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Hardship in Kiribati Priorities of the People Hardship in Kiribati

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Hardship in Kiribati Priorities of the People Hardship in Kiribati Priorities of the People HARDSHIP IN KIRIBATI Priorities of the People HARDSHIP IN KIRIBATI September 2007 i © 2007 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published 2007. Printed in the Philippines. Cataloging-In-Publication Data Publication Stock No. 061107 Asian Development Bank. Information material on poverty and hardship in Kiribati. 1. Kiribati 2. Hardship and poverty 3. Cases of hardship The views expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Use of the term “country” does not imply any judgment by the authors or ADB as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. ii Contents Introduction 1 Is hardship really a problem in Kiribati? 3 What is hardship? 4 Who faces hardship? 5 What causes hardship? 7 What can be done? 16 iii iv Introduction iribati faces a number of development challenges. The rapidly expanding population numbers about K 90,000, spread over three widely separated island groups. Domestic economic growth has been slow for 3 dec- ades, and despite investments in infrastructure, services in some parts of the country remain inadequate. The lack of services and economic opportunities in the outer islands has fuelled migration to South Tarawa, leading to overcrowding and pollution in the capital, and depopulation of outer-island communities. Migration to Kiritimati is also occurring. The movement of people in Kiribati is a reflection of a society in transition, where a cash economy increasingly replaces the traditional subsistence lifestyle. Traditional life- styles relied on access to land and marine resources within the context of extended families and close-knit communities. Today money plays an increasingly significant role in daily liv- ing. Concern for members of the extended family is decreas- ing, and awareness of traditions and traditional skills is being The marine sector eroded. The changes are having an enormous impact on the is an important structure of the society. part of the economy and the I-Kiribati way of life. 1 Increasing reliance on and competition for cash are hav- ing a disparate impact on Kiribati communities, and social stratification is increasing. Those facing the greatest difficul- ties include the unemployed, people with limited education, large families, elderly people who live apart from their fami- lies, and those living in very crowded conditions. Hardship clearly exists in Kiribati, but the causes and effects vary across the country. In many outer-island commu- nities, lack of access to basic services and to basic economic opportunities causes hardship. In urban areas, causes include unemployment, overcrowding, and depletion of natural re- sources. To better understand hardship in Kiribati, the Govern- ment of Kiribati (the Government) conducted a Participatory Assessment of Hardship, assisted by the Pacific Regional Poverty Programme, a joint program of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and the Asian Development Bank. The assessment identified the problems, needs, and priorities of people in nine sample communities from across Kiribati, including both outer-island and urban communities with dif- fering access to services. The communities participating in the assessment in- cluded three in Tarawa (Betio, Buota, and Tearenebei), three in Kiritimati (London, Tabwakea, and Poland), and three in the outer Gilbert Islands (Butaritari, Abemama, and Tam- ana). The assessment team consulted key community leaders— including unimwane (elected village elders), councilors, church leaders, women and youth, nursing aids, and teachers—and selected community residents, whom the communities perceived were suffering most from hardship. The findings of the assess- ment were presented in two meetings, in an island workshop in Kiritimati and a national workshop in Tarawa, during which participants formulated a work- ing definition of poverty and hardship in Kiribati. 2 Unemployed youth, 16 years old (Betio) I am 16 years old and the second the Chinese shops in Betio. to the last of six children. My dad Now, as a grown-up teenager, passed away when I was 8 years old. I I realize that life depends only on remember a day when Dad was criti- money. I wasted my school life since cally ill and told my mom not to marry childhood and I wish those years could again but to look after us. Unfortu- come back, so I could give it another nately, after Dad passed away, my try. I have worked temporarily as a mom remarried. I was really angry and casual laborer on a boat for 2 years left to stay with my dad’s relatives at now. I earn $70 a month. Since only Betio (I was only 9 years old). I quit two of us, my uncle and I, in the fam- school immediately after dad died, ily are working, I spend my pay strictly when I was only in class four. I found on food, such as rice, sugar, and flour. school boring. I could hardly save my pay for my Eight of us live in my aunt’s own needs. Sometimes if I have ur- house—her five children, her husband, gent needs, I borrow money from my and I. My aunt is unemployed and her friends or relatives and pay them back husband is only a watchman at one of on pay day. Is hardship really a problem in Kiribati? he communities agreed that while poverty does not exist in Kiribati, hardship does. Although the perceived Tlevel of hardship present in individual communities varied widely (from 4% in London to 61% in Poland), the most widespread definition of hardship, common for all com- munities, was the lack of economic opportunities. Specific problems include a lack of education, insufficient available jobs, and the difficulties of succeeding in the private sec- tor. The lack of economic opportunity that communities perceived is confirmed by the Kiribati National Develop- ment Strategy (2004–2007), which indicates that only 25% of school-leavers find employment. The remainder (totaling 1,500 per year) must be absorbed by the rural economy, or end up unemployed or underemployed in urban areas. The importance placed on economic opportunities highlights the degree to which both urban and rural outer-island communi- ties need income to access basic needs such as food (e.g., rice, flour, and sugar) and pay school fees. 3 Hardship was also linked to increasing social problems (e.g., theft, domestic violence, prostitution, suicide, and rape), the weakening of the traditional support system, in- creases in child labor and in the number of people who cannot afford their own house. What is hardship? onsulted communities agreed that poverty, or te kain- nano ni kannano (i.e., “having nothing”; being without Cfood, land money, or other resources) does not apply in Kiribati, as everyone has access to traditional food. But having access to nothing but traditional food was seen to be a hardship. The term “te maiu ni kanganga” was used for hard- ship, and roughly translates as having difficulties in providing for the family’s needs. The same term was used to describe the situation in both urban and outer islands. Most communities indicated that a number of improve- ments had been made in the last 5 years, particularly in the availability of secondary education and in terms of increased income. These improvements were offset, however, by wors- ening unemployment, the increased cost of goods, and in- creasing social problems. Female, 18 years old (Tamana Island) I have two younger sisters and a I had dreamed that I would finish brother. Something is wrong with our high school, get married to a nice guy parents: my mother is not mentally with an income, and have children. But stable and my father does not do any- I cannot see myself getting married as I thing constructive but sits around the am no longer a virgin. I left my parents house and waits for the food to come and am now staying with my father’s to the table. relatives and helping them out. The I was raped when I was 15 years family is good and I try to do my part old and this prompted me to leave in the daily routines. I do not want to school and my parents. A friend’s boy- go back to live with my parents. I can- friend asked me to go with him to call not think of anything that I could be, on his girlfriend (my friend) one night, other than live as a spinster for the rest and I stupidly went with him. He raped of my life. I do not have an income me that night, threatening me with a but I help the family get their income knife, and I found it so embarrassing through making copra and local handi- that I could not report it. I have not crafts. talked about the incident before. 4 Many families rely on the sale of fish and agricultural Who faces hardship? products for cash ost people consulted agreed that disadvantaged people are present in both urban and outer is- Mlands. A difference did emerge between the six sample communities in the Gilbert Islands and the three in Kiritimati. In Tarawa and the outer Gilbert Islands, people perceived that hardship is more prevalent in urban than in rural areas because of limited income sources and the high dependence in urban areas on money for basic needs. The situation is worsened by congestion and unhygienic living conditions; social factors (laziness, a lack of commitment to work, and increased drinking problems) were also mentioned.
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