CEU eTD Collection Collective Memory, SocialPractice andPalestinian (Trans)Nationalism Tracing Symbolic Discourses of Resistance: Steadfastness and In partialfulfillment oftherequirements forthedegree of Advisor: Professor Dan Rabinowitz Nationalism Studies Program CentralEuropean University Budapest, Hungary Spencer Rangitsch Master ofArts Submitted to 2007 By CEU eTD Collection Rethinking Transnationalism, Rethinking“Resistance” 86 CONCLUSION...... Illustrating theTransnationality ofSymbolic Discourse through PalestinianHip-Hop 60 ...... CHAPTER 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Forming Symbolic Discourses from Catastrophe andUprising and Nostalgia: Instrumental SymbolicRepresentation, Collective Memory, 20 ...... CHAPTER 1 The Argument and Outline of the Paper INTRODUCTION The Personal, Political, and Transnational Economy “Radicalof Chic” PREFACE...... 6 Discourses of 39 ...... CHAPTER 2 Music and 84 Transnational Identity...... 79 Palestinian-American ...... Hip-Hop A 75 Different Kind of Ghetto...... “Born Here” 67 – Palestinian ...... hip-hop in Israel The Transnationality of Hip-Hop: Discourses of Marginalization 65 and Resistance...... Introducing Theoretical 62 Underpinnings ...... and Problematics Discursive “de-hegemonization,” Re-Emergence, 53 and Political ...... Capitalization Negotiating Discourses of Resistance with Discourses 48 of “Morality” ...... and “Unity” Resistance, Identity 47 and Domestic ...... Practice “Inscriptions of Violence” as Identity-Affirming Symbols 45 of Resistance...... Situating A Restatement and Outline 16 of the Paper...... ( Steadfastness “Symbolic 13 Discourse”...... Concerning “objectivity” and “advocacy”...... 4 ...... 3 A Statement of Purpose Abstract:...... 2 “Resistance” Redefined and Symbolic Discourses 36 Reshaped...... Narratives 33 of Revolt...... Addressing Collective Memories 31 of Revolt and Uprising...... Symbolic “Sites of Memory”: Connoting 27 Steadfastness ...... and Resistance Geography 26 and Spatiality...... Addressing Collective 23 Memories ...... of Dispossession 22 Theories ...... of Collective Memory Steadfastness Steadfastness summud ...... 11 ...... 92 ...... , n eitne...... 15 ...... ) and Resistance Resistance and Resistance and 42 Palestinian Identity...... 11 ...... Appliedthrough SocialPractice ...... 86 ...... 20 ...... 6 ...... 39 ...... 20 ...... 60 1 CEU eTD Collection Palestinian tobeaffirmed,subjectivities and empowered galvanized. symbolic discourses medium: hip-hop. Palestinian The argumentcontends thatthis medium artistic – and the examines this symbolic discourse as it manifests itself in a nascent, transnational, and sub-cultural later The third thesis generated. the of and“culture production” aremediated, possibilities and resistance memory” and social practice, deconstructingdiscursivethe motifs recurrent as they appear insociological studies of“collective theoretical possibility Palestinianof national idiom.- and transnational - Through examining, elucidating, and a of framework atheoretical considers This thesis Abstract: is advanced as a “filter” through which social political isperceived, isadvancedasa“filter” through practice it carries – serves as a site for individual, collective, and transnational and collective, individual, for site asa –serves itcarries symbolic discourse symbolic discourse of steadfastness symbolic discourseof and its relationship toa 2 CEU eTD Collection ethno-territorial conceptions of the nation-state. Indeed, there is Indeed,there nation-state. of the conceptions ethno-territorial directlyreterritorialized to subjectivities, the conventional challenge wisdom, enduring the and same to empowerthe herein, both ofhybridized, newforms timeat transcending while idiom and the national Palestinian the to connectedness level of medium: Palestinian hip-hop. What Ifindfascinating so aboutthis emerging “sub-genre” isits artistic transnational nascent a become now has what to contributions their specifically youth, Palestinian-American of engagement political creative, rising the in addressing both connect to founda way by I chance, Rather Palestinian-Americans. of experience the sorts, of connection” bit of what I know a me incorporate ideaon to the dawned into my project, incorporate overall interest to of subject best – music. Additionally, scopeofmaterial findintirelessly a broad “new with to engaging a angle”within order this itinquiry.new of Through areas andto them literature, extending in relevant the thematic patterns dawned to incorporate another “experientialA Statement of Purpose increasingly also contextualize the implications and “lessons” of the Palestinian yearning for yearning Palestinian the of “lessons” and implications the contextualize also increasingly individuals these time, same the At activism. and telecommunication forms other or Internet explicitly music in and sincerely with Palestine their art, and communities, directly the through engage people Theseyoung calling. acatalyzing increasingly is cause for Palestinian the whom Palestinian-American artists and musicians – some of whom havenever been to Palestine/Israel – in mostyoung Palestine issues, number clearly illustrated growing andPalestinian the of towards growing trendwithin this community is anincreasing “diasporic” engagement and subjectivity a herein, Asis discussed States. United inthe community youth Palestinian-American the prospect of appropriately mynarrowing focus expandingand on a sociological understanding of under-harvested. theoretically and under-researched is both which synthesis andPalestinian-Americans culture, youth transnational diaspora, of intersection three-way the on scholarship anthropological and social that apparent becomes itquickly sociological and transnational of implications Palestinian hip-hop than what is elucidatedhere. This thesis is about making This is connecting, connections: thesis about andelucidating explaining recurrent Indeed, if I were to continue research on the themes herein, I would surely consider the consider surely herein, Iwould themes the on research continue if to I were Indeed, I only wish nowthat ideathis had me dawnedon in earlier thesis-preparingthe as process, much symbolic discourses more to be said about the in general elucidated is a 3 CEU eTD Collection ( relate to relate hardly find it necessary to also explicate how the same cactus (referred to as the to (referred same cactus the how explicate also to necessary it find hardly discourse, the discourse, what iswhat being here examined are eveninevitably readbysome or perhaps biased,is as“notit objective” note to that important be materialwill addressed subject the of some ThoughIsuspect inethos. “romanticizing” to relate asthey herein understanding is needed most. are often but nationalism, of studies centric Transnationalism in Anthropology,” in 1 Western “transnational” cultural expression insightsmeaningful for adeeper– offer understanding of symbolic discourses – herein elucidated themes The involved. issues human the address and contention the diffuse critical foris greater in call ahumanistic my paper own: this advocated directly The only position agenda. Such chargesbe would not only mistaken butextremely also completely unjustified. or argument a“pro-Palestinian” advance nor self-determination, forPalestinian causeof the paper unjustly hedged with anxiety. Itis also notat all the purpose of this thesis presentto an advocacy sadly are so and that issuesconflict of the polemical “battleground” address the to purport Concerning “objectivity”and“advocacy” nation” the of narrations experiences add, possibilities] with associated Iwould [and, canin that subvert turn diasporas the call forfaced in States. United inIndeed, Ibelievethe community, increasingly nascent thatengaged this “research“social justice” lives their within and their and towards own communal own personal adversities on Palestine and Palestinians… which seek[s] to identify and explore Dan Rabinowitz, “Bi-nationalism, Globalization, Diasporism: Palestine/Israel and the Discourse of sabir ) as it appears as an iconic symbol of expressing indigeneity in Palestinian discourse, I discourse, inPalestinian indigeneity expressing of symbol iconic an as appears it as ) I have sought in this project to engage in a critical academic examination of themes the of engageexamination ininacademic to acritical this I havesought project First, this is not a thesis on the larger Palestine-Israel conflict, nor does itin anyway does nor conflict, larger Palestine-Israel a the thesis on is not this First, , engagement in understanding the emerging dynamics of inin conflicts order of understanding dynamics engagementcontentious the emerging Palestinian stateless Palestinian and identities. Therefore, for example, when discussing the prickly-pear cactus giving shapesocial andmeaning to national and possibility, well as as Palestinians diasporic may be indeedbe realized. narrative Critical Inquiry nationalisms nationalisms notlittle only which in coverage receive Euro- , and symbolic discourses and the transnational possibilities of these themes asthey themes these of possibilities transnational the and Palestinian so 26 (Summer 2000):772. misunderstood and essentializedmisunderstood when critical 1 nationalism as they relate to that is neither disinterested nor disinterested neither is that Palestinian tsabar or “sabra” or national non- 4 CEU eTD Collection dominating) oppositional dominating) oppositional counter-discourses. this thesis is thesis this in “balance.” andcounter-claim each andevery Again,of of focus pursuit the counter-discourse providing nor arise, discourses from which symbolic narrative historical the of verification the competing inis discourses The Palestine-Israel chiefconcern a given. neitheraddressed herein is sometime insometime the 18 completely is itself cactus Cactus inIsrael/Palestine.” 2 inPalestine. Ironically, indigenousness born”) “native in denoting cactus Hebrew, Bardenstein, Carol. “Threads of Memory and Discourses of Rootedness: Of Trees, Oranges and the Prickly-Pear the and Oranges Of Trees, Rootedness: of Discourses and of Memory “Threads Carol. Bardenstein, Palestinian discourse th century. Ebidiyat non 8, (1998), 14 2 That there are competing claims, competing symbols, and symbols, competing claims, competing are there That -indigenous to the region, and was imported from from imported totheMexico was -indigenous region, and , its innerworkings, and possibilities, neither also claim is actually “ actually is claim stands as an iconic symbol expressing symbol iconic an as stands symbolically not its (though competing accurate,” asthe accurate,” Jewish 5 CEU eTD Collection been somewhat angeredjustifiably have by the community, growing Palestinian in the trend some of co particularly modification others, phenomenon, the of of a irony symbol which to them very on his “ expertEast TedSwedenburgis (whosescholarly significantly work intoincorporated this project) chronicled in several forums, notably, for example, by culture-studies sociologist and Middle examplesmore and These children. Iraqi with mingle they as forces military US by also but sure) be of the in notoriously not spotted only both “insurgents”Iraqi Iraq, boundedadorning to group, a (hardly increasingly as an example of so-called “radical chic.” the West as either an emblem of some form of “solidarity” with the Palestinian cause, or and other “counter-culture” elites who further set the bar for fashion; the fashion; for bar the further set elites who “counter-culture” and other American“hip” chain increasingly Outfitters, “rebel aristocracy” retail Urban adorning the rock symbolicmeaning datesback mid-1930s) tothe the which is today often also wornas a scarf. roughly Since its late-1960s(though the local, more otherwise transliterated as transliterated otherwise is the nationalism Palestinian of “cause” the of internationalization the of symbol May 31, 2007) could be questionsuch discursive it “transnationalism” reader to well – between as what force the as –aswell thedistinction todemarcate hope facevalue.In sodoing,I at discourses “transnationalism,”can present whenapproaching themselves that andcontradictions possibilities illustrate the as well as primethe cautionary the reader fact for that what we cannotwill eventuallyaccept symbols follow and symbolic and the trajectory of this project, but also to 3 theme with which the thesis ends – that is, Ted Swedenburg. “Kufiyaspotting” on “Kufiyaspotting” Swedenburg. Ted Yet, while Swedenburg’s blog posts on the subject seem to reflect a sense of humorous reflectof seem asense to while on subject the Yet, blog posts Swedenburg’s Today, for example, the example, for Today, Within mainstream, discourse, perhaps public mostthe iconic and readily identifiable I begin this thesis by attempting to foreshadow the symbolic possibilities of same the of possibilities symbolic the foreshadow to by attempting this thesis I begin kufiya . The Personal,Transnational Political, and of Economy “Radical Chic” spotting” blog entries. kufiya appearing in popular “Western” culture have been documented and have beendocumented “Western” in appearingculture popular kaffiyeh kufiya Hawgsblog ) – partiallythe checkered anduniquely headdress patterned 3 is sold and marketed as an “anti-War woven by scarf” as woven “anti-War an marketed is and sold PREFACE . http://swedenburg.blogspot.com/search/label/kufiya (Accessed Palestinian transnationalism kufiya has in international gained currency . I do so not merely to kufiya is not has even been , and what it kufiya (or 6 CEU eTD Collection and tied firmly to the national Palestinian idiom. Indeed, the Indeed, idiom. Palestinian national the to firmly tied and vigilance, steadfastness, and resistance (the very same symbolic tropes to be central in this thesis) 4 of adversity. commodification and commercialization insensitive scarf’s the at would react grandparents Palestinian howthefilmmaker’s reflection on inLondon.Kuffiyah titled shown was film short emotive a particularly inLondon, month last Festival Film will of many Palestinians forjustice, peace and self-determination. When I attended the Palestine much represents the unrealized national aspirations of an entire people, as well as the enduring capitalism. Yet, at the same time, the time, same the at Yet, capitalism. paradigmatic example of the growing contradictions and ironies of globalization and late expressed jubilation on the apparent omnipresence of of the omnipresence apparent the jubilation on expressed and filmhardly soundtrack of the the narration Yet, andmultitude ofstyles andvariations. a the streets of London, both in shops and worn by a plethora of Londoners, in a rainbow of colors Dalia al-Kury. dir., Indeed, we can surely the cansurely say that Indeed, we Figure 1 : a sample Our Kuffiyyah Londonin 4 The film was simply a collage of collage a simply was film The kufiya (or “anti-war woven scarf”) as gracing the Urban Outfitters’ “Early Fall” catalog. Fall” “Early Outfitters’ Urban the gracing as scarf”) woven “anti-war (or (London: 2007), film. kufiya kufiya remains a highly powerful and salient symbol of symbol salient and powerful highly a remains ’s ascendance in the fashion world presents a presents world fashion in the ’s ascendance kufiyas kufiya kufiya the filmmaker had encountered on filmmakerhadencountered the , but rather an extremely personal extremely an rather but , retains this symbolic capital symbolic this retains Our 7 CEU eTD Collection of the of furthergoes tosuggestthatwhatmay surfaceon the appear asthe most superficial appropriation imaginary yet seemingly unbreachable divide separating East and West.” East separating divide imaginary yetseemingly unbreachable the especially boundaries, cultural and national across shoot might transgression and recognition of symbolic discourse, Swedenburg considers how “we view might Swedenburg how of the considers discourse, symbolic Intifada. firstthe of in its course the war, andresemanticization to the 1967 through transformation after liberation” revivalPalestinian the with association its from symbology as a symbol of solidarity with the illegitimacy kufiya of collectivity.” dreams and offers the generations across -whichcommunicates rupture a momentof asaflash–at identities; andspace,remaking of time moving boundaries the across capacity is played up over its more accurate subaltern character) Swedenburg traces the character) Swedenburgits subaltern traces more is upover capacity accurate played Palestine (asa“heroic symbol of struggle in nationalisticonography”Palestinian whose unifying an opposition.” Though the Though opposition.” an than rather is acontinuum politics and style between “the relation also that but appear,” might it 7 6 no. 4(1992), “the emphasizing the “transnational ofitsrelationality” appropriation. symbology. in its infused been have that discourse symbolic threads the also wear one,but for to example, Palestinian-Americans, the of connotations national(ist) also works to reinforce a Palestinian national idiom. Yet, at the same time, it is not merely the 5 the that say rightfully Palestinians andfornon- Palestinians frontiers, national across andis motifs, a carrierof discursive these alike, from the Occupied Territories to Palestine, Michigan. As such, we can ibid, 570-71 ibid, 570 Ted Swedenburg. "Seeing Double: Palestinian-American Histories of the Kufiya," ofthe Histories Palestinian-American Double: "Seeing Swedenburg. Ted kufiya increasingly appeared and appears in “Western fashion,” rather than look for the for look than rather fashion,” “Western in appears and appeared increasingly kufiya Crucial for our purposes here in considering “transnationalism,”and here the transnationality in purposes forCrucial considering our On Swedenburg score, this has “socialdetailed a history” of the is neither as “natural” in the West Bank nor as “unnatural” in downtown as nor as New York isneither“unnatural” indowntown as“natural” intheWestBank of the as “radical chic,” in fact, is not always completely divorced from context: “the context: from divorced completely always isnot fact, in chic,” “radical as kufiya kufiya ’s appropriation, Swedenburg urgesus“theorizeto jolts of how , as transnational symbol, is a carrier of symbolic discourse which discourse symbolic of a carrier is symbol, transnational as , kufiya ’s symbolic roots lie in the 1936 Revolt in British Mandate kufiya which engenders the desire among “hybridized” among desire the engenders which fedayeen fallah and the guerilla struggle for “national for andtheguerilla struggle (peasant) as a national signifier, to its to signifier, national a as (peasant) 5 AccordingSwedenburg, to Michigan Quarterly Review 7 kufiya Swedenburg even Swedenburg kufiya, as an image, 6 similarly As the kufiya 31, ’s 8 CEU eTD Collection relational.” the important distinction here is that itis is here the distinction not that important the salience which can cut across a inter-personal - boundaries salience as well enduring have as transnational can thus borders. and As such, underneath lies what connoting in effective is symbol that how but itself symbol the isn’t It memory. collective and identity” “collective of sense asa well sub-culturaland discourses,social, andpolitical, can thusgreater add to significant contribute contour to bothdiscourses “nationalizingsymbolic how but projects” aseffectiveness, what with personal and political choices, andform world-views. affect describe circumstances, lives inandto salience people’s retains operates connotative value that how and salience and power connotative holds discourse such circumstances what under and how understand to try must but value, face at meaning its take and itself symbol the on fixate not must we discourses symbolic and symbolism with engaging when First, project. this in material the with engaging in myself and reader the both to cautions as well as themes the of some through difference and dislocation, attraction and repulsion; as cultures bound together by bound together ascultures and repulsion; attraction difference dislocation, through and andnon-Palestinians alike in are “connected not Unitedthe States equivalence through but the of history social the where vision,” boundaries, and thus act as powerful “sitesnational of rearticulation.”across in and present the of contingencies to malleable and adaptable being power, 8 ideathe approach of As we self-determination. Palestinian with associated resistance and resilience, of steadfastness, underneath that symbol,for alarge number its wearers, remains a potent symbol around the world symbol of resistance and struggle relational to Palestine, but how the discourse which lies can discourse symbolic vilification surrounding all Palestinian,things Arab,andMuslim.” and hysteria orchestrated the about statement asacritical Palestinians the with alignment’… a forbiddenkufiya image. To put it on was not so much a gesture of identification or ‘romantic ibid, 571 ’s appearance in US urban subcultures represented a mild provocation, anironic embrace of I mention all of this in relation to the The deeper question thus is not who appropriates certain symbolism, to what ends, and Connecting with Swedenburgclosesthis, his piece by advancing thenotion of “double symbolic discourse often in fact be somewhat “relational,” perhaps even “transnationally even perhaps “relational,” somewhat be fact in kufiya , it is important to highlight how such symbols retain symbols such how highlight to important is it , kufiya in Palestine and its appropriation by Palestinians kufiya herein orderto try illustrateto at the start itself which as can be a understood 8 Thus,in differing degrees, 9 CEU eTD Collection “transnational relationality” between Diasporaa andfor “nationalbasis a center.” becomes and boundaries, and borders national across understood similarly contexts while symbolic withinidiom. retaining value thenational essential As such,itis 10 9 rooting” as well as “migrating is discourse symbolic this in of will sub-cultural hip-hop the Palestinian locales,see each of these through discourse three the Occupied Territories, Israel, and the Diaspora, specifically the United States. However, as we the of symbology in here the –exemplified andresistance” of steadfastness “symbolic discourse elaborated embody, and which we will addressoverlapping narratives. more directly between focus narrative, ona constantly double vision shuttles centered single theor rest than end Rather violence… and ofexploitation information, this migration, economy, of networks project: where a soon-to-be- ibid. 572-573. ibid, 573 It isIt “overlapping” sense this whichthe“transnationalism” in of notion of can part kufiya ” 9 – significantly crosses transnational boundaries between Palestinians in Palestinians between boundaries transnational crosses –significantly 10 and adapts itself altogetherto different two distinctyet 10 CEU eTD Collection John Foran(London: Routledge, 1997), 124 quoted in Eric Selbin,“Revolution Real inthe World: Bringing Agency Back In,”in 12 pages. coming the in be covered –will application social their in –especially themes these addressing material relevant highly Other “resistance” and culture, see Said and Barsamian, and Said see culture, and “resistance” Lebanon” in Revolutionaries Press, 1999);Press, Edwardand Said, Reconstruction ofPalestinian Nationalism: BetweenRevolution andStatehood Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993 1973). For more contemporary historicizations, see Yezid Sayigh, Lesch, and Jabber see Quandt, historically, – are the mediating link between structural conditions. Structural conditions, moreover, do not moreover, do conditions, structural Structural conditions. between link – arethe mediating As Eric Selbin “people’s similarly notes, andthoughts actions – ifeven haphazard orspontaneous of sameat the but“generators them.” not structures” time are merely “carriers of appropriate, and they create aswell discourses as the actors, human this In understanding, resistance. experience structural emphasizeshumanviolence, agencyand consideration theargumentunder rolethe of in shaping and conditions structural of severity the relative of only isborne out assuch “resistance” and that both thresholds tolerance in process? the transformed to strain,shaped social, cultural how and havepossibility? political Conversely, been such themes as themes these of application and appropriation, well and understanding, a collective has How levels? as modalities manifested identity onthemost– also collectiveindividual personal, and“national” Palestinian of asense upon impacting contingencies as acted have and “themes” such extent what to and why, forms of 11 studies on Palestinians notonly throughout inhistories but nationalism of Palestinian andidentity, also ethnographic both in “struggle”) and“resistance” thematic appearubiquitously “steadfastness” threads of (or and recurrent the which outside to extent the striking becomes it nationalism, the Palestinian of evolutions Occupied Territories. Susane Jonas, Susane As appropriated historically as political and social ideology see Rosemary Sayigh, Rather than accept the simple formulation that “where there is power, there isresistance” there is power, “where there that formulation simple the accept than Rather As one critically engages with the sociological, political, and historical material on the on material historical and political, sociological, the with engages critically one As Journal of Palestine Studies (London: Zed Press, 1979); “Sources of PalestinianNationalism: A Study of a Palestinian Camp in The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads and US Power The Politics ofDispossession The Politics The Argument and Outline of the Paper 6, no. 4(Summer, 1977):17-40. For overtly more political appropriation The Politics of Palestinian Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997);Helena Lindholm Schulz, INTRODUCTION Culture and Resistance , (London: Verso, 1994); For the intersectionof Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The (Boston: South End Press, 2003), 159-211. (Manchester: Manchester University Manchester (Manchester: (Boulder, Westview press, 1991), 4; , (Berkeley: UC Berkeley Press, UCBerkeley , (Berkeley: 11 Theorizing Revolutions Palestinians: The key how, question From Peasants to From Peasants , ed. The 11 12 CEU eTD Collection (London: Routledge,1997), 126 cause of “national liberation.” As shall be shown, this discourse is indeed salient in isindeed across and Asshall be this liberation.” salient discourse shown, “national cause of its social manifestations, and the contending claims for its political appropriation in advancing the present? of the meet exigencies shaped to itself been discourse hasthis how Reciprocally, “steadfastness”? and of “resistance” discourse andaresponsive of violence occupation structural prolonged the both by upon impacted been shapedand identity collective Palestinian of howhasasense discourse, inapproach fusing andanalysis, recentethnographic researchwith relevant theoretical the understanding of nature of Palestinian identity.collective Incorporatingamulti-disciplinary production. national (trans) culture- popular politicalof resistance” can once againchoices attempt reclaim hegemony and become a constitutive element of as wellwill be elaboratedupon), butgiven significantcontingencies and collective trauma, a“discourse as a discursiveas “peace process,” Oslothe during case wasthe (this periods atcertain hegemonic lessbecome framework for can salience,this discourse suchmatured despite However, furthercurrency.gains symbolic the articulation increasingly discourse such severe strain, and periodically of recurring, asaresultbelow, and and above from both of discourse identity this of “fertilization” significant through Furthermore, andidentity. intra-personal collective, and consciousness national to contour and shape add significantly andalso project, national the import to particular with endowed “steadfastness” are and itself itself I call in what a manifests this case, Palestinian respectto the abovebelow. andboth With from transformation memory”subjectivities and agency. Reciprocally, discourse is this always by structured a “collective of therepresentation both and works to frame andmediate collective, social, political individual and past as well as exigencies of the present. It thus remains malleable to emerges a powerful apowerful and thick emerges faced have –there which Palestinians the – asthat conflict andtraumatic often protracted 13 possibilities.” of range acertain demarcate or actions people’s limits on they certain instead, do; people what dictate unconditionally Eric Selbin. “Revolutionin Realthe World: Bringing Agency Back In,” in Indeed, within this What this thesis presents is a broad examination of illustrative examples of discourse, of this examples illustrative of examination is abroad presents thesis this What Testing centrally thishypothesis involves approaching adeepersociological symbolic discourseofsteadfastness andresistance discourse discourse particular to Palestinian nationalism, symbols of “resistance” of resistanceof 13 Asis it argued here,under periods of prolonged, which is most starkly carried in symbolic carried starkly most is which Theorizing Revolutions . , ed. John Foran 12 CEU eTD Collection This notion of a “symbolic politics” of “popular political cultures of resistance” then forms a forms then resistance” of cultures political “popular of politics” “symbolic a of notion This asa isform culture” alsoasserted politics”: “symbolic political of have been elevated to museum tradition have beenelevatedtomuseum centers. Itincludeselite culturalformsthathave been popularizedwell as aspopular forms that as] well [as beliefs, and mass Schudson’s definition of and Mukerji on draws Selbin resistance. of a discourse of acarrier as culture” “popular actors.” of social and networks emotions… [to] cultural idioms to formally articulated ideologies, and through the organizations discursivehistorical from elements: experiences the that shapesubjectivity and arouse cultures of opposition are a product of, and in turn have an impact on, a range of material and 17 (Berkeley: University of California Press,1991), 3-4. Cited in Selbin, 130. Michaeland Schudson, editors, 16 15 Revolutions.” in Theorizing Revolutions,John Foran (ed.)London: Routledge,1997, pp.203-226. 219 14 notion of “political cultures of resistance and opposition.” steadfastness and resistance “Symbolic Discourse” thesis. transnationalism,”“Palestinian also but a nationalism, theoreticalPalestinian only not for framework possibilityfoundational a forms to be described at some length towards therefore – and diasporic,periphery centerto from transnational - pernicious national geographies the end of the Selbin, 129 Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson, “Introduction: Rethinking PopularCulture,” pp. 1-61 in Chandra Mukerji Ibid, 219 JohnForan. “Discourses and Social Forces: RoleThe of Culture and Cultural Studies in Understanding a battleground. a culture, beliefs and practicesuse symbols very –sometimes the same to overturnsymbols them. – Thus popular held by a wide arrayinvoke/create symbols which willof maintain their status; thosethose arrayed against them seek to in any given overtones, of are particularimportance society, power. in and Those endeavorpower to becomes the conception of culture. Those symbols which can integrate the past with near universal The ofcapacity to apeople enshrine,create manipulate, discard and symbolsis central to But let us take a step back and unpack exactly what we mean bya what exactly unpack letus takeastepbackand But 17 culture Rethinking Popular Culture: ContemporaryPerspectives in Cultural Studies . The concept as a whole is probably most akin Johnakin to asa Foran’s most concept is . The whole probably as“folk beliefs,practices and objects rooted in local traditions, practices and objects practicesgenerated inpoliticalandcommercial andobjects 15 Drawing from Foran, Eric Selbin similarly understands similarly Selbin Eric Foran, from Drawing .” 16 It is here also where the 14 As Foran elaborates, “political As elaborates, Foran symbolic symbolic discourse of symbolic discourse value of value “popular of 13 CEU eTD Collection MacMillan1997) 20 Review, 1978), 143; and Ann Swidler,“Culture in Action: Symbols andStrategies,” pp. 273-86 in 19 counter-hegemonic.” potentially are the class lives, [negotiates,] and resists its continuing subordination. Not all the strategies are of equal weight;mobilizes certainnot all material, repertoire socialthe in [and ‘strategy’ symbolic] Each elements:of resisting. ways as well it as constructs coping – ways of these into responses and the supports ofstrategies for the differentrepertoire ways a ofstruggle’ ‘theatre tothis brings class subordinate The made. but given not is outcome Their sense… structural dominate cultural formation, whereverthey fall in this spectrum are always intensely active, always oppositional Morley Kuan-Hsingand Chenin (London: a Routledge,1996), 294-295: “The relations betweensubordinate a and a self-sustaining.” and self-validating both becomes but itself, on builds only not [resistance] eventsincorporated are into interpretive discourses embodied in communitiesdiscourse that serve as a basis for appropriation in of violence:“discourseaddressingwith morediscourse political starts events which similar reasoned Apter’s with fits also This ingenuity. collective and individual interpretation. to wed and contingent also Such only common perceptions,interpretation social and possibilities political butwhoseare framed, construction is is which not through “filters” of multiple asone sense in Foucaultian a loosely sense is understood a process. It is when of resistance” “repertoires 18 a Thus, possibility. and social andframe mediate anddiscourses “idea streams” manifest in themselves both conscious people’s and unconscious social such andhow practice, isis howthese explicit Butwhat perception” here –both discourses of and implicit. consequence discourses “popular impact aremany“ideastreams” or understanding, there upon which essentializing whichcomes the connotations with employmentof “culture.” Insuchan term the less“discourse”: rigid andformalized possible than any form “ideology”of andwithout the most “idea closely matches ourappropriation of streams”through perceptions,” transmitted Selbin’s conceptualization implicitof (I would even add “unacknowledged”) “popular implicit an around andcoalesce can thus time space” and across central point where a David E. Apter, “Political Violence in Analytical Perspective,” in Selbin, 125. Respectively also, Charles Tilly, See Stuart Hall, “Metaphors of transformation,” in volume 51, number(April 2 1986), 273. Lastly, because this because Lastly, resources necessary for constructing “strategies of action” for dealing with their society. their with dealing for of action” “strategies constructing for with necessary actors resources provides which world-views.” and rituals stories, of symbols, “’tool-kit’ plausible to them;these options constitute “repertoiresof collective action” and/ora understanding of the perceptionpopulation’s options of the available thatare and seem discourse 18 and through what Selbin calls “idea streams,” via “transmitted people discourse of resistanceof is significantly manifested,transmitted, and personified From Mobilization to Revolution Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies can emerge, expressing the Gramscian notion of The Legitimation of Violence. (Reading, MA.: Addison-Wesley, American Sociological discourse (London: . dds. David 19 20 in this 14 CEU eTD Collection 23 22 Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, ( Steadfastness 21 strong preserve to in order odds” impossible against perseverance “heroic as triumph,” as identity “narrative of asa being failure” transformed crushing of notion a “narrative of the describes to the advancebeenZionism of largely has rest discredited laid universally and to – as a rests in its “symbolic capital.” Let us now turn to this as itmanifests itself in the Palestinian case refer to this medium as through a a “symbolic politics” and symbolic practice like that described above (as will be shown) I independent state and against powerful countervailing currents.” andcountervailing powerful against state independent an of trappings the without identity their asserted have “Palestinians identities, national “unsuccessful” similarly it,” aswith other propagate to nation-state the of machinery powerful the of benefit the without fashioned “been has identity” “national of sense Palestinian the because identity, and nationalism Palestinian on treatise seminal in his notes Khalidi Rashid As identity. Palestinian empowering and “resistance” both of component constitutive a become also has but idiom” “national inthe trope Palestinian auniquely only not become has which (steadfastness) andpractices possibilities. constitutivebuilding of and shaping collective identity, guiding andframing popular perceptions, themselves forces, butare by informed powerful thatare these discourses” and“popular cultures” conflict and political consciousness imposed from above, butinalso “popularthe political not vats of simply in havebeensteeped identities and binary chiefly operates where discourse” discourse nationalist a of elites. social and political proliferation Palestinian by the and Zionism/Israel with confrontation its both of result its holds nationalism should that beseen as a “balanced”development reading of Palestinian by of contingencies andA morethe of“resistance.” categories perceptions changing opposition, shaped profoundly been not have consciousness national Palestinian of evolutions the that mean Khalidi, 194 Khalidi, op. cit. Schulz, op. cit. See for example, Rashid Khalidi, symbolic discourse ofsteadfastness andresistance Though notion propagated the of nationalismPalestinian originating solely as a response Paradigmatically illustrative of this conceptualization is the concept of is concept the of this conceptualization illustrative Paradigmatically summud ) andResistance symbolic discourse Palestinians: themaking of a people Palestinian Identity, 22 Yet this negates a wide middle ground where “popular negates where Yet middlethis a wide ground . Indeed, as Apter notes, the “power of discourse” of “power the notes, Apter as . Indeed, (New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1997); Baruch . (Cambridge, Mass: HUP, 1994). 23 As a result of this, Khalidi 21 this does not does this summud 15 CEU eTD Collection West Bank andGaza Stripfrom 1967 until Intifadathe beganin 1987.” in occupation the in from andfighting of resistancethe the Lebanon late60suntil the to 1982, describes, “the was word in ubiquitous narrations Palestinian both of variousthe stages of the 25 24 specific “the conclusions, toPeteet’s According of rearticulation.” sites of this interaction, inthe movements process and yetarethemselves, social can “identities how shape experienced,” and configured locally are identity… for implications and it, to resistance displacement, human production and reproduction identity.”of delineates PeteetPalestinian how “the of process contemporary the in prominently so figures resistance which in way “the details Lebanon, Julie inin study ofPalestiniananthropologist refugee anethnographic Peteet, communities andlevel, ona social bemanifested personified resistance andsteadfastness societal can collective, social, personal and political practices. Illustrating how such a “symbolic discourse” of “ideology”in amore ideological formal is and in manifested sense, but significantly reproduced as nor discourse,” as “official nor merely “discourse,” politically of understanding in anabstract processes? grassroots organic and more discourses, elite contingencies, cultural has Andhow practice? itself been this discourse transformed asaresultstructural of and political social, impacted discourse hasthis How resistance? and of steadfastness discourse been identity collective has asense of Palestinian How acentral remains: question work, ethnographic A Restatement and Outline of the Paper identity. resistance “resisting-by-existing,” aconcept both drawn from and shapinga of practice the as both as on a personallevel, praxis isand beunderstood empowerment detail, infurther subsequently describe will we As historicization. brief this transcend concept this of interpretations and implications sentiment. national Khalidi, 263 n. 35 ibid, 195 enabled Indeed, we should stress again here that such a “symbolic discourse” does not just operate does not discourse” a“symbolic againherethat such stress Indeed, weshould and it In criticallyengagingthis theoretical directly discourse connecting relevant with , as well as a collective sense of “steadfastness” being a central component of of componentnational being“steadfastness” acentral senseof a , aswell as collective or nuanced 24 Profoundly illustrative of this is the concept of , compromised or strengthened,, compromisedif or by alongstanding at all, and evolved summud connotes the above sense of national of sense above the connotes 25 symbolic discourse of summud But the connotations, the But . As Khalidi 16 CEU eTD Collection Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 183-184. Power,and theTransnational Public Sphere 26 I andnorms, practices “cultural” and social shape can of resistance discourse asymbolic how ismain focus“peace projectthis of implications Though the process.” the onsetof with Oslothe of andrites passage. practice, domestic gender, identity, of issues collective specifically practice, forms of social impact upon and resistance steadfastness of by symbolic discourses how showing begin I this, illustrate to order In possibilities. social and political inguiding instrumental largely be large,therefore at can and discourse social inhegemony regain)and political (or can retain significant societal isgiven framed. that, which shaped andaround claims are Anadditional contention political strain, trauma,steadfastness and the recession possibility. political and of social potential as well as identity, youth identity, alternatives collective – such a discourseengrained in the collective consciousness of a nation and forms a powerful contour for Palestinian a memory of how collective concerns examination of point second The present. the of exigencies varying meet to event the frames which the event, of memory” as “collective how is well interest is of what rebellion, as significant of its moment a of memory symbology were and remainRevoltand the firstIntifada, While beginningin directly thefirst 1987.. collectiveconcerns wed to a symbolic discoursemomentsrelating to inof narrative” “national the upheaval notably Palestinian – 1936Arab the of resistance literature body sociological of arich it as relates memory” and“social memory” “collective to and “resistance” remain significant symbolic connotations. Ialso discuss these themes in relation “steadfastness” where present, the of fitcontingencies to juxtaposed otherwise or appropriated, cases,have thesesymbols been significantly re-endowed with more meanings, utilitarian re- Palestinian the from stemming loss national and communal of sense tremendous the in, rooted firmly are and express, both symbols certain shown, be shall As discourse,” their historical underpinnings, and the related theoretical issue of collective memory. instance, through resistantpractices that could transform individual and collective identities.” in this emergent, continuously were but given not were identity of content and parameters Julie Peteet, “Refugees, Resistance, and Identity.” in Identity.” and Resistance, “Refugees, Peteet, Julie I then describe briefly the trajectory of “de-hegemonization” of this discourse andits discourse of this “de-hegemonization” of briefly thetrajectory I then describe In Chapter Two, Iattempt tobroadly illustrate how a “symbolic Palestinian of examples illustrate and address further I One, Chapter In forms a medium through which social (and national) identities and practices are practices and identities national) (and social which through medium a forms , eds. John A. Guidry, Michael D. Kennedy, and Mayer N. Zald (Ann Globalizations andSocial Movements: Culture, recent popular uprising inthissense remains symbolic discourse ofresistance and Nakba . However, in all of these 26 17 CEU eTD Collection commerce and culture.” As such, this approach still “insist[s] on the continuing importance and importance on “insist[s] continuing the approach still this Assuch, commerce culture.” and of channels global increasingly through Internet the and form commodity the with circulate enmitymutual walls histories spancheckpoints, ofinterstate contingency andthat that and Swedenburgour termunderstanding “transnationalcircumstances. different facing individual) instruggles particularthe (andoften altogether illustrate them relationality”alsobut to forcefully theircollectiveasPalestinians, address resistance struggle –notonly to of and steadfastness connoting motifs andsymbolic metaphors same use the all artists American “transnationalism” – that medium in creative the is, “forms moreirregardless than illustrated isno clearly present– the andhybrid of nationality. place This of ofmeet realities the to discourse the of recontextualization and for arearticulation basis as a acts contact,resistance andsteadfastness community, aforementioned an how at looking by transnationalism” “Palestinian to incorporate and cleavageslarger within illustrate thus (re)emergent the social the polity. of andresistance” areapplied discourse of“symbolic alternativeappropriations how illustrating andaddress production” risingthe to movement hip-hop youth in Territories, Occupied the emphasize “cultural totheof issueI return thechapter, close of the Lastly, at hegemony. cultural Hamas in relationa discourse to of resistance attempting toonce again regain social, political and –can factors and political significant structural be thevictory in illustrative of deconstructing what Steinsecond and in faceof the currency the political re-attained resistance and of steadfastness discourse the realm, where in political the process this of implications broadly the sketch to attempt and realm political to the turn andnorms, Iadditionally “cultural” practices and social resistance canshape of is howasymbolic discourse project of this mainfocus the Oslo the andafter processThough second of the in face the currency political re-attained resistance and of steadfastness discourse the realm, where in political the process this of implications the sketch broadly to attempt and realm political the to turn additionally I close the chapter – and the paper as a whole – with the conclusion that we should rethink of discuss underaconceptualization subsumed In ChapterThree,I possibilities the As will be shown, the notion of a discursive “war of position” – in combination with intifada and an escalation of occupation both during and after the Oslo process. of hip-hop where Palestinian, Palestinian-Israeli and Palestinian- and Palestinian-Israeli Palestinian, where hip-hop of particular to young Palestinians spans transnational boundaries and boundaries transnational spans Palestinians young to particular intifada and an escalation of occupation both during both occupation of escalation an and symbolic discourse of symbolic discourse 18 CEU eTD Collection territorially exclusivist conceptions of the nation-state on both sides of the Green Line. emphasize “transnational these possibilities of relationality” insubverting ethno-national, and transform the means to also asa but subjectivities, hybridized formstransnational, of new for resistance and ofsteadfastness discourses symbolic re-contextualizing and for re-articulating vehicle a only not as transnationalism” “Palestinian term the employ I where understanding theoretical liberation, the for struggle andtheir in case the acute isof Palestinians particularly atension that processes, still unrealized globalizing of midst form in the as ideological-political an nation-state the of reemergence aim of which remains the nation-state.” It is indeed within this symbolic discourse around steadfastness and resistance to incorporate and incorporate to 19 CEU eTD Collection memory.” According to Selbin, “popular political “theAccordingmemory.”“popular created Selbin, historically represents political culture” to conception of “popular culture” as a point of a point as “popular culture” of conception reciprocally collective identities are significantly andidentities aresignificantly shaped, negotiated re-articulated. collective social is practice framed, politicalpartially possibilities individualperceived, andwhere and a to central as well as narrative, national Palestinian inthe rupture “collective memory”in bePalestinian beginningRevolt” 1987.Aswill Intifada, shown, a of1936,andthe(First) of all three of these events remain both extremely significant as points of symbolicAgain, capital. asthe of thesisargument this is it goes, through this resistance steadfastness and Palestinian the idiom: literaturerelevant addressing memory” “collective of key three inevents Palestinianthe national – incases, to or certain adding contour contingency salient as an extremely be seen can memory,” As“collective of such,understanding narrative. an historical memory and individual of discourses andtranscends bridges both which “memories” shared, collective of elucidate the appropriate discursive themes ( themes discursive appropriate the elucidate moments of rupture and upheaval. Iwill then to proceed to apply relate which this theoretical those understanding,specifically and anthropology, social in contemporary memory” “collective aftermath. andevents their bysuch affected whole profoundly remain who “nations” or “remembered” bycommunities are and catastrophe, of memory” events of “collectivetragedy these profound– how events rupture, is more in identity.than and Nowhere illustrated starkly the national this conceptualization been collective memory collective In this context, I understand “ In the of course Iwill chapter, this briefly someoutline keytheoretical underpinnings of in has fieldsin recent decades One social anthropology theoretical of morethe ascendant Collective Memory, Symbolic andRepresentation, Instrumental Nostalgia: framing Forming Discourses Symbolic fromCatastrophe andUprising “collective memory.” This framework is somewhat similar to Eric Selbin’s Eric to similar is somewhat framework This memory.” “collective Nakba –how cultures, communities, and societies develop a common discourse from which symbols of these events are endowed with significant (or al-nakbah symbolic discourse symbolic CHAPTER 1 , “the cataclysm” or “catastrophe”) of 1948, the “Arab the of 1948, “catastrophe”) or , “thecataclysm” steadfastness convergence ” as both being both as ” of “symbolic politics” and “collective and politics” “symbolic of and resistance ) as appearinthey the symbolic discourse constructed from, shaping discourse – collective – that and 20 of CEU eTD Collection 29 28 27 arealmost events these of memory which collective to extent isthe though case Palestinian tothe Particular present. likewise“endowed with in meaning” political contextualizing andnegotiating exigencies of the and assuch, is “maintained” memory collective how caseof a presents paradigmatic discourse, “cultural” memory of these events, manifested in both historical and contemporary Palestinian modified, with and endowed meaning.”political maintained, reconstructed, areselected, events past infieldwhich the of thing, buta activity experiences and actions, but also aplatform on which to build and guide the future.” lives, providing notonly a basefrom individuals lookwhich back can and explain their of discursivethis system,it inworks a fashion “similarideology, to [giving]people’s shape to part constitutive a is thus memory” “collective As them.” to plausible seem and available are that idioms and symbols which shape the capacity of actors” to perceive and conceive “theof options collective memory.” collective their struggles as longcontinuing some process of manystruggle that societies holdin their understand of and conceive “resistance howmovements notes Selbin threat. existential against in sense,asaguard symbolic amore and, of present the conditions highly impacting structural reinforcing in function notions basic [these] “these process, aninteracting appear paradoxical… concepts a commonalthough However, “struggle” adiscourse of andresistance. around andanother victimization, basis of“suffering” and“central onearound adiscourse poles”: two identity” thereexistPalestinian for politics and circumstances. fitpresent to implications its action.instrumentalizes Loss and memory collective contextualizes both which discourse – helpsform thematic a certain symbology arich andthrough mobilized – events key these of memory” poverty a “collective see, will we As pavediscourse the waylevel of the which of mediums, arecrucial There complex. harsh or however contingencies, for a struggle as a stateless self-determination has been for people ongoing andneverrealized. Selbin, op. cit., 131 Edward W. Said, “Invention, Memory, and Place.” Selbin,op. cit. 125, 131-132 In a similar sense, as Edward Said writes, “collective memory is not aninertandpassive isnot memory “collective Said writes, In sense, asEdward a similar As Helena Lindholm Schulz poignantly “composing themainobserves, narrative of structural form only itselfto in avacuum, not does reactive memory” But “collective is at least one, often constructed mutually by “top-down” and “bottom-up” forces mutually alike. least by“top-down” and “bottom-up” is often one, constructed at 29 For Palestinians,a difficult isobviously this grasp as not concepttheir to necessarily remembered with such force and salience is a direct result of resultis salience a direct force with and such remembered Critical Inquiry 28 Indeed, as we shall see, the “social” and see, “social” the weshall Indeed,as 26, no. 2 (Winter, 2000),185 27 21 CEU eTD Collection whereindividual memories are conceived, shaped,and interpreted. a for As entire“collective provides the commonality memory” such, group. necessarily memory” “shared a implies memory” “collective that is here point crucial The reminiscence ornostalgia, areall ultimately shaped and guided by common historical experience. as such memory, of forms “individual” even Halbwachs, to According society. of medium the Theories ofCollectiveMemory mean andsignify. invasion and ensuing occupation of southern Lebanon in 1982, but these and other events do not retain nearly as high as nearly retain not do events other theand symbolicthese but currency1982, in of the Lebanon of southern occupation ensuing and invasion 1967 war, signaling the beginning of the Israeli occupationof the West Bank and Gaza strip, as well as the Israeli31 first nationalistsubsequently the and transformed wasalso popular during discourse, reconfigured official refashioningboth in in of itself significant object the resistance rooted 1936revolt, the 39 andWhat FirstIntifada is be (1987-1993). the of will symbolic shown thatthe discourse 32 30 whole. In other words, memoriesgroup contingencies, are both as well in essence. very memory its Halbwachs arguedthat by is both as essentially social,constructed shared and passed on through in that memory “collective” inherently asserted is thesocial contemporary appropriation sciences, the group, or modern society as a moments from which a discourse of contrasted. steadfastness of discourse dispossession collective memoryof 1948, which inexists Palestinianthe national narrative as paramountthe formingevent a social of exigencies present. the this discursivethread has emerged andremains in framingsalient andnegotiating political and form strength.” of particular One should mention here that there have beenother such events, notably and highly significantly the lossesof the Maurice Halbwachs. Maurice Schulz, Intifada This overtly “society-oriented” conception of collective memory has been criticized by criticized been has memory collective of conception “society-oriented” overtly This Maurice Halbwachs, likely the godfather of the concept “collective memory” and its and memory” “collective concept the of godfather the likely Halbwachs, Maurice the with begin will I chronologically, events three these at look than Rather Palestinian Diaspora of to fit changing realities and new collective conceptions of what “resistance” came to ) those historical events, norms, and perceptions as they converge and coalesce in coalesce and historical norms,perceptions asthey converge and ) those events, The Collective Memories Nakba , 118 30 in the Palestinian national idiom. Thus, it is no surprise then that a thick symbolic discourse around a thick then symbolic itis Thus,discourse that nosurprise and thus forms the chief “symbolic nexus” resistance 31 I then turn to the “collective memory” of two chief two of memory” “collective the to turn then I . (New HarperYork: andRow,1980), 41-51. acquired has been andframed formed –the of Revolt 1936- as well as framed and recollected and framed 32 social framework against about Nakba which a through (not of 22 CEU eTD Collection 36 divisions Addressing Collective Memories of Dispossession of Memories Collective Addressing idiom. national Palestinian the and memory” “collective of a discussion for relevant highly is memory” of “sites community.” any of heritage memorial the of element symbolic a become has time of work the or will human of dint by which nature, meaningtheirof andan their proliferation unpredictable ramifications.” [sites of memory] only immaterial… exist becausethe of materialize their to capacity death, for metamorphosis,immortalize to an things, of endlessstate a recyclingestablish of to forgetting, of According toNora,“[sites memory.and collective memory]…block of the work encapsulating 35 Essays in Trauma and Memory, explicitly defines, a of salience symbolic the ofmemory,”“sites emphasizing below. look at case Palestinian we the when high of significance becomes audience” ideaa “receptive This of have a“receptive audience.” and cultural, social templates appropriate memories Kirmayer,According to most vividly are accessed anddeveloped when they fit 34 Think TheyThink: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition,Memory, and Literacy 33 for andre-articulation forforum re-contextualization fora crucial but not recollection memory,” only and remembrance, a social provide context “landscapes of shared, constructed how socially andmediated, towards internally memories are stresses the need tolook beyond the more purely psychological explanations of how traumatic Kirmayer additionally recollection and/orre-articulation. which can trigger both circumstances cultural of memory”“landscapes –social or through mediatedandnegotiated being crucially individual and memory collective of cognitive interpretations. subjective, by significantly shaped being memory” “collective – memory collective and autobiographical the emphasized has who Bloch such as Maurice some, Pierre Nora and Lawrence D. Kritzman eds Kritzman D. Lawrence and Nora Pierre Pierre Nora, “Between Memory and History: and Memory “Between Nora, Pierre Laurence J. Kirmayer “Landscapes of Memory: Trauma, Narrative, and Disociation.” In Disociation.” and Narrative, Trauma, ofMemory: “Landscapes Kirmayer J. Laurence Maurice Bloch, “Autobiographical Memory and the Historical Memory of the More Distant Past,” in . (New York: CUP, 1996), xvii Lastly, and of high relevance for our discussion here, is Pierre Nora’s conceptualization of site of memory of site eds. M. Lambek and P. Antze (London: Routledge, 1996), 191 is “any significant entity, whether material or non-material in non-material or material whether entity, significant “any is 33 Similarly, Laurence Kirmayer has addressed how both traumatic Les Lieux de Memoire” 36 Realms ofMemory: RethinkingtheFrench Past As we will see, such an understanding of symbolic events are articulated through narrative, while through arearticulated events place both Representations individualthe andthe group. reciprocal and symbols ofplace (Boulder:Westview, 1998). 26 (1989): 19-20. relationship between relationship 35 Tense Past: Cultural And Nora more 1: 34 informing conflicts and How We How 23 CEU eTD Collection a homelanddiscourse and Palestinians becauseanxieties happeningtothe of injustices forces.external Inthis process, homeland anddenial have an prompted memory.” “collective shared, haveany senseof upon Palestinian “overwhelmingly impacted –which pivotal” one best asdescribing the specific point in time that has become for them for them in “eternal present.” hasan become time that point specific a to Palestinians all “connect[ing] identity,” Palestinian of element constitutive a become has Al-Nakbah inwhich way “the stresses similarly Sa’adi note, On this present. the of contingencies dispossession and exile,as well as an which isevent perceived informing asprofoundly the social loss and of memory” dispersion“collective a on hinges identity Palestinian contemporary of component of salient whichthat the beginning of destruction a hasty process of their culture.” of the and aspirations, national of frustration the society, of disintegration the and homeland, describes for how, Palestinians, the society obliterated.” an entire villages destroyed, of hundreds livingwhowere thirds –two there populationthe of ourproperty – weredriven out, taken, of their inhabitants.” judaifiedsubsequently or villages towns 374 Palestinian been haddestroyed which emptied and resulted in expulsion the of some 770,000Palestinians from theirhomes. The new state summarizes, “the 1947-48 war, whose outcome was the founding of the state of Israel, also Problem, 38 37 Palestinians 1948is remembered asthe year of the (Cambridge, CUP, 2004), 123-141; Avi Schlaim, idea of return, and the concept and practice of resistance” (190). resistance” of practice and concept the and of return, idea exile (or occupation);of outrage trauma and loss over collective the injustice the Palestine; of of places dispossession, particular and misrecognition, space the to attachment and internationalcontinuing and in complicity“origin the 41 40 IsraelStudies 39 2000), 28-53. Swedenburg, “The Palestinian Peasant…” 18; See also Benny Morris, Benny also See 18; Peasant…” Palestinian “The Swedenburg, Said, “Invention, Memory, and Place,” 185 Peteet, “Refugees, Resistance and Identity,” 188-189. More generally, these “common denominators” include denominators” “common these generally, More 188-189. Identity,” and Resistance “Refugees, Peteet, Ibid, 177. AhmadH. Sa’adi, “Catastrophe, Memory Identity:and Al-Nakbahas a Component of Palestinian Identity,”in Similar to Said’s description of the significance of the event, Ahmed Sa’adi (2002) Departing now from the purely theoretical realm, as Edward Said observes, “for 1947-1949 (Cambridge: CUP, 1987); Ilan Pappe, 7,no.2(2002): 175. 38 41 It is also here where, as Helena Schulz notes, “fragmentation, loss of “fragmentation, notes, Schulz as Helena where, here Itis also , a process , aprocess of remembering whathas been lost is an important Nakba as one of many “common denominators” – albeit an Nakba Nakba is the chief emblem: both as a collective experience of experience a collective as both emblem: chief isthe The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World identity of‘suffering’ represents“among things, many other the loss of the A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples Nakba , or catastrophe, when , or 750,000 of us The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee 37 39 Indeed, as Swedenburg similarly Indeed, asSwedenburg Indeed, it quickly becomes becomes clear itquickly Indeed, , anidentificationby created the 40 Perhaps Julie Peteet puts it (London: Penguin, 24 CEU eTD Collection various commemorations in Israel/Palestine taking place onthe taking in Israel/Palestine commemorations various at remembrance of collective nature the describes Tamari Salim example, For “National Event.” of as Nakba the from context larger the divorced arealmost which life-stories individual on mostat the “remembered”narrative through profoundly documents, and viewpoints of documents, andviewpoints individuals.”of lifeis, through stories, narrativenational hasbeen constructed a individual’s subjectivity’; that identityquestion of among has Palestinians intimately become connected tothe‘restoration of the re-articulation. forand recollection memory” for“landscapes of fullyin order audience” productive “receptive trauma. collective of moments the of memory” “collective of articulation the to crucial been have symbolism, useof ascollective aswell narration articulation, and means of communal where interpersonal, different identity manyvenues “havehadtoresort to movement), of Palestinians reconstruction” freedom of a state, (i.e. resources mechanisms and in institutionalized the lacking been severely through individualsthrough in present. the 45 44 43 memory” is to how“collective attention significant giving while not social/cultural discourses asblanket “collective memory” or memory” “social is there often a tendency framework– especially – appropriating Halbwach’s when to treat processes which are generated through localized experiences andsentiments.” localized through which experiences processes are generated “bottom-up andconcurrent significant highly also are there how Sa’adi emphasizes etc” invented traditions, commemorations, and through is bolstered imagined reproduced community an to “belonging where and realm,” “inter-subjective the only addresses which memory” shape.takes 42 component.” ibid, 176 ibid, 176 Sa’adi, 176 Schulz, event remembered and recounted was often depicted as singular: something that something singular: as depicted often was recounted and remembered event a dominant componentof most was testimonials their overriding sense of localism.An Yet because of this relative disparity on the part of Palestinians mentioned above, “the above, mentioned Palestinians of part the on disparity becauserelative this of Yet Further, because Palestinians since the since Palestinians because Further, Echoing “collective critique acommon of purely“social”the of conceptualization Palestinian Diaspora, 42 Indeed, it is this “homeland discourse” from where a “discourse of steadfastness” “discourse from a where discourse” is “homeland it Indeed, this 2 44 This recalls Kirmayer’s notion of “social templates” and a and templates” “social of notion Kirmayer’s recalls This 45 In other words, the words, other In Nakba personified havebeen notonly buthave also dispersed, local , Nakba , communal reenacted Nakba ’s 50 as “collective event” is th , andtherefore level, often centering level, often anniversary: 43 In In words, other Nakba and other shaped 25 CEU eTD Collection relearned and navigated.” be to have social, and geophysical both terrain, The strained. becomes familiar the of notion the exile, “in observes, poignantly Peteet As conditions. cultural and social territorial, impacting by further be underscored course Thissense can of “placelessness.” senseof by a pervasive is defined which memory” memory” (Kirmayer) of form a“landscape “sitesof of appropriate the 49 48 47 Monterescu andDan Rabinowitz eds. (Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007), 36 Historical Narratives, Spatial Dynamics, Gender Relations and Cultural Encounters in Palestinian Israeli Towns. 46 has come to be defined by the affairs.” human in role… constitutive and “extraordinary andof asplaying an aswell place,” sense maintained both constructed “a socially salient memory” “collective unless they are fundamentally in grounded a not byin even formingdo a coalesce necessarily a“sharednarrative” when together themselves oneself.” to happen that events of sequence like the events of of a sequence representation as acomplex but asanarrative stored is not“a narrative of where Bloch Maurice sentiments theaforementioned echoes also This theme Geography andSpatiality discussed below. the of memory” “collective a both compose to work which memory,” of “sites of forms two These symbolically. case of Palestinian the the In present. the with past the negotiate which memory” of “sites termed has Nora Pierre what Peteet, “Refugees, Resistance, and Identity,” 189 Said, “Invention, Memory, Place,” 180. Bloch, 122. Salim Tamari. “Bourgeois Nostalgia and the Abandoned City.” In as ( dispersal the Indeed, the lives, behavior and fates of combatants and onlookers alike were largely absent. the in evident patterns nor narration of of the protocols stories the in reflected uttered. neither was The overallrealization this picture and the wider networks cognizant thatof the collective acutely tragedy influencedthat befell the country and their people. obviously Significantly,were however, narrators The countrywide. raging was that Palestine on happened in this ortown village, that devoid of thewider context ofthegeneral onslaught uniting territoriality factors behind a modern Palestinian national identity, illuminating the facetof Nakba shatat) , as well as contributing to a Nakba 49 and This is also reflected in Schulz’s description, whereby and Nakba 47 , such “sites of memory” present themselves both spatially and fragmentation All the same, it is important to note here that such “life here note stories,” that is Allto it important same, the geography itself (i.e.living their being or born in their diaspora), 48 have a huge have play as role to a here,being understood Because so many Palestinians’ spatial environment spatial Palestinians’ many so Because of Arab populationthe of Palestine have served symbolic discourse of steadfastness symbolic of discourse Mixed Towns, TrappedCommunities: collective conception 46 , willbe lack Daniel of 26 CEU eTD Collection denied, as well as a sense of collective “steadfastness” towards the towards “steadfastness” collective of asasense as well denied, is the space’, that is, reviving their social networks, value systems and‘sociological norms, their and in rebuilding communities Palestinian scattered the by made progress the on primarily depended politics nationalist Palestinian distinctly of re-emergence “The discourse: infusing andconnecting a“collective memory” of such moments with forms of symbolic –as rupture well as narrativestheir corresponding and discourses – be in would operational of moments and contingencies other words, other In Palestinianism.” for necessarily not but adversities. “collective” andcontinuing discourse symbolic medium of symbology the through that fusedwith the commemorating symbology the from directly flow either OUP, 1997),666. are also the common discursive themes of themes discursive common the are also there signifiers, symbolic these of in all see, will we As memory.” of “sites salient them making objects symbolic,value with mnemonic individualized whichare both and thus “collectivized,” imbuing representation: symbolic through “remembered” significantly is place of memory” 51 Symbolic “Sitesof Memory”: ConnotingSteadfastness andResistance event. the of memory” “collective in maintaining salient remain contexts present and narratives personal shared individualshared, bothand collective, and in rooted geography of and past the of present, the and spatial reference points. Further, as the 50 social for framework Thus, we should emphasize here how the how here emphasize should we Thus, Yezid Sayigh, Schulz, house key Likely the most “individualized” symbolic “site of memory” commemorating the commemorating memory” of “site symbolic “individualized” most the Likely As Yezid Sayigh notes, “the experience of al-nakba made for a distinct Palestinianness, a distinct for made al-nakba of experience “the notes, Sayigh Yezid As Because of the collective sense of sense collective of the Because politics is a place lost. Lost, which they identities in exile. Deterritorialized national communitiesand seek their identity in the ethnic territory,of the Homelandcan creations in only component weighty a as seeterritory of absence from a distance, if at all. Palestinian Diaspora, Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993 –symbolizing (and“proving”) both territorialitythe identity of which remains cohesion 2 50 and(national) identity by similarproviding common or symbolic rootedness, steadfastness, rootedness, dislocation lack Nakba of is understood as being both personal and personal both being as understood is spatial associated with the The focal pointofidentity and “sites of memory” can provide a Nakba idea or have or subsequently been and even and (and cultural symbols right Nakba resistance ) of return. As , “collective , (Oxford: which Nakba .” 51 27 CEU eTD Collection Swedenburg similarly writes, Swedenburg similarly 56 55 economy”through“expropriation and dispossession; integration externalization, and deinstitutionalization and (33).” 5-30. Briefly, Roy defines this as “the deliberate, systematicin Society,” and progressivePalestinian for Struggle dismemberment The Within: of an indigenous “proven beto ithas memory,” metaphorically where asa“site of itbeen hasre-caste thus tree cactus the of in representation shifting Thus, the natural habitation and placed This inaflowerpot. ‘forced migration’ is as presented agonizing.” identify village borders.” Nakba Palestine” that the that Palestine” 54 symbols.” national rural of charge emotional endemic. imposed desertification, and “de-development”ofPalestinian land in Occupiedthe is Territories where confiscation, inthepresent, further emphasized imagery isalso rural tendency towards 53 52 them.” to remains that land the in on dig to efforts their enabling of means is one imagery establish historicity, territorial confirm Palestinians their presence obscured imaginatively. Rural necessary to formal institutional apparatuses… “lacking the writes, paper. AsSwedenburg in this elucidated being discourse pervasive the of illustrations as paradigmatic acting therefore and juxtaposed have been both these imbuedassymbols often of symbols also warmth.” house thatwhich one could return. The house key is also asymbol for the wasreturn – the return not only to the leftits at asahaven center life to stood –alifewhere home the hadadifferent Nakbah, Palestinians Al- before that, behind a reminder home, of symbol last the become has key house “the writes, Sa’adi but also a return to normality, to a life filled with dignity and orange, olive and also cactus – symbolizing both –symbolizing both “rootedness” and orange, cactus olive andalso reinforcing the “collective memory” of eventthe and its meaning in present.the level,” at “collective the andalsobut understood shared individual level, atthe experienced Sa’adi, 194 22. Peasant,” Palestinian “The Swedenburg, For “de-development,” see Sara Roy, see Sara “de-development,” For Swedenburg, “The Palestinian Peasant as National Signifier,” in Signifier,” National as Peasant Palestinian “The Swedenburg, Sa’adi, 181. With inmind,this to the weturn Additional symbols, similarly imbued as a collective “site of memory,” are various trees – trees various are memory,” of “site collective a as imbued similarly symbols, Additional illustrations, “cactus trees were located in their natural milieu,” serving “as hedges hedges “as to milieu,”natural serving in werelocated their trees “cactus illustrations, 54 52 As such, the house key remains a potent “site of memory” as it is both treasured and treasured both is it as memory” of “site apotent remains key house the such, As As Swedenburg poignantly observes, “the economy of As poignantly “the Swedenburg economy repression observes, the of produces Nakba represents in the Palestinian national idiom. Sa’adi notes how, in pre- how, notes Sa’adi idiom. national Palestinian in the represents However, “in later paintings, the cactus tree was severed from its from wassevered tree cactus the paintings, “inlater However, Failing Peace Failing Critique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East pickle-pear cactus, pickle-pear 55 , (London:, Pluto, 2007), 33-34; also,Sara Roy, Crisis“The resistant Anthropological Quarterly “symbolizing the transformation of transformation the “symbolizing to death to and forgetting.” steadfastness 63 (Jan 1990: 1), 22 . Additionally, . resistance 56 17 (2000), And as 53 This 28 , CEU eTD Collection claim” onterritorial symbols suchasmotif trees, the “uprootedness,”of “appears thus and memory” of the Palestinian national idiom. The result of an “urgent compulsion to lay symbolic “uprootedness” of trees has come to be symbolicfor the hascome of to trees “uprootedness” “incorporated and activated within and activated “incorporated memory” are of “sites howsuch symbolic describes Sa’adi, Bardenstein Similarly to pear cactus. mobilized in symbolic commemoration of the of commemoration in symbolic mobilized and Bardenstein symbols” “hyper-saturated these contested examines other which and are consciousness. (national) collective Palestinian impacting memory” collective of “configurations create to representation highlighted waysinthe memorywhich arememories and articulated, mobilized through symbolic “sites memory”of with beingimbued legacythe of pastappearingthe in present. the collective-yet-personal as salient, symbols act personalized these icons of commemoration,” and Palestinians live communities, inscattered the “lacking institutions thatproduce official narrative that fact The andrepresentations.” newmeanings acquire to newterrains, reclaim “to capacity the of InSa’adi’sillustrates symbology this –present. words, dislocated Palestinians, the memory” of a “collective tothe ability which placed be one This travels.” of points can tree taken wherever inaflowerpot, manythat havepossession Palestinians dispersed “come into herhisof own portable or cactus narratives of triumph, and the centralityinto of this failure construal of to the Palestiniannarratives national idiom. of transforming notion aforementioned Khalidi’s Rashid illustrates furtherso.doable This not also to were wherePalestinians “steadfast” remaining cactus, the Cactus inIsrael/Palestine.” 59 58 57 ( how “steadfastness” Weforcefully seehere 60 Bardenstein, Carol. “Threads of Memory and Discourses of Rootedness: Of Trees, Oranges and the Prickly-Pear the and Oranges Of Trees, ofRootedness: Discourses and ofMemory “Threads Carol. Bardenstein, Sa’adi, 194-195. 22. Peasant,” Palestinian “The Swedenburg, ibid, 1, emphasis added. Many of these themes also resonate in the work of Carol Bardenstein, who has similarly fact in the symbol this of value transnational possible the describes also Sa’adi Notably, farmer--and by metonymic extension, the nation--in the land. buried. The cactus signifiesArab survival, the ineradicable mark of the Palestinian eliminate it byburning to theground.itmoral: presence The Arab the cannotsimply be trace. For the cactus, villagers say, springs back lifeto even after Israeli settlers attempt to that evokes Through this collective endeavorpathos of retrieval, the cactus is transformed from something into the bearer of hope, from the site of an erasure into an indelible Ebidiyat 59 In her piece “Threads of Memory and Discourses of Rootedness,” of Discourses and of Memory “Threads Inher piece 8, (1998) pp.1-36 Nakba a discourse of thepresent.a discourseof remaining malleable to an unstable – and for many sammud) Nakba: Chiefly among them, trees and the prickly- is thus associated with the symbology of Nakba 57 ” 60 and it’s place in the “collective in the place it’s and Bardenstein stresses how the how stresses Bardenstein 58 29 CEU eTD Collection contingencies of the present: effect –theinstrumental “nostalgia” active inclineability of to toward resistance inmediating later the emphasizing critically though above, memory” described “sites of various symbolic dissatisfaction’ both articulate variably would appearto “Palestinian representations nostalgic argues that Bardenstein nostalgia,” instrumentalist cites ofthe view,Bardenstein “enabling assertion Halbwachs’ capacity of for resistancecan be mobilized in that ways memory collective of construction in the role anenabling or“[play] other forms of responseengagement to the ‘real world with in the present’…the immediate [lulling] people present.” into passivity,” andAdvancing its potential to the later, 63 62 61 “resistance.” and “steadfastness” underpinnings, as well as its applicability instrumentalityand in Palestinian of discourses toaddresstheconceptof It isin proceeds Bardenstein sense where this a sense of salient connote trees and orange homeland.”lost almostas afixation reappears each backwardthe glance olive towards with Thus Ibid, 21. 20. ibid, Ibid, 19. wistful longings and sentimental recollection on the one hand, and a “remorseless a and hand, one the on recollection sentimental and longings wistful private homeland of the mind, carried around both as a painful reminder of loss and as and loss of reminder painful a as both around carried mind, the of homeland private The grove orange possibilities than their consider to present conditions, it i.e. in tocontemplate and possibly enactengaging change. those enabled it that and present experienced the in was rooted process this that insisted He space.’ and time in coordinated be to which memories points allow reference social of frameworks to‘collective people in tying recollection and difficult or unbearable. seeing itasafunctional andintermittent response to a present thatmightbeconstraining, Bardenstein presents a falseBardenstein presents between viewing dichotomy dispersion. and displacement before Palestine a in rootedness oliveof an tree,or conjured up repeatedly, revive and re-articulate memory ofthe Palestinian blossom, in grove orange an of smell the by on brought recollections Proustian poetry,often in the ofform wistful nostalgic and longings forthe ‘lost homeland.” Palestinian fiction and accounts,personal butprobably mostmarkedly in alarge copus of Representations of symbols ofindigenousness and rootedness figureconspicuously in at timesinclining toward active resistance onthe other.” is emblematic is of homeland/Palestine itself, andfunctions asavivid, [Halbwachs] stressed the importance of nostalgic remembering nostalgic of importance the stressed [Halbwachs] nostalgia for a “place lost”: 61 nostalgia nostalgia 63 She then turns to the to turns then She asan“escapist - its theoretical 62 30 CEU eTD Collection these further elaborated as we discuss “collective memory” of moments willbe structural andadversity.thought train of strain This in to and response action collective of uprising and revolt and how memory”impact upon so toodothese mediate“collective discourses and personal to rationalize Addressing Collective Memories ofRevolt andUprising memory” informs “collective process: isit areciprocal Indeed, of experience “resistance.” andcollective “steadfastness” around personal collectivemust action,or but beunderstood relationally prevailing the to discourse Indeed, such quo” areconfigured.with status the of “articulations discontent conceivedand where both its application. also and symbology, the of meaning the both negotiating resistance, and steadfastness of discourses by mediated isbutsymbolic also unbearable” circumstances, or “constraining,of difficult, result merely as a doesnotoccur mobilization But this resistance.” towards an“inclination the connote nostalgia of Note that in all three of these examples, implicitly or explicitly, at least one of our central themes 64 in in - both present Occupied the the Palestinians affecting impactingthe realities and (c) (a) personalthrough narrative,and communal (b)rich social cultural,and personalsymbology the Palestinian narrative – the ibid, 31. ibid, steadfastness transform As I argue, it is through symbolic discourse where “bitter nostalgic “bitter ispartially memory” it where isdiscourse As Iargue, symbolic through remaining, a defiant refusal to be uprooted. (29) rootedness andofthe qualityrevered of tree The olive joining the Palestinian resistance. (25) direction of the ofassertion memory, defiant and as asymbol of becoming a fighter and In Palestinian discourse, we find we discourse, In Palestinian consolation and inspiration in the face of that loss. (21) In previousthe section most howthe we detailed profound moment in of upheaval tragic , notedby Bardenstein above, which can mobilize thesymbology motifs these of to instrumental nostalgia symbolic discourse in the next section. or resistance appears frequently in visual representations asemblematic of Palestinian is present. But regardless, it is it regardless, But present. is Nakba asBardensteinnotin cannot describes and of itself trigger symbolic discourses of resistance symbolicdiscourses of andsteadfastness – has been “collectively” and “socially remembered”: and“socially –hasbeen “collectively” the prickly-pear cactus samud or steadfastness, or an insistence upon furtherdeveloped in the the instrumental capacityof the instrumental , and 31 64 CEU eTD Collection veterans.” of revolt recollections pervaded the that and embellishments, romanticizations the silences, ideological disfiguration history of Palestinian begin makecould I to senseof gapsand the West’s identity the and Palestinian on occupation military of the pressures Israeli account officialfrom as on Revolt discourse “onlyby above. Indeed, into the Swedenburg writes, taking capacity was played up,andit’s subaltern,insurrectionary playedcharacter down. within“popular both memory” and “official” national remembrance of uprising, itsthe unifying differences.” regional or class,sectarian to regard without entire population it thatunitedtherepresentstruggle as anational and playits to to tend character subaltern down accounts Palestinian scale, national a on mobilization Palestinian massive first the as importance iconography.” 1936 Revolt, “stands heroic eventthe asan instruggle symbol Palestinianof nationalist circumstances. present-day memory “collective tothe foil areactive as acting as beunderstood ofarguably could memory” “collective dispossession “resistance socialmeaning.encapsulate thread” of Taken symbology as acontinuum, this to and displacement” described above, as well as against impacting impacted upon bycompetingimpacted Thisfinding discourses. reflects upon Elizabeth also Jelin’s conception and adversities in subsequent faceof the wereadapted itsand characteristics of Revolt the Revolt andRevolt first the –the1936 key events intwo memory” of“collective elements the“resistance-laden” elevates discursively to counter pervasive threads of Israeli discourse which implicitly denies these claims. of notion our to contribute and exemplify 67 66 no. 4(1992), 559. 65 indigenousness and symbolic memory” of also, dispossession, within a “collective Yet diaspora. ina scattered Territories and “sites of memory” are also endowed and infused with powerful connotations of ibid Ibid. Ted Swedenburg, “Seeing Double: Palestinian-American Histories of the Kufiya,” Michigan Quarterly Review 31, Yet, one should be careful here not to infer that this is only a result of the imposition of As TedSwedenbug of researchon“collective memory”his comprehensive writes andthe In the following section, I address how a more pronounced thread this directly thread this discourse amore how pronounced section,In Iaddress followingthe 67 Swedenburg goes on to trace the ways the reworking, reconstruction, andremolding reworking,reconstruction, ways the the ontotrace Swedenburggoes 65 However, “despite asSwedenburguncovers, the revolt’s continuing symbolic Intifada steadfastness . Like the . These connotative elements, through their application, both application, their through elements, connotative These . Nakba discourses of steadfastness andresistance of discourses , both of these moments of upheaval have their own their have upheaval of moments these of both , 66 In other words, as they work 32 CEU eTD Collection possibility, collective andindividual agency. of mediatesandinspires which it discourse nature historical the informs and experience what extent also to but blueprint, in response a one-size-fits-all aresistant will necessitate “accommodation.” words, it In isn’tother merely an escalation of dominance or predation which resistance” informs and informs resistance” subordination.” and dominance of circumstances particular the to according varies sense common within element each of weight relative a “abut where“thebinary and model, web and contradictory of resistance” presence submission 70 where of a“ andsubordination” circumstances dominance ruling orresist oppose order.” that to elementsattempt bywhichthey and those livesystem domination of undera to necessary make compromises the to people use that elements “those of composed as context, this in memory of function social and rationality “common explain notion Swedenburg communal appropriates to sense” Gramsci’s the of Narratives of Revolt memory” and exigencies of the present. “collective mediating in a crucial play to said be can discourse symbolic of medium “official” nor “popular” altogether was neither revolt of the memory” “collective of in shiftemphasis Argentina,” in Argentina,” 68 cause of further the to in order strain considerable facing of a society memory” and“social is imagination” an in how “collective framed event the of contours the shaping as acontingency –canact occupation military – an context oppressive social impacting significantly a how of example illustrative profoundly a here see we Thus, currency resistance hold significantin both filtering and mediating exigencies of present. the restisthe forgotten, although ignored, at times it bemay reclaimed and remembered.” valueinto acurrent system; can beof integrated that history as“the part memory” “collective of 69 ibid, 77 Elizabeth Jelin, “The Politics of Memory: The HumanRights Movement and the Construction of Democracy in Swedenburg, Indeed, Swedenburg partially that“Palestinian with viewwhenhe concurs this states In explaining this function and ofsteadfastness symbolic discourses where system” “currentvalue itisIndeed, this Latin American Perspectives Memories of Revolt further , (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), 76 weights on the rationality of “resistance,” “submission” and/or “submission” “resistance,” of rationality the on weights symbolic discourse 21, no. 2 (Spring 1994), quoted in Selbin, op. cit., 50 70 Indeed, it is exactly the“particular within is exactly it Indeed, unity which I have been attempting to describe, to attempting been have I which in alleviating that strain. Because this Because strain. that alleviating in discourse 69 However, this is hardly a of steadfastness and of steadfastness 68 33 CEU eTD Collection or villageor idioms, populist toproduce whichworkedtogether inflections” and “emphasized discourseresistant alsofrequently involved thearticulation nationalism of local clan,and peasant, dissidence fractured official discourse from by within ititself.turning against form This of of expressions elite… the Such about judgments makenegative to categories “nationalist frameworkaccepted within which conductto political discussion,”many interviewees used Palestinian national Thoughdiscourse.” it “couched was usually nationalism, idiom in of the the official to was resistant that memory “commonsense a is indeed there Swedenburg, to According discourse. official bythe over glossed been significantly which had Revolt of the character resistance sometimes verged on the oppositional,” exhibiting an “oppositional memory” or “memory as that and emphases inflections “particular appropriated they narratives.” Instead, often historical given the mimic simply not did interviewees “subaltern past,” the of views nationalist official and popular between agreement of asubstantial zone have helpedfoster andcolonization occupation of discourse nationalism”;Palestinian “contemporary and although struggles military against memory commonsense opposes is Zionistthe broadly framed that narrative hegemonic the within elaborated in the following chapter as it has be manifestedwill itselfinsight in This it. theto social and politicalsubservient arenas.remain to have will discourse “official” or “political” the it– and accommodate of ifconflict realities hegemony the – itself canattain discourse symbolic struggle, imbued enoughhistoricalprolonged, asaresultof experience the with protracted assertion. As I argue, when a “symbolic discourse of resistance” as such is cultivated enough and formnationalist of discourse,that but remains more expansive than any national idiom its or domination, butalsoembodied andwieldedby those 71 Inshort, significant. highly remains herein describing are Palestinian “dominantdiscourses evolving and evolved to in relation viewed be also must memories” commonsense “Palestinian asIwould argue, Yet, past.” Palestinian the erase, discredit, andmarginalize to which attempt practices and discourses dominant Israeli to in relation viewed be must memories commonsense ibid, 110. Implicitly, Swedenburg notes Implicitly, notes Swedenburg this aswell. possibility Although “in general, is such discourse Further, ,.” 71 This “oppositional memory” often incorporated the “subaltern,” class-based “subaltern,” the incorporated often memory” “oppositional This ,” of which the discourse of “steadfastness and resistance” we resistance” and “steadfastness of thediscourse which of ,” not necessarily manifested and/or embodied in the “official,” in the embodied and/or manifested responding discourse to power and domination. is notexclusive powerto and 34 CEU eTD Collection the rise of the Swedenburg “The writes, Revolt, but also re-forming and reframing its symbolic deployment in a new present. As “historical heir,” it also donned the donned also it heir,” “historical Revolt of 1936. It is no surprise then that when the PLO guerilla movement claimed its place as discussion in the Preface of of the in thePreface discussion “the heir‘struggle’ hebecame historical peasantrebel of the of 1936-39.” PLO in mid1960s,the because thePLO guerilla of periodthe most exemplified this sense of a peopleidentity.’” investedwith… been have a‘struggle perceived. is socially symbology that how as well as component of how a fallah villages, and(3) denialthe of legitimacy the nationalism.”Palestinian of practices: conquestthe of land, (1) "preservation-dissolution"Palestinian the (2) of Palestinian Swedenburg, from “symbolichis stems fitness asavehicle specificresistance to of Israeli nationalism. The fact that the that fact The nationalism. Palestinian of idiom the with associated tropes common the of many symbolizing figure ( Palestinian peasant peasant as a national signifier.” In Swedenburg’s piece of the same name, the role of the discourse of resistance” through the1987 through of resistance” discourse discussion which evolution the will “symbolic welltoour Palestinian of of transition the dominantand subaltern.” the and the composites’ of ‘strange of discourse official andre-accentuations found re-appropriations common sense of the past manifested a considerable state of play and was a zone where one 76 described in the introduction. See R. Sayigh, op. cit. 75 74 73 72 popular contributions to the revolt.” ibid. ibid. Note that Swedenburg is again quoting Rosemary 18 Sayigh’s Signifier,” notion of National as “struggle Peasant identity” Palestinian “The whichwe Swedenburg, have 77. ibid, ibid, 110. inPalestinian Swedenburg notes that “through the peasant as signifier of militancy, the Palestinian the militancy, of signifier as peasant the “through that notes Swedenburg To elucidate one more crucial element of Swedenburg’s research on the 1936 Revolt 1936 on the research of Swedenburg’s element elucidate onemore crucial To fedayeen fallah symbolic discourse symbolic discourse of resistance symbolicand steadfastness discourseof , the Palestinian The guerillaadoption fighter… of peasantand his the kufiya ) is highlighted as both being central iconic) is the uprising,both highlightedbeingas an central asto and 73 fallah … once again became [a] national symbol in the mid-sixties, with kufiya kufiya is imbued with so much symbolic currency, according to and symbolic from stemming its connotations, chiefly the 72 Indeed, as Swedenburg summarizes, “the terrain terrain “the of Swedenburg summarizes, Indeed,as as a whole presents both a paradigmatic example and , thereby not only re-articulating the symbolism of the of symbolism the re-articulating only not , thereby Intifada is to mention the idea of “the Palestinian “the of idea the mention isto 75 As such, with the formation of the both shapes symbology, shapes both 74 Thus, the role of the 76 Recall also our 35 CEU eTD Collection with the leadership and the and leadership the with rural identity on by (when put men) –if older or donned asa by youthsscarf urban – solidarity “Resistance” Redefined andSymbolic Discourses Reshaped loss memory andof a collective with both of defiance. in field” areconnected images of a“symbolic harvesting which reciprocally –work resistance vehicles resistance of areappropriated “rootedness”with and“steadfastness” above how cactusdescribed the in soil.” the for rootedness love and earth the with stubborn determination. fightcolonization Palestinians by stressing their social experience which the intifada came to mean in the larger Palestinian national idiom. national Palestinian larger inthe mean to came intifada the which experience social by momentthe transformed upheaval, beenhas informedof bythis andresistance steadfastness of discourse symbolic a how participants its among Intifada the to relational memory” “collective of evolutions the through see can we Additionally, entail. and embody to came Palestinian peasant has become the epitome of what it meansbe to staying on landdespitethe the pressuresof occupation and expropriation… figure The the of of artists, and cultural workers have fashioned have the andworkers artists, cultural ( “steadfastness” sense wherethe that appropriation, of evolution the 78 77 of upheaval and resistance with the possibilitiesmoment of a new earlier one. an of memories social collective, – recalling discourse a symbolic of emblematic discussed abovegivestruggles and movement to a popular thenational dimension.” relational recall earlier anattemptto represented signifiers nationalist kufiya as checkered black-and-white to other symbols, the symbology of the “The Palestinian Peasant,” op. cit. Peasant,” Palestinian “The “Seeing Double,” 567. jil al-intifada As Swedenburg notes, before the intifada in the mid-eighties, “the mid-eighties, in the intifada the before notes, Swedenburg As But again, the again, But Turningmomentarily the back to (the intifada generation) transformed popular conceptions of of what conceptions popular transformed (theintifada generation) samud , andhow a symbolic discourse of both of these motifs – steadfastness kufiya ). Swedenburg first). Swedenburg in how late 1960s, chronicles “Palestinian the poets, fallah ’s place in a symbolic discourse begins with the with begins discourse symbolic in a ’s place fedayeen is alsohighly imbued with associatedthe symbolic field of resistance discourse 78 vanguard‘outside’ it Palestine who, washoped,would Again, we see here, like with the symbology likeassociated symbology with Again, weseehere, the kufiya we can see through fallah –how social and political agency on the part into a symbol of a symbol into samid it’s 77 kufiya Therefore, as we have we as Therefore, sumud symbolic evolution and evolution symbolic , to stay put,anchored to kufiya once again became onceagain fallah ("steadfastness"): signified either signified , and it is in resistance and 36 as CEU eTD Collection continuing occupation – a “permanent state of itisAgain, structural this state within –a“permanent emergency.” continuing occupation of adversities the isboth framed and through collectiveof remembered memory Intifada the Just inhis memory asSwedenburgelucidated collectivethe study of 1936Revolt, the impacta personal on level new and confront forms adversity of and crisis in the mid-1990s. confronts the “temporal, cognitive, and narrative space” the“temporal, andnarrative confronts cognitive, intifada among its participants, its among intifada political inand social Palestine. transformation Occupied steadfastnessdiscourse of andresistance figured in collectiveandthe memory social of Intifada,andsuchloomingthe as largein the following whatIwantaddress shift chapter, here to is howthat momentof hasandrupture implicationsWhile thesocial unfoldedmore shiftof this they willbe directly addressedin as the and“steadfastness”: of “resistance” “resemanticization” of “resemanticization” localized “national solidarity activism.” and solidarity “national localized of solidarity with avanguard-led toapotentsymbol resistance, form of youthful,a new of engaging inother the wore (young people) 83 York: NYU Press), 11-12. as 82 81 80 79 “Children of the Stones” ( Palestiniansoccupation.” under living liberate Ibid, 12 John Collins, 28 Peasant,” Palestinian “The ibid, 568-569 “Seeing Double,” 568 resistance This is exactly the issue addressed John Collins’ book Collins’ John addressed issue the isexactly This leadership. the precede now led, formerly masses, The inside. Territories vanguard and the PLO leadership outside to organizationsthe popular of the Occupied men. Ownership of the conceptactivitieswomenin which and children can, do, and play as prominent arole asadult of struggle has beenbackyard, upalternative setting schools, clinics on. andpolice, and so These are all partially transferreddemonstrating, organizing strikes, constructing frombarricades, growing vegetables in the the armed is nolongervanguard a activity. Struggle now involves suchactions asrock-throwing, The activists of the intifada have caused a shift in the notion of political struggle, so that it itself was being redefined and renegotiated. Asyouthful itself wasbeingredefined renegotiated. activists and and Occupied by Memory: The Intifada Generation andthe Palestininian State of Emergency intifada- symbolic discourse, kufiya atfal al-hijara atfal related activities, the activities, related to hide their identities when confronting Israeli soldiers or while or soldiers Israeli confronting when identities their hide to jil al-intifada ) asserted themselves, the themselves, asserted ) which today which today still largelooms in presentthe period of particularly forming particularly that popularconceptions around 80 (“the intifada generation”) as they grapple with its with grapple asthey (“the generation”) intifada But the 79 Yet as the intifada unfolded, and the so-called the and intifada unfolded, as the Yet kufiya became “resemanticized” from from a symbol became “resemanticized” kufiya 82 forming a collective memory of the of memory collective a forming is only emblematic of the larger the of emblematic isonly Occupied Memory kufiya took on took newmeanings, 81 , where he , where (New shabab 37 83 CEU eTD Collection appropriation discourse a that clear becomes it significance, and meaning symbolic with renewed and expanded be and meaning cultural duringtheintifada.” a “discursive field through which young with wereinvested Palestinians powerful social political, al-intifada narrative: Palestinian in the appear they as generations of a historicization delineates Collins of possibilities the where ethos, of sort this with imbued operate.” must they feels everyone accept givensitlimits the violent, butthatrefuses oftraditional to the within which wisdom, isit takes up the gunor not that action: is definition“Perhaps of revolutionary truly the this Katta: lawyerof words Jonathan in Palestinian As becomes redefined. the Collins recounts pure motives.” period of which uprising, isthe rememberedasatime of optimism, resistance and democratic early the “with developments social and political recent contrast negatively chronologies’” ‘moral 88 87 86 85 84 dispossession in 1948.)” revolutionthe late1960s)and of the where a context steadfastness – each forming “discursive fields” interacting andinforming each other. of and resistance reciprocallywith discourse a symbolic generation can operate understanding of fashion relationalbecomes arguable through that a discourse that each these of generations is “judged” in some to a symbolically produced, reproduced andtransformed,” reproduced produced, symbolically are identities social projects and political which processes through “generation” as“describing loom both largeresistance andsteadfastness are defining. and Indeed,asCollins understands for andactualizing regenerating “possibilities” notion as “generation where of possibility,” ibid., 13 ibid., 11; See also R. Sayigh, op. cit. (1979), 11 ibid.,, 7 ibid., 36 ibid., 9 Secondly, and more directly addressing our theoretical framework, Collins also describes Collinsalso framework, theoretical our addressing directly andmore Secondly, Collins notes “the notes Collins of steadfastness and resistance as such is expansive beyond the official, top-down being “preceded by the of that discourse. of that 84 It is in this sense then, Iargue, where a discourse of resistance and steadfastness discourse ofresistance discourse ofsteadfastness andresistance 87 overdetermination Following Sayigh’s aforementioned notion of “struggle identity,”it jil-al-thawra 85 If we understand “collective memory” of the intifada to be to intifada the of memory” “collective understand we If jil al-nakba becomes instrumental. becomes 86 of memory where“powerful of memory by immediateevents” In his understanding of as “generation In discourse,” of his understanding (the generation that grew up under the Palestinian (the generation formed by the experience of by experience the formed generation (the 88 resistance it becomes clear that a discursive it clearthat becomes . Further, itis. Further, Collins’ within and steadfastness are seen to 38 jil CEU eTD Collection popular,and dominant oppositional,individual and collective.” the present (and even the future.) This production involves a range of discourses,aforementioned official and especially iconic “children the –haveof stones” gainedpridethe alongsideplace the of their generation – and, by extension, the rebirth of the nation as a whole – took place.” itoccupation.put another way, wasthe uprising crucibleinwhich the To political‘birth’ the of Israeli against national the of struggle vanguard asthe cametoseethemselves age-mates rememberintifada rememberatime is interviewed, people to during the andthey their which I to mostyoung of the “For as Collinswrites, discourse. Indeed, evolution of the that contributory to 91 90 89 medium for dynamic engagement with the present. a forms and discourse, such is one memory,” “collective upon impacting time same the at a of notion is matters inwhich “what ways people the intifada the of memory” also“collective how but reciprocallyresistance, of discourse asymbolic of centrality the only not shapes the discourse as well. As Collins writes on “popular memory,” the of members Asfor andmemory such, resistance, ongeneration,converge. nationalism, discourses cultural – where of a“symbolic nexus” “children the stones” act discursively the as between “collective memory” of the intifada in contemporary Palestinian discourse – political, social, and Quoted in Schulz, Quoted ibid., 22 ibid., 36 jilal-intifada On an even larger, societal and cultural level then, the extent to which Indeed, there is no better illustration of the interplay of these discourses than the than discourses these of interplay the of illustration better no is there Indeed, In the previous chapter we saw how conceptions of a “collective memory” of memory” of events key a “collective of conceptions wesawhow chapter In theprevious Discourses of Discourses symbolic discourse ofsteadfastness andresistance,symbolic discourse fallah Palestinian Diaspora , memories of the intifada are both viewed through that discourse and as as both a “national signifier,” and as a symbol of resistance, further shows resistance, of andasasymbol signifier,” asboth a “national there is no other solution but struggle Between memory andasuitcase, Steadfastness , 118. and CHAPTER 2 Resistance produce thepast -- Mahmoud Darwish Mahmoud -- Appliedthrough Social Practice through a dynamic engagement with which both operates with, and is and with, operates both which 90 As I have been stressing, the 91 jil al-intifada 89 39 – CEU eTD Collection moment of upheaval, which in turn enlarged the possibilities of whatpopular of conceptions of possibilities inenlargedthe momentof which turn upheaval, political facingpossibilities Palestinians in both Occupiedthe Territories andin diaspora.the 1995): 561, 562-563. Also quoted in Selbin, op.cit. 131-132. how an illustration of to is central politics” “symbolic of Asan understanding such Iargue, culture.” “channels,” which “threads”“channels,” which of are bestdescribed as describe and particular to broad essentializing is too of a “political of resistance” culture transformation of beliefs into behavior.” treatment of change by‘political offered suggesting culture’… several for the channels the “expands thus politics symbolic of concept The identities.” and interests about narratives andchanging challenging, new byrevealing, can political create opportunities political actors mobilized “symbolically How dynamics: political and social upon impacts concept this how identity. Palestinian of tropes symbolic integral being as boundaries transnational spans themselves significantly symbolic transformed, this capital tremendous generating which day to symbolic discourse production, where symbolic of “center” the at here is it Additionally, strengthened. were identities communal national, as appropriated forcefully both was resistance of discourses symbolic Lebanon, in camps refugee in Palestinian and Territories conducted during, and in the aftermath of, the first Intifada. As we will see, in both the Occupied focus mainly on research I where social hereis on realm, the Themainemphasis practice. thein scientists political and field,social-anthropologists by upon elaborated culture, political and social where this 92 and steadfastness a pervasive and viewedthrough to arecollectively contribute “collective memory” – and its corresponding symbology and cultural production – both framed byimpacting of upon, exigencies present.Aswas the thiselaborated understanding of andinframesmemory,” remembered“sites of awaywhichboth as andis as re-articulated well insymbolic preserved narrative areculturally historical and inof upheaval the Palestinian rupture AllisonBrysk, “’Hearts and Minds’: Bringing Symbolic Politics Back In,” pp. 559-85 in symbolic discourses of steadfastness and resistance and symbolic discoursesofsteadfastness We will recall that the last chapter closed with a description of the first intifada as a intifada as first the of adescription with closed chapter last the that Werecall will Useful to consider here is Allison Brysk’s conceptualization of “symbolic politics” and politics” “symbolic of conceptualization is AllisonBrysk’s considerhere Useful to Palestinian of dynamics internal the within examples some at look will we chapter, this In , which resides in what Foran and Selbin refer to as “popular political culture.” discourse isidentified as being applied and negotiated through social praxis 92 : asidentity-empowering whichthrough discourses Indeed, this further illustrates why a conceptualization illustrates further Indeed,this discourses of steadfastness discoursesand resistance of discourse frame and impact upon social and existing symbolic discourse of resistancesymbolic discourseof within Polity a “popular political “popular a 27, (Summerno. 4 were 40 CEU eTD Collection is certainly drawn from, and even in part disseminated “from itis in“from disseminated also above,” from, part is re-articulated, even and certainly drawn dynamics “collective and popular conceptions though of words, identity.” Inother discourse this through which process the claims of clashing segments legitimize of to the elite,”in order “employed are resistance of discourses symbolic how observe accurately by discourse national Thoughand many nationalism elites. political of Palestinian observers of such symbolic discourses extends beyondmore their visible appropriation in political perceptions of and of perceptions identity.”“collective” “national collective and individual to fundamentally contributing practice, social of areas diverse pervasive – as a pervasive –as rituals andworld-views” them… [constituting] ‘repertoires of collective a’tool-kit’ action’ and/or symbols, stories, of to plausible andseem are available that theoptions of perception population’s “the as describes resistance andsteadfastness possible by a preexisting discursive universe.” discursive possible byapreexisting limited, andrendered shaped, isnecessarily structures, mostcomplex speech tothe discursive John Collins’ fully embodied threads these discursive inthisperiod, Thus,especially Intifada the represented. descriptionpropelled andappropriatedby spontaneousandmassivethe swell collectivewhichof sentiment of both was but above, from maintained fully nor imposed neither was hegemony discursive discourses retained discourses being transformed, their possibilities andforms redefined,also but at apointwhich these discourse. The beginning by expressed informs of memory” and a “collective “channels” these popular guides of events, of the first Intifada was a time not only when such discourses were for the for segments of the elite. In those discourses the notions of revolution, resistance and intifada were deeply entrenched.” deeply were intifada and resistance ofrevolution, notions the discourses those In elite. of the segments 24, no. 4 (Fall 2002): 23: “Different discursive strategies were employedin order to legitimze the claims of clashing 95 94 93 resistance Helena Lindholm Schulz. "The 'Al-Aqsa Intifada' As a Result of Politics of Transition." Selbin, op. cit. 125 Collins, op. cit. 36 The emphasis in this chapter then is then on in chapter this The emphasis discourse and steadfastness discourse coalescing around coalescing hegemony symbolic discourses of resistance and steadfastness resistance and symbolic discoursesof 94 and not merely an “ideology” – and thus also manifests itself in many As I argue, an understanding of worked not only to shape butto notonly andproduce, worked to could entail. This, therefore, stands as a key moment of reshaping discourse within the Palestinian “national project.” However,such “national project.” thePalestinian within resistance , as “the notion that all communication, from everyday from communication, all “thethat notion , as 95 93 there is there andpervasive a more alsosocial, organic social practice and Yet, at the same time, a steadfastness discourse in order to show how the salience the how show to in order – where historical experience, historical –where in this sense is far more symbolic discourses transform impact upon impact upon social Arab Studies Quarterly whatSelbin 41 of CEU eTD Collection Peteet’s findings throughout her research similarly highlight “theher figures highlight wayinwhichresistance research findingssimilarly Peteet’s throughout “struggle”during than Arafatand period this (1995), more therefore “Palestinian.” Indeed, whohad in worked Palestinian camps refugee for years –as more embodying thissense of Palestinian is one who struggles.” The man identity proceeds to “Christina” – a foreign woman recounts a moment where one man spits with contempt, “Arafat?! Arafat is Arafat “Arafat?! contempt, with spits amomentwhere one man recounts deprivation. of alleviation and liberation” “national of pursuit in agency of assertions conflictindividual anddecades well asaproductof strain,communal and of protracted as articulation and self-perception formation, identity Palestinian upon impacting elements on constitutive sand both an individual and group level. Ultimately, this process is both a result of Situating “lenses” through which political, social and cultural language is perceived and expressed. transformed, given and the present period, suchdiscourses remain presentperiod, the in Although conception of our discourse. andsymbolic malleability “contestability” of increased is the here is What emphasized chapter. in be final the covered to themes “transnational” the of some with well transition which will arena, in cultural the appear asthey discourse aftermath. its ensuing steadfastness and resistance of fora foundation there-ascendance astructural eventually provided occupation themselves further which continuedyears, and consolidated during even these of structural underpinnings atthe the same time, Yet, Territories. intheOccupied especially had aprofoundimpact areas on of cultural Palestinian internal andproduction social dynamics, “peaceyearspost-Intifada process” Oslothe “de-hegemonization” of the during discourse this of iswhat herein described more with contemporary political circumstances. As will be a described, shifting political andmanifestationsappropriations of discoursethis in tocontextualizeorder It thus this “social” appropriation thisof discourse which is thus chiefour focus. In anthropologist Julie Peteet’s research with Palestinian refugees in Lebanon she Lebanon in refugees Palestinian with research Peteet’s Julie anthropologist In As I contend, I As Lastly, I close the chapter with some more recent examples of the evolutions of this will I address also throughout, andperipherally ofthechapter close All thesame,at Steadfastness symbolic discoursessteadfastness of andresistance social meaning , Resistance , punctuated most clearly in the eruption of the Second Intifada and Intifada Second the of eruption the in clearly most punctuated , andPalestinian Identity “from below” through everyday forms of social social practice. forms of through everyday below” “from non- hegemonic, they still form hegemonic, form still they powerful discursive can be a salient force canbe a salient symbolic discourse of not a Palestinian! A aPalestinian! 42 CEU eTD Collection In short, we see how the assertion of identity in the “everyday spaces of violence” became ofviolence” spaces in identity “everyday the of assertion wesee how the In short, in and,mobilized, was Palestinian movementorganized, reconfigured.” process, resistance the power specific.” relations thatishistorically power and culturally mobilize around mobilize movements social that notion “the describes further too Peteet – Reference. Apter in elaborated is discourses 98 97 Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000, pp. 183-209, p. 183-184. Power,and theTransnational Public Sphere itself, and the movement social the participation,” ofmovement thecourse social during can be transformed sites of rearticulation.” interaction, this of process in the themselves, are yet and movements social shape can identities way “the to attention drawing by community” “discourse a and identity (national) between and history.” This emphasizes the reciprocal relationship we have been describing throughout agency of complexity identity the over can… gloss for frames understanding culturally specific emphasized thus ofcollective“’thecultural’ asbeing identity because constitutive over crucially pivotal.” in inresistingself andcommunityis definitions to of nonrecognition central was aproject which identity national Palestinian “evoking writes, As Peteet framed. similarly is “resistance” around also but the ameans takeonnew bywhich contours,” be or… “sustained, reaffirmed, of acts cognizant a cultural production, localized cultural contextualizing itselfin “exigenciesof present.”the re- and asre-articulating memory” “collective in chapter understanding last discussed themes 100 99 begiven.” to “assumed as play into come “aspects” these where discourse 96 the locating in spatiality and junctures” of role assertive the to pointing so prominently production in contemporary identity,” reproduction the and Palestinian of Ibid, This notion of “discourse community” to describe “social movements” being sites of convergence for diverse for of convergence sites being movements” “social describe to community” of “discourse notion This Ibid, Ibid, 184. Ibid, 185 Peteet, Julie. “Refugees, Resistance, and Identity.” In Ibid, 184. Peteet illustrates this by showing how the symbolic retention of “local identities” (i.e. identities” “local of retention symbolic the how showing by this illustrates Peteet Within this framework, individual perceptionsand collective identity of as“astand product 99 Palestinian As such, the practice of certain assumed to be given aspects discourse of socio-spatial and field of peoples’ location their within ashiftingpractices of identities by virtue of being exiled In “thebecause In addition, very form identity of mobilizing used frameas a informing it, can also be transformed and reshaped. agency , John A. Guidry, Michael D. Kennedy, and Mayer N. Zald eds. Ann retention negotiability resistance in identity formation, as well as “specific historic “specific as well as formation, identity in of identity.” As it is argued here, it is through the medium of Globalizations and Social Movements: Culture, of this identity formed a central site where “the . Thus not only a means by which identity can identity which by means a only not Thus . of identity in the present. inthe identity of from 97 Historical and spatial elements are those locales) became, in forms of forms in became, locales) those 98 96 This idea recalls idea This discourse 100 43 CEU eTD Collection resistance-laden connotations, to the point where, essentially, “steadfastness” where, essentially, the point to connotations, resistance-laden objectively “defensive” form of concept “resistance,” the form of “defensive” objectively definition” in forboth Palestinians exileandin Occupied beingthe Territories. moreThough a have discussed previously – directly draws from a symbolic discourse of resistance, but extends but of from a symbolic resistance, draws discourse previously – directly have discussed under the concept of concept the under as enacting resistance as a form asaform of resistance as enacting resistance, which beyondextends the boundaries of PLO.the Everyday existence was perceived embodiedalso afarmore pervasive deepermeaning. and resistance But umbrella. PLO the under resistance organized institutional, to refers movement’ ‘resistance “the writes, As Peteet resistance. and steadfastness of discourses of practice movement” (i.e. “official,” the expression of public Palestinian national struggle) and the social 104 103 102 101 community-as-nation.” entitlement for rights to sovereignty, forming what Rashid Khalidi calls the “incipient of sense acommon collective aspirations, sense around inframework a communities Palestinian of levels. communal and individual both on identity Palestinian a reinforced and framedunderstood as aform further “resistance.” well,of Reciprocally “resistance” as such discourse result both thismore logical the was pronounced, and became stronger youth, andelderly, children,” the mothers, indrew informal domestic sphere, the that andthe activism formal political between as understood “performing” collective identity. During the Intifada, when “the relationship “practicing” how here wesee Again, ibid, 195 ibid, 196 ibid, 196 Khalidi, 28. of putting of It is also here where we should again make a crucial distinction between “the between resistance distinction makeacrucial again weshould It isalsoherewhere acquiesce. displacement defined the possibility of the project. Palestinians, who see themselves asvictimsneo-colonial of movement inwhich their the of passive stayingput.Steadfastnessaction onaconnotationof takes survival for timesof crisis underwrote anda cultural political recoding of action as resistance,even steadfastnessas acategory for interpreting one’s ownactions and of othersthose during It is also this form resistance tonon-recognitionof iswhich perceived as“collectivizing” around 102 resistance symbolic discourse 101 sumud This notion of “resisting-by-existing” (as I call it) is further subsumed further is it) call I (as “resisting-by-existing” of notion This through collective experience. collective through (steadfastness) which Peteet describes here as “central self- to “central describes hereas which Peteet (steadfastness) struggle into practice, but was also a vehicle for transforming the transforming for a vehicle also was but practice, into sumud .” as a form of personal and collective practice can be can practice collective and personal of form asa 104 What Peteet defines here as “struggle” –aswe “struggle” defineshere as WhatPeteet 103 Sumud Struggle sumud registers a refusal to refers to the later kind of isheavily endowed with is resistance: 44 CEU eTD Collection politicalfunctions consciousnessof therefore “a and agency”and anddynamic act as creative galvanizes of violencemanhood… practice Palestinian of the asarite of construal passageinto of the First Intifada. ritualized with yearsviolencebecame occupation asarite of the synonymous passage during the Drawing on research conducted in the West Bank, Peteet shows how “a constitutive component of Palestinian 108 107 106 105 resistance of practice identitytothe fixes political participation. Such a deployment of definesterms present time andspaceasliminal and upon iscontingent return for agency, underwrites that commitment a political implies ‘returner’ “Returners.” AccordingPalestinians in refugeecampswouldthe themselves refer never to as“refugees”butalways as to Peteet, “the distinction hinges menial life,aspects of daily “becameidentity endowing and affirming.” on action as well as belonging. The identity.” we found strugglingwas we are. who that our It know – wedon’t through movementresistance identity. communal and personal its application to personal, social and cultural life, and thus acts as a constitutive element of “Inscriptions of Violence” as Identity-Affirming Symbols of Resistance currency. symbolic salient acquires self-identification this which resistancediscourse of militancy.” in of form the necessarily, alwaysnot but as Palestiniansof political by activism,virtue theirreferred to true particularly that to withdraw was identity of one’s suchapart “militancy andelaborates, struggle were as Peteet identity.” Indeed, to lose stature as whichaffirms everyday practice to of steadfastness discourse a ‘true’ Palestinian.gives thispersonal contour to identity, and collective but“through struggling” and applying a In the camps, I often heard people ibid,196, emphasis added. ibid 195 193 This idea of cognitive self-perception isevidenced also asempowerment This idea factthat inthe self-perception of cognitive struggle the “without – without interviews how describes Peteet Onewoman whom Peteet also addresses the discursive theme of theme discursive the addresses also Peteet 105 In other words, it is not so much a sense of “participation” in the “movement” which through through which such a semantic construal isunderstood both and through youth 106 .” Thus to “ 108 identity identity in the Occupied Territories: how physical Thus, it is through Thus,itis of appropriation the a through struggle,” resistance both even if it meant performing the performing meant it if even as it has come to function as a participation and “collective 107 symbolic 45 CEU eTD Collection 112 111 110 Violence,” 109 power.” of forms Palestinian internal transforms it arrangements… reaffirms and both tounsettle power of participants oneset galvanizes experience… violence asatransformative physical “ritualized though However, resistance.” meaning and lead[ing] to political agency. To let bodily violence stand as constitutive of an of constitutive as stand violence bodily let To agency. political to lead[ing] and meaning its form reproduction as a beingof “trick,”symbolic capital - reversing a “thesocial of order violence - inversion of observes this discursive Peteet above, described “returner” and “refugee” between distinction the Similar to is viewedasathreat. young people of part the on “resistance” which to extent the as well as empowerment, and non-submission, refusal, of statements only belying as“powerful standing claimsof a benignstatements occupation,” butalsopowerful as a “commentary on suffering” as well as, Iwould add, a “commentary on collectively andindividually.” “inscriptions” Further,from the such beatingsphysical also stand both andre-articulated, contextualized isunderstood, understand experience the how to does not imply Palestinian youths“makelight violence,” Intifada duringthat of the but physical observation lucid such a clearly that state have to mentions, we Peteet as However, superiority.” moral and manhood, honor, of one into “reversed thus is meaning its humiliating,” of intent the with created As “arepresentation failure astriumph.” “narrating itself idiom perpetually national Palestinian the description personifiesrecalls and Khalidi’s body personal arenaof – of the as “rituals of youth stood resistance” “enmeshed in a dialogic of power and identity transformation.”Palestinian emasculated an of attainment marker a symbolic as served youth male struggle for national struggle for national independence.” powerlessness and subordination of history century a 20th of embodiment symbolic the is limbs, – broken of ‘what we have and its bruises body, with battered the Palestinians, “To of the resistance: discourse symbolic to endure’ – but Here then,also “the body” becomes a key vessel through which not onlyof power is inscribed, but alsotheir a determinationdomination” resistance to “inscription”the through of power on bodiesthe youth. of Palestinian to resist and to ongoingthe occupation. to aswell resistance age, coming of Peteet, “Male Gender,” 38 Gender,” “Male Peteet, Hall, Stuart ibid. Julie Peteet. “Male Genderand Rituals of Resistance in the Palestinian ‘Intifada’: A Cultural Politics of The practice is described as forming an unfortunate, ritualized “terrain of “terrain of cultural ritualized an formingunfortunate, is as described The practice American Ethnologist Rituals of Resistance 21, no. 1. (Feb.,1994),31 (London: Routledge, 2002) 111 112 demarcating a symbolic assertion of both a gendered male a gendered both of assertion asymbolic demarcating This idea of symbolic inversion – here on the inter- the on here – inversion symbolic of idea This 109 Peteet details how beatings and detention of detention and beatings how details Peteet 110 Thus, routine beatings of Palestinian of beatings routine Thus, resistance .” Thus not 46 CEU eTD Collection 114 113 for rights.” press to they deployed that agency political asaself-affirming by women was recoded message and its art, iniswidespread imageconstruct, literature, Palestinian acultural politicalrhetoric, realm. domestic the to women constrained partially which maternal practice” situated with a particularly iconsintersected national of mothers as itself inhow “a discourse presented contradiction pronounced astark describes, As mothering. Peteet isof in practice domestic the isillustrated andsocial practice resistance andDomesticPractice Identity Resistance, wouldsubmit beto dominantto the performers' meaning.” challenge and interpretation without subjectivity and position social submitting and inferior meaning traditionally associated with maternal associated practice.” meaning traditionally highly chargedsymbols maternal yetand of behavior,” “subverted sentiment spacethe and culturally inand mothersdominant “acted to increasingly community.reference so, doing In social thegreater within press and empowerment forgenderequality to application “official” hitherto its buttranscended thelarger “resistancediscourse,” which inappropriated away 117 116 115 directly relational to affirming one’s identity,mothers not only “cultivated a sense of contribution a larger of inthe terms fertility and reproduction” communal individual butparticipation, identity as “conceptualizingwell. By categorizing and made by women,Palestinian butbecause itwas an “struggle”aspect of that affirmed not only icons.” sacrificial as potential reproductive nationalist a of repositories mothers as cast that discourse an official by concerns political communal larger to connected steadfastness uncovers, itwas uncovers, Julie Peteet, “Icons and Militants: Mothering in the Danger Zone,” Danger the in Mothering Militants: and “Icons Peteet, Julie ibid, 45 ibid, 111. ibid. Ibid, 104 Another arena where the reciprocal relationship between a symbolic discourse of discourse symbolic a between relationship reciprocal the where arena Another As in would a beexpected ensuingsituation societal strain, andof where of discourse the 115 carried powerful connotations, “reproductive capabilities increasingly were capabilities “reproductive connotations, powerful carried In this process, motherhood and the domestic realm became a “site of resistance” of a“site became andrealm domestic the motherhood process, In this not out of a perceived “national need” for which reproductive decisions were decisions reproductive which need”for “national of a perceived out 114 Though “women as icons of the nation, a nation, the of icons as “women Though symbolic discourse of steadfastness symbolic discourseof 116 113 Signs 23,No.1. (Autumn,1997),103. 117 Yet, as Peteet which was 47 CEU eTD Collection Negotiating DiscoursesNegotiating Resistanceof withDiscourses of “Unity” “Morality” and and of national identity. collective conceptions as a political outgrowth of the Muslim Brotherhood, which had hitherto limited its activities to transformation.” this of component key the was collective, and personal in the world, particularly in relation othersto in the world of exile or occupation. Empowerment, howeverformally informally or institutionalized, “transfigures… the way ofbeing aPalestinian visibly embodied in the Hamas movement ( movement Hamas in the embodied visibly most – politics Islamist new a of emergence the saw Intifada the significantly, Most movement. foreto the broughtcleavages and deepeningfault-lines national divergent within the Palestinian a elaborated on Peteet’s findings in some detail, it remains central one of our main themes: of how properlywas “perform”thought to Palestinian” “being everyday through ThoughIhavepractice. one how and be Palestinian to meant” it “what of perceptions transforming collective, affected “struggle”around individual andcollective asaffirming directly process identity. The thus resistance how not only a sense of empowerment was born out of a based and class-based political claims. advance gender- to “cultural” usedtheir standing mothers as increasingly Palestinian resistant,” andpolitically accommodating “culturally became simultaneously motherhood of connotations citizenship as basisthe for organizing anddistributing entitlements and the symbolic rights,” "influence ingender differenceis Intifadasought policy to concept such thatof recognized the 118 became resistance movement women’s asaburgeoning Further, potential.” theircelebrated reproductive simply but actors, crucial as them position or them recruit directly not did that movement in a for location themselves “[crafted] anagential national butalso to the struggle,” and commitment Peteet, “Refugees, Resistance, and Identity,” 198 symbolic discourse In sum, what Peteet’s research shows ishow the shows research Peteet’s In sum, what The assertion of women’s rights within the Intifada – drawing from a incorporated , but also how “empowerment” reciprocally worked to “transfigure” the discourse to pushits to application beyond social existing and boundaries political gradually – into the possibilities of that discourse. But at the same time, this also and practice of that discourse can give central shape and contour to Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya symbolic discoursesteadfastness of and perception of practicing 118 Thus, we see here ) formed in 1987 “resistance,” discourse of within the 48 CEU eTD Collection 123 the Intifada” in Intifada” the 122 Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies 121 Prison Notebooks (London: Writers and Readers, 1982), 111. For Gramsci in his ownwords, see Antonio Gramsci, “Hegemony, Warof Position andPolitical Intervention,” in Approaches to Gramsci, ed. Anne Showstack Sassoon 120 Palestinian State: theincomplete revolution issue.” asanationalistbeen mobilized had behavior religious of arena the to relegated once issue an that intifada the during time first “themarked episode Intifada the (UNLU), the of committees by leadership diluted “official” the of unity and solidarity. in the launched groups by Gaza which“re-invented” Islamist “unity.” and “morality” of conceptions conservative socially around subsumed those notably – discourses symbolic such, a symbolic discourse of resistance came into significant contact and conflict with other essays from Middle East Report Middle East from essays (Washington DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2000); Graham Usher, “What Kind of Nation?” in differingappropriations. to subject flexibleand highly as aswell chargedand catalyzing, culture political, economic, social – such a “war of position” was most visibly waged in the arena of conceptualization is that conceptualization steadfastness and resistance this “war of position” was also– wagedthrough andfor –appropriating movement over the both the both the over movement national within Palestinian the interests “war emergedcompeting between position” of a variety of fronts. Attempting toharness the grassroots surge which the Intifada represented, there 119 constantly shifting.” joint afixedtransactional,construction, without a location, inherently permanent or and unstable hegemony pursuing a“culturalist agenda” which abstained from political involvement. ibid, 194 Rema Hammani. “From Immodesty to Collaboration: Hamas, the Women’s Movement, and National Identity in Lawrence Grossberg, “History, Politics, and Postmodernism: Stuart Hall and Cultural Studies,” in This summary of Gramsci taken from Stein and Swedenburg, op. cit. 8-9. See also Anne Showstack Sassoon, See Khaled Hroub, during the Intifada-period, when a symbolic discourse of resistance was both highly ofresistance wasboth discourse whenasymbolic the Intifada-period, during The most illustrative example of this struggle was a contentious “ a contentious was struggle this of example illustrative most The A useful theory A deploy useful to theory here describe to this emergentdynamic isGramsci’s concept of : where power is “not the provenance of a static ruling class, but theorized as theorized but class, ruling astatic of provenance the is “not power : where Political Islam, , ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1970). Hamas: A Beginner’s Guide 120 The strugglefor hegemony 122 As Rema Hammami describes, though the campaign was eventually op. cit. . (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Glen Robinson, hegemony ends and ends in making those claims. As a central aspect of Gramsci’s , ed. David Morley Kuan-Hsingand Chen(London: Routledge 1996), 158. , (Bloomington: University of Press,Indiana 1993). is necessarily contested on a wide array of domains – means 123 But let us examine this episode in further detail as it , (London: Pluto, 2006); in advancing claims of self-determination. Assuch, within the uprising articulated itself on a hijab Hamas: Political Thought and Practice as both a “moralistic” symbol a“moralistic” both as 119 symbolic discourseof hijab Selections from the Building a Political Islam: Stuart Hall: campaign” 121 As 49 , CEU eTD Collection symbol of “morality” was a relatively “invented tradition” in Gaza as well. Indeed, the Indeed, in Gazaaswell. tradition” “invented arelatively was “morality” symbol of historical facts. In a similar way, the symbolic significance of of the significance Inasimilar symbolic facts. the way, historical previously as symbolically “resistance” both connoting and “unity”despite more ambiguous fundamental Palestinianto nationalism and national identity.” intifada” in vision thedirection to “capture of attemptand the Gaza. Hamas movement was able to “conflate its social ideology with Palestinian nationalism” and formed newly Assuch,the intifada.” sustain the to discipline social necessary “as aspirations, relative to the imposition of patriarchal social social constraints. imposition of patriarchal tothe relative many their occupation the maleforced renegotiate confronting activism youth –and women to by often –most intimidation violent of form the in itself manifested impulse social This faction.” – what seemed beto a generalized social impulse rather than a clear policy decision by a political enemy.” tothat vulnerable it make to deemed elements of society Palestinian ‘cleansing’ on focused simultaneously activism to occupation the enemy of external the confronting solely focused activism on “away from of symbolic of advanced theof resistance trend shifting application discourses the able to first was Hamas) it.” individualism camewear to the few refused and women mixture coercion,” consent a of to be represented cultural influence “through movementsa strong in established because Intifada, Gaza the Islamist as a threat to the uprising rather than a means to sustain the of 127 126 125 124 the from drew and andcleavages of charged today.still which significantly contentious remain resistance a ofhow example illustrative serves asanextremely ibid, 194, 203 ibid, 203 ibid, 197, 195 ibid 125 Additionally, it was through this campaign where the Islamist movement (specifically movement Islamist the where campaign this through was it Additionally, hijab “For at least ayear,” writes Hammami,“women [in Gaza] were left toconfront aphantom Hammami chronicles how at the onset of the Intifada, Islamist groups began to lay claim lay to began groups Islamist Intifada, the of onset the at how chronicles Hammami We will recall the layers of “invented tradition” associated with with the associated tradition” of “invented We layers the will recall conflicted with other threads of symbolic discourse claiming with appropriation, ofsymbolic threads its discourse conflicted the other , not so much as religious imposition, but as a symbol of solidarity with nationalist symbolic discourse of resistance of symbolic discourse symbolically “popularize the notion that its version of social morality is morality social of version its that notion the “popularize propelling the Intifada to enforce wearing the to Intifada the propelling symbolic discoursesteadfastness of and 127 126 Further, thismore broadly also 124 hijab For a time at the start of as “unifying” or as a hijab kufiya as “female as discussed 50 CEU eTD Collection discourse of “solidarity” discourse of Consequently, a by a new form of solidarity signification. As Hammami writes, unity. “religious” process, theoriginal,this proscribing In arguments the intimidating atmosphereto enforcing “hijabization” such by youngway of boys harassing Gazan anwomen, created which the sowed anxiety and fear among many women rather than social significant in ground social the realm. gained thus and residents,” Gaza poor of majority the of problems the to relevant behavior unemployment, and strain economic of degrees larger experiencing society Gazan with period, this In Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood “offered a model of society and social political order.” However, in the 1970’s a growing Islamistmovement in Gaza Islam was part of history and a source of Arab identity, but not the basis of a modern subjectivities. nationalist social Arab modern of creation the or promoted religiosity of discourse Nasirist Before the Intifada, the Intifada, the Before 130 129 128 impositioncondemning forced the of the hijab symbology, appropriations and reinventions associated with the ibid, 199 ibid, 197 ibid, 196 hijab campaign snowballed out of control when the UNLU stepped in to issuein leaflet stepped of campaign a out to control UNLU when the snowballed vain and frivolous or, at worst, anti-nationalist. Another argument was that the headscarf the that was was aform argument of cultural Another struggle, an assertion ofanti-nationalist. nationalworst, heritage.at or, frivolous and vain political commitment to the intifada… By this logic, bareheaded women were considered The hijab was promoted (and greatto extenta became understood) asasign of women’s subjectivities. to discipline women’s bodies of aspart a larger project ofdisciplining women’s headcovering mentioned above, here the this isaninvented tradition in both form and meaning. Unlike other forms ofdress and the textual tradition of Islam. While supposedly a return to authentic Islamic tradition, shari’a affiliated with the movement started wearing long, plain tailored overcoats they called order assert to new these significations, theyelaborated new formsof endowed the , the campaign of reinventingit as a conflating symbol morality of andin unity, addition dress,making thus them symbolic forms ofadherence to their understanding of symbolic discourse of resistancesymbolic discourseof 128 hijab hijab with new meanings of piety and, implicitly, political affiliation. In and“morality was relatively absent in was inrelatively “the absent culture public Gaza as,historically, 129 .” All the same, even for many women already wearing already women many for even same, the All Indeed, it Indeed,informal was only after of enforcement the hijab hijab on Gaza women. However, beginning with the is a fundamentally symbolic form supposed form symbolic fundamentally a is was significantly by overshadowed a hijab 130 in Gaza have been ongoing. been have in Gaza hijab hijab … Women wereobfuscated symbolic 51 CEU eTD Collection empower itself and further the advancement of after –became catalyzed further of itself women’s furtherrights advancement the empower and Palestinianthe itself movement - women’s from drawing a by an influential elite (both nationalist and Islamist) as a crucial seen were “unity” of“morality” and discourses Intifada, the caseof Inthe Gazaduring interests. competing “contributory” and/or symbolic discourses wielded byvarying social and cultural their side.” diffused the situation and “in a matter of days women seemed tohave the power of the intifada on 134 133 132 131 a mobilization, and social politicization caseUltimately,what wesee how, duringthough elaborated this is of study periods profound Thus, a asparamount. wasperceived at “solidarity” time when “frivolous” deemed activities or extravagance of forms banned intifada” of the culture nationalist “official of form a describes, As Hammami Intifada. the during above from imposed discourse firmly sidelined. were period same the during camps refugee Bank andLebanese in theWest by described Peteet and unity bya obfuscated of was resistance Because asymbolic discourse discipline, asforthereproduction sites of socialand…physical the integrity intifada.” the of already in of subjects andbehavior positioningsucceeded asappropriate political women’s dress late,“incapable hadof too andeffect theoverall thusreversing campaign,which the of was them,” must respect we intifada and inthe role have “women agreat of graffiti such as, “Those caught throwingform stonesin the at women will be treatedstatements as collaborators,” and sponsoring by time, same the At uprising. the within current reactionary culturally internecine, the of self-critical was hardly leaflet the bebygones,” bygones phrase “Let ibid, 203 ibid, 201 ibid, 201 ibid, 201 behavior loosely associated with religion. with associated loosely behavior of modes included that rectitude moral of discourse a to Puritanism secular from shifted correctness Nationalist women. against mobilized was discourse Moral it. subverting the hijab campaign took up the moralism of the discourse of intifadathe while quietly moralistic forceful already an of a result as part in unfolded process this time, same the At In drawing conclusions on this episode, Hammami notes how the UNLUintervention was , the traces of nascenta women’smovement exhibiting the same sense empowermentof 132 symbolic discourse ofresistance 134 symbolic discourseofresistance means ofresistance means symbolic discoursemorality of 131 the UNLU successfully theUNLU can interact with caninteract . That said, to 133 52 CEU eTD Collection Discursive “de-hegemonization,” Re-Emergence, and Political and Re-Emergence, Capitalization Discursive “de-hegemonization,” awhole. as movement liberation national Center Conference Center 137 136 135 professor of political science Sara Roy, whonotes that the Oslo processboth marked and enabled disparitieshierarchy.” and expressions of and rank social of legitimation and “naturalization a including emerged a “newethos” Concurrently, normalization.’” impulse of growingthe ‘societal to was“amenable middle-class” “new marked 1990s where“the of national the of a beginning an unraveling emergent project” the resistance. and steadfastness of discourse symbolic andbroadly sketch are the social and cultural dynamics as they relate to ourproject of tracing the political and social complexitiesbroad swaths of temporal over themes and spatialdiscursive territory, broad elucidate I willto but not delveand intoconflict, a deep elaborationconsequences Palestine-Israel in the of the junctures specific of the Oslo process. What I want to briefly Palestinianfuture polity. make-up in contending of any and social cultural the competingresurfacing discourses of these forceful the leading to unfulfilled, remain suchhopeswould chapter, close of the this discuss at aspirations, an alleviation of social, political and economic strain, would be achieved. As we will optimism throughout Palestinian mainstream that some degree of fulfillment of national openness.” superficial social progressively-minded elements, and“a Palestinians wasforthere conservative but atime, general steadfastness and resistance both moralizingprocess,” of larger discourse the Intifadathe and the the Lisa Taraki, “Internal Dynamics: Palestinian Society and Polity since Oslo,” talk given at 2006 Annual Palestine Annual 2006 at given talk Oslo,” since Polity and Society Palestinian Dynamics: “Internal Taraki, Lisa ibid, 206 ibid, 205-206 hijab As Biruniversity of Zeit professor Taraki has sociology Lisa noted, beginningthe of the Again,becauseis it not of purpose the historicize,this thesis to detail and elaborate With the creation of the Palestinian National Authority as a result of the Oslo “peace affair to organize around securing a social agenda within both affair both Intifada the andthe asocial organize securing agenda within around to , ThePalestine Question since Oslo: Current Options and Future Strategies became “de-hegemonized”. With regard to the tension between tension the to With regard “de-hegemonized”. became 136 Indeed, thisfound was within alarger senseof profound 135 137 This picture is also reaffirmed by Harvard by reaffirmed is also picture This symbolic discourseof , October 26, 2006. 53 CEU eTD Collection 141 140 139 produce.” to capacity economy’s long term, thethe possibilityover precludes, of any de-development kind of entirely, developmental development process, forestall butnot even distort may a which disarticulated one,underdevelopment, by destroying the and utilizing critical inputs needed to promote internal growth beyond a specific structural level.Unlike refers to a process that undermines the ability of an economy to grow and expand by preventing it from accessing 138 “de-development.” of herconcept of acceleration a massive discourse gleaned from a “collective memory” of the First Intifada. As Helena Lindholm Schulz Lindholm Helena As Intifada. First the of memory” “collective a from gleaned discourse symbolic discourse of resistance became once again relevant –specifically the elements of that andthus a to“struggle atmosphere” society again once Palestinian returned contradicitions, these life.” Palestinian longfeatures of characteristic resistance, and popular identity, collectiveconsciousness national growth, economic activism, supercede political to needscame basic where areality created other. “state building”promise of anddevelopmenton one hand, adeepening and occupation on the between contradictions the and significant as theprocess weregrowing unfolded, However, there settlement. As Stein and Swedenburgnote, Intifada,the inby sincere partsustained andwastemporarily just popular large for optimism a of which from previously hegemony the resistance discourse hegemonic over above, propelled devastating Palestinian decline, effectively precluding any meaningfulforpossibility reform.” and pernicious belief,accepted Oslo the process did damagePalestinian new life to considerable and introduced realities – economic, political and social – that set the stage for future and Hroub, 86 Stein and Swedenburg, 12 Ibid, 7 Sara Roy, Consequentially, as the Second Intifada erupted inConsequentially, Intifadaas Second of the erupted October exposed 2000 andstarkly forms… institutionsenabled that the creation anddissemination ofnovel or submerged cultural part of its state-building efforts, the Palestinian Authority fostered new national media selectively and often meeting with although resistance catering up, the growingto Palestinianmiddle sprang class…As consumption of cultural sites New re-appeared. Intifada Weddingswere extravagantly celebrated; pop bandsthatdisbanded (re)emerged. had during the culture everyday of forms repressed and lifted, gradually seriousness With the onset of “peace” talks, the “Intifada culture” of struggle, sacrifice, austerity, and discursive “normality” retained of discourse political same ade-radicalized the At time, As UC Berkeley professor Bishara Doumani notes, “duringAs life, Bishara professor UC Berkeley theOslo its Doumaninotes, process Failing Peace, Gaza and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict 140 141 (London: Pluto, 2007), 36: “ 138 As Roy writes, “contrary to De-development 139 54 CEU eTD Collection guide political possibilities in the face of increasing structural strain. structural increasing of face in the possibilities political guide to hasre-emerged of resistance discourse howasymbolic rather partially but political Islam, ascendance of the Hamas movement is emblematic movement Hamas the of ascendance relativeFatah to itsandfirm rhetoric in resistance tothe ongoing occupation. In other words, the moralisticitsor its but perceived effective programs, overtones, “incorruptibility” social services Hamas’ 2006 victory electoral in theLegislativeits Assembly, popularity lies notin its religious not and occupation, the to resistance from primarily draw and to bound profoundly are movement the “culturalist politics.” moralistic conservative, asa characterized is better movement the in practice in Brotherhood, Muslim the rooted politics classical Islamist itsin is character although grounded a form of mainstream discourse, evenacademic) (and occupation. a“subcontracted” and over presiding citizenry needsof Palestinian elementary most the satisfying of as incapable perceived movement socialgrassroots programsitself andpositioning thesoleas viable adisgraced alternative to Fatah of an network through extensive ground significant gaining this discourse, and re-asserted after in military the incursion March 2002.” intensified that trends by (re)occupation, the separated between communities communication modesandentertainment of Internetthe as video and games, sphere turned totelevision, resistance of andinvocations appropriations andcultural wherenew social, political social and vacuum and political where opened, imploding social adeepandprofound context an produced 142 on drew “the'New Intifada' notes, 144 143 24, 4 no.(Fall 2002) 21, emphasis added. Helena Lindholm Schulz. "The 'Al-Aqsa Intifada' As a Result of Politics of Transition." Usher, op. cit. Hroub, 13 in fact out of a “religiosity of resistance.” As has been shown in the brief period since As Palestinian political scientist Khaled Hroub describes, Palestinians “see Hamas as a as Hamas “see Palestinians describes, Hroub Khaled scientist political Palestinian As It is also in this context where a politically ascendant Hamas movement has appropriated Contrary to the myopic and surface appraisal of the Hamas repeated throughout surface Hamasrepeated the of theContrary myopicappraisal and to However, unlike the first Intifada, as Swedenburg and Stein note, “thenote, However, and unlike thefirstIntifada, asSwedenburg Stein second uprising re-emerged, further re-exposinglinesfault within Palestinian the polity. interiorization social andpolitical movement of the social, as families and individuals incarcerated in the domestic in the incarcerated individuals and families as social, the of the richsymbolic capitalof theIntifada in the late 80s. 144 143 Further, the political andgrounding of demands Itis in simultaneouslythis and deteriorating not with an Islamist hue, advancing a form a advancing hue, Islamist an with of a “shift” of Palestinian society towards society Palestinian of a“shift” of a symbolic discourse of a symbolicdiscourse Arab Studies Quarterly ” 142 55 CEU eTD Collection 148 147 146 145 Further life underoccupation.” of circumstances arising from cruel the andeffect chaincause of link in isaresponse, the live… Hamas people thus Palestinian under which the occupation theIsraeli circumstances: productof unnatural is as natural seen the activities… Hamas charitable and cultural, social, scale wide in involved is that movement multidimensional position” beingwaged Hamas movement and its ascendance, the key pointprovide.” control its for and territory what that solidarity and follows identity of focus the and sustainability, is economic to return to the “war of legal the arescarcelyviablewithout the substrate, projects “national poignantly observed, contingent by upon imposed conditions the a continuing occupation. As has Rabinowitz futureof is thatany“social emphasized Palestinian agenda andcontentany polity” completely polity.” futurePalestinian agenda of any thesocial over content and iscrisis Theanideological leadership. other national inadequate autocratic, and unaccountable, by increasingly an representation, aggravated of isapolitical ideology One crisis and practice. not the result of their mass turn to faith, but the fruit of two interrelated crises of PLO nationalist projects. its effective social to addition high demand, this was a significant contribution to the movement’s political ascendance in in wasonceagain a herein a discourse such timeat when described andresistance steadfastness of discourse” and “symbolic the embodied incorporated effectively most Hamas Because Rabinowitz, “Post-National Palestine,” 759 Usher, op. cit., 350 Ibid, 5-6 Hroub, 2000, 5 , Though there is much more to say about the complexities and social dynamic of the This view is echoed by Graham Usher, who notes that “Palestinians’ support for Hamas is espoused by a movement can be realized. is and the Palestinian people’s assessmentwhetherof the“revolutionary project” embody the state of resistance.movements and in their share of public support basically are contingenton how well they However, it also Palestinian rights.dependsHence, the fluctuations inthe balance of power among Palestinian on how realisticoccupation thatand with its ability to secure minimallyresistancea reasonable level of satisfaction of in a very the increase in popularsupport for any Palestinian politicalbasic movementis commensurate, sense with its capacity to serve as an outlet for resistance against the in sense, general a more 148 culturally within the Palestinian social polity appropriation over and 146 147 Yet it should be should it Yet 145 56 CEU eTD Collection as the Palestinian-Israeli group DAM proclaims, “This is the new Intifada / The lyrics are the http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1592612,00.html face inoppression.” Israeli identity of the Palestinian of “expression occupation,” an military the against resistance nonviolent creative of “form a become has hip-hop that notes Sollums hip-hop phenomenon, Jackie Palestinian documentary the on of a recent director the Iss 60; pg. 8. 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 of form a as also but marginality their only not for vehicle expressive an as form musical the rappershaveappropriated culture, Palestinian “Westernizing” tool forPalestinian music.” message with big across we getour andrap prison, PR member Farra Mohammed al “ourreality describes, in Gaza isaboutsuffering. Gazaislike a enthusiastically.” listening all were of ages –people incredible was reaction the performed, supportsignificant receives also Gaza in hip-hop Palestinian describes, al-Huwaisi member PR as Yet, from the such andbeaten disagreements. whileup over beenhas onstage attacked from even Gaza, community: groups, the Palestinian Rapperz (PR) notable hip-hop of For example,one Palestinian more the “Peopleinto Gaza.” behavior Western un-Islamic for “bringing harassment to subjected been similarly wereyoung artists, hip-hop Palestinian representing“hip agrowing hop culture of resistance,” have confused at and endemic poverty.”unemployment, first. issues Israeli well,racism, “raising asJewish such Territoriesbutwithin as Occupied Israel But in the inonly the not hip hop,” “culture of youth Palestinian andcreative a non-violent operations’” to first such have process,” cultural widely from varied appropriations of a “popularculture ‘martyrdom concert“peace Oslo the failures of as of the a result center political the of erosion and legitimation we than diplomatic modelshistory economy or political alone can provide.” culture, cultural production and consumption “yieldsoften afuller chronicle and of politics power struggle attentionAs for self-determination.popularnote, Stein and Swedenburg to political embodiment of a symbolic discourse of resistance, as well as the direction of the Palestinian "Hip Hop film looks at Palestinian music scene." ibid ibid ibid TimMcGirk, “Taking Rap,”the ibid, 12-13 Stein and Swedenburg, 12 Recalling the draconian “morally unifying” imposition of imposition the of “morally unifying” draconian Recalling the Time Magazine Online 150 The Arab American News , Thursday, Feb. 22, 2007 (Accessed May 31, 2007) 154 Rather than as hip-hop a adopting . Dearborn, Mi: Jul 9, 2004. Vol. 20, 149 hijab Indeed, with de- Indeed, with the described earlier, described resistance 155 Indeed, 153 . As . As 152 151 57 CEU eTD Collection forms of creative expression thus highlight “the way creative resistance serves not only as a only not serves resistance way “thecreative highlight thus expression of forms creative foundations“hip-hop of culture” tosimilarly individual empower identities.and Such collective atthe enshrined of resistance discourse symbolic recognized” “internationally utilize the similarly 157 156 youth (male Palestinian standing, andcultural empower their social to resistance motherhood by of of thesymbolicdiscourse earlier practice eraredefined domestic the applying in an women Palestinian which way same in the Thus, practice. social patriarchical of forms at internally also but occupation, continuing the at externally both directed – sentiment social vocalizeand political to of discourse resistance andextends asymbolic appropriates culture, youth Palestinian within steadily growing medium, artistic adynamic how here see we Thus, Arapyat: female group from all- the MC features Safa' Hathoot prominently forSisters) My (Freedom Unt'a” Huriye participate andfreely express their andstruggles. opinions For example, DAM the song“Al to women Palestinian young allowed has hip-hop of medium creative the Additionally, rights. Palestinian internal confronting druguse,apathy,dynamics, significantly,most and women’s stones.” http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=7397 All of DAM’s lyrics are available online, translated into English: http://www.dampalestine.com Stones,” the are Lyrics “The Attum, Omar Yet, at the same time, hip-hop is also a powerful medium of self-critical commentary on commentary self-critical of medium a powerful is also hip-hop time, same the at Yet, 156 And now today, we bury their minds. Back in the old days, we would bury women alive change. never that stories historical the To The one who builds walls oflimitation around you This is from me, the man. This is for you, the woman, the mother of the house She is the first one to wake up and the last way one same the to sleep living continues she Day-by-day, She puts us on our feet and we just stepon her rights Keep your head upsister,just keep your head up Prisoner,choked, cutoff from your dreams and ambitions This is for you, wherever you are It's in our faces but we never choose to face it Who get lost in our customs, primitive and stupid customs sisters and mothers our all to out go words These Egypt Today (Accessed May31, 2007) , May 2007, 157 and female) 58 CEU eTD Collection 8,2004. pg. E.1 158 transnationalism.” “Palestinian Palestinian identity, and illustrating asalientdiscursive threadintegral conceptualizingto of perceptions collective and individual refining and defining similarly discourse, symbolic such, thecultural production and artistic actsas mediumof hip-hop Palestinian a vehiclefor transnational nascent ina themselves manifest asthey resistance and steadfastness of discourses symbolic powerful educational alsobuttool asasource of strength and community.” Danny Hakim. "Drawing a Rap Refrain From a U.N. Resolution." p.2. The New York Times. New York, NY: Jul Indeed, therebe ismuchmore said this. to Aswewillseefollowingabout in the chapter, Palestinian youth hip-hop culture transcend andspan international borders. As 158 59 CEU eTD Collection thresholds of meaning that must be crossed, erased, and translated in the process of cultural production.” (Ibid, 4) (Ibid, production.” cultural of process the in translated and erased, becrossed, must that ofmeaning thresholds as narration will establish the cultural boundaries of the nation so that they may be acknowledged as 'containing' Harvard University p. 171.:Further,Press, 1983), this “Insense, the ambivalent, then, antagonistic perspective of nation Oakland, from artists byPalestinianand and hip-hop is similarly Lidd, Israel appropriated articulated to California.confinedis notinstead toPalestinians but inOccupied spans transnational Territories, frontiers, Palestinian “national” and identity.Incollective a re-contextualizes and re-articulates the both which a way in them around process,and apply evolved, though thatsame, the from draw youth discoursethe and mothers the Like circumstances. to new forms marginalityand anddiscontent traumatictheirrage, their withinstraining andoften social of social practicesome) in order to- expressempowering artistsinhip-hop Gaza “appropriate” theboundaries defiantly cultural of pushing (for production themselves in themselvesa medium which for them, and best reproducing asmuchthose as harnesses creating,producing, forcing, [and]guiding.’” their passion atitsculture most productive for position, 'subordination, asaforce fracturing, diffusing, 160 http://www.counterpunch.org/youmans10012005.html 159 in “aform partthrough cultural of presentopportunities for transformation and possibility. ForBhabha, “the nation” defines itself and themselves pronounce narrative” “national the of ambivalences the where nation-space” margins.” Homi Bhabha, Palestine,” Hop for “Hip Youmans, Will Illustrating theTransnationality ofSymbolic Discourse through PalestinianHip-Hop Yet, this symbolic discourse – as well as thisnascent art trend which it partially informs – young site ofambivalence: Palestinian such weclosed In chapter with one previous the As Palestinian-American hip-hop artist Will Youmans writes, “Art amplifies voices on the 159 And indeed, Bhabha as Homi has it“ambivalentmarginobserved,is the of the NarratingNation the We want ageneration of giants , p. 2-4. Edward Said, Counterpunch elaboration -- DAM, “ shabab CHAPTER 3 symbolic discourses of steadfastness discoursesresistance ofand symbolic during first Intifada period described earlier, these earlier, described period first Intifada during Mali Hiriye symbolic discourse … an agency … an of agency . Oct. 1/2, Accessed May 26, The World, The TextandThe Critic ” (I Don't Have Freedom) ambivalent around “steadfastness” and around 160 narration that holds that narration (Cambridge, Mass: (Cambridge, 60 CEU eTD Collection “rethink” and re-shape conceptions of “resistance” and “steadfastness” in a way firmly in which a way and“steadfastness” “resistance” of conceptions andre-shape “rethink” to need the also and relationality,” “transnational of concept the incorporates which a way close the chapter by drawing theoretical conclusions on the need to “rethink” need to conclusions onthe bydrawing theoretical thechapter close I Lastly, localities. three in these Palestinians between solidarities affirming and “connecting,” steadfastness medium of hip-hop to elucidate how our notion of artistic (sub)cultural the to Ithen specifically turn States. United the and Territories, Occupied here–Israel, the considered spatialities Palestinians in transnational andinto the relation generally both and “popular culture,” “diaspora,” “territoriality,” “transnationalism,” between, circumstances. different altogether Palestinians, butillustrate also particularthe to individual) (and often facing struggles them in draw from the same degree some to all artists Palestinian-American and Palestinian-Israeli Palestinian, where hop medium trans-cultural creative, in than the illustrated more clearly no is This identities. molding themselvesvarying to contextsregardless of locationspatial and hybrid “national” identity,” “Palestinian of forms collective and individual both of re-affirmation and articulation inform motifsa basisfor re- implicitly discursive explicitly and these conceptualization, discursive elements in an understanding of what I call “Palestinian transnationalism.” Within this 161 throughout thesisthis as –form themselves resistance inThus, I seek to emphasizethis chapter, how and AsBhabhafurther beingalso re-contextualized. notes, re-articulated is idiom” “national the and “Palestinian culture” to relationship their discourses, “transnational” as butreshaped Further, and transformed. onlynot “resistance” isalsobeing re-articulated, Ibid, 4 I begin the chapter with a very brief theoretical overview of, and the relationships the and of, overview theoretical brief very a with thechapter I begin antagonism and unpredictable forces for political representation. political for forces unpredictable and antagonism meaning and, inevitably, in the political process,producing unmanned sites of political hybridity, of incorporating new 'people' in relation process to the a politic,body generating be otherof sitesitself always must of outside/inside problem the and is Janus-faced boundary The it. beyond or outside is what to relation in 'other' as simply seen be it The 'locality' of national culture is neither unified nor unitary in relation to itself, normust – having become a constituent element of elementof described culture” a “popular –havingbecomepolitical a constituent in relation to Palestinian “collective identity” appear identity” “collective Palestinian to inrelation symbolic discourses to not only forcefully address their collective identity as identity collective their address forcefully only not to transnational discourses transnational symbolic discoursessteadfastness of and symbolic discourses of resistance and of symbolic discourses 161 and also serve as salient transnationalism transnationally of hip-of in 61 as CEU eTD Collection claims or their legitimacy.peoples as Palestinians:the “deterritorialization isnot meantannounce to theendof territorial stateless such for relevant highly even and Itsignificant not is does “deterritorialization” suggest,that say to not irrelevant.” and however,abstract theoretical, are postnationalism and thattransnationalism of horizons personal new “the that argument powerful the is there zenith,” its identity, at ethno-territorialism with frenzy… culturalnation-building “a in embroiled and terrain” discontinuous affiliation,dismembered, fragmented, in incarcerated Palestinian a disenfranchised, amorphous community dependent, rather framework is of little consequence. As social anthropologist Dan Rabinowitz has noted, theoretical this – asPalestinians for –such claims “afrom territorial-based emanate necessarily state.” “context[s] of alterity,” and thus beingincreasingly with “at odds of projects the nation-the increasing “transnationalism,” therefore an signals locality,”of “production new creating the nation-state,” beyond ourselves “thinking of notion the championed have Appadurai, Arjun as such theorists, deflation of the “nation-state paradigm” through the inter-related process of globalization. Some Palestinian Conflict,” 164 of Identity 163 162 state, of conceptions only betweennot is divergence there agrowing identities, hybridized territoriality Introducing Theoretical Underpinnings and Problematics “imagined geographies.” Walls,and Lines, Separation Green across and within violencebreed division and continue to possibilitiesfor emerge “subverting” the enduringand exclusivistnarrations of nationthe which I argue,new so, threads.By doing of these discursive “transnationality” the pushes forward Dan Rabinowitz, “Postnational Palestine/Israel? Globalization, Diaspora, Transnationalism, and the Israeli- Appaurai, Arjun(1996) Sovereignty without Territoriality: Notes fora Postnational Geography in Arjun Appadurai, “Patriotism and It’s Futures,” 1993 in: Public Culture 5:3, pp. 411-429 but also between also but 163 Yet, for groups of disenfranchised, stateless peoples whose demands for sovereignty Conceptualizing what we mean by “transnationalism” necessarily involves the issue of issue the involves necessarily “transnationalism” by mean we what Conceptualizing . Ed.Patricia Yaeger Ann-Arbor: Michigan, 1996. 40-58. and trend of 162 Critical Inquiry and have argued that with the growing ascendance of transnational, sovereignty de-territorialization 26, No. 4. (Summer, 2000), 763, 767, 772. and territoriality within the world-system at large: the idea of a . For Appadurai, “deterritorialization,” and . ForAppadurai,“deterritorialization,” 164 However, this is this However, The Geography nation and 62 CEU eTD Collection assertions in either locale inassertions either dependent States, but also Palestinian citizens of Israel. Indeed, this statement may be even Palestinians in the 168 167 166 and Its Futures p. 15; See also Stuart Hall The Questionof Cultural Identity. In S. Hall, D. Held and T. McGrew (eds.) marginalized,” by the resistance of settingis… astrategy in diaspora the “nationalism that assertion Clifford’s Palestinians of For instance, those Israel. inthe“borderzone” living as applicable well to As thismany definition suggests, insights elucidatedthe of with to“diaspora”reference are is definedby Swedenburg and as Levie and Israel of citizens Palestinian of locality describe the hereto isapplied “borderzone” The term hereas “diaspora” 165 the and come into play“deterritorialization” forsuch groups isas Palestinians the in both the politics.” transnational and national larger a of service in the differences cultural of mobilization “conscious the is, that he terms inwhat solidarities identities and ethnic-based or cultural salience of emphasizes Appadurai increasing from the too place.” Indeed, imagined anddetached bounded people’s sense belonging, of heritage, solidarity,and destiny are changing and canin factbe James Clifford, “Diasporas,” Lavie and Swedenburg, 15-16 Swedenburg and Levie, 14 1996. Eurocenter's imposition of cultural fixity. ofcultural imposition Eurocenter's celebrate. They are equally minefields, mobile territories of constant clashes with the diasporas, are not justof places imaginative interminglings happyhybridity and for usto residents often refuse the geopolitical univocality of the lines…Yet borders,like out of the debris of corroded, formerly (would be) homogenous identities, zones where the [ settlement. of country the and country mother the both encompassing cultural space enmeshedbut are in ofcircuits economic,social, and cultural ties involvement with "back home." Diasporic populations frequently no occupy singular refugees and have placesto -their connectionsexiles, tothe space they currently occupy and their continuing migrants, of] [groups that loyality dual or relationship doubled the Thus, the primary arenas where the concepts of “transnationalism” and “transnationalism” of concepts the where arenas primary the Thus, a site] of creative cultural creolization, places where criss-crossed identities are forged are identities criss-crossed where places creolization, cultural of creative a site] Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. borderzone . Cambridge: Polity Press. P 274-316. Hall, Stuart (1992) 168 is asIargue, true, notonly for diasporic from Palestinians UnitedIraq tothe . Following Swedenburg and Levie’s definition for both forFollowing both terms, Ideploy Swedenburg andLevie’sdefinition . borderzone 165 Cultural Anthropology than Palestinians in the diaspora. But are such nationalist such are But diaspora. the in Palestinians than only the result of marginalization? Or do they not also 167 9 (1994) Minneapolis: University Press, University of Minnesota Minneapolis: 166 “culturalism more Modernity diaspora true for ” – 63 CEU eTD Collection providing both implicit and explit “levels of affiliation.” To situate here the argument of this carried byliving personsandimmediate kin.” their limb, families,broken properties, of humiliating,ruined of andof deserted forced and exile are “the Palestinian diaspora is recent, forced, and directly personal. The memories of loss of life and 173 172 171 170 169 levels affiliation.” of of variety will future more and belessoneidentifying as aseeking commonof groundoneself on other of a of identities in andincreasingly transnational exile, hasfostered thatthe a sense Palestinians transnationalism? of dynamic the acknowledging still –while one ethno-territorial necessarily andhybrid a identity between a transnational, and between a“home” not andincreasingly existrelationship dynamic which diaspora does – relevant. and legitimate more becoming is which subjectivities” “diasporic of assertion increasing an been time some for has there project,” “nationalizing it’s by disfavor some with viewed been historically identity and place.” “challenges thenexusbetween whichfundamentally hasbeena subjectivity” “diasporic above, consequence growing one certainly not be answered here, but arecritical nonetheless in situating thelarger issues involved. societies”? new homes inhost forming longingremembering,but struggling, alsobynew and crafted and contexts thepotentials of of notsolely shapedby Palestinians identities context the inexilecreate whatextentdo “to of the fact of transnationalization on Palestinian lives and experiences” in these locales?” And solidarity and “collective identity”? Further, how do we understand, as Schulz puts it “the impact ethno-national of asassertions well as self-identity, Palestinian of assertions “culturalist” both inform upon of discourse threads salient What Palestinians? diaspora/borderzone of case inthe identity national and collective of articulation the and diaspora/borderzone idiom? national of the “epicenter” tothe connected fundamentally Peteet, “Refugees, Resistance, and Identity,” 185. Rabinowitz, “Postnational Palestine/Israel,”768 ibid, 771 Rabinowitz, “Postnational Palestine/Israel,” 768 Schulz, Palestinian Diaspora, 4 As Julie Peteet has argued, “fragmentation, with its multiple geographic and cultural sites andcultural multiple its geographic “fragmentation, with hasargued, As Julie Peteet “culturalist” trends described “transnational” and significant the Thus, acknowledging Indeed, the larger hereis, question dowe how understand therelationshipbetween 171 For Palestinians, this is largely a result of the fact that, as Rabinowtiz describes, Rabinowtiz as that, fact the of result a largely is this Palestinians, For 173 This points to the relevance of 169 Of course, these are larger questions which which will questions Of thesearelarger course, 172 170 How then do we describe the increasing we describethe do then How Though the Palestinian diaspora has diaspora Palestinian the Though common discourses in 64 CEU eTD Collection The Transnationality ofHip-Hop: Discourses Marginalization of andResistance from Ramallah to New York and beyond. is LOUD,andreverberates of words discontent fused articulate-yet-determined hip-hop, with andPalestinian of rhythms beats dynamic rumbling the of resistance,” act an were themselves yet of resistance acts narrative accompanying “silent were a graffiti Intifada Andwhile relevant. itissimilarly acceptance, today and perhaps ingraffiti transnational its did, dissemination production. Though Palestinian not hip-hop does have the communal which omnipresence such cultural of new forms creating of process in the resistance and of steadfastness discourse –bothPalestinian hip-hop being in, necessarily steeped aswell from,as drawing asymbolic givesdescription The exact first forgraffiti the Peteet Intifada during can be today saidfor innotes Peteet an study earlier of graffiti the firstduring Intifada how, analysis. for material illustrative and possibility both provides and operates creatively most discourse this “popularwhich culture,”through arenaof tothe isherewe return whereIt also 175 174 of have Yettoday, asmany marginalized.” the genres an these “discourse representof expressive ascendance, “counter-cultural” oftheir points at especially genres, musical certain that critics whatfollows: for importance ofit’sbecause crucial steadfastness and resistance. thesis, one such discourse – or set of discourses – is our notion of a Julie Peteet. “The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada.” ibid directives for confronting occupation and transforming oneself in the process. in the oneself transforming and occupation confronting for issuing as well directives as commentary political provided They memory. inscribed and processes, resistance, and debated tradition,community envisioned competing futures, affirmed indexed historical events and simultaneously Graffiti relationships…. transform and form they were notmonolithic voices… butpolysemic ones that acted to historyrecord and to with its dislocating impulse. a continuing mobilization against local manifestations ofglobal a form of colonialism issue. national narrow a hardly is world, and the on of being way acting a identity, Palestinian in component ‘struggle’ the that argue could One It has often been said by a wide array of sociologists, political scientists, andcultural scientists, political sociologists, of array by said awide been has It often Peteet also significantly affirms this idea, and I isolate it here itisolate idea, I and this alsoaffirms significantly Peteet 174 Struggle Cultural Anthropology in this instance references symbolic discourse of 175 11 (1996:2), 141 65 CEU eTD Collection also instrumental also in generating such sentiments,” and recording “thefeelings and aspirations of a “parallels thehistory itself,” struggle the of is “not and only popular but…reflected sentiments music Palestinian popular that notes Massad last chapter, discussed we “struggle atmosphere” being samethe memory both. Like expressive of the timeand agency,” at political while transcendingboth. As Massadpopular notes, music hashad a impactprofound “popular on expresses both discoursethis national and idiom Palestinian the – while inthe process Palestinian artists hip-hop both subvert a“cultureindraw from industry” a and which way “below”) and “above” from (both contingencies multiple of product the been have which in dichotomy and suggestthat, from andof discourses drawing symbolic resistance steadfastness such sentiment?” such of expressions they metaphors deploy are imagesand or these commitments political generates sentimentand definesindustry… popular “Are partof that songs a culture nationalism, these scale. a transnational on discourse this of aspects shaping for vehicle artistic an thus and transnationally provides hip-hop howPalestinian an such of example are re-articulated discourses symbolic of elements discursive the examining Thus, in hip-hop. embodied marginalization” of “medium musical transnational the with discourse this of elements fused and idiom, national Palestinian the 176 combines itis that hip-hop of Palestinian ascendance transnational for recent, the part of explanation the unheard.” “voicethe of apowerful hip-hop remains globally, isit that clear Indeed, marginalization. and of adversity expressions creative as for vehicle a valueandrelevance universal child of a Tamil Tiger Lankan fusesM.I.A. phenom Tamil motifs personal adversities from with her upbringing asthe leader. The pointlikecoming artists Somali life K’Naanwriterefugee rhymes about a as child soldier, and Sri here is that as anhigh-life rapmostly up-and- excess, like about now in P-Diddy West the contemporary artists artistic medium, Though resistance. and marginalization discontent, of for expressions mediums artistic hip-hop retains itsbeen grossly andcommercialized by“popular” consumed culture, they still powerful remain Massad, 175. Massad, As Joseph As in Joseph and the historic Massad inasks relation to cultural of Palestinian role song So how does this relate to Palestinians, much less the argument of As of argument lessmuch the paper? the I argue, doeshow this toPalestinians, So relate symbolic discourses of steadfastness and resistance ofsteadfastness and symbolic discourses 176 In the case of Palestinian hip-hop, I would either/or this hip-hop,I argueagainst Palestinian Inthe caseof that have become engrained with engrained become have that 66 CEU eTD Collection Palestine!” of Gang Hill Sugar the We Are hip-hop: Palestinian – “DAM Franzen, Stefan in manor this in themselves to referred 180 179 178 depart). (Massad, 188). “Born Here” –Palestinian hip-hop in Israel United States. the locales: in and Israel, Occupied hip-hop the Territories andthree Palestinian profile selectively Ibroadly – is in character, “transnational” it’sdiscourse and vehiclehere–increasingly artistic through which shapesnationalindividual, identity.Further, collective,discourse asthis and thusproviding amedium areembodied hip-hop, insteadfastness and resistance Palestinian follows,offers, so intensely, asense of both self and others, of the subjective in the collective.” I attempt andacollectivesubjective identity.” to emphasize this theme as I elucidate how Palestinian discourses of experience, an aesthetic experience – that we can only make sense of by of makesense we can only – that experience an aesthetic experience, musical anexperience – itandhow creates them,a people, itbuthow the constructs produces reflects aperformance music or aparticularhow of piece is not “theissue Frith, Simon culture and in music specializing sociologist longtime Following identity. Palestinian of conceptions collective and individual upon impacts which resistance and steadfastness of discourses “popularhop and can hip-hop of buthowPalestinian sentiments,” actasanamplification 367/i.html?PHPSESSID=5 “ titles included, “ expressing ressiliance and determination insupport of the revolution, while post-1967 songs were recognizably steepedin ageneral sense of loss and despair, though also 177 “blood”triple meaning:an Arabic meaningthe word in acronym and MC’s,” “Da Hebrew, DAM are largelyseen as mainthe protagonists of hip-hop.Palestinian histories.” official writing for forms and channels state toofficial access without people dispossessed Ana Samid Sugarhill Gang are widely acknowledged as the first hip-hop group, hailing from New ibid, 110. York in1979. DAM SimonFrith. “Music and Identity”in For example, songs in the late 1950s expressed a sense of confidence as a result of pan-Arabism and the Nasserist the and of pan-Arabism aresult as ofconfidence a sense expressed 1950s late inthe songs example, For However, main our heremuch isnot so purpose reciprocal the hip- between relationship As theself proclaimed and widely “Sugarhill acknowledged Palestine,”gang of group the Quintara ” (I remain steadfast), “Kalashnikov,” “ 177 Ya Jamahir al-Ard al-Muhtallah . September 12, 2006, (Accessed May 31, 2007). See also Massad, op. cit. 194 Questions of Cultural Identity http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-310/_nr- 178 For Frith, “music seems to be a key to identity because it ” (O masses of the occupied land), “ Fida’iya fedayeen ,” and “ ,” and guerilla movement. Forexample, such song ’Ahd Allah Ma Nirhal ed. Stuart Hall (London: Sage, 1996), 109 La Tihzanu 180 ” (By God we shall not Their name holds a holds name Their taking on ” (Do not be sad), 179 In what both a both 67 CEU eTD Collection Likewise, their lyrics are rapped and sung in a mix of Arabic, Hebrew and English. The track The English. and Hebrew Arabic, mixin a of sung and arerapped lyrics their Likewise, 'The 'The model of ethnic democracy: as Israel a Jewishand democratic state',. Nations and Nationalism 8(4):423-431 185 184 and culturaland heritage.’” See T.Minh-ha Trinh, despite political skepticism. In it, subjects who of are fragmentsof forms of collectivities-that-were construction the in return Self to of the solidarity.’”a desired identity Similarly, alienation of the Trinh defines a “third importance time-space”of the as “one of arecognition creativityas but... and affirmation and community,voluntarism, or liberalism anarchic ofpure akind ‘as not conceived is ofidentity’ ‘fragmentation the where homeland 183 182 http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=19712 (Accessed May 31, 2007) human. “DAM: The Musical Intifada,” us makes what eradicate never can politics that meaning blood," "eternal youhave two the youcombine If place. most blood,’ say you “when people notes, Nafar think ofTamer violence. member DAM Not me, a metaphor, I seeas the other“blood” side of the coin. appropriation Blood the is what Concerning allows life to continue in the first However, here I rely onthe translation members of the group give in various interviews,“persisting” in Arabic (188). Other accounts aswell said have that “dam” as othermeans “blood” articles. in 181 production as well instruments more from traditional Arab culture suchas the democracy” such as Israel. apathy.prominently Most though, DAMsimply “beingdescribes Palestinian” in an“ethnic and use drug against out speak and non-violence, rights, women’s champion also they Israel, in emerge in andtheir conditions” own from rappers Israel. American African society which “their political choice of rap also testifies to the parallels they see between the racially oppressive Further, by and musicalArab rhythms.” itisphrases punctuated synthesizers and percussion, Israeli Whilefrom borrows musiclargely hip-hop,policies. by American the produced population religious by asregardsthe [Israel],within fostered classdivisions and especially Palestinian of the disunity “the reflect songs their writes, As Massad inIsrael. communities commentary, describing sub-levelliving conditions and the “ghetto-ization” of Palestinian “eternity” in Arabic. space.” in-between,itit it challenges as and re-appropriates an empowering, feeling of in being trapped impossiblean in-between.” Israel.As “living Lavie andSwedenburg in border isfrequently describe, the experience to the members of DAM firmly assert their Palestinian identity as manydo other Palestinian citizens of “Israeli Arabs,” or Israel” “Arabs of as designation official accept their than rather However, Fordescriptions of “ethnic democracy” applied as to Israel see Smooha and Hanf (1992), Samy Smooha (2002 188 Massad, ibid. Quoting Rushdie, Lavie and Swedenburg define the concept of a “third time-space” as “an imaginary “an as time-space” “third of a concept the define Swedenburg and Lavie Rushdie, Quoting ibid. 16 Swedenburg, and Lavie or “lasting” meaning as “dam” cites example, for Massad, translations. differing some been have There 183 Like theirforebearship-hop in Unitedthe States, DAM’s lyrics are drenching with social But DAM just aboutdoesn’t rap social issuesand political facing Palestinianminority the 181 DAM hail from Lidd, just east of Tel Aviv and are citizens of Israel. 185 Their music draws on both Western influenced “beats” and “beats” influenced Western both on draws music Their Ma’an News Agency, When the Moon Waxes Red, Waxes Moon the When February 20, 2007. 182 DAM’sjust music doesn’t describe this (New York: Routledge, 1991), 187. both Hebrew and Arabic. transnational oud and 184 “third tabla 68 . CEU eTD Collection BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4039399.stm 188 186 As Nafarmember Tamer DAM elaborates: Occupied Territories. the in is inherently that their theconstantlystruggle sameone asPalestinians and stressing point: this is DAM Indeed, communities. Jewish affluent from communities Arab predominantly separating massivethe being in wall constructed Westthe Bank,but “separation also another wall”in Lidd is to only here not mentioned a reference wall” “separation will here hereI Finally, the stay.” and theme of the Weseeherealso birth. of period.”the whoisto Palestine return though inliterary Palestiniansthe cannot, andubiquitous artistic forms “theAs Massad hasnoted, theme jealousyfeltby exiledof the Palestinians for birds, migrating riot-like scene,composed from of footage real andLod of friends group the confronting police. videoforThe self-produced songthe begins a beinginto group’s the with car erupts searchedand said, “"Arabs already know how they livehave - we have DAM As to educate Israelisversions. on what's Hebrew goingand on." Arabic both with produced was example, for Here,” “Born Massad, 183 Massad, conflict,” Mid-East reflect rappers “Rival RobWinder, we cannot see our enemy, we grew up not knowing whowe are and who to fight, but much more physically, butif you suffer look at itdeepthey insidewe life, suffer from mental occupation, daily on the that is difference The target. same onthe are we say I’d ghetto and Jewish neighborhood. And its notninemeters, itssix,something like that. So Lid, notcountry between and country neighborhoodsbut between – Arabicbetween 6-8 hours, itssomething like 10 minutes, butit’s aborder. wall The -we have here it in over the place. Borders, yeswe have borders ontheArabic ghettos butwe don’t stand for physical occupation like tanks and soldiers, we have it less here, wehave cops here all the same bullet.pain inSo your this legs. It’sis a whatonly differentfeel onlypain on the shoulder. The main pain in is the shoulder, but you might feel connects pain. A different We always compare us.it to a bullet. When somebody shoots you in the shoulder youdon’t struggle.How do Butwe the describecause of the painit? is Well, they have (I was born here and here I will stay) Every bird will break free from its cage take off and fly Her hopehas become a prisoner tothe separation wall … her forgotten and by her passed has Time (ethnic cleansing is knocking ourat doors) A bride without aveil waiting for her turn to beautify (If the fear remains within us) silk in dressed not embarrassed is neighborhood Our 188 Herethough,thebird unable fly appearscaged, to steadfastness BBC BBC News online in the song’s title and final line: “I was born (Accessed May 31, 2007) , November 26, 2004 26, , November within the Palestine of one’s 186 187 69 CEU eTD Collection Transcribed by the author. Available: author. by the Transcribed marginalization Thus,affirmsFor DAM – as for many Palestinian citizenstheir of Israel – the assertion of their Palestinian identitysense of place, belonging Arab neighborhoods: andinequalities” “savage the beyond extends that identity entitlementPalestinian their of andmarginalization non-recognition imply necessarily Democracy” of “Israeli the membersthe socialDAM, For the contradictions is of to cultural recognition seenasdenied. and in of wheresocial,recognition” historical and entitled recognition cultural of asagroup Palestinians “politics a of form isa identity a “Palestinian” of assertion the positionhow see can we mind, in this With of multi-faceted Arabs” thus inception.“Israeli invention The of category the thestate’s since continued Israeli Arabs “War of in Independence” labeling discursive1948, the of Arabs “thePalestinian with idiom new although of citizenship grantedfullPalestinians formal the to Israel remained State the who after where Abu-Baker, and byRabinowitz described heretheme an important on Nafer touches 190 189 Israel Dan Rabinowitz and Khawla Abu-Baker, Khawla and Rabinowitz Dan Norah Barrows-Friedman, DAM interview onKPFA, Berkley. (Berkeley,University of California Press,2006), 43-44 and our culture. parcel. daily subjected We're to brainwashing seversthe umbilicalcord that between us want to mail my albumdiscover that the ownershop is oneof thepeople whoexpropriated my grandfather. IfI to you in Europe,heroes.go I to the onlymusic in town store to desperately buy needed samplers –and I have to put a stampson who is asoldierin military… shopkeeper's the At schoolyou learn have to the poems Zionist about stands counter with the behind and milk some Begin's buy to I go down. it tear they face on the club and won'tyouthey you're let in because anArab. Ifyou wantto build something, We have Jewish neighbors who we get along with. But just imagine you want to go to a history. of bereft group a into also were transformed word, the of sense physical the in uprooted already Palestinians, The Arabs. vocabulary. The term puts "Israel" in the fore, constructing it as a defining feature of "its" territorial unit, thus facilitating the erasure of the term Palestine from the Hebrew intentionally misrecognized the group's affinity with the linkage to Palestine as a evidenced adeliberate design. A clearreflection of the politics of culture via language,it ourselves. ” was emblematic of “a web of a multifaceted hegemonic process” that has that process” hegemonic amultifaceted “a of web of emblematic ” was 189 symbolic discourses of steadfastness symbolicand rootedness discoursesof http://www.kpfa.org/archives/index.php?arch=18255 Coffins on our Shoulders: The Experience of the Palestinian Citizens of 190 Flashpoints . Thursday,January 2007.18th, 191 of ghettoized Palestinian ghettoized of remain an integral 70 CEU eTD Collection 192 the opening track on DAM’s new album cord” which Nafar notes above is also “umbilical of an metaphor instance, the used For earlier. mentioned Palestinians as diasporic well in the songas Israel, of Palestinians many for identity collective and individual of components salient and and album which the throughout distrusting attitude directs Israeli the no only DAM to self-critical the mention weshould First, elucidate: is there much to snipet, lyrical one From this DAM, We want a generation of giants That doesnot bend That does notforgive mistakes We want anew generation To blow up our thoughts To plough the sky, to blow up history generation angry an want We […] Opening their mouths butshutting out hope Our leadersonly flavor their speeches Always keep on rolling to a better life Our eyes staring at the free children eyes blind and closed With Asking for freedom from prisons thatwant us children war became all we Until Generals between peace for searched We Refusing to give up ofoccupation the pressure Under Every branch forGrown peace Every branch branches renewing and fathering prospering, on Keep tree the olive of the roots My feetare Like an embryo to the umbilical cord Palestine to beconnected still I'll land my me and between comes barrier ifthis And You won't limitmy hope by a wall of separation But no, I'm strong, staying optimistic In the center astar reminds me that I'm limited We see a blue sky and white clouds We haven't seen any light, and if we peek between the bars Of agreements thatchange nothing Living as prisonersbehind ofthe bars paragraphs We've been like this more than 50 years Dedication (2006). Again, lyrics accessable here: accessable lyrics Again, (2006). 192 Dedication http://www.dampalestine.com : “Mali Hiriye” (IDon't Have Freedom), (Accessed May 31, 2007) 71 CEU eTD Collection refusing to give up”). Lastly, there is the invocation of invocation is the give there Lastly, up”). to refusing my limitwon’t hopeby “every branch a wall / under pressureof separation,” the of / occupation in chapters: and asdescribed previous resistance, above. mentioned as from, marginalized implicitly are Israel of citizens Palestinian which virtues national affirming ideal symbolic – a flag Israeli the of illustration an form star, 193 running throughout branch…”) / fatheringbranches as every (“keep andrenewing on prospering, umbilical the cord”), as Palestinians.” us is treating Israel while as Israelis us is treating world whole the “how album, latest DAM’s throughout runs which theme another to points This culturally. and socially politically, minority marginalized a remain will settlement” acute for Palestinian citizensgovernment, butof the PalestinianIsrael, andArab political elite as well.who, This sentiment is particularlyeven in the event of implementation of a “two state http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=18526 195 194 ‘Palestine.’” word crowd at one show how the Shabi documents Journalist Rachel performs abroad. theTerritories group when and would erupt “intoAnd DAM like inthisrespect, makingimpactinand themare groups – an OccupiedIsrael, the giddy cheers each time the band so much as uttered the addressed by in interviews.DAM As Nafardescribes: “generation as possibility” elucidatedby John Collins. Andindeed, this themeis alsoconstantly theme of recurrent seethe we again once here and narrative, national in Palestinian large the most famous Arabic rap groups and they talk about our conflict through if conflict andrap…Maybe people our famousmostabout through groups they Arabictalk rap Rachel Shabi, “Palestinian political rap attracts growing crowds,” Flashpoints interview Flashpoints Here also is where we see the explicit appearance of symbolic discourses of of steadfastness discourses of symbolic appearance explicit see the is we where Here also took it and we put it in a song, so it’s like extra homework for the kids. the for homework extra like it’s so song, in a it put we and it took it, we talked about it - “We want education!” – whatever the Zionist education erased,we so now I can be do [some] simple math: [What] here in my mind, and I cantalk like anditmadethis, me stronger… thenIguess youcan if I knew all that stufferase when it I […]was really,So if atpoems…really butweneverknew them education the because Israeli istrying wipe it,to theto youngage of– 22 we startedculture, butwedidn’t it, we didfind haveour own leaders, ourown heroes ourown knowing eachstart figuring out that weneed to fight back and we didn’tother have the tools. We did have the and I start[ feeling free Dedication interview, op. cit. 195 ] talks aboutanew generation. When we look back, ittook us like years to 22 Dedication , op. cit. In the words of one fifteen-year old, “We love Dam, they are one of the rootedness much stronger? Alot oflittle, small kids listen to DAM sowe combined . As mentioned inChapter 1,the idea“generation”we loomsof (“my feet are the roots of the olive tree”), and olive tree”), of the are the roots feet (“my connectedness 193 Second, the blue Second, the sky,white clouds and generation Mann News Agency, (Accessed May 31, 2007). to Palestine (“like an embryo to here which is another theme is another which here 194 January 10, 2007, resistance steadfastness (“you 72 CEU eTD Collection represents a new form of resistance.” Groups like DAM are constantly emphasizing this point – point this emphasizing constantly are DAM like Groups resistance.” of form new a represents ininspire “hip into channel that Palestine… canand empower, hopculture art rage positively to platform a providing by notes, Sollums Jackie documentarian Palestinian-American As a new form sociopolitical consciousness autonomous from the “official,” “nationalist” discourse. being expression creative modes new hip-hopand itselfremolded isandtransformed: butthe discourse solidarities empowered, themes. Throughthis not artistic only mediumandthrough discourse, identitiesthis are and discursive ofthese “living” aspects –thus practice social andcultural to ofresistance discourses ideas; [andexpressing receiving] is it a way living of them.” as groups which are then expressedin their …but cultural knowactivities they that to only themselves get experience of identity.” collective of experience 199 198 197 196 “symbolizes both music notes, Frith Thus,as oral traditions. response” whichand“call heavilyfrom alike.Thisis casewith hip-hop, audience especially and the draws the artist, but it provides a site of myself. I’m noteverything I’m saying in the song, sometimes its stuff I really want tobe.” make forinner try revolution is an to of wherebestthing“the to Nafar, insee statement this the We can identity. collective and individual both of empowerment and re-formation, articulation, re- of asasite this throughout thesis to havebeen referring we what artist provides the for Palestinian… They speak about me and about who I am.” Ramallah, another fifteen year-old noted that, "I don't consider them as being from Israel, they are don't hear our voices any other way, they will hearus through the music of Dam.” At aconcert in interpretation…mutual but identity enactment, produced meanings not their and music…concerns thispostmodern about “thewrites, aesthetic question buthow it them”produces individual sense of –theirAs further identity.and collective Frith Frith, op. cit., 121 Frith, op. cit., 121 Ibid. Flashpoints In this like process, groups DAM are both drawing from and applying symbolic At the same time, not only does music draw from discourses and contextualize them for them contextualize and discourses from draw music does only not time, same the At Thus we see here what Frith addressed above, where music people, the “reflects only not where Thus addressedabove, Frith we seeherewhat … interview, op. cit. through cultural activity, through cultural aestheticthrough musicactivity, judgment.Making isn’taway of vehicles 199 living them living The issue is not so much “that social groups agree on values for discourses in a mutual resistance and steadfastness 196 experience of performance by the artist by the performance of experience in performance.” and 197 offers the immediate the offers Indeed,music thus , mobilizing , 198 73 CEU eTD Collection self-congratulatory self-congratulatory and infact quite are self-critical in viewing themusic’s forpotential change: discourse,of that aswell deepeningit’sas for audiencesalience andartist alike. and resistance inthismanor, Palestinian artists hip-hop both extend the artistic and cultural reach of steadfastness from discourses symbolic bydrawing Thus, worldwide. Palestinian the cause Additionally, groups like DAM are also vocally critical of their audience, and the possiblethe idiom: how the medium iship-hopof metaphorically with associated symbols of Palestinianthe national poem of Mahmud Darwish,Palestinian literary tradition is emphasized as “Record!a form of resistance, with the allusion to the famous I am anbut Arab.” discourse, symbolic their from In drawn symbols and themetaphors familiar secondmultiple, the again see we Here fusionexcerpt, we see explicitlywith the explicit idea of “new forms of resistance.” In the first case, the 200 two other lyrical excerpts: is if are consider This clear stones”). “this lyrics the is /the we newIntifada the means (recall change violentmore than powerful towards aweapon and“knowledge ispower,” tactic that Flashpoints the CD. he’s bleeding go and givehim my CD. He cannoteven wipe the blood hisfrom facewith same time, go to the guy who just was had the shit beat out of him at the border, and while and you see how people scream and how people feel –argh! – they feel Atpower… the take our CD, take the best political song and the best protest song and make shows with it, hardly artists hip-hop are Palestinian and hereisthat note highlight Whatshould also we Now - let's ride In the other hand, it's the mic and the anger is our ride Holding our weapons, in one hand it's the pen We are DAM's soldiers, we came outta pain Handala to it handed and mic the took We We made rap wear a Kafyah I'll neverkill the others just to live I'M AN ARAB like Mahmud Darwish did write and apen grab but a gun, grab Don't They torture us?! Ohhh, if you can't take it The ones who erased it, still didn't erase us We will paint our culture, we feel it even though we can't see it kufiya interview, op. cit. 200 -- from -- from “ -- from -- from “ and that hasbecome iconiccartoon the Handala, character with synonymous Hibuna Ishtruna Kg’Ayer Bukra Kg’Ayer ” (“Change Tomorrow”) ” (“Change ” (“Love us and Buy Us”) Buy and us ” (“Love 74 CEU eTD Collection A Different Kind of Ghetto can find young people taking upamike and performing." Khan everywhere! ... Yunis, Jenin is becomingIt say bigand Idareto in village that every you among Palestinians in Israel,youbut see nowrappers and hip-hoppers in Jabalya, Ramallah, are all“Hereit aware. As isits Nafarstarted notes, protagonists too expression spreading, and is no us and there is noyou and there is no them, there is only one - us. All together.” 203 202 2005 201 focus here hip-hop onhowPalestinian in produced Occupiedthe the Territories to relates buthave done inthe as artists exhaustively above, Palestinian hip-hop Occupied Territories I as Palestinianinas introduced hip-hop I will chapters, as previous extensivelynot profile for citizens. its all of and state, a bi-national ideal of the exclusionary sense), embracing what Said called “the idea of Palestine,” and representing the Massad: that it empowers and asserts national identity, butis at the same time it from muchwhich differentiates overtly musicthe of “nationalist” of an by earlier eradescribed which he and supported.” DAM Nafer. But the fact that the flag was altered with a “symbol of exclusion,” was not somethingwith the Al Aqsa mosque DAMYork, memberan Nafarsingled out audience membermodified waving a flag Palestinian placed in New a concert at example, For message.at their of misappropriations and misinterpretations it’s center: "It's not that I don't love the flag. I do,” said http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=8000&CategoryId=25 205 204 ed. HomiBhabha and W.J.T. Mitchell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 80 will be called.” This is aboutpeople, building for afuture ourchildren... itreallymatter whatdoesn't this country ‘Palestine.’ name the or a symbol a flag, for fighting not I'm government. Palestinian the about Saree Makdisi, “Said, Palestine, and the Humanism of Liberation,” in ofLiberation,” Humanism the and Palestine, “Said, Makdisi, Saree Rachel Shabi, op. cit. Remi Kanazi, “FREE THE P! Palestine Takes NYC's East Village by Storm,” Evert-Jan “DAM Grit, Palestinian hip hop band builds reputation inIsrael,” Flashpoints http://electronicintifada.net/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/11/4250 Still, what remains clear is that this nascent cultural phenomenon and form of musical of form and phenomenon cultural nascent this is that clear remains what Still, This reflects a larger trend among Palestinian hip-hop artists,anda crucial among hip-hop distinction alargertrend This reflects Palestinian Because I have already elaborated on the internal dynamics of Palestinian identity as well as identity Palestinian of dynamics internal the on elaborated already have I Because interview, op. cit. 202 201 Elsewhere Nafar has been even more explicit: “This is not is “This explicit: more even been has Nafar Elsewhere 203 As DAM member Nafar has putit, “there (Accessed May 31, 2007) 205 (Accessed May 31, 2007) Edward Said: Continuing the Conversation MIFTAH, The Electronic Intifada July 22, 2005 non-nationalist 204 , 17 October 17 , (in 75 CEU eTD Collection Gaza. Indeed, the concept of concept the Indeed, Gaza. and Bank West the between collaborating artists between – even difficult incredibly elsewhere and restrictions imposed by Israel all affecting youth makePalestinian working with artistsother music requires)is Perhapsmoreimpacting, digitally bans scarce. travel (aship-hop produce the to technology the 2, Chapter of end at the mentioned factor “counter-culture” the Besides “resistance.” social practice resistance http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=10297 http://www.artschoolpalestine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&lang=en&id=386&Itemid=44 throw rhymes like others throw rockets.” Again, is rap “for a asJackieSollums hasdescribed, occupation against the them, weapon – they of hip-hop being a “new form of resistance” remains 209 208 207 (Accessed May 31, 2007) 206 by affected something youyou see, write.” it’sus, difficultnot cometo upwith songs. Itexpresses itself insideyou us.Whenever are usually visibly steepedin conditionsthe of “Withoccupation: situationthe and the around events incorporates Palestinian address Arabic into his lyricsanda wide to poetry themesof array all – manyAl-Quds hip-hop Palestinian student at to groups, and, Open University other similar rap.” to Iturned then and bullet Israeli an by arm in the once woundedexpressfornothing “I Igot him outlet angry there was himself: Icould do. and to was member PRmentioned hownotes of Gazagroup hip-hopthe has earlier, providedacreative hop is not only “an art form, but also a meanstransnationality of this creative medium, and its transnationalof extension resistance.”of symbolic discourses. Similarly, Muhammad El-Farah, Ibid. Ibid. Gaza,” in voice new finds “Rap El-Haddad, Laila “Palestinian Rappers (PR) Muhammad El-Farah,” But being a hip-hop artist in the Occupied Territories is obviously a difficult enterprise. a difficult isobviously in Territories artist the Occupied But beingahip-hop response to this injustice. My voice will remain an echo – asking where is the holding on to my mic defending myself from your assault If you challenge me or not, I will spend my life For the For artist member Boikutt, Ramallah of medium group hip-the the Underground, of where hip-hop is in wherehip-hop and appropriated fashion, understood collectively a this through which is both identity-affirming through it’s perception as a medium of medium a as perception it’s through identity-affirming both is which collaboration 208 207 is highly important in ishighlyimportant andhip-hop asameans serves Al-Jazeera.net 209 This Week inPalestine Not surprisingly, the songs are blunt, but the theme the but blunt, are songs the surprisingly, Not Crucially,ita through (Acessed May 31, 2007) , Issue No. 88, August 2005. Available: 206 El-Farah is El-Farah literature alsoa symbolicdiscourseof 76 CEU eTD Collection before the required “country” (appearing here in italics). Here in here Here italics). are some (appearing “country” required samples: before the Israel have copedwith by in usually this, words putting “city”the different field whichcomes and Territories Occupied in the artists hip-hop Palestinian different how is interesting is What justplaced right tothe “profileof Notsurprisingly, artist’sthe “Palestine” picture.” listed. isnot your fans, “MySpace page”with and“friends,” influences. it world,is ahighlyattractivemeanstoday easy) (and of one’smusic,“linking”disseminating free, and is universally accessible. Because the websiteis so highly used among youth around the post songsgroups to and lyrics, for download, along with pictures, for biographical information music allows MySpace material. interesting some Israel presents and Territories Occupied justfocuslarge,but here to how on medium the artistsby in is hip-hop used the Palestinian of up all inquirylarge, forsorts possibilities sociological at Palestinian even at transnationalism opens “MySpace the Of phenomenon” networkingcourse, website. MySpacesocial become the communication forand artists hip-hop collaboration Palestinian –wherever they are –has the Internet. over downloaded Accoustic, Electronica” hop, with Slovo Underground recently (who classifiescollaborated UKgroup the themselvesas“Trip- Ramallah of Boikutt example For audience. international an to message their brings also 211 their for a foundation as rock heavy to lyrics. jazz acid from of everything elements incorporating – musically diverse most 210 Rumplestichkin.” from musicians,“Lebanese “ Turntablist DJLethal group to Skillz” Belgian indie-rock of plethora whole a with Internet the through collaborated have Underground Ramallah community – especially for Palestinian those in the Occupied transnational the Territories. within Forcommunicating example, and creating membersboth in of tool crucial a been has Internet Because of the this, craft. artistic as one’s refining aswell of one’s audience expanding “Slovo,” An interesting sidenote is that out of all the artists profiled in this thesis, RamallahUnderground are decidedly the Gaza Strip, Palestine, Not Palestine, Strip, Gaza United States soF##K, listed Palestine is not “location,” band’s is a page MySpace a visit they when sees one things first the of One Because of the necessity of the Internet in this regard, a highly utilized medium of MySpace 210 , Available: Collaborating with such musically and internationally diverse musicians diverse internationally and musically such with Collaborating www.myspace.com/4slovo 211 ) to produce a track called “Nakba” which has in turn been widely been in turn has which “Nakba” called atrack produce ) to (Accessed May 31, 2007) 77 CEU eTD Collection 213 (Accessed May 31, 2007) http://www.myspace.com/damrap 212 nationally-bound identities, “the realities of quotidian experiences and experiences quotidian of realities “the identities, nationally-bound cybercafes in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, where rather than erasing territorially and Here also, we encounter many of the same themes elucidated by Laleh Khalili in her study of have empowered and affirmed anindividual and collective sense of identity? Palestinian Further, how similarly hip-hop has extent what to Palestinian-Americans, for becomes, then section next the Thelargerpeople. for they When to accessible immediately relate.” hearhiphop question people and potential hasthe to Becauseit global transcend isboundaries. familiar, itisso and inviting in Palestinians diaspora Unitedthe States. last locale describe – spatial out of transition to point a useful hereprovides transnationalism territorial- identity centered remains highlysalient. Further, ourreturning to themethe of Palestinians, a where to “transnationalism” inappropriating thecontradictions of illustration affirmidentity in to their order MySpace structure formal of the asubversion for Palestinians requires “location” of classification obligatory “48.” 213 number the and symbols national placenames, Palestinian incorporating often cyberhandles, identity. of assertions territorial and national As Khaliliextension the necessitate documents, Palestinians of relations” one indicator of this is the national sentiment which drips off choices of contextualizing altogether different challenges faced asPalestinian-Americans? faced challenges different altogether contextualizing this perceptions mediating process – framing of Palestinian-American identity as and as well Khalili, op. cit. Available : We can see the MySpace example described above as an obvious extension of the –how of this extension obvious asan above described We example see theMySpace can symbolic discourses of resistance and steadfastness resistance and symbolic discoursesof Palau Ramallah, Palestine, Palestine Iraq Ramallah Palestine, Israel palestine lod-palestine48, Israel As Jackie Sollums andmany have others hip-hop noted, “as a genreis popular,accepted, http://www.myspace.com/boikutt 212 , http://www.myspace.com/aswatt , http://www.myspace.com/palrapperz . This illustration provides auseful illustration This thus , http://www.myspace.com/rucollective been incorporated and beenincorporated contributed to , lived political and social 78 CEU eTD Collection Yaeger, (Ann Arbor: Univeristy of MichiganPress, 1996), 466 216 215 214 nationalisms play the dominant role.” inform which to transnational ina cyberculture developed diaspora their ideologicalconcepts the and use capitalism byhigh-tech provided theresources “‘excorporate’ they isthat refugee camps “Born Palestinian, Born Black”: Palestinian-American Hip-Hop Palestinian-American hip-hopremain “connected”toPalestinefurther artists Palestinian-American through earlier, described transnational possibilities with the song.However, through accomplish able to are artists hip-hop Palestinian-American which Palestine” own one’s “creating of sense is this It memories.” invented acquired and your created, pool of deep endof that is the other, place that “a geography”: “imagined an in Palestine” own one’s “creating of notion is the there Michigan,” circumstances. American” “Palestinian- particularly mediate and contextualize to also but identities, collective and personal this– especially discourse –is itssymbolic appropriatedonly elements not reify andto empower artists, hip-hop Palestinian-American particularly Palestinian-Americans, of case the In identity.” “Palestinian forces upon of impacting as constitutive, act shaping previously, these discourses as “identity-affirming” in “nationalist” much and thrust empowering. As hasbeen described roleof are the “excorporation” such of component a salient argue, I as However, nationalism.” distance “long for Palestinian-Americans, heavily similarly,Khalili relying -functions “cyberculture” Internet especially on describes the as One make make could the argumentthat additionally the sub-cultural medium – hip-hop a of resource “excorporated” in the service of advancing a form of Anton Shammas, “Autocartography: The Case of Palestine, Michigan,” in Michigan,” ofPalestine, Case The “Autocartography: Shammas, Anton ibid Ibid, 127 Another conclusionKhalili in youthof inreaches herstudy Palestinian theLebanese As Anton Shammas writes in his essay “Autocartography: The Case of TheCaseof Palestine, inhis writes Shammas essay “Autocartography: As Anton animate their “long distance nationalism. destabilizing national identities, their virtual practices,whether quotidian or contentious, modes of nationalist understanding imagesusing andleaflets borders. across Farfrom integrative transnational force. Forthese young people, theinternet further distributes instead of undergoing “identity travel,” their national andpolitical identities function as an symbolic discourses of steadfastness and resistance,symbolic discoursesof 214 As such, 215 TheGeography of Identity which in many ways is not so not is ways many in which performing . Ed. Patricia 216 79 CEU eTD Collection with with and indenote olive asdescribed One: trees to keys rootednesssteadfastness, Chapter and idiom. national Palestinian the drawnfrom discourse symbolic same the I argue, and, as traditions) literaryand influences blended (American hip-hop informed by “high culture”Palestinian/Arab musical same exact the on draw Youmans like artists Palestinian-American Territories, Occupied portrayal of Arabsmakesatirical the adeliberate, statementabout Wrestling –to Federation 1980s the during in the US media. World in American the Arab character Sheik name the –astereotypically Iron appropriated Like their counterpartsOakland hasaday-job and sciencepolitical teaching atalocal community college. Youmans described to nativerelocated whorecently Michigan Sheik. Youmans is moniker Iron the a Dearborn, above in Israel and the artists. hop university-educated, their beingmore lyrics dynamicand than manyAmericansophisticated hip- “delinquents”, being and hip-hop most hip-hop “low-culture,” Palestinian-American are artists American issues.Unlike mainstream image pervasive the hip-hop artists of in the US being Arab- and Palestinian-American larger also but issues, Palestinian only not dealing songs Sheik, began and N.O.M.A.D.S. others highly self-producing conscious andsocially political issuesPalestinian identity Artists hip-hop. Palestinian such the and through as Iron Philistines, in the Occupied Territories, a growing number of Palestinian-Americans also began to address Palestine As ashattered nation Living under occupation reservations into Driven As aPalestinian feel more like an Indian ... olive trees. And uprooted us like our olive trees refugees into us turned They Now all we have are old keys and new poems homes our stole and us exiled They For example, in the song “Olive Trees,” Youmans utilizes the same symbology associated under records who is Will Youmans, artists Palestinian-American most active One of the Atrelatively samethe time emerged hip-hop when Palestinian inIsrael,andsubsequently –referencing our earlier discussion music,of performance, andidentity. 80 CEU eTD Collection (Summer 1997) 220 219 (Accessed May 31, 2007) 218 http://www.ironsheik.biz/olivetrees.html 217 As notes, Black.” Hammad born hip-hop artist Suheir Hammad’s phrase – and title of her collection of poetry - “born Palestinian, to.” belong fully not may they an America into inroads make to America, in community lifethe experience of exile Many… anddiaspora. MC’susehip-hop torelate to alarger This isindeed representative of hip-hop asPalestinian-American “fuelled byanidentity in flux – to that of DAM, as described above. In the song “Growingsimilar Up,” manor Youmansin a raps: culture, their of denial the and Palestinian as identities their of marginalization address likeYoumans beenthe rappers not seen since.Additionally, Palestinian-American Palestinian-American fled inwho from Lebanon 1984,butwas“disappeared” after 9/11and has realities.narrative. In other songs, Youmans similarly combines Palestinian historical issues with Palestinian American the with political association in metaphorically is used Americans Native of history For example, the and destiny” “manifest of theme American quintessentially the how here we see Additionally, in the song “Dissappeared,” Youmans chronicles the story of a aforementioned notion of the Palestinian narrative transforming “failure into triumph.” Hammad triumph.” into “failure transforming narrative Palestinian the of notion aforementioned subsumed underan “steadfastnessunderstanding of asresistance,” and also RashidKhalidi’s symbolically elsewhere, have noted we which “reclamation” same see the Here weplainly Nathalie Handal “Drops of Suheir Hammad: A Talk with a Palestinian Poet Born Black” Born Poet a Palestinian with ATalk Hammad: of Suheir “Drops Handal Nathalie Will Youmans, “Arab-American hip-hop,” forthcoming 2007,supplied by the author. Iron Sheik, “Growing Up,” Trees,” “Olive Sheik, Iron positive associated with black, reclaim it, and say that this is something that is about survival, somethingit is seen that that is wayand force, all overthe anegative world.being of black What concept the book the we have triesculture to do Palestinian is take the backWithin the identity. negativecultural a as energy that is Audre Lorde, who was a famous African-American poet, discussed black as being a political identity as well Palestinian-American in female encapsulated famously most is probably sentiment This With assimilation that Arab side was smothered discover to hard was identity My swirl multi-ethnic in a up Mixed worlds different two between stuck I was creation western A .220 http://www.aljadid.com/interviews/DropsofSuheirHammad.html 217 Camel Clutch Camel Clutch, (Accessed May 31, 2007) , 2003 (self-released). Lyrics available: Lyrics (self-released). , 2003 2003, Lyrics available: 218 http://www.ironsheik.biz/growingup.html (accessed 24, April 2006) Al Jadid , Vol. 3, No. 20 219 81 CEU eTD Collection (Summer,1989), pp. 18-36; See also KathleenChristison, 222 from Fawzi,Mohammed famous the figure:Egyptian political gethome” song “Just tryingexperience, to chroniclesasimilar and alsoon audio draws samples http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=5958 223 221 atthere age the My of 17. eyes openedlearning.” upandIembarkeda path of on elsewhere,Youmans has“I noted begin didn't understand to of until the politics Palestine I went inmany prompts and “being Palestinian.” salience cases a(re)discovery renewed of from immigration authority andsuspicion Israeli encountering and/or discrimination occupation Americans, returning to Palestinefor manyPalestinian- that has documented Kathleen Christison States, United inthe communities to visit Palestinian-American with working and scholar longtime coming As identity. Palestinian of face“re-discovery” to face with either the realities of the better hipthrough hop.” inmarginalized andin schools mainstream.the Iunderstand Palestinian the situation diasporic been has history that when legacy historical parents' your imparting of... tradition a has large,hop community at and American the within Asscene.poetry “hip it, Hammad puts hop herself is a refugee from ____ and has become a andprominent well-known voice inboth hip-the Kathleen Christison, “The American Experience: Palestinians in the U.S.” inthe Palestinians Experience: American “The Christison, Kathleen Junaid Alam and Will Youmans, “Interview with Palestinian-American Rapper Iron Sheik,” July 30, 2004 ChristopherFarah, “Beyond Bling Bling,” Lastly, a common thematic thread re-appearing in Palestinian-American hip-hop is the hip-hop in Palestinian-American re-appearing thread thematic a common Lastly, I thought Israel was a great democracy "Welcome to Israel, they said with a snicker."[…] the window was small and the were bars thicker "We cannot tellyou" […] "What am I being held for?" door the through walked else someone four, read watch My I was laying on the floor of someplace I never been before with a bucket ofwater dripping onme standing next to me was Israeli security I was being yelled at like I was in boot camp damp and dark was It I suddenly woke up, I was in a much different place and the land that formed who I am […] back to see the fam Taking off soon so I better leave Tel-Aviv in Ben-Gurion to York New JFK I gotta catch my flight 241 221 The Jerusalem Report The Wound of Dispossession (Accessed May 31, 2007) , May 31, 2004, p. 4 Journal of PalestineStudies (Sunlit Hills Press, 2002). 223 As such, the 18, No. 4. 222 As 82 CEU eTD Collection 226 225 http://www.ironsheik.biz/home1.html 224 in the hip-hop Palestinian on documentary Sollums Jackie filmmaker benefit to went proceeds group the Philistinesthe –includingalmost of in all artistscoveredthe projectthis –whose launchedby “Free P”wasaproject the titled example,large. aCDcompilation For at activism Palestinian-American of component integral an become has hip-hop Palestinian-American larger Arab-Amercian community events, social justice demonstrations, and the like. As such, performancesinnot are venuesconventional musichip-hop for (bars,clubs, nightclubs) but part and parcel of beingmy job as a Palestinian by speaking out.” active ofmyenvironmentdoing justan artist.I’m hope, Iam loyalty,not aproduct of andall most their both in theirfor “Ispeak thepeopletheir theirhasShaheed noted, their expressing rage, Palestine, of anger, communityrepresentPalestine hip-hop.” fulfillingneed to that through and been have “I Kalamati explains, artist Francisco San asthe example, For than a career. rather within politics.artists, the musicManybenefits is seenof oftheiras self-expressiona calling, a mode ofand which “spiritthe adversity.of self return” against will steadfast remain self-representation: expression personifying stones the Stones,” the of “Children the of imagery Intifada the from romantically, and communal the actidentification,itfliesstayed burning in and tire carries thefire” / each stones the drawsexplicitly,which and of speaking for“my spirit namely, of resistance: discourse a symbolic of notion drawnfrom our andmetaphors the self.” For mostwas by in articulated DAM theirsong “I Don’t Havebutalso Freedom,” appropriating themes as “personal wealsoseethesimilarthemesteadfastness” stanza, of last in especially the Here, http://www.nolapalestinesolidarity.org/shaheed/shaheed.htm ibid,. See also “Shaheed Seealso ibid,. Will Youmans, “Arab-American Hip-Hop,” op. cit. Iron Sheik, “Just Trying to Get Home,” For many and most Palestinian-American hip-hop artists, however, musical expression is expression musical however, artists, hip-hop Palestinian-American most and many For the is about “it writes, Youmans as artists, hip-hop Palestinian-American many For They can't stop me. stop can't They my ancestors of land the to return to of my love for the land andmy deep desire each burning tire carries the fire but my spirit stayed and it flies in the stones the next day they mesent back to my second home but it won't even let me see my family ” New Orleans, Louisiana Palestine Solidarity (Accessed May 31, 2007) 224 Camel Clutch 226 , op. cit. Lyrics available: (accessed May 2006)31, 225 Similarly,New Orleans-based MC 83 CEU eTD Collection Music Music and Transnational Identity personify hybridity the of andresistance criticism which stressed.Said marginalizationdiscourse of 230 229 228 227 authentic some of asanexpression interpreted become character transnational asits well as malleability own its in glories and flaunts which form a does “How nationalism”: “rap about titled Territories Occupied which have deeply become ina embedded fusingfurther, the of thisTo take through As Youmans writes, transnationalism. and hybridity of possibilities and contradictions the both exposes and reflects identity, collective and individual as affirming but expression, artistic only not for medium a embodying Said’s notion of a “weapon of criticism.” expression asan medium artistic their view also artists hip-hop – Palestinian-American andabove,” described have a means – of “resistance.” Willan increasingly problematic issuein both Arab-American and hip-hop communitiesYoumans, alike. for example, social issuesjustice such homophobiaas facing theircommunities such as homophobia –being refers mentionedliketo a“self-critical” DAM, Palestinian-American above artists other also take stand on hip-hop artists Palestinian the to similar Additionally, as organizations. Arab-American and Palestinian ibid ibid Youmans, op. cit Free the Pwebsite the Free In Simon Frith’s piece on Music andidentity,Paul he quotes senseGilroy’s skepticismof springing up all over world the and the U.S. togive voice to resistance and identity. internationalization in age ofcontinuedan imperial structures.” Arab rappers are Diasporic hip-hop movement,which precisely typifies Said’s description of “adversarial and diaspora rapArab the Both musicsense. a in origin of places areof their outside global exist both words, in reach. This musicof could also is exilesaid to be in be from itsAfrican-American origins. Inother fully in step withAn Arab rapperthe in emergenceAmerica is in exile fromof his placea global of ancestry andArab identity. His choice artists in Lastly, hip-hop like andin we Palestinian the OccupiedIsrael,the Territories as www.freethep.com Slingshot Hip-hop which represents, hip-hop Palestinian artistship-hop canbe said to (accessed April 24, 2006) Palestinian symbolic . 227 Other events and concerts have further benefited further have concerts and events Other 229 discourses steadfastness andresistance of More critically, the choice of hip-hop as “transnational idiom,” with the with idiom,” “transnational 230 symbolic 228 84 CEU eTD Collection affirm and empower are thushighly affirm empower and transnational. decidedly are alike, Palestinian-Israelis and Palestinian-Americans Palestinians, by received “shared” and by ascollectively medium, arecarried this which Thus, symbolic discourses broadcasts. and satellite even checkpoints, borders, spans “experience shared” The international. is hardly is itlocal medium,– hasbeen this described, as artistic But mutual act of performance. performing as understood producingnot new new textsbut ways of newperforming texts, ways of andnational further identities and empowered are affirmedsocial through practice. –into a“performance”others individual, whichis audience collective and artist, shared between many and – discourses these incorporating By identity. Palestinian of conceptions collective and individual both to contour and shape add idiom, national Palestinian the in embedded can say that through this artistic medium, these threads of symbolic discourse, both informing and “making the of meaning” in discourses those the which acts as a which Frith describes,the but Asdiscourse. identitiesin doesmusic such,notonly individualand collective thesense shape music of Indeed,isacarrier areunderstood.” ideologies andsocial codes ethical basis which of initselfpractice, of anunderstanding both group relations articulates individuality, and on the steadfastness and resistance transnational represents an nascent thread of youth cultural Palestinian whichproduction is essentially thesis. embodies any“essence” of symbolicthe discourses we havebeenfocusing on this throughout token, should nor what Palestinian hip-hop –or ithere weassumethat wehave of described – same idiom.”the By “national Palestinian the of of “essence” sort any representing or bounded stress again for sometime: We mustn’tassume Palestinian hip-hop as either homogenous, 232 231 [national] essence?” ibid, 124 Frith 122-123 Frith that“hip-hop… withwrites its itscut-ups, scratches, breaksand is bestsamples, What I do mean to suggest, however, is that Palestinian hip-hop – and it’s ascendance– hip-hop –and Palestinian is suggest, however, that mean What to I do the making of meaning making of the . Further, its appropriation isframed both by and a frames The hyphenated and non-hyphenated Palestinian identities which they inform, they which identities Palestinian non-hyphenated and hyphenated The generator 231 Indeed, Gilroy has an important point – one which I have been wanting to wanting been have I which – one point important an has Gilroy Indeed, –incorporating more-dominant both andless-dominant discourses and amongst it’s participants. As Frith writes, “Music, an aesthetic an “Music, writes, As Frith participants. it’s amongst symbolic discourses symbolic .” 232 transnationally relational transnationally We can thus understand Palestinian hip-hop as a medium We thusunderstand hip-hopasa can Palestinian experience carried bymusic do soaswell.As such,we shared , and through that relationality, that through and , by and artist inan audience symbolic discourses of 85 CEU eTD Collection only deconstruct the internal dynamics and contradictions of contradictions and dynamics internal the deconstruct only what Stuart Hall “ terms what Stuart spans transnational frontiers among “hybridized” Palestinians. “forms but approach also mutual andcontingency” this through to of applied, which discourse 235 234 call for attention application,finally their and to transnational Followingappropriation. Stein andSwedenburg’s to both from their grounding in the national narrative and idiom, toexamples of their social and political basis for an understanding of what I term 233 the “ambiguity,”thus process creative transnational This idiom. national Palestinian the to is tied which and appropriating, apervasive contributing and to, symbolic butall locales, allfacing struggles, incompletely distinct Palestinians separate completely cultural medium hip-hop andof exposes Palestinian the discontent expresses of constructive hyphen.” the - explode and enlarge As Lavie and “borders diasporas andSwedenburgdescribe, blow arephenomena that up-both discourse? symbolic a transnational of significance ultimate be the can what mind, in this all With lost. homeland a and sovereignty, of lack time, this process same Atthe own. of their alife even and substance fuel, given further are discourses symbolic solidifies a national idiom which remains inexorably tied to territoriality, the Stein andSwedenburg, op.cit., 9-11 Lavie and Swedenburg, op. cit., 16 Edward Said, Such “mutual Such “mutual through contingencies” are affirmed In the course of this project, I have attempted to trace these threads of discourse symbolic these of threads haveto trace attempted I project, of this In the course imaginings. only about soldiers andcannons butalso about ideas, about forms, aboutimages and the struggle over geography. That struggle is complex andinteresting because it is not Just asnone of us isoutside or beyond geography, none of usiscompletely free from Culture and Imperialism Rethinking Transnationalism, Rethinking“Resistance” expands translation intranational the possibilities, of hybridized Palestinian identities formsand a 234 (New York: Vintage, 1993), 7 ,” – that is, “those identity formations which We see this clearly in the last chapter, where the counter- where the chapter, last inthe clearly this Wesee and CONCLUSION Palestinian transnationalism. transnational – Edward Said, Edward – discourse steadfastness resistance of and relationalities, I have attempted to not symbolic discourse Culture and Imperialism symbolic discourse 235 , and work to form as it is asit produced 233 cut across and cut across explodes 86 CEU eTD Collection in turn [has] an impact on, a range of material and discursive elements: from historical from and elements: the material a range of [has]animpacton, discursive in turn solidarities. and ethno-national identities frontiers, from spans transnational insuch adiscourse this way, Understood identity. “national” collective and determining inframingperceptions and givingto social individual, contour practice, shape of One “political culture.” which, mitigatingcan be on the depending circumstances, highly of “channel” or “thread” a significant embodying as – idiom national Palestinian the to particular haveand viewed described, Selbin Ihave viewing than Rather engendered. has it responses and contingencies various the and occupation, tenacious from as has“discourse” beingits chiefly, been understood parts: constructed of sum the a wielded from above, nor romantically conceived as organically emanating “from below.” Rather, homelands.” their from such as that which the Palestinians have faced,whichsuch as have a thereemerges that Palestinians the symbolic discourse and of explainingfacets link” –thatof such“intersectingone through I term what aspects approach “answer”striven not necessarily,butandhave to deconstruct questions whichI arethe Again,mutually these reinforcing? and/or relational,reflective, discourses DAM (as cord” “umbilical the wouldsolidifying link “intersecting” the provide discourses and contingencies say) between the diaspora and a “Homeland Lost”? To what extent are these eds. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), 310 236 difficult to“prove.” This is partially because of the theoretical nature of andtest, say, hypothesis has especiallyidentity. proven to theoretical difficult Needlessto this political and impactsupon possibility, individual, perceptions of communal and “national” nor “popular,” sucha implicitlydiscourse frames social and cultural pushes practice, and guides bound iswhich – “official,” not tiednational –but to the Neither idiom (hence, “steadfastness”). intersect Stuart Hall, “The Question of Cultural Identity,” in Like Foran’s conception of “political cultures,” a “political cultures,” of conception Foran’s Like My central My hypothesis herecentral in hasbeen conflict, that of periods andextended protracted Discourse symbolic discourse symbolic natural frontiers, and which are composed of people who have been whohave of people arecomposed which frontiers, and natural borderzone in sensehasthis been as mediumappropriated a isneitherwhich imposed and . 236 The to as an opaque, homogenous “political culture of “political an of resistance”asForan homogenous culture as opaque, diaspora larger , and informs understandings of hybridized Palestinian hybridized of understandings informs and , question considered here has been, Whatvariables, been, herehas considered question a symbolic discourse ofsteadfastness andresistancea symbolic Modernity and Its Futures symbolic discourse discourse , S. Hall, D. Held and T. McGrew discourse is “a of,product and around “resistance” around dispersed . forever larger 87 – CEU eTD Collection evaluated and selected because they reflect the relevance of that discourse in a particular context in a particular discourse of that relevance the reflect they because selected and evaluated are styles music Particular sentiments. shared commonly express to applicable fully most operates discourse laden medium of the culture, from the national idiom are viewed through this discourse andthusareappropriated this discourse viewed are through idiom national from the realm of popular culture. Indeed, because this discourse is carried discourse this because Indeed, culture. of realm popular symbol of resistance also associated with the the pricks); its (emphasizing resistance of symbol a also to capacity) regenerative its (emphasizing resilience and indigeneity from of symbol cactus prickly-pear the moments: those contextualizes their society.” with for of dealing action’ ‘strategies constructing collective action’… of to them… ‘repertoires plausible seem are availableand that options of the perception “the population’s before, as quoted forms, similarly it Nevertheless, acknowledged. necessarily nor explicit neither is idiom, national transformed by transformed in part “steadfastness” came to be embodied in a whole host of social practices. At the same time, it was and Intifada, as“resistance” first in of course the expanded the weresignificantly “repertoires,” such as representing steadfastness, and resistance around discourse symbolic of the threads are the discourse period. of andresistance that of steadfastness discourse in embedded symbolic the icons firmly motif was idea nation,mothers pervasive of asmilitant asymbolicwhich the of the from significantly drew 2, in Chapter discussed issues women’s of vocalization the and empowerment, women’s a vehiclefor into motherhood of practice domestic of the transformation 238 237 social actors.” of theorganizations through ideologies, and formally articulated to emotions… and arouse subjectivity thatshape experiences Selbin, op. cit. 125. Foran, op. cit., 219 kufiya from kufiya Yet, a crucial site where these discursive shifts in symbology are strengthened is in the arestrengthened insymbology shifts discursive a crucial these where site Yet, This “perception” can be both This “perception” can be both explicitimplicit. As and wesawinChapter 1and2, both Thus, shared symbols and motifs central to the national idiom are carriers of carriers are idiom national the to central motifs and symbols shared Thus, which impact upon impact which collective examples upon imagining about thenational self.Good this of from with iconic national associated the beingsignifier an the same symbolic discourse where such applications were rooted. For example, the or prickly-pear cactus discussed in Chapter 1, both of whose symbology came tobe 238 both impacting moments of rupture and a symbolic discourse of resistance which resistance of discourse symbolic a and rupture of moments impacting music transnationally provides a highly rich terrain on which to observe how aresistance- how observe to which on terrain rich ahighly provides with aspects of the national idiom. Particularmotifs 237 shabab But (youth) during Intifada. the symbolicdiscourse symbolically fallah , especially as tied to a (peasant) to an iconic to (peasant) through popular through because symbolic they 88 CEU eTD Collection 240 to concrete locales andplaces.” concrete to expression. alsobut and, by would crafted I new contexts,” mediums add,newcultural of creative solely notbylonging identities exile and struggling, contextof shaped the remembering, create transnationalization on Palestinian lives and experiences”; the extent towhich “Palestinians in scholarshipSuch investigationan is illustrative an perhaps starting point forHelena Schulz’s call for on the Palestinian diaspora which she describes as “the impact of the fact of “mainstream” nationalist discourse also drawing from a symbolic discourse of resistance, DAM of resistance, discourse from a symbolic drawing also discourse nationalist “mainstream” around“resistance”discourse and it. transcends “official,” unlikemuch For of the or religious conservatism, and patriarchy – all within their own communities – expands the symbolic ishighly and vocallyself-critical nationalism,”“Palestinian of national elites, drug use, apathy, sametime at the but against occupation, only ongoing not the like out DAMspeaks a group fact resistance discourse of relationality” anincreasing –is others Notonly to this. illustrate “transnational this does a testament –and locales three all in Palestinians young galvanized socially and creatively by resistance” between youth in community.”Palestine, Israel and the diaspora, but also how a 239 havebeen places in landscapes and crucial forums for national(ist)mobilization.” Through this “virtual practice, images of Palestinian andinimages national(ist)“propagated andtexts employed cyberleaflets andsymbols debate have and communication, in transnational engage “unifying” to theInternet utilized increasingly of aspects what of communities betweenthese inshared understandings embedded become discourse Territories toPalestiniansPalestinians inIsrael in and to so does diaspora,the too symbolicthis asa appropriated necessarily meaning. and with it’s And perception is resonate listeners “popularof the culture” because discourse and collective identity, and collective discourse so muchsuch locales “concrete –not ties andbutindividual,to places,” between symbolic Khalili, 135 Schulz, The growing appropriation of hip-hop as a “weapon of criticism” and a “new form of In her study of “Palestinian cybernationalism,” Laleh Khalili notes how Palestinians have Palestinians how notes Khalili Laleh cybernationalism,” “Palestinian of study her In Palestinian Diaspora, global 239 popular culture can resonate with their collective adversities collective with their can resonate culture popular can be drawn from and at the same time transcended. For example, the example, For transcended. time same the at and from be drawn can 4 transnational 240 reterritorializing Similarly, music serves as a vehicle for reterritorializing medium, connecting Palestinians in the Occupied in the Palestinians connecting medium, Palestinians within atransnational “discourse Palestinians and reinforcing their ties sonically as Palestinians as reinforcing symbolic 89 . CEU eTD Collection Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, 243 242 Popular Culture Redemption: The Rhetoric of EgyptianPop Culture Intifada Solidarity,” in 241 and Stein what form thus and epiphenomenal,” merely than rather “constructive as be seen should cleavages. words, Inother otherwise “counter-cultural” resistance.” and domination of relations larger intoeven “articulated necessarily is social practice” “interpreted popularan as culture turn, In lived.” and are experienced how they events… and social practices meanings of particular alsobut a“site define struggle of the is life to how “the livedandexperienced,” articulating realities, political and social “deeper” illustrate to capacity “reflective” in its significant merely nation-state. margins of ethno-territorial the exclusivist rigid, “underground”the and challenging exposing culture,of butalso popular and hop stands as a developingmode of cultural production iswhich redefining not only marginsthe Palestinian orempowering audiences handfulyoung abroad hip- the subjectivity of show-goers, significant. Even if atface-valueperceived merely as vocalizing issues facing to Palestinians could music, hip-hop well be of andrumble reverberations symbolic the Palestinian power of forceful innovativeand contributions tothelarger community,” “discourse especially the through be shoulditso not to be over-estimated, not should represents subjectivities. “Palestinian” and transnational which discourses of reinforces empowers creativesymbolic cultural expression a mediumandaudience with artist in performance recorded – connects the –both hop andthe symbols, motifs and tropes, which are also likeAt samethe groups hip-hop time, Palestinian DAMextensively resistance-laden appropriate drawn from a it ratherinclude where not excludes“solidarity support, support.” unqualified does unqualified Agnes Ferenc Feher, Hellerand adageof sociologists the haveHungarian seem to appropriated relationships… Self-identity is cultural identity.” iscultural Self-identity relationships… of in pattern adramatized place one’s itof describes ritual, amatter is necessarily thus “Identity “Palestinian identity” and thus new galvanize forms youth of subjectivity. AsFrithnotes, Lawrence Grossberg, “History, Politics, and Postmodernism: Stuart Hall and Cultural Studies,” in Frith, op. cit., 125 and “Sentimentality Colla, Elliot in quoted Virtues,” Civic and Ethics “Citizen Feher. Ferenc and Heller Agnes As StuartHall and within others have Cultural Studies observed, is culture popular not Further, while impactof the likea group youth and themovement nascent DAM it , op. cit., 352 ed. David Morley Kuan-Hsingand Chen(London: Routledge, 1996), 158. 243 As I argue, this is true as well of “sub-culture” or 242 So we have So in “ritual” howthe seen hip- of both national idiom popular andsub-cultural cleavages Palestine, Israel, and The Politics of under , to affirm and empower -estimated. By By making -estimated. Stuart Hall: 241 90 CEU eTD Collection transnationalism transnationalism imbued with possibility the of ideological-political form in the midst of globalizing processes,” asan nation-state of andthe reemergence importance continuing the on which “insist[s] 245 244 possibilities transnational a production:cultural astied to and de-homogenizing the nation-state? as Justwe should “rethink” is increasingly waged which of Intifada, sort site of a“new” the represent culture “underground” and popular of terrain nation-state.subvert exclusivist,if ethno-territorial DAMsays, Indeed, the ofthe as conceptions togradually of popular culture emphasizes both capacities “underground” and transnational the of resistance.” and modalities avenues possible the of conception expanded butalso an ofpower sites of merely aproliferation not emerges… is “what where culture” for“popular a“rethinking” of is call the advances It where understanding Swedenburg in this as Swedenburg describe ibid, 10 Stein and Swedenburg, 9 At the close of this project, this is how I have come to understand the possibilities of Reciprocally then, asIargue,weshould also “rethink” locations. institutional of arange across ways variable and fluid in difference of modalities ways, andalways working in with articulation social forces,broader political process, and a crucial locus of politicalengagement, although not in static necessarilyor resistive elucidated herein. elucidated , specificallyin its in understanding manifestation theform of transnationally deterritorializing , what sort of “stones” will be effective in deterritorializing be effective will “stones” of sort what , it’s exclusivity. it’s reterritorializing 245 so to should we rethink the resistance transnationalism 244 national idiom, but idiom, national in a way which Palestinian in a way 91 CEU eTD Collection Baroud, Ramzy. 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