Cities in Modernity: Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space, 1840–1930 Richard Dennis Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-46841-1 - Cities in Modernity: Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space, 1840–1930 Richard Dennis Index More information

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

A to Z maps, 58, 105 Italianate/Italian renaissance, 11, 268, 274, abyss, as metaphor for slums, 32, 42–44 276, 279, 286 Acton, William, 149 modernist, 93, 241, 287 Addams, Jane, 23, 72–73 suburban, 192, 199, 210 advertising, 273 Arkell, George, 72 by department stores, 301, 315–317 Army & Navy Stores, 57, 121–122, 126, 318 domestic appliances, 216–217 art, as a source, 80 housing, 194–196, 206–210, 212, 246–248 art galleries, 84, 86, 131, 152. See also Tate on public transport, 319, 336 Gallery on streets, 173–176 arteries, as metaphor for streets, 38–40, 178 agoraphobia, 19 Artizans’, Labourers’ and General Dwellings Allen, Michelle, 329 Co., 199, 243 Allen, Woody, 338 Ashcan school, 81–83, 85, 92, 98, 290. See also AlSayyad, Nezar, 103 Bellows, George; Shinn, Everett; Sloan, American Surety Building, 279, 281–282 John Ames, Herbert, 73–74 assessment rolls, 77, 196, 211, 242, 255, annexation, 193, 195, 198 292–293, 304, 306 anti-urbanism, 37, 45, 48, 82, 91 Athens, 8, 46, 50 apartment hotels, 98, 232 Atkins, Peter, 77, 145 apartment housing, 230–238, 240–243, 260–262. Atwood, Margaret, 18 See also mansion ﬂats Auster, Paul, 338 in literature, 93–94, 151, 220–221, 225 in New York, 108, 109, 225, 253–255 Babel, tower of, 47, 50 in Toronto, 195, 212, 245–248, 255–258, 281, Babylon, 8, 46–51, 101 293 Bachmann, John, 55 in suburbs, 213 Baker, Robert, 60 mortgages on, 204 balloon views, 54–55 telephone subscribers in, 333 Baltimore, 195, 213 apartment names, 248 Bank of England, 12, 39, 126, 158, 266, apartment tenants, 249–256 268–269, 272–274, 286–287, 289–290 Archer, John, 179 banks, 173–174, 264–270, 272–275, 285–287, architecture 290–293 art deco, 248, 302 Banks, J. H., 55 French renaissance, 276, 278 Barnum, P. T., 54 Gothic, 6–7, 11–12, 14, 30, 228, 233, 262, 267, Barry, John Wolfe, 11 279 Barth, Gunther, 347–348 Greek revival, 275 Baudelaire, Charles, 126, 151, 155, 347

425

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-46841-1 - Cities in Modernity: Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space, 1840–1930 Richard Dennis Index More information

426 Index

Baudrillard, Jean, 102 Broadway, 47, 58 Bauer, Catherine, 228 commercial activities on, 265–267, 278, 282, Baum, Frank, 135 298, 301, 309, 313 bazaars, 146, 300–301, 311 electric lights on, 131, 135 Bazalgette, Joseph, 12, 325, 328, 330 intersections with the grid, 36, 37, 100 Beal, Joshua, 6, 54, 58 land values around, 280 Beames, Thomas, 138 prostitution on, 148 Beck, Harry, 60, 336 representations in art, 90, 289 Bedford Estate, 144–145, 243 representations in literature, 97, 105, 155, 294 Bedford Park, 185 subway under, 338 Belgravia, 118, 123, 138, 144, 188, 259 Brontë, Charlotte, 49, 152, 263 Bellamy, Edward, 46 Brooklyn, 4–8, 19, 20, 50, 290, 292, 328 Belloc-Lowndes, Mrs, 307 housing in, 185, 210, 233 Bellows, George, 81, 90–92, 92, 94, 98 panoramas from or of, 54–55, 58 Bell-Smith, Frederic, 85, 173–174, 174 Brooklyn Bridge, 4–10, 5, 7, 11, 14, 17, 19–20, Benjamin, Walter, 151, 155, 302 39, 54, 81, 95 Bennett, Arnold, 97–98 Brooks, Michael, 339 Berger, John, 166 Brosseau, Marc, 50, 87–88, 95 Berlin, 98, 130, 132 Brown, Ford Madox, 89–90, 90 Berman, Marshall, 1, 3, 25, 31, 126, 341, 347 Brown-May, Andrew, 146 black and ‘coloured’ populations in cities, 24, Brunel, Marc and Isambard, 10 66, 73, 89, 148, 167, 172, 189, 255 Buckingham, J. S., 50 Black, Iain, 27, 274, 287 building and loan associations, 182, 203 Blackmar, Elizabeth, 172 building permits, 77, 190, 192–194, 245 Blomley, Nick, 316 building societies, 182, 201–203, 209 Bloor Street, 15, 18, 129, 242, 269 bungalows, 106, 108, 180 Bloor Street Viaduct, 15, 16, 17–20 Bunner, Henry Cuyler, 181 Bluestone, Daniel, 147 Burdett-Coutts, Angela, 233 Boone, James, 39 Bureau of Municipal Research, 34, 60, 76 Booth, Charles and his poverty survey, 34, 40, Burgess, E. W., 81, 181, 198 53, 69–74, 140, 222, 335 Burnham, Daniel, 50 comparison with George Gissing, 70, 80, 81, Burns, Ken, 20 105, 186–187 buses, 124–127, 175, 177, 335–336 comparison with William Booth, 199 women and, 126, 152, 156, 160, 263 drink map, 60 model dwellings, 250 cafés, 122. See also refreshment rooms, revised survey notebooks, 72, 121, 123, 140, tea-rooms. 146 Caillebotte, Gustave, 124, 377n132 women researchers, 70, 160 Callaghan, Morley, 50–51, 80, 87, 91, 93, 220, Booth, William, 44–45, 48, 199 225, 314 Boston, 34, 55, 65, 67, 84 Camberwell, 43, 98, 106, 145, 158, 185–187, 190, housing in, 185, 192, 210–213, 233 220, 222, 300 moving to New York, from, 85, 93, 216, 235, Camden Town artists, 83, 110. See also Ginner, 237 Charles; Gore, Spencer; Sickert, Walter telegraphy and telephony in, 330–331 camera obscura, 55 Boucicault, Dion, 129 Campbell, Helen, 61 boulevards, 15, 117, 124, 126, 151 Canada Life Building, Toronto, 269, 285 Boultbee, Horace, 212 Canadian Bank of Commerce, Toronto, 285, Boundary Street Estate, 41, 98, 241 286, 291, 293 Bowery, 46, 131, 267, 340–341, 345 Carr, Jonathan, 185 Boyer, Kate, 293 Cave, E. J., 246 Brace, Catherine, 328 censuses, 64–69, 140 Bradbury, Malcolm, 82, 83 apartment/flat-dwellers in, 249–250, 253–254 Breward, Christopher, 318 homeownership rates in, 211 Briggs, Asa, 24, 347 lodgers in, 221 British Museum, 85, 108, 160, 250 office-workers in, 291

Index 427

central business district (CBD), 264–265, community, 82, 94, 98, 110, 181, 182, 219, 220 280–281, 297, 318 Conan Doyle, Arthur, 31, 39, 180 Central Park, 2, 6, 97, 100–102, 102, 171–173, Conant, William, 39 232 Coney Island, 133, 294, 342 Chadwick, Edwin, 226 contagion, 41 chain stores, 146, 309 Contagious Diseases Act, 149–150 Channing, William, 330 contingency, 83 Chaplin, Charlie, 103 Conzen, Michael, 265 charity organisation societies, 32, 74 Cook, Matt, 150 Charney, Leo, 103 Cook, Thomas, 43 chasmic, nineteenth-century cities as, 32–34 Corn, Wanda, 101 Chauncey, George, 150 cosmopolitanism, 94, 180, 301–302 cheap fares policy, 187–188, 199 council housing, 182, 189, 199–201, 220, 222, Chelsea Apartments (later Hotel), 225, 232, 237 240–241, 252 Chicago, 20, 24, 81, 91, 96, 117, 135, 181, 302, Cowan, Ruth Schwartz, 217 323, 328. See also Columbian Exposition; Cowper, William, 47 Hull House; Marshall Field; Sinclair, Crane, Hart, The Bridge,8 Upton creative destruction, 26, 31, 113, 117 department stores, 307 Cremorne Gardens, 54, 91, 149–150, 171 elevated railway, 338–339 crime, 34, 41–42, 61, 70, 73, 146, 164 Haymarket massacre, 93 Crosland, T. W. H., 257 housing, 194–195, 210–212 Cruikshank, George, 19, 180 industrial suburbs, 198 Crystal Palace, 54, 170, 171, 175, 311. See also office workers, 290–291 Great Exhibition skyscrapers, 278–281 Cubitt, Thomas, 118, 144 telephone subscribers, 331 Cunningham, Gail, 39, 179 Chicago School, 24, 37, 100 Christian socialism, 91 Darwinism, 42 church attendance, 68, 220 Daunton, Martin, 115 cinema, 64, 102–104, 134, 220, 302 Davis, Abraham, 244–246 circulation, 12, 39–40, 136, 147, 342, 346 Davison, Graeme, 24, 37 ‘cities of homes’, 93, 212, 256 De Certeau, Michel, 2, 6, 54–55, 81, 105, city beautiful, 15, 18, 50, 117 113–114, 161, 335 City Hall (and park), New York, 4, 6, 265–266, Degas, Edgar, 290 278–279, 289, 298 department stores, 84, 133–134, 146, 152, City of London, 10–13, 133, 181 154–155, 264, 275, 294, 296–320. See also business in, 27, 263–264, 266, 269–278, Army & Navy Stores 285–287, 291 Derain, André, 87, 100 electricity generation in, 323 detectives, 27, 63, 88, 123 literary and artistic depictions of, 218–219, Detroit, 195, 210 289 Dickens, Charles, 31, 40, 61, 81, 86–87, 94, Queen’s Diamond Jubilee, 167–169 102–103 telephones in, 330 Hard Times,75 traffic in, 126–127 Oliver Twist,91 Clarke, W. S., 206, 208 directories, 77–78, 221, 255, 285, 288 Clerkenwell, 97, 108, 116, 165, 170, 227, 260 disease, 34, 40–41, 323, 326 Cleveland, 129, 131 disease mapping, 55, 60, 74 clubs, 97, 121–122, 153, 158, 167. See also Disraeli, Benjamin, 32, 61, 86 women’s clubs domestic technology, 217, 240 Cobbett, William, 40 Domosh, Mona, 153, 161, 268, 278, 312, 316 Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 101 Donald, James, 27, 55 Collcutt, Thomas, 276 Doré, Gustave, 48, 49, 86–87, 122, 138–139, 139, Collet, Clara, 70, 160 175, 176, 326, 335, 345 colonisation, 44, 179–180, 183, 199 Dos Passos, John, 81–82, 102 Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 24, 50, 84, 133, Manhattan Transfer, 20, 50, 88, 94–97, 105, 323, 339 340–342

428 Index

Doucet, Michael, 193 lights on, 129, 131, 135 ‘downtown’, 263–265, 294 luxury flats on, 225 Dreiser, Theodore, 81–83 women on, 149, 153–155, 281 Sister Carrie, 91, 96, 135, 155, 225, 235, 240, figurality, 104 307, 314, 332, 341 Fildes, Luke, 85 drink, 60, 136, 146, 157, 164, 170. See also film, 96, 102–104, 168 public houses fire, 21, 50, 85, 95, 239, 281, 297, 330–331 Driver, Felix, 26 fire insurance maps, 56, 57, 58, 122 Du Bois, W. E. B., 73 Fisher, Philip, 91, 96 Dublin, 87 Fishman, Robert, 184, 209 Dun, R. G. & Co., 77 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 87, 399n80 Dyos, H. J., 185, 190 flâneurs and flâneuses, 27, 81, 89, 125, 143, 151–152, 155, 157, 160, 162 East End, 34, 97–98, 145, 160, 171–2, 324, 326 Flatiron Building, 36, 37, 101, 130 as object of exploration, 42–45, 71–72 Fleming, Ray, 174 attitudes of model dwellings agencies to, 35, Flower, Benjamin, 46 252, 259 Fogelson, Robert, 264 East End Dwellings Co., 70, 161, 226, 228, 233, Ford, Ford Madox, 38 252 Forster, E. M., 105, 348 Eaton’s, 84, 300, 302, 304, 305, 306–309, 311, Howards End, 38, 50, 126, 180, 224, 230, 264, 315–316, 318, 320 345 ecological novels, 97–100 Foucault, Michel, 28, 40 Edison, Thomas, 131, 132, 279 Frederick, Christine, 181 electric bells, 238, 240, 247 French flats, 230. See also apartment housing, electric light, 97, 105, 115, 129–136, 173, 238, mansion flats 240–241, 279, 280, 304, 328 Frisby, David, 26 electric telegraph, 136, 173, 175–176, 183, 217, Frith, William Powell, 82, 84, 88–89, 94, 312 273–274, 319, 322, 329–330, 332 electricity supply, 131–132, 173, 175, 323 Gad, Gunther, 173, 282 elevated railway, 90, 94, 131, 172, 260, 279, 290, Gagen, Robert, 84, 289 296, 298, 322, 337–347, 344, 345, 347 Galsworthy, John, 336 in film, 103, 342 Gandy, Matthew, 172, 323, 329 view from, 234, 340 garden cities, 50 elevators, 225, 235, 238, 279, 280, 282, 304. See garden suburbs, 185, 189, 209 also lifts Gardner, Todd, 198 Eliot, T. S., 8 Garner, Hugh, 151 Ellington, George, 306 gas lighting, 115, 129–132, 149, 160, 175, 240–241 Embankment, 12, 66, 100, 108, 116, 131, 163, gasworks, 131 167, 287, 323 gates and gated communities, 13, 26, 115, empire, 18, 26–27, 121–122, 160, 163, 168, 253, 144–145, 185, 189, 207 285–288, 290 Gavin, Hector, 55 Empire State Building, 81, 282–284, 294 Geddes, Patrick, 33, 55 Engels, Freidrich, 35, 81, 138, 140, 212, 335 Gelfant, Blanche G., 97 Equitable Building, 282, 283, 284, 294 Gilbert, Cass, 117 Escott, T. H. S., 121 Gilbert, David, 26 ethnology, 45 Gilbert, Emily, 81 exchanges Gilfoyle, Timothy, 148 in American cities, 278, 280, 290, 329 Ginner, Charles, 123, 124 in London, 266, 269–270, 271, 274, 277. See Gissing, George, 70, 80, 81, 83, 86, 91, 110, 113, also Royal Exchange 158, 170, 180, 216, 228–230, 237, 249–250, exploration, 42–45 300, 348 Eve’s Ransom, 292, 336 Farringdon Road Buildings, 97, 109–110, In the Year of Jubilee, 98, 105–106, 158–159, 227–229, 240, 249–250, 252–254, 259, 260 185–187, 222, 273, 300, 315 Fifth Avenue, 2, 4, 97, 118, 173, 294, 298, 338 New Grub Street, 85, 109–110, 160, 238 in art and literature, 36, 37, 108 The Crown of Life, 289

Index 429

The Nether World, 97, 108–110, 170, 228, 260 Hastings, Charles, 60 The Odd Women, 107, 120, 156–157, 160, Haussmann, Baron, 12, 124, 151, 278 237–238, 291–292, 307–308 Haw, Richard. 8, 19 The Paying Guest, 222 Hawes, Elizabeth, 237 The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, 237 Haymarket, London, 84, 148–150, 162, 165 The Town Traveller, 301 health maps. See disease mapping The Unclassed, 238 Hicks, George Elgar, 290 The Whirlpool, 105–108, 219–220 Hill, Octavia, 233 Thyrza, 105 Hine, Lewis, 64 Will Warburton, 87, 229 Hogarth, William, 91 Workers in the Dawn, 104–105, 336 Holborn, 11, 58, 108, 241, 252, 267, 296, 323 Glasgow, 231, 324, 331 Holborn Viaduct, 12, 116, 260 glove map, 58, 59 railway station, 170, 175 Goad, Charles E., 56, 122 Holden, Charles, 287 Godwin, George, 41, 44, 138 Holdsworth, Deryck, 58, 173, 282, 284 Goheen, Peter, 114, 166 Hollingshead, John, 138, 140–141, 326–327 Gold, Michael, 345 Holywell Street, 138, 147, 154, 157, 265 Goode, John, 97 home, 28, 94, 99, 110, 115, 181, 196, 207, 212, Gore, Spencer, 104, 110, 222 218, 234–238, 313, 320, 327, 332 Gorky, Maxim, 133 homeownership, 68, 145, 181–183, 190, 195, Goss, Arthur S., 18–20, 60 202, 208–213, 215, 318 governmentality, 3, 28, 52–53, 68, 76, 114, 142, homosexuality, 150–151 323, 329, 348 Hooch, Pieter de, 115 Great Depression, 26, 76, 191, 197, 203, 205, Hood, Hugh, 18 210, 243, 284, 302 Hopper, Edward, 81, 100, 104, 234, 290 Great Exhibition, 20, 31, 58, 155, 311 Hornor, Thomas, 53 Greater New York, 20–23, 95, 231 hotels, 87, 98, 100, 122–123, 140, 167, 174–175, Greathead, James, 10 267, 308 Greenwich Village, 118, 236, 345 Houlbrook, Matt, 150 grid plan, 94, 101–102, 108, 117, 182, 343, 346 housebuilders, 190–197, 206–208, 245 Gross, S. E., 194 housing. See apartment housing, council Grossmith, George and Weedon, The Diary of housing, homeownership, housebuilders, a Nobody, 181, 202, 216, 218–219, 289, 300 landlordism, mansion ﬂats, limited-dividend housing, model dwellings, Hales, Peter B., 61, 64 slums, suburbs, tenements Hambourg, Maria Morris, 64 Howard, Ebenezer, 50, 185 Hamilton, Ontario, 192–193 Howell, Philip, 149 Hamnett, Chris, 215, 258–259 Howells, William Dean, 91, 93, 225, 232–233, Hannah, Matthew, 52–53, 66, 76 237, 253 Hapgood, Lynne, 107, 180 A Hazard of New Fortunes, 85, 108, 141, 216, Hardy, Thomas, 105 235–236, 298, 340–341 Harkness, Margaret, 160–161, 171 Huddersﬁeld, 76 Harlem, 172, 185, 234, 236 Hull House, Chicago, 24, 34, 72–73 Harley, Brian, 58 Humphreys, Richard, 327 Harley, Robert J., 128 Hyde Park, 89, 100, 164–165, 257, 287, 311 Harmsworth’s Magazine, 348 Hyndman, H. M., 69, 71 Harris, Lawren C., 98–100, 99 Harris, R. C., 15, 18, 19 I’Anson, Edward, 276 Harris, Richard, 192, 196–198, 221 identities, 1, 82, 91, 158–159, 166, 181, 206, Harrow, 106, 180–181, 187, 191 219–220, 295 Hartley, John, 180 hybrid, 2 Hartnoll, James, 244 multiple, 96–97, 154 Harvey, David, 3, 75, 183, 329 national, 27 Harvey, Melinda, 157, 159 shopping as source of, 316, 321 Harwood, Wally, 240 illustrated magazines, 35–36, 66, 85, 153, Hassam, Childe, 100–101, 377n132 167–168

430 Index

immigrants, 4, 19, 24–25, 66, 73, 74, 98, 141–142, Levin, Phoebus, 82, 89 172–173, 189. See also Irish, Italians, Jews Levis, Quebec, 56 imperial cities, London and Toronto as, 26–27, Levy, Amy, 86, 160, 374n54 163, 166–8, 180, 285–287. See also empire Lewis, Robert, 198 impressionism, 81, 83, 100–101 Lewis, Sinclair, The Job, 292–296, 332 Improved Industrial Dwellings Co., 226–229, Lewis, Wyndham, 48, 98 233, 240, 244, 250 life insurance, 11, 203, 243, 269 industrial suburbs, 198 lifts, 13, 36, 54, 123, 226, 239, 241, 276, 278, 302. insurance companies, 267, 270, 273, 275–276 See also elevators international exhibitions, 24, 26–27, 31, 72, 84, light, natural, 93, 115, 130, 256, 259, 280–282, 133, 148, 309, 336. See also Columbian 284, 309, 312 Exposition, Great Exhibition limited-dividend housing, 74, 182, 199, 200, 215, Irish, 2, 8, 24–25, 140, 166, 167, 172, 253, 255 226–228, 233–234, 259. See also East End Italians, 24, 73, 142, 147 Dwellings Co., Improved Industrial Dwellings Co., Metropolitan Association Jack the Ripper, 103, 156 for Improving the Dwellings of the Jackson, Alan, 203, 222 Industrious Classes, Peabody Trust, Jakle, John A., 133 Toronto Housing Company James, Henry, 38, 49, 80, 173, 336 Liverpool, 137, 339 Jerome, Jerome K., 80, 229 Llewellyn Park, NJ, 185 Jerrold, Blanche, 48, 122, 139 Llewellyn Smith, Hubert, 70 Jews, 2, 25, 50, 142, 147, 265, 344–345 lodgers, 221–223, 292 and housing, 189, 226 lodging houses, 140, 221 map of Jewish East End, 72 Loftie, W. J., 38 Jones, Sir Horace, 11 London journey to work, 83, 187, 250–251 as Babylon, 47–50 Joy, George W., 336, 337 banks, 272–275, 287 Joyce, James, 81, 87, 88, 96, 105 bridges and tunnels, 10–15, 100 Joyce, Patrick, 3, 52–53, 56, 68, 114, 141 differentiation of City and West End, Jubilee, Queen Victoria’s Golden and 263–266 Diamond, 158, 160, 163, 165, 167–169 explored, mapped, photographed and surveyed, 42–45, 53–61, 69–72 Katharine Buildings, 70, 161, 233, 252 ﬂats in, 226–230, 233, 237–241, 243–247, Keating, Peter, 81, 97 249–254, 257–261 Kellett, John, 188, 324 as home to artists and writers, 84–87 Kern, Stephen, 103 as an imperial city, 26–27 King, Moses, 54, 267–268 like New York, 348 King, W. L. Mackenzie, 73 metaphors for growth, 38–40 King Street, Toronto, 15, 129, 173–175, 265, ofﬁces, 269–271, 276–277, 287–289 269, 290 population of, 20–23, 25 Kinnock, Neil, 30 publicness of public space in, 163–5, 167–172 Ladies’ Mile, 267, 298, 313 public transport in, 333–336 land registry records, 55, 242 representations in art and literature, 88–91, landlordism, 77, 189, 191, 202, 204–205, 94, 97–98, 100, 104–110 213–215, 246 sewers, 325–328 Lang, Fritz, 38, 43, 103, 327 stores, 296–303, 307–309, 311–312, Langton, W. A., 234 315–319 Law, John. See Harkness, Margaret streets and their regulation, 116, 118–134, Lawrence, Richard Hoe, 61, 62,63 136–141, 143–146, 149–150, 175–177 Le Corbusier, 50, 241 suburbs, 179–181, 184–192, 199–202, Leach, William, 313, 316, 318 206–209, 218–223 Ledger, Sally, 160 telephone in, 330, 333 Leeds, 55, 60, 300–301 women in the public spaces of, 152, Lees, Andrew, 37, 42 154–161 Lefebvre, Henri, 2, 76, 143, 151, 205 London County Council, 13, 20, 30, 134, 145, Leviatin, David, 63 287, 324

Index 431

building and managing council housing, 189, miasma, 41, 323 199–201, 220, 222, 240, 244, 252 Miller, Roger, 215–216 as public transport operator, 127–128 Milwaukee, 195 slum clearance by, 41, 98 Minneapolis, 210, 256, 292 laying out new streets, 116 model dwellings, 32, 35, 41, 70, 143, 226–230, London, Jack, 32, 40, 42–44, 46, 80, 91, 233, 240, 243–244, 249–252, 259. See also 142 limited-dividend housing London Underground Group offices, 55 modernism, 26, 81–82, 147, 241 Broadway, 287–288 in literature, 88 Love Bros Ltd., 193, 196, 198, 208, 214, in visual arts, 63, 84, 101, 103, 176 220 moloch, 38, 43, 46 Lowe, Graham, 291 Mondrian, Piet, 94 Lower East Side, 19, 53, 61–63, 74–75, 97, 98, Monet, Claude, 31, 87, 100 118, 141, 147, 233, 344–345 monster cities, London and New York as, Lozowick, Louis, 342, 344 38 Lund, Neils, 285–287 Montreal, 20, 67, 192, 198, 210–211, 304 lungs, open spaces as, 37, 40 City Below the Hill, 73–74 funeral procession through, 167–168 Mace, Rodney, 163, 165 office workers in, 291, 293 Mackintosh, Philip, 73 telephone subscribers in, 333 Madison Square, 4, 37, 100, 135, 155, 268–269, compared to Toronto, 24 279, 284 moral (dis)order, 21, 30, 34, 41, 51, 70–72, 132, mail order, 122, 196, 304, 315, 318 136–137, 149, 163, 261 Malvery, Olive, 142, 158 moral geography, 51, 82, 91, 93–94 Manchester, 46, 81, 138, 140, 335 moral panic, 165 mansion flats, 35–36, 50, 132, 143, 224–226, Moretti, Franco, 104 228–230, 237–239, 241, 381n82. See also Morris, R. J., 214 apartment housing Morris, Susannah, 226, 243 on Victoria Street, 120–121 Morris, William, 48 ownership and marketing, 243–247 Morrison, Arthur, 42, 97–98 tenants, 249–254 mortgages, 182, 194, 201, 203–205, 207, location and layout, 256–261 214–215, 242–243, 245, 304 Marin, John, 82, 94 Mumford, Lewis, 8, 33 Maritain, Jacques, 93 municipal socialism, 324. See also progressivism Marsh, Margaret, 209 music hall, 87, 91, 103, 134 Marsh, Reginald, 337, 338, 345 ‘mutuality of the oppressed’, 98 Marshall Field, 133, 302, 309, 311 Martin, John, 47, 327 Nasaw, David, 135 Masterman, Charles, 32, 39, 43–44, 60 natural systems, 37–42, 44, 51 Mayhew, Henry, 45, 61, 89, 145 nature, 36, 38, 39, 44, 100–102, 130 Maynard, Steven, 151 Nava, Mica, 301 Mayne, Alan, 43 Nead, Lynda, 48, 63, 129–130, 147, 152–154, Mayo, Amory D., 39 265 McArthur, Colin, 103 Nevinson, C. R. W., 175–176, 177, 290, 330, 343, McBride, Sam, 212 344 McCabe, James D., 130, 230 New Jerusalem, 48, 50–51, 111 Mearns, Andrew, 41, 69 ‘new woman’, 160, 161, 249, 261 Melbourne, 24, 137, 146, 148 New York, 4, 30, 54–55, 58, 75, 100–102. See Melosi, Martin, 329 also Ashcan school; Broadway; Brooklyn Metro-Land, 206 Bridge; Central Park; Dos Passos, John; Metropolitan Association for Improving the Howells, William Dean; Lewis, Sinclair; Dwellings of the Industrious Classes, 199, Lower East Side; Sloan, John 226–227, 240, 250, 259 ‘comfort stations’ in, 136–137 Metropolitan Board of Works, 13, 30, 72, 104, department stores in, 296, 298–301, 306, 116, 243, 244, 259, 325 309–313, 320 Metropolitan Life, 268–269, 279, 284, 288, 293, downtown, 264–269, 278–284, 319 390n62 as Empire City, 27, 285

432 Index

New York (cont.) parks, 15, 40, 100–102, 118, 152, 164, 171–173, film of, 103–104, 342 312. See also Central Park, Hyde Park, housing in, 185, 210–212, 225, 230–233, Regent’s Park, St James’s Park 253–255, 260 destroyed to make way for residential ‘improvement’ in, 117–118 ‘Parks’, 187 lighting in, 129–135 as public or private space, 114–115, 152, metaphors for, 38–39, 43 164 nature in, 100–102 as sexual space, 150 office workers in, 290, 293–294 Parsons, Deborah, 151, 160 photography of, 36, 60–63 Paterson, Ross, 204 population in, 20–23, 24–25, 67 ‘paying guests’, 222 public transport in, 337–347 Peabody, George, 272 public utilities in, 323–324, 329 Peabody Trust, 35–36, 139–140, 227–228, 244, street trade in, 147–150 250–252 women on streets of, 153–154, 155 Pennell, Joseph, 239 New York Tribune Building, 6, 278, 284 Penner, Barbara, 137, 162 New York World Building, 54, 278–279, 288 Pennethorne, James, 138 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 307 performance, 3, 27, 43, 114–115, 143, 168 newspapers, 88–89, 96, 173–176, 274, 315 Perks, Sydney, 230, 246, 257–258, 260, 261 Nineveh, 47, 48, 50, 96 Philadelphia, 34, 67, 73, 85, 131, 137, 195, 210, noise, 114, 141–142, 146, 170, 173, 234 212, 213 Nord, Deborah, 45, 127, 160 philanthropy, 89, 139, 216, 227. See also Nye, David, 133 limited-dividend housing ‘scientific philanthropy’, 29, 34, 73 office workers, 288–295 Phillips, Sir Richard, 47 offices, 121, 122, 263, 265–270, 273–285, photography, 18, 54–55, 58, 60–64, 86, 130, 160, 288–294, 319 168 Ogle, Maureen, 324 Piccadilly Circus, 2, 128, 133, 134, 150, 167 Oliver, Paul, 181 picturesque, as necessary part of modernity, 4, Oliver, Stuart, 327 31, 141, 147, 177, 210, 262, 340 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 172, 185 Pike, David, 336 Ondaatje, Michael, 18–20 Pissarro, Camille, 124, 170, 171 Ordnance Survey, 53, 55–56, 136 Pittsburgh, 34, 64, 75, 81 orientalism, 300–301 planning, 12, 33, 34, 145, 281. See also zoning ‘other’, 1, 4, 43, 115, 142, 147, 300, 338, 347 in New York, 117–118 Otter, Chris, 114, 141, 327 of residential estates, 184–185 owner-building, 190, 195–197 in Toronto, 15, 117 Oxford and Cambridge Mansions, 35–36, plate-glass, 114, 302, 319 106–107, 238, 244, 249, 253–254 Platt, Harold, 323 Oxford Street, 42, 47, 162, 188, 306–307 pluralism, 2, 25 shopping on, 58, 134, 155, 296–297, 300–302, Poitras, Claire, 333 311, 318 police, 14, 42, 108, 133, 136, 150, 163–165, 172, 314 Pandemonium, 46 accompanying Booth’s researchers, 72, 120, panopticism, 2, 40, 81, 88–94 123, 140 panoramas, 6, 53–55, 71, 239 use of telegraph and telephone, 330, 332 parades, 26–27, 136, 164–169, 174–175 traffic constables, 128, 129, 174, 177 Paris, 8, 50, 83, 87, 278 Poole, Adrian, 85 apartments in, 230, 239 population, 20–25, 67, 76, 78 Bon Marché, 299, 302 in City of London, 12, 270 1900 Exhibition, 72, 84 in flats, 249–255 as centre for fashion, 315 working population, 290–291 Haussmann’s boulevards, 12, 115, 124, 151, Potter, Beatrice, 70, 160–161, 233 278, 341 poverty, 29, 35, 70–71, 140 parks in, 100, 101 Prendergast, Maurice, 101–102, 172 revolution on streets of, 163, 165 Prichard, James, 45

Index 433

progressivism, 29–31, 33–34, 52, 73 representational space. See spaces of prohibition (alcoholic), 95 representation prostitution, 38, 41, 42, 130, 141, 148–50, 151, representations of space, 2, 26, 31, 35, 51, 143, 153, 314 151, 349 literary references, 97, 157, 162 residential mobility, 67, 78, 138, 219, 237 around Victoria Street, 120, 123 of flat-dwellers, 251–253, 255 public conveniences, 136–137, 150 residuum, 31, 70, 264 public houses, 14, 140, 158 restaurants, 134, 135, 154, 296, 304, 312. See public ownership, 30, 324. See also council also refreshment rooms housing, London County Council restrictive covenants, 188–189, 190, 193, 207 public space, 73 , 108, 130, 158. See also streets, Rice, Elmer, 98 women in public space Richardson, Benjamin, 50 appropriation of, 163–173 Richardson, Dorothy, 160 relationship with private space, 114–115, 141, Riis, Jacob, 60–63 144–145, 150, 151, 153, 164, 275, 312 riots, 69, 160, 163–165, 166 in flats, 259–260 risk, 26, 52 different from public sphere, 114, 154 Ritchie, John, 82, 89 regulation of, 113–114 Riverdale, Toronto, 15–16, 193–194, 198, 208, 210, 220 ‘race’, 45, 66 road surfaces, 114, 125 race suicide, 234 Roebling, John Augustus, 4–6, 11 ‘railway literature’, 83, 180 Roebling, Washington, 6, 17 railways, 123, 333–335. See also elevated Rome, 8, 47, 50 railway, subways, Underground railways rooming houses, 93–94, 96, 151, 221, 225, 257 and suburbia, 181, 187–188, 198, 199, 206 Rosedale, Toronto, 15, 18, 151, 196, 209–210, in literature, 106–108, 170, 332 265 in art, 84, 88–89, 123, 175 Ross, Ellen, 142 Rappaport, Erica, 154–155, 316, 318 Royal Exchange, 270, 273, 276, 286, 289 rateable values, as measure of improvement 12, Ruskin, John, 91 116, 259 Russell Sage Foundation, 75 rate-books, 68, 76–77, 211. See also assessment rolls Sala, George Augustus, 38, 301 Rauschenbusch, Walter, 43 Salvation Army, 44–45, 160 refreshment rooms, 122, 300. See also San Francisco, 4, 54, 131, 230 restaurants Sanborn Map Co., 56 Regent Street, 2, 12, 58, 116, 149, 162, 164, 297, Santink, Joy, 300 300 ‘savages’, 42, 43, 70 Regent’s Park, 53–54, 86, 156, 160, 162, Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 115, 125, 135 238, 249 Schlereth, Thomas J., 31 regulation, 2, 29–30, 52, 76, 113–114, 205 Schneer, Jonathan, 27 of access to residential areas, 144–45 Schuyler, Montgomery, 7 of building, 245, 280–282 Scobey, David, 27, 267, 278, 285 of meetings in public space, 163, 165 Sebron, Hippolyte, 47 of sanitary behaviour, 323, 325 segregation, 12, 116, 133, 143. See also zoning of trade, 145–148, 164 of commercial functions, 265, 319 of traffic and pedestrians, 127–129, 141 within flats, 228, 260 spatial regulation of housing, 256–258 and housing finance, 189, 205 spatial regulation of sexual activity, 148–150 and suburbs, 182, 185, 187–9 Reisman, Philip, 344 and transport, 322, 346–347 religion, 68, 74, 76, 166, 313, 316 Selfridges, 133–134, 298, 302, 309, 311–312, representation, 3, 27, 111–112, 183 320 and language, 43 and cosmopolitanism, 301 literary and artistic, 81–82, 88 and public transport, 319 maps and surveys as, 53, 64, 79 and women, 306, 316–317 and reform, 142 Sennett, Richard, 125–126 of spatial practice, 104 separate spheres, 151–152, 312, 316, 319

434 Index

servants, 183, 209 spatial practice, 2, 51, 76, 104–112, 143, in flats, 110, 247, 249, 253–255 163–173, 205, 349 segregation within buildings, 123, 226, 228, spectacle, 3, 82, 88, 101, 113, 125, 129, 135, 175, 235, 238, 259–261 309 ‘servant problem’, 185, 216–217 speculative building, 179, 182, 188, 190–194, settlement houses, 45, 72, 74. See also Hull 196, 242 House, Chicago; Toynbee Hall Spitalfields, 35, 36, 40, 42, 228 sewers, 12, 15, 55, 114, 138, 322–323, 325–329 St James’s Park, 66, 89, 118, 161, 171, 239, 257, ‘shaky palaces’, 213 287 Shanes, Eric, 100 St Louis, 136 Shapiro, Theda, 101 St Paul’s Cathedral, 12, 26, 53–54, 152, 167–168, Sharp, Thomas, 33, 180 169, 175, 180, 260, 263, 286 Shaw, George Bernard, 120 Stange, Maren, 63 Shaw, John, 42 Stansell, Christine, 148 Sheeler, Charles, 103, 342 Starr, Sidney, 94, 374n54 Shepp, James and Daniel, 46 statistical societies, 65, 69 Sherlock Holmes, 103, 106 Stead, W. T., 38 Shinn, Everett, 98, 104 steel frame, 6, 23, 238, 287 shop assistants, 154, 157, 158, 161, 304, Steichen, Edward, 36, 101, 130 306–308 Stein, Jeremy, 332 shoplifting, 314 Stella, Joseph, 81, 94 shopping, 129, 152, 155–156, 281, 296–321. See Stewart, A. T., 298, 306, 309, 310, 311–313, 320 also department stores Stieglitz, Alfred, 36, 101 shopping arcades, 115, 146, 300–302 Strand, 11, 42, 47, 66, 106, 152, 157, 158, 296, shopping hours, 129, 146, 164, 308 300, 301, 308 Short, John, 51 in Mrs Dalloway, 126–127, 263 Sickert, Walter, 86, 87, 91, 104, 110–111 Strand, Paul, 63–64, 103, 342, 344 Simmel, Georg, 103, 159 Strauss, Richard, 311 Sims, George, 336 street furniture, 136 Sinclair, Upton, 91 street lighting, 114, 129–133. See also electric The Jungle, 42, 81, 86, 93, 137, 181, 194, 201, light, gas lighting 292 street naming, 117 Singer Building, 8, 9, 130, 282, 284 street numbering, 65–66 Singer, Jacob, 204–205, 245 street trade, 89, 130, 141–142, 145–148, 161, skyscrapers, 23, 26, 58, 130, 269, 278–285, 294, 344 302 streetcars, 185, 194, 279, 322–323. See also trams in art and film, 36–37, 101, 103, 343, 345 in Toronto, 18, 173–174, 195, 220 Sloan, John, 36, 37, 81, 83, 85, 92, 102, 104, 111, in New York, 90, 91, 108, 339 234, 290, 345–346, 347 Strong, Josiah, 39 slum clearance, 12, 40, 41, 72, 104, 114, 138, 215, suburbanisation, 133, 179, 183, 185, 205 244, 259 of department stores, 297–299 slumming, 71, 163 18th-century, 184 slums, 29, 31, 34, 39, 42, 43, 46, 97–98, 117, North American, 198 138–142, 265 of offices, 267–269 Booth’s mapping of, 71–72 working-class, 199 false perceptions of, 92, 334–335 suburbs, 26, 60, 117, 145, 170, 179–184 flats as ‘built-in slums’, 33, 228, 230 apartment housing in, 241, 255–259, 262 photography of, 60–63 everyday life in, 215–221, 300, 321 suburban, 222 financing, 201–205 Snyder, Robert W., 92 housing tenure in, 208–215 social gospel, 29, 34 industrial, 198–199 social survey, 64, 65, 69–76 lodgers in, 221–223 space syntax, 107, 108 marketing, 206–208 space and place, 2, 105 middle-class, 184–194, 197–198 spaces of representation, 2, 26, 143, 151–173 telephones in, 333 ‘spatial fix’, 45, 183, 215 working-class, 194–197, 199–201

Index 435

subways, 279. See also Underground railways population growth in, 15, 21–22, 23, 24–25 in Toronto, 15, 17 public transport in, 128, 173–174 in New York, 298, 322, 336–337, 339, 342 Toronto Housing Company, 200, 234 suicide, 8, 19–20, 95, 96, 104, 110 Tower Bridge, 10–15, 20, 116, 244, 287, 348 Sullivan, Sir Arthur, 120 Toynbee Hall, 23, 34, 72–73 Summerson, John, 275–276 Trachtenberg, Alan, 8 surveillance, 40, 51, 55, 63, 68, 114, 150, 159, 347 Trafalgar Square, 2, 26, 69, 158, 162, 163–165, synecdoche, 98 167 synopticism, 88–94 traffic, 116, 125–129, 135–136, 174–177, 341, 342 traffic lights, 126, 128–129 Tagg, John, 60 Train, George, F., 127 Tallack, Douglas, 63, 90, 345 trams, 126, 127–128, 158, 199–200. See also Tarr, Joel, 330 streetcars Tate Gallery, 121, 241 transgression, 114, 155 Taylor, D. J., 30, 31 trolleys. See streetcars Taylor, William, 136–137 Trollope, Anthony, 336 tea-rooms, 154, 296, 395n60 Trotter, David, 39 telephone, 136, 173, 322–323, 330–331 Turner, J. M. W., 100, 170 in flats, 36, 120, 234, 238, 240 typists, 154, 157, 291–292, 294 in private homes, 183, 217, 332 in offices, 279, 293 uncanny, the, 44 numbers of subscribers, 333 underground, as source of threats to modern tenants’ registers, 250–251 society, 43, 322, 327 tenements, 61–62, 74–75, 91, 98, 231–233, 238, Underground railways, 12, 160, 319, 327, 342, 345 335–336. See also subways compared to apartments, 225, 230–231 London Underground map, 60, 336 Thacker, Andrew, 2, 105 Metropolitan, 260, 298, 334 theatre, 96, 154, 265 Metropolitan District, 124, 136, 156, 298 gas and electric light in, 129, 130, 134, 135 Union Square, 90, 100–101, 108, 163, 267, 298 department stores imitative of, 309–311 Thomson, John, 61 vaudeville, 103, 134 Thomson, Richard, 94 Vaughan, Robert, 33, 39 Thrift, Nigel, 3 Veiller, Lawrence, 75, 147, 212 Times Square, 2, 37, 148, 163 Vertov, Dziga, 103 electric signs in, 133, 134–135 vestries, 137, 145, 324 time-space compression, 3, 385n48 Victoria Station, 118, 123, 124, 131, 156, 243, tolls, on Brooklyn Bridge, 6, 8 348 to cross Thames, 11, 13 Victoria Street, 2, 12, 57, 71, 116, 118–128, 136, Topolov, Christian, 69–70, 72 140, 142–143, 171 Toronto, 18, 48, 73, 76–77, 78, 328, 331. See also flats on, 113, 120–121, 228, 246–247, 249 Bloor Street Viaduct; Bureau of Municipal in Mrs Dalloway, 122, 126–127, 156, 161–162 Research; Callaghan, Morley; Eaton’s; as excuse for slum clearance, 137–139, 145 ‘Ward, The’ Victorian values, 30 anti-Semitism in, 189 Vidor, King, 103, 104, 342 banks and offices in, 269, 285, 292–293 Vienna, 115, 241 as British or American, 23, 26–27 voyeurism, 111, 141, 234, 334, 340 city plans of, 15, 117 downtown, 264–265, 291 Walker, Francis A., 66 electric lighting in, 129, 132, 133, 173 Walker, John W., 245 homosexual space in, 150–151 Wall Street, 58, 266–269, 280–281, 289, 329 housing in, 183, 192–194, 198, 203–205, Wall Street Crash, 26, 284 207–212, 213–214, 221, 230, 234, 241–243, Wall, Cynthia, 77 245–248, 255–259, 281 Waller, Philip, 324 paintings of, 84–85, 98–99, 173–174, 289–290 Wang, Wayne, 338 parades on streets of, 166–167, 174–175 Ward, David, 25, 31, 34, 35 photography of, 18–19, 54, 60 ‘Ward, The’, Toronto, 117, 141–142

436 Index

Waring, George E. Jr, 328 ‘women adrift’, 292–293, 307 Warner, Sam Bass Jr, 71, 185, 192 women and housing, 209, 214, 216–217, Washington, 34, 130 233–234, 292 Washington Square, 100, 105, 149, 236, 298, in ﬂats, 200, 225, 234, 244, 246, 249, 250, 255, 340–341 293 water supply, 18, 239, 323–324, 329 women and social survey, 70, 73–74 Waterloo Bridge, 13, 87, 100, 108 women consumers, 300, 306, 312–318 Waterlow, Sydney, 233 women in public space, 127, 132–133, 136–137, Watson, Isobel, 244–245 142, 148–150, 151–162, 174, 346 Weber, Max, 82, 94 women’s clubs, 154–155, 160, 300 Weill, Kurt, 98 women’s work, 66, 281, 313, 316–318, 320, Wells, H. G., 39, 83, 183 331–332. See also ofﬁce workers, servants, The Time Machine, 43–44, 46, 327 shop assistants, typists Tono-Bungay, 105, 336 Woodcock, George, 93 The War of the Worlds, 46, 179–180 Woodsworth, J. S., 34 Westinghouse, George, 132 Woolf, Virginia, 82, 88, 105, 160 Westminster Abbey, 139, 161, 167–168 Mrs Dalloway, 122, 126–127, 161–162, 263 Westminster Bridge, 12, 100, 131, 158, 165 Woolworth Building, 4, 6, 54, 81, 130, 269, 279, Wharton, Edith 284–285 The Age of Innocence, 87, 155, 230 World War I, 4, 17, 26, 95, 147, 162, 163, 227, The House of Mirth, 155, 225, 314, 340–341 251–252, 306 whiggish history, 33–34 Whistler, James Abbott McNeill, 31, 86, 91, Xenophon, 236, 260 100, 131 White, Alfred T., 233 Yates, Edward, 191–192, 202, 214 White, William H., 223 Yonge Street, Toronto, 15, 129, 173, 175, 265, Whitehall, 26, 105, 118, 126, 162, 167, 269 290, 302, 304, 307 Whiteley’s, 146, 297–298, 308, 309, 311–312, 318 Yurick, Sol, 385n48 Whitman, Walt, 103 Wilde, Oscar, 123 Zola, Emile, 82 Williams, Raymond, 82, 98, 103 Au Bonheur Des Dames, 302, 311, 315, 316, Willis, Carol, 279, 282, 284 394n47 Wilson, Elizabeth, 152 zoning, 2, 145, 205, 320 Wilson, Woodrow, 130 by landlords, 188–189 window-shopping, 133–134, 302, 314 in New York, 12, 135, 281–282 Winnipeg, 34, 256, 304 Zunz, Olivier, 25, 294 Winter, James, 129 Zurier, Rebecca, 92