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Livelihood Profile Tigray Region, Ethiopia

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Livelihood Profile Tigray Region, Ethiopia Livelihood Profile Tigray Region, Ethiopia Adiyabo Lowland Livelihood Zone February 20071 Zone Description Adiyabo lowland livelihood zone is a vast, sparsely populated zone that is in Laelay Adiabo, Tahtay Adiabo, Asgede Tsimbla and Tselemti woredas. It shares a border with Eritrea to the north, Amhara region to the south, and Kafta Humera and Welkait to the west. This is a dry, lowland zone (kolla), with high temperatures. The topography is predominantly plains in the east and hills in the south west. The area has good vegetation cover, made up of bush scrubs, and scattered acacia and gum trees. The Tekeze river crosses the zone at a narrow point and then forms the zone’s western boarder with the Humera Sesame & Sorghum zone. Annual rainfall is 350-750mm per year and falls from mid June to early September. Residents of the zone drink water from hand dug wells. Agriculture is rainfed and 100% Meher dependant. Rainfall is relatively dependable as compared to the center and east of Tigray. This is a mixed farming zone that produces both food and cash crops along with livestock production. The area has moderately fertile clay soils that require natural and chemical fertilizers to give a good harvest. The fertility of the soil deteriorates southwards towards Asegede Tsimbla and Tselemti. Cultivation is done using ox drawn plows. The main crops grown for consumption are sorghum, finger millet and maize. Surplus sorghum and millet are put on the market destined for Gonder and Axum. Sesame is the main cash crop and is produced for export. The major export markets are the Middle East, China and Japan. A smaller amount of sesame is sold locally in Mekelle. Sesame production is an important source of agricultural labor, especially for weeding and harvesting activities. The zone plays host to workers from eastern and central Tigray, though in smaller number than the neighboring Humera sesame and sorghum zone. Sufficient land availability, fertile soil and even rainfall combine to make this area a food surplus zone. The main hazards affecting crop production are crop pests and diseases; in particular the cereals attacking stalk borer and striga weed. Treatment for stalk borer is available from the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development for a modest fee. Livestock production is a major component of the livelihood system. The main livestock types are cattle, and shoats (goats and sheep). Livestock are important for draft power and as an income source. Livestock herd sizes are substantial, supported by ample pasture in the Tekeze gorge. Pasture and good rainfall make for relatively high milk production and extended lactation periods from the Bagayit cattle breed. Young boys do livestock herding. In the wet season, livestock drink from minor rivers and seasonal pools and from the Tekeze river during the dry season. Shoats are the most commonly sold livestock. Shoat sale and slaughter is highest during the festive seasons in April (Easter/Fasika), September (New Year’s/Meskerem) and December (Christmas/Gena). Shoats are usually sold 8-12 months after birth. Productive cattle such as oxen and mature females are rarely sold. Cattle ownership is valued for protecting households through the fairly substantial income that can be earned from their sale during bad years. Cattle are usually sold after 4 years of age. Cattle purchase is uncommon. Oxen and mature females are replaced from within the herd. Better off households sometimes own a donkey and/or a camel, which are important for labor and transportation. The main livestock diseases are lump skin disease and goat pox. Treatment is generally available from the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development (BoARD) for cash. Other economic activities in the region are gum arabic production and gold panning in the river beds. Gold panning is mainly between July and August during the rainy season and also in October and November. The area has marble resources, which are currently exploited by private companies. The very poor and poor households are beneficiaries of the Productive Safety Nets Program (PSNP). PSNP was initiated in 1997 (E.C) and distributes cash to protect assets of the chronically poor households. Beneficiaries are provided cash distributions for six 1Fieldwork for the current profile was undertaken in February 2007. The information presented refers to September 2005- August 2006 (EC 1998), a good year by local standards. Provided there are no fundamental and rapid shifts in the economy, the information in this profile is expected to remain valid for approximately five years (i.e. until 2011). The exchange rate January 2006 1USD = 8.676ETB. 2 months: households with labor are involved in public works activity for a daily wage and households without labor are supported through direct cash support. The strength of the livelihood zone lies in adequate availability of land for crop production, abundant pasture for livestock and an agro-ecology conducive for the production of sesame for income. These are complimented by a good road network to facilitate market activity in the zone. Markets The major cash crop is sesame. Sesame is traded from November to January. Local farmers sell to traders for 450 ETB per quintal (100kg). Sesame is exported to Sudan through Humera. From Sudan, part of the crop is further exported to the Middle East. An additional trade route takes the sesame through Addis Ababa to the Djibouti port, to be exported to China and Japan. Sorghum and millet are sold in the post harvest season from December to March to central and eastern Tigray and to Mekelle and Gondar. Both commodities are transported through intermediate markets in May Tsebri, Shire, Axum and Adwa. Sorghum is imported into the local markets from the Amhara region during the hunger season which occurs from July to August. Beans are imported from Gondar throughout the year and bought in to the local markets. The main livestock trade is in shoats. Shoats supplied from May Tsebri are sold in Gondar and Shire. Sheraro supplies shoats both for local sales in Shire and also for export to Sudan via Adi Hageray and Humera. Local shoat sales generally increase during festival periods in April (Easter/Fasika), September (New Year/Meskerem) and January (Christmas/Gena). Cattle traders in Sheraro sell to Axum, Adwa and Raya, and also export to Sudan through Humera. Butter is the most commonly traded livestock product. Butter is mainly sold from July and August and is supplied from Sheraro and goes through markets in Adwa, and Adigrat for sale in Mekelle and Abiyadi. May Tsebri also supplies butter to Gondar and Shire. Good road infrastructure facilitates the inflow of traders and commodities into the livelihood zone. Nearly all residents of the zone seek wage employment in the local area with less than 5% going outside the zone to Humera in July and October for sesame weeding and harvesting labor. Seasonal Calendar There are four seasons: Hagai (winter) from January to March, Azmera (spring) from April to June, Tsidia/ Kiremti (summer rains) from July to September and Kewua/ (Autumn/ harvest time) from October to December. Agriculture is 100% dependant on the Kiremti Meher (long) rains that last from June to September. The crops in the zone are considered to be long and short cycle crops. The main crops produced are sorghum, millet and maize. Land preparation begins in April/May and planting follows soon thereafter. The consumption year begins in September with green consumption of maize. The main crop harvest takes place in October and November. Sesame sales run from November to January while maize and millet are sold from December to March. During the dry season, there is in-migration of livestock from other parts of Tigray for pasture in the Tekeze gorge. The onset of rain in June marks the beginning of the milk production and butter sales. Good rains and pasture availability provide the zone with an extended lactation period that lasts up to 6 months. Livestock births take place just before the start of the rainy season. All livestock is sold in January, April, June and September. Shoats are mostly traded during the festival season in April, September and January. Demand for oxen is in June and July when land preparation increases the need for draft power. The hunger season is relatively short, lasting only two months from July to August. During this period, most households purchase Adiabo Lowland Livelihood Zone their food. Therefore, the search for income is important. Livestock sales, butter sales and agriculture labor are the main sources of income during this period. The very poor depend most on agricultural employment. Food purchases last until September when green consumption of maize breaks the hunger season. The agricultural season is the main source of wage labor, providing land preparation, weeding and harvesting opportunities. Out-migration is uncommon, but residents will migrate in the event of a bad year. Malaria outbreaks are associated with the offset of rain from September to November. Wealth Breakdown W ealth G roups C haracteristics HH size Land owned Land area cultivated Livestock H olding Very Poor 4-6 8-9 tim ads 3-5 tim ads 5-7 hens, 6-8 shoats 0-2 oxen, 2-3 cattle,8.5-10.5 Poor 4-6 8-9 tim ads 6-7 tim ads shoats, 0-2 donkeys, 6-8 hens 1-3 oxen, 8.5-12.5 cattle, 25-33 M iddle 6-8 8-10 tim ads 8-13 tim ads shoats, 0-2 donkeys, 8-10 hens 3-5 oxen, 19.5-23.5 cattle, 38- Better-off 6-8 8-10 tim ads 10-17 tim ads 49 shoats, 1-2 donkeys, 8-10 hens 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% % of population *4 tim ads= 1 hectare The main determinants of wealth are size of land cultivated and the number of cattle owned, particularly plow oxen.
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