoli, 15, 103, 109–10, 114, 125, 139–40, Egypt, 170–1 147, 153, See also Lebanon Denial of role in Jesuits’ arrest, 188, Turk. See Ottoman Empire 193 Turkish language. See also Raggio, Rivalry with Mariani, 170–1, 178–83, Tommaso, S.J. (1531–1599) 192, 196, 202–6, 220 Eliano’s knowledge of, 24, 37 Role in Jesuits’ arrest, 173, 193–4, 196, Impracticality for missionary work, 112, 203–4, 220 116 Eliano’s depiction of, 194, 199

Valladolid, Spain, 41, 104, See also Spain Württemberg. See Holy Roman Empire Veluti, Bernardo, 192 Venice, 15, 21, 26, 31, 33, 37–8, 46, 48, 52, Zakynthos (Zante), 55 71, 84–6, 115, 179, 197, 216–17 Ethiopian Copts on, 56, 226