Selected Filmography of Moroccan Films: 1999–2008

1999

Mabrouk, Driss Chouika Ruses de femmes (Women’s Wiles), Farida Benlyazid Ali Zaoua, Nabyl Ayouch

2000

Yacout, Jamal Belmajdoub Du Paradis à l’enfer (From Paradise to Hell), Said Souda Tresses (Braids), Jillali Ferhati Jugement d’une femme (A Woman’s Decision), Hassan Benjelloun Soif (Thirst), Saâd Chraïbi Elle est diabétique, hypertendue et elle refuse de crever (She’s Diabetic, Hypertensive and She Refuses to Die), Hakim Noury Histoire d’une rose (A Story of a Rose), Abdelmajid R’chich Ali, Rabia et les autres (Ali Rabia and the Others), Ahmed Boulane L’Homme qui brodait des secrets (The Man Who Embroidered Secrets), Omar Chraïbi Amour sans visa (Love without a Visa), Najib Sefrioui

2001

Le Cheval de vent (Wind Horse), Daoud Aoulad Syad Les Années de l’exil (Years of Exile), Nabyl Lahlou Les Lèvres du silence (Lips of Silence), Hassan Benjelloun Les Amours de Hadj Mokhtar Soldi (The Love Affairs of Hadj Mokhtar Soldi), Mustapha Derkaoui Mona Saber, Abdelhai Laraki Au-delà de Gibraltar (Beyond Gibraltar), Taylan Barnan and Mourad Boucif 232 Filmography

2002

Histoire d’amour (Story of Love), Hakim Noury Une Minute de Soleil en Moins (One Less Minute of Silence), Nabil Ayouch Casablanca, Farida Benlyazid Et Après . . . (And After . . .), Mohamed Ismaïl Les Amants de Mogador (The Lovers of Mogador), Souheil Ben Barka Le Paradis des Pauvres (Paradise of the Poor), Imane Mesbahi Le Pote (The Mate), Hassan Benjelloun Les Yeux secs (Dry Eyes), Narjiss Nejjar

2003

Rahma, Omar Chraïbi Mille Mois (A Thousand Months), Faouzi Bensaïdi Face à face (Face to Face), Abdelkader Lagtaa Les Voisines d’Abou Moussa (The Women Neighbors of Abou Moussa), Abderrahmane Tazi Casablanca by Night, Mustapha Derkaoui Les fibres de l’âme, Hakim Belabbes Jawhara, Saâd Chraïbi Réveil (Waking), Mohamed Zineddine Parabole (Satellite Dish), Narjiss Nejjar

2004

Les Bandits (Crooks), Said Naciri La Chambre noire (The Dark Room), Hassan Benjelloun Casablanca Day Light, Mustafa Derkaoui Casablanca, Les Anges ne volent pas (In Casablanca, Angels Do Not Fly), Mohamed Asli Mémoire en detention (Memory in Detention), Jillali Ferhati L’Enfant endormi (The Sleeping Child), Yasmine Kassari Tarfaya, Daoud Oulad Syad Tenja, Hassan Lagzouli Le Grand Voyage (The Long Journey), Ismaïl Ferroukhi Le Regard (The Look), Noureddine Lakhmari Ici et là (Here and There), Mohamed Ismaïl

2005

J’ai vu tuer Ben Barka (I Saw Ben Barka Get Killed), Serge Le Péron and Saïd Smihi Le Gosse de Tanger (The Boy of Tangiers), Moumen Smihi Filmography 233

Juanita de Tanger (Juanita of Tangiers), Farida Benlyazid Marock, Laïla Marrakchi Symphonie Marocaine (Moroccan Symphony), Kamal Kamal Les Portes du Paradis (Heaven’s Doors), Sohael and Imad Noury

2006

Tabite or Not Tabite, Nabyl Lahlou

2007

En Attendant Pasolini (Waiting for Pasolini), Daoud Oulad Syad Casa Negra (Black House), Noureddine Lakhmari Les Anges de Satan (Satan’s Angels), Ahmed Boulane Où vas-tu Moshé? (Where are you going Moshé?), Hassan Benjelloun Wake Up Morocco!, Narjiss Nejjar

2008

Whatever Lola Wants, Lola Gets, Nabyl Ayouch Notes

Preface

1. The exact date that marked the beginning of the Lead Years is debated. Most agree that the most repressive years of King Hassan II’s reign began immedi- ately following the coups d’état of 1971 and 1973. 2. From here on, all translations, except where indicated, are my own. 3. El Maleh spoke at the Colloquium on Moroccan Writing at the Bibliothèque Nationale, February 3, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. For an interesting article on why French seems to be loosing ground in popularity in Morocco, see “L’agonie de la langue française au Maroc,” La Gazette du Maroc, February 9, 2004. http://www.mafhoum.com/press6/181C32.htm. 4. Colloquium, February 3, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 5. Colloquium, February 3, 2007. 6. Rida Lamrini speaking at a literary roundtable sponsored by Marsam Editions, at the annual Salon du Livre (Book Conference), February 11, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 7. M’hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui estimates the number of French speakers in the Maghreb to be twenty million. Therefore, the importance of francophone readership is significant. (See “The Moroccan Novel in French,” Research in African Literatures [Winter 1992]: 9–13, 22). 8. Librairie Livre Service (a play on words in French, referring to “libre service” or “help yourself,” in the sense that “you’re free to browse.” “Libre” is, of course, replaced with “Livre,” which means book). They have two email addresses: [email protected] (Casablanca) and [email protected] (Rabat). 9. The Moudawana of 2004 basically brought women out of the dark ages as far as granting them rights to divorce and access to the judicial system. There have been several Moudawanas in the past, but the 2004 legislation has gone the farthest in granting rights to women under the law. Specifically it raised the marriage age to eighteen (for both men and women), granted women the right to contract their own marriages (no father, brother, or other male family member need be involved), granted equal authority in the family to men and women, granted greater financial rights (women have new rights to assets acquired by marriage) in cases of divorce or husband’s death, established judicial divorce (men must go to court), and stipulated that verbal repudiation 236 Notes

is no longer valid. Polygamy was not abolished, but now requires a judge’s authorization. Women can specify in their marriage contracts that polygamy is not an option for their future husbands. Divorce is now a prerog- ative that can be exercised as much by the husband as by the wife. Men and women are now equally protected under the law; however the 2004 reform did not address inheritance law, which is still based on Shari’a directives (meaning that women can only inherit two-thirds of what a man can).

Introduction: Enunciating the Unsaid and the Historically “Inconceivable” in the Words of Contemporary Francophone Morocco

1. Rida Lamrini told to me that Yasmina is imaginary, simply a fictitious muse. Interview, January 18, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 2. L’Institut Français de Rabat (French Institute of Rabat) and L’Association Marocaine des Enseignants de Français (AMEF) (Moroccan Association of Teachers of French), Round Table with Rida Lamrini, February 24, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 3. According to Lamrini’s Y a-t-il un avenir au Maroc, in 2004 Morocco scored 125th out of 177 countries on the human development scale. Cited as causes for the low score were low economic performance primarily due, as Lamrini acidly points out, to a “lack of political will” to change (21). 4. It is widely believed that outside Islamic interests from countries in the Middle East and Gulf were responsible for influencing Mohamed VI’s government’s decision to put on trial the journalists writing for Nichane. 5. General Lyautey was a career colonial officer. He dedicated his life’s mission to securing Morocco for French interests. His policy for contact with indig- enous people relied on a “divide and conquer” method of operation wherein tribesmen were kept at bay in order to maintain French domination in the country. 6. Marabouts are traditional holy men and women who are responsible for healing and providing talismans. The Marabout is still, today, a popular figure in literature and does still exist in traditional villages across Morocco and other regions in Africa. 7. The halqua figures prominently in Moroccan literature. The best example is Tahar Ben Jelloun’s L’enfant de sable (The Sand Child, 1985) and its sequel La nuit sacrée (Sacred Night, 1987) wherein the storyteller is both master and manipulator of the story of the novels. Ben Jelloun uses the halqua’s storyteller to fragment his own story, metaphorically representing the frag- mentation of the author’s own identity. 8. Driss Chraïbi died suddenly on Tuesday, April 3, 2007, at the age of eighty. Notes 237

9. The region is also known as the Levant, which includes the countries of Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. 10. The Paris review inspired the Moroccan TelQuel, sold weekly throughout Morocco. 11. Oulehri thinks that there are only about 1,550–2,000 people who read each francophone novel that is published in Morocco. This is why print runs are paltry and books are often unavailable after a first printing. Interview, January 17, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 12. Interview with Oulehri, January 17, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 13. Rita El Khayat introducing the poet Amina Benmansour, poetry reading, Librairie Kalila wa Dimna, January 24, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 14. Interview with Rachid Chraïbi, editor in chief of Marsam Editions, January 29, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 15. See the preface, note 9. 16. Interview with Rachid Chraïbi, editor, Marsam Editions, January 29, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 17. Interview with Rida Lamrini, January 18, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 18. It is estimated that during the years 1963–1973 alone, thirteen thousand people “went missing” in Morocco. For a comprehensive study, see Susan Slyomovics, The Performance of Human Rights in Morocco (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005). 19. Interview with Touria Oulehri, January 17, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 20. Interview with Rida Lamrini, January 18, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 21. Premiere of Les Anges de Satan, February 28, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco.

1 The Power of Engagement: Writing in/on the Front Lines of Politics and Culture in the New Morocco

1. Interview with Abdelkébir Khatibi, February 14, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 2. Interview with Abdelkébir Khatibi, February 14, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 3. Interview, January 18, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 4. Interview with Touria Oulehri, January 17, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 5. Interview, January 17, 2007. 6. This is certainly the case in light of the suicide bombings in Casablanca during the spring of 2007 by Islamic fundamentalists. 7. Rida Lamrini, “Rencontre littéraire,” held at the Institut Français de Rabat and sponsored by L’Association Marocaine des Enseignants de Français (AMEF), February 24, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 8. Interview, January 18, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 9. The Makhzen is “le pouvoir occult” (parallel, hidden power of the monarchy). It is a behemoth that has run the country through oppression, torture, and corruption since the time of the Sultans. Members of the Makhzen are the elite who possess all the power in Morocco. 238 Notes

2 The Texts of Human Rights: Moroccan Prison Testimonials by Victims of the Lead Years

1. Titles of testimonial prison literature in Arabic include the novels: Ufoulu al-layl: Yawmiyat Lm’arif wa Ghbila (The Extinction of Night: Journal of Lm’arif and Ghbila) by Tahar Mahfoudi (published by Dar Al-Qarawiyine, 2004), which recounts the suffering of prisoners in two detention centers in Casablanca, and Hadit al-‘atama by Fatna El Bouih (A Woman Named Rachid, Le Fennec, 2001), which affirms the resistance of women who were tortured in prisons. See Khalid Zekri, Fictions du réel, 205. 2. These coups took place in Kénitra in 1971 and in the air when generals Oufkir and Dilimi, powerful in the king’s military apparatus, tried to force the Royal Boeing 747 down and take over the government in 1972. Both coups failed and Hassan II assassinated the generals. 3. According to Mohammed Raïss, twenty-seven of these men are in Morocco, the three Bourequat brothers are abroad (Ali resides in the United States and Midhat and Bayazid live in France), and M’barek Touil is in the United States. See De Skhirat à Tazmamart: Retour du bout de l’enfer (Casablanca: L’Afrique orient, 2002), 389. This number, however, varies depending on the text and also when it was written, since many of the former prisoners are elderly and dying. 4. The title in Arabic: Tadhkirat dhahab iyab ila al-jahim, Casablanca Publications of the Journal Al Ittihad al-Ichtiraki, 2001. The translated ver- sion, De Skhirat à Tazmamart, was published in 2002 in Casablanca by Afrique Orient. 5. Blurb on the jacket cover of La Chambre noire. 6. Interview with Ali Bourequat, March 17, 2005. Since 1998, after having requested political asylum in the United States, Ali Bourequat has lived in Houston, Texas. 7. Many former prisoners were constantly harassed by the regime after their release. Ahmed Marzouki was not granted a passport until 1995, years after his liberation. For years following his release from Tazmamart in 1991, he was repeatedly visited by the police. 8. Some headway on resolving past human rights abuses has been made with the recent creation of the CCDH (Conseil Consultatif des Droits de l’Homme). See Driss Bennani, “CCDH: Un agenda surbooké,” TelQuel, March 17–23, 2007: 6–7, 7. 9. Damages were eventually paid to Binebine by Ben Jelloun. 10. L’Instance d’Equité et Reconciliation (IER) was formed in 2004 under the auspices of Mohamed VI to investigate human rights abuses committed under his father. The committee was to document testimonies and make recommendations on reparations to victims. Their report was handed in to the palace in December 2005. However, the proviso mandated by the king is that none of the perpetrators be named or tried for their crimes. 11. The Parisian performances were held on February 27 and March 18, 2001. Notes 239

12. It is an established fact that by 1984 the international community knew about the existence of Tazmamart. At this time, the United States and Amnesty International began to put pressure on the Moroccan monarchy to confess to the detention of prisoners there. However, it took seven more years before their release in 1991. 13. The CIA World Fact Book, lists the following breakdown for the Moroccan population: 0–14 years old, 32.1 percent; 15–64, 63 percent; 65 years and older, 5.1 percent. The median age: 24.3 years, (24.8 years female, 23.8 male); total population as of 2007: 33,241,259. https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html#People. 14. http://www.telquel-oneline.com/124/arts_124.shtml, anonymous author. 15. According to Gilles Deleuze and Félix-Guattari’s principle of le devenir animal, the becoming-animal is a state through which we all have the potential to pass. See Mille plateaus (Paris: Editions Minuit, 1981).

3 Publishing Women: The Feminine Voices of Social Activists

1. These early Moroccan women authors’ works are virtually impossible to find and have not been republished since the 1980s. 2. There are also internationally recognized Moroccan women authors who write in English and Arabic. Leila Abouzeid is credited for authoring the first novel in Arabic by a woman in the Arab world. Year of the Elephant, written in the early 1980s in Arabic, was translated into English in 1989. Abouzeid has since preferred to write in English. Her recent novel, The Last Chapter (2004), has been translated into a multitude of languages across the globe. Laila Lalami, who lives in the United States and writes in English, has also received international acclaim, notably for her novel, Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits (2005). 3. Interview with Touria Oulehri, January 17, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 4. Interview with Noufissa Sbaï, Institut Français, April 9, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 5. Interview with Noufissa Sbaï, April 9, 2007. 6. In 2007 these laws were overturned and now new, more favorable legislation has been set into place, allowing women more access to protection for them- selves and their children. However, the main issue remains the education of women so that they are aware of their rights. 7. It is believed that she took her own life. I am indebted to Professor Nourredine Affaya, Houria Boussejra’s husband, who in an interview on April 14, 2007 (Rabat), explained certain aspects of Houria’s life and work that clarify the themes of her novels. 8. Interview with Nourredine Affaya, April 14, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 9. Nourredine Affaya was responsible for making sure that Houria Boussejra’s last novel was published posthumously. 10. Indeed, Affaya revealed that Boussejra’s writing was in part a “règle- ment de comptes” (revenge) against her mother with whom she had a 240 Notes

conflicted relationship throughout her life. Interview, April 14, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 11. These characters are modeled on people who Houria Boussejra knew or were in politics during her life. Azzouar is based on the profile of Minister Basri, later living in exile in France. The young woman tortured by the police in the late 1970s is, in reality, Saïda Menebhi, who died in prison in 1977. Interview with Professor Nourredine Affaya, April 14, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 12. Her husband suggested that she did suffer from depression. 13. This idea of “choosing memories” I find very compelling and certainly true with regard to Tazmamart prison. Although the state (and therefore, King M6) admitted to the existence of the prison, it was razed. The state/king opted against any sort of memorial and thus relegated Tazmamart prison, a monument of the Lead Years, to the status of a bur- ied memory. 14. Her work focuses particularly on the production of Narjiss Nejjar’s (Sbaï’s daughter) films. These include Les Yeux Secs (2002) and Wake up Morocco! (2006). 15. Interview with Noufissa Sbaï at the Institut Français, April 9, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 16. Interview with Sbaï, April 9, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 17. Noufissa Sbaï revealed that Hayat is a mirror image of herself. Interview, April 9, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 18. According to Sbaï, the Berber belief known as “l’enfant endormi” (the sleeping child), was widely practiced up to the late 1950s, and even tolerated in the Moroccan judicial system. If a woman became pregnant out of wedlock (and, therefore, had to avoid stigma in her community), she “put the baby to sleep” by having a fiqh (holy man) write a talisman on parchment and then seal it in a small box that the woman would wear around her neck. When the woman desired the child, she would open the box, throw the talisman in water and then “wake” the child to give birth. The idea was that if a woman became pregnant and her husband was absent due to immigration, death, or “divorce,” she could evoke “l’enfant endormi,” which allowed for discrep- ancies, as far as counting months in a pregnancy, and so on. The practice aided mothers by keeping them from being penalized for becoming pregnant out of wedlock or saving face if, for example, they became pregnant after being abandoned by their husbands. Entire villages accepted this practice and it granted women a certain amount of dignity with respect to family and community. 19. The Arabic transliterations are Slyomovics’. 20. El Bouih in an interview with Susan Slyomovics in The Performance of Human Rights in Morocco. Some of the other women prisoners she names in her text—those who died and those who are still living—include Fatima Oukacha, Rabia Fetouh, Mara Zouini, Widad Bouab, Latifa Ajbabdi, Nguia Bouda, and the martyr Saïda Menebhi. Notes 241

21. See Frantz Fanon, Les Damnés de la terre (Paris: Maspéro, 1961). Republished by Editions La Découverte, 2002. 22. Interview with Rita El Khayat, April 2, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 23. Explaining her daughter’s name, El Khayat writes in Le Désenfantement (2002a) that Aïni signifies in Arabic, “my eye, my pupil (as in the sense of center).” The author notes that the name for her translated all that was the most precious to her (11). 24. Interview with Rita El Khayat, April 2, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 25. Interview with Rita El Khayat, Salon du Livre, February 10, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 26. El Khayat’s daughter, Aïni, died at the age of fifteen and a half, after an ill- ness and hospitalization. 27. The irony El Khayat alludes to is in the word “figure,” which in French means, according to context: face, person, and personage.

4 Sexuality, Gender, and the Homoerotic Novel of the New Morocco

1. The author Nedjma is something of an enigma. It has been suggested that she is actually a he and, thus, this would entail another layer of gendered analysis much in the same manner as was generated a few years by the elu- sive Algerian author Yasmina Khadra (Mohammed Moulessehoul) who turned out, in the end, to be a man! 2. http://incoldblog.blogspot.com/search/label/Interview. October 1, 2006, anonymous author. 3. Interview. Rita El Khayat. “La pudeur tue l’écrivain.” TelQuel, Archives, 2007. http://www.telquel-online.com/231/arts2_231.shtml. 4. Interview. Rita El Khayat. “La pudeur tue l’écrivain.” 5. Twentieth–Twenty-First French and Francophone Studies Conference, Miami Florida, March 2006. 6. My emphasis. 7. Since ascending to the throne, M6 has made it a point to cultivate his own Berber heritage (on his mother’s side). Where once Berber languages were banned from public school, they are now taught openly and encouraged, particularly in Southern Morocco. “Berberism” is being used to convince Moroccans that their allegiances should be cultural and grounded in their true heritage, not Islamicized and reflective of a “foreign” (i.e., Arab) identity that has nothing really to do with their origins. 8. The tarbouche is the traditional Moroccan red fez, still worn today by older men. 9. Indeed, Taïa has made it a point of progressively revealing his sexual orientation through his novels, beginning with Mon Maroc, Le rouge du tarbouche, and L’Armée du salut. 10. Taïa is also an accomplished filmmaker. His life as a filmmaker is explored more fully in his most recent novel Une Mélancolie arabe (2008). 242 Notes

5 TelQuel: Morocco as It Is in the Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers of the Francophone Press

1. It is estimated that almost four million Moroccans live abroad. They are known as MREs: Morocains résidents à l’étranger. They read and invest massively each year in journalism at home. 2. Interview with Nadia Lamlili, January 26, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 3. In the Deleuzo-Guattarian sense. See their work Mille Plateaus (Paris: Edition Minuit, 1980). 4. The journal’s title is both symbolic and unique. Taken from the Arabic let- ters Lam and Alif . Daoud explains that “Lam” is the shield for the “Alif” when written in Arabic script, thus becoming: . 5. Author’s italics. 6. December 2007. See introduction to this work. 7. It must be noted, however, that the Instance d’Equitation et Reconciliation (IER) did make impressive headway in gathering the testimonials and docu- menting the voices of hundreds of people who had family members “go missing,” and who either died in imprisonment or were tortured. 8. Interview with Nadia Lamlili, reporter for TelQuel, January 26, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 9. Interview with Nadia Lamlili, January 26, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 10. Istiqlâl, founded in Egypt in the 1940s, was the party for liberty. 11. Interview with editor in chief of Le Journal hebdomadaire, Taïbi Chadi, February 2, 2007. Casablanca, Morocco. 12. Chadi interview, February 2, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 13. Chadi interview, February 2, 2007. 14. Chadi interview, February 2, 2007. 15. Chadi interview, February 2, 2007. 16. An adjective derived from the word “Makhzen,” the “system,” comprised of political and military wielders of power linked to the monarchy. These elites have ruled the country from the back rooms of the royal palace since the time of the sultans. 17. Lamlili is one of the up and coming young women journalists. In 2005, she was recipient of the prestigious journalism award “La Presse Ecrite Francophone” for her investigative reporting on clandestine emigration from sub-Saharan Africa to Europe through Morocco. 18. Interview with Nadia Lamlili, January 26, 2007, Casablanca, Morocco. 19. Interview, Lamlili, January 26, 2007. 20. Interview with Nadia Lamlili, January 26, 2007. 21. Interview with Nadia Lamlili, January 26, 2007. 22. Interview with Nadia Lamlili, January 26, 2007. 23. Aboubakr Jamaï, born in 1968, the son of Khalid Jamaï, also a journalist, was imprisoned in 2001 for having accused then prime minister Basri of Notes 243

having been implicated in the coup d’état of 1972. He went on a long hunger strike that was highly publicized in France. 24. According to Rida Lamrini, one of the first major issues tackled by the CCDH was to oversee voters’ rights and protection during the September 2007 elections. Unfortunately, corruption and voter fraud were rampant and the CCDH ineffectual in its efforts to ensure clean elections. 25. Interview with Rida Lamrini, February 28, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 26. See the Preface, note 9 for a complete overview of what the Moudawana guarantees women under the law. 27. I am indebted to Youssouf Amine Elalamy for letting me read his dissertation, which is filled with valuable information on Moroccan women’s magazines that was vital for this section of my book. 28. The article appeared in a special edition of Femmes du Maroc dedicated to the changes in the Moudawana. 29. Other francophone titles include: Ousra (“Family,” in Arabic), Parade, Chehrazad, and Famille Actuelle.

6 The Humanist Individual in Contemporary Morocco

1. The noun épanouissement in English literally means “development” or “flowering,” in the sense of coming into one’s own self-fulfillment. The English translation, in my opinion, does not really seem to do justice to the French. Therefore by not translating the term I hope to evoke its sense of “opening up to joy,” which I think is its inherent essence. 2. Interview with Youssouf Amine Elalamy, February 21, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 3. Author’s italics. 4. Author’s italics. 5. Elalamy as well as Souad Bahéchar and Mohamed Nedali were the winners of the Grand Prix Atlas in 2001. The literary prize is one of the most prestigious in Morocco. 6. Interview with Elalamy, February 21, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 7. Translation in English is forthcoming in 2008 under the title Sea Drinkers (Lexington Books). 8. My emphasis. 9. “Houlioud” is pronounced “Hollywood,” which in the Moroccan context is facetiously opposite the glitzy neighborhoods the title connotes. 10. Chapitre XXXI : “Des cannibales” by Michel de Montaigne annotated by Maureen Jameson, http://wings.buffalo.edu/litgloss/montaigne/cannibales.shtml. 11. Author’s italics. Nedali plays on the French words femme and infâme, which rhyme when read aloud. 12. Abdellah Baïda notes that the function of l’Adel is not simply that of a notary in the Western sense of the world. It is a particular job that is similar to the 244 Notes

imam’s in that it holds religious importance in the community. (See Baïda, “Contact des langues dans les romans de Mohamed Nedali,” 51–63.) 13. Author’s italics. 14. Nedali uses a play on words with BCBG, “bon chic, bon genre,” which means fashionable and really trendy, the complete opposite of the fundamentalist credo.

7 Morocco on the Screen: Cinema in the New Morocco

1. See Frank Ukadike, Black African Cinema (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994). 2. Interview with Nabyl Lahlou, February 28, 2007, Rabat, Morocco. 3. The premiere was held at the Mohamed V Theater in downtown Rabat to a packed audience on February 20, 2007. Although Lahlou is considered “fou” (crazy) by everyone I talked to, his films, even the most bizarre, still find audiences. 4. This was repeatedly a subject of contention for Ousmane Sembène who stated that West African filmmakers were always held over a barrel by France when they accepted funding. 5. There are of course exceptions. L’Enfant endormi (The Sleeping Child, 2004), a Moroccan-Belgian coproduction, taking place in North-Eastern Morocco, is based on a traditional Moroccan story. 6. The film is a Franco-Marocain-Spanish production. 7. Staff writer. TelQuel, http://www.telquel-online.com/194/sujet5.shtml. 8. Staff writer. Le Monde, http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3476- 705421,0.html. 9. See the interview with Bachir Ben Barka dated November 1999. http://www. marxist.com/appeals/ben_barka/pictures.html. 10. Interview with Bachir Ben Barka, November 1999. http://www.marxist. com/appeals/ben_barka/pictures.html. 11. Interview with Bachir Ben Barka, November 1999. http://www.marxist. com/appeals/ben_barka/pictures.html. 12. Staff writer. TelQuel, http://www.telquel-online.com/194/sujet5.shtml. 13. “Le Grand Voyage,” http://www.worldcinemashowcase.co.nz/ GRANDVOYAGE.html. 14. http://worldcinemashowcase.co.nz/GRANDVOYAGE.html. 15. “Foi schizophrénique,” Le Journal Hebdomadaire, http://www.lejournal- hebdo.com/article.php3?id_article=4909. 16. “Polémique : Les Yeux humides d’Aghbala,” TelQuel (No. 125, May 7, 2004), http://www.telquel-online.com/125/sujet5.shtml. 17. TelQuel, http://www.telquel-online.com/125/sujet5.shtml. 18. Noufissa Sbaï, email correspondence, July 4, 2007. 19. Sbaï emphasizes that all the actors were paid 60DH (about US $7.50) a day, which is an enormous amount in a region were jobs are scarce and resources limited. Notes 245

20. The Kahina was also know to be a Priestess and is thought to have reigned in Berber lands (primarily the Aurès Mountains in Algeria), in the region of Dihiya, during the seventh–eighth centuries AD. The Kahina has also been called by the names Dihiya and Dîyya and might have been part of the Djerawa tribe, which according to Ibn Khaldûn, were primarily Jewish. She led armies into battle to combat the invading Arabs.

Conclusion

1. Aiassi is founder and leader of the “Forum for Young Moroccans for the 3rd Millennium.” 2. Orlando, Nomadic Voices of Exile, 3. See Edouard Glissant’s work, Tout- Monde (Paris: Gallimard, 1997). Bibliography

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Al Adl wal Ihsane, 153 Autre-moi, 81, 82 Advisory Committee on Human Ayouch, Nabil, 191, 218–220 Rights (ACHR), 40 Ajbabdi, Latifa, 88, 93 Bahéchar, Souad, 157, 173–184 Al Alam, 135 Banlieues, 194, 203 Algerian, 4, 5, 7, 8, 27, 73, 109, Barrada, Yto, 18 160, 171, 189, 209, 223 Basri, Driss, 56 Ali Zaoua, 191, 218–220 Becoming-animal, 69 Alienation, 10, 125, 159 Begag, Azzouz, 163 L’Alternance, 38, 39, 141, 142 Belkassem, Belouchi, 58 Amrouch, Marie-Louise Taos, 73 Ben Barka, Mehdi, 53, 54, 56, 142, Les Anges de Satan, 188, 191, 195–198; Tri-Continental 208–211 Conference, 196; Union Animality, 62 Nationale des Forces Populaires Arab, 4, 5, 8, 12, 57, 90, 99, 114, (UNFP), 53 122, 124, 134, 144, 152, Ben Haddou, Halima, 13, 72, 73 154, 176, 191, 220, 223; Ben Jelloun, Tahar, 1, 11–13, 15, nations, 151 17, 39, 57, 58, 63, 111, 124, Arabic, xii, xv, xvi, xix, 3, 5, 10, 159, 236n7 34, 47, 66, 67, 77, 93, 97, 111, Benchekroun, Siham, xvii, 10, 14, 132, 133, 135, 151, 162, 166, 74, 76, 77, 98, 105 187, 191, 192, 206, 207, 209, Benchemsi, Réda Ahmed, xviii, 215, 228, 229, 239n2 16, 18 Arabization, xiv, 10 Benjelloun, Hassan, xvii, 66 Arabophone, xii, 192; Benlyazid, Farida, 18, 207, press, 135, 137 220–224 L’A ssainisse ment, 34 Berbers, xv, xvi, 4, 5, 124, 144, 149, Assimilation, 164, 166, 203 151, 188, 215, 217, 223, 224, Autobiographical, xv, xvii, 14, 26, 228, 229, 240n18, 241n7 71, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 110, Bi-langue, 5, 12 111, 125 Binebine, Mahi, xviii, 57, 58, 63, Autobiography, 67, 75, 113, 157, 164–173 174, 228 Bouab, Widad, 88, 93, 95 258 Index

Boucetta, Fatiha, 72, 73 Colonization, 108 El Bouih, Fatna, 48, 53, 72, Colonizer, 188 88–96, 238n1 Colonizing, 94 Boulane, Ahmed, 18, 207, La condition féminine, 74 208–211, 218 Conseil Consultatif des Droits de Bourequat, Ali, 17, 49, 50, 51, 53, l’Homme (CCDH), 60, 132, 60, 238n3 142, 238n8, 243n24 Bourequat, Bayazid, 49 Crisis; of consciousness, 53–57; of Bourequat, Midhat, 17, 49–51, identity, 140 60, 238n3 Culture wars, xvi, 16, 19 Boussejra, Houria, xvii, 10, 71, 74, 78–84, 98 Daoud, Zakya, 131 Darija, xii, xiv, xv Cahiers du cinéma, 189 Debèche, Djamila, 73 Centre Cinématographique du De-childing, 101, 102 Maroc (CCM), xxi, 66, 189, Decolonization, xvi, 22 190, 193, 201, 204 Dehumanize, 51, 94 Chadi, Taïbi, 130, 135, 136, 154 Derb Moulay Chérif, 49, 67, 95 La Chambre noire, 54, 66 Desubjectification, 50 Chosifier, 74 Dib, Mohamed, 22 Choukri, Mohamed, 111 Displacement, 11, 163 Chraïbi, Driss, 7, 13, 15, 22, 23, Dreyfus Affair, 23 108, 114, 124 Chraïbi, Saâd, xvii Ech-Channa, Aïcha, xvii, 87, CIA, 54, 195, 239n13 96–98, 105, 132 Ciné-clubs, 189 Écriture-féminine, 13, 71 Cinema, xv; Moroccan, 187–225; Elalamy, Youssouf Amine, xiii, xiv, Third, 189 xviii, 157, 164–173 Cinematic, 69, 188, 190 Emigration, 172 Cinematography, 187 Engagé(s), 8, 22, 107, 157 IDHEC, 189 Engaged journalists, 130 Citadine, xviii, 142–152 Engagement, xii, 21, 23 Civil society, 137, 207, 216; rights, Épanouissement, 158, 185, 243n1 xi, 68 Étrangété, 83 Civilizing Mission, 5, 110 Exile, 11, 158, 165, 171, 213 Clandestin(e), 125, 158, 166, 167, 170, 173; immigrants, 64, 76, Fakihani, Abdelfettah, xvii, 10, 17, 125, 177, 187, 203, 206 45, 46, 48, 51–57, 88, 89 Clash of cultures, 165 Fanon, Frantz, xvi, 7, 21, 94 Colonial, 9, 40, 160, 161; Feminine, 121; condition, 78 domination, 4; mission, 4; Ferroukhi, Ismaïl, xix, 194, occupation, xiv 203–206 Colonialism, 162 Fiction, xv, 5, 25, 32, 37, 58, 71, Colonie du peuplement, 4 72, 75, 98, 166, 210 Colonies, 189 Fictionality, 61 Index 259

Fitna, 95, 147 67, 80, 88, 131, 133, 135, La foi schizophrénique, 209, 244n15 140–142, 160, 195, Fondation des œuvres laïques 235n1, 238n2 (FOL), 209 Homoerotic novel, 107–127 France, 4, 5, 11, 12, 28, 35, 39, Homophobia, 114 49, 53, 59, 117, 118, 120, Homosexual, 120, 126, 190 160, 165, 171, 176, 177, Homosexuality, 114, 117, 137 195, 212, 214, 218 Houari, Leila, 73, 74, 76 Franco-Algerian war, 27, 160 Human, 51, 101, 103–105, 126, Francophone, xiii, xvi, 5, 15, 33, 127, 133, 157, 158, 206; 107, 188, 235; authors, 7, 8, 43, condition, 84, 91, 92, 103, 191; 45, 46, 75, 157, 173; cinema, rights, xv, xviii, 3, 9, 10, 18, 192, 193; journalists, xviii; 24, 35, 36, 39, 40, 45–47, 56, literature, 23; novel, 3, 8, 160; 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 75, 79, press, 3, 129–156; studies, 12; 87, 129, 134, 141, 142, 153, writing, xvi, 21, 77, 121, 230; 167, 173, 177, 185, 198, voice, xiii 212, 214, 228 French, xi, xii, xiii, xv, xix, 2, 3, 4, Humanist, xviii, 75, 97, 159, 173, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 22, 23, 24, 26, 174, 184, 204, 229; discourse, 29, 33, 35, 36, 45, 47, 48, 52, 170; humorists, 175–185 58, 60, 66, 71, 73, 74, 83, 85, Humanitarian, 41, 97 88, 91, 97, 98, 101, 110, 113, Humanity, xix, 23, 24, 61, 63, 94, 114, 117, 122, 124, 129, 133, 96, 102, 105, 180, 161, 141, 160, 162, 188, 192, 203, 162, 204, 230 206, 228, 229; Interpol, 54; polars, 197 Identity, 5, 8 Ilal Amam, 52, 55 Gender, 108, 151, 221, 223, 241n1 Imaginaire, 4, 113 Gendered: divisions, 178; roles, 147; Immigrant, 1, 181 spaces, 144, 146 L’Instance d’Equité et de Global, 2, 42, 97, 127, 164, 173, Réconciliation (IER), 40, 60, 185, 194, 198, 204, 206, 238n10, 242n7 229, 230 Islam, 4, 5, 68, 145, 167, 176, 187, Globalized, 129, 134, 160 199, 200, 201, 204, 222; Globally, 157 radical, 154 Le Grand Voyage, 187, 188, 191, Islamic, 4, 19, 34, 35, 36, 93, 124, 193, 194, 203–206 155, 194, 200, 209, 210, 213, Green March, 68 223; fundamentalism, 16, 42, 152, 193, 209, 213; Habeus corpus, 40 fundamentalist groups, 19, Hajj, 204 153, 200 Halqua, 5, 236n7 Islamicized, 153 Harraga, 166 Institut des hautes études Hassan II, xi, xvi, 3, 5, 14, 17, 25, cinématographiques 27, 29, 30–40, 47, 49, 51, 56, (IDHEC), 189 260 Index

International Monetary Fund 65, 66, 69, 72, 79, 80, 83, 88, (IMF), 34 96, 99, 129, 131, 136, 140, Istiqlâl, 135, 136, 141, 242n10 183, 184, 187, 188, 190, 194, Al Ittihad Al-Ichtiraki, 48, 93, 88, 197, 199, 207, 209, 210–212, 135, 238n4 217, 224, 227, 235n1 Libération, 135 J’ai vu tuer Ben Barka, 187, 188, Libertine novel, 107–127, 177 193, 194, 195–198 Literary, 5, 8, 12, 17, 21, 43, 58, 71, Jamaï, Aboubakr, 141 109, 113, 116, 125 Jamaï, Khaled, 132 Literature, 7, 9, 10, 19, 50, 51, Jawhara, 68–69 59–61, 64, 125, 158, 187, 207, Je-Femme, 93 217, 224, 225, 227, 230 Le Journal Hebdomadaire, xviii, Littérature, 5;carcérale, 45–70; de 130, 132, 135, 141, 154, 201, combat, 7; mineure xiii; 209, 214 monde, 230 Lyautey, General, 4, 236n5 Kahina, 223 Kénitra prison, 10, 49, 55 Maghreb, 4, 14, 22, 28, 34, 121, Khaïr-Eddine, Mohammed, 9 135, 191, 229 Kharidj, 163 Maghrebian, 5, 10, 22, 23, 27, 113, Khatibi, Abdelkébir, xiii, xvii, 5, 161, 163, 194, 203, 223 10, 12, 107, 237n1; bi-langue, Makhzen, 38, 46, 48, 53, 54, 69, 160; Le Roman maghrébin, 10, 80, 121, 136, 138, 177, 213, 23, 24; pensée-autre, 107 237n9 El Khayat, Rita, 13, 72, 98, 99, Makhzenian, 137 101–105, 112, 125, 237n13 El Maleh, Edmond Amran, 12, Knafo, Itzhak D., 8 13, 15 Ksikes, Driss, 132 Mal-être féminin, 76 Marabout, 122, 236n6 Laâbi, Abdellatif, 5, 8–10, 22, 45, Maraboutism, 5 48, 52, 53, 91 March 23rd Group, 67, 88 Lahlou, Nabyl, xix, 18, 192, 207, Marginal, 182 211–214; L’Affaire Tabite, 208 Marginality, 165, 173 Lalla Aïcha, 149 Marginalization, 111, 125–127 Lamalif, 131, 136 Marginalized, 130, 165, 168, Lamlili, Nadia, 134, 137–139, 215, 219 150, 154 Marock, 187, 188, 191, 193, 194, Lamrini, Rida, xvi, 1, 2, 15, 17, 21, 198–203 32–43, 129, 132, 235n6, Marrakchi, Laïla, xix, 154, 190, 236n1, 237n7 194, 198–203, 208, 214 Laroui, Fouad, xviii, 157–164 Marxist-Leninist, 24, 48, 49, 52, Le Peron, Serge, 53, 194, 195 53, 55, 56, 67, 68, 88 Lead Years, xv, xvii, 1, 3, 11, Marzouki, Ahmed, xvii, 10, 45–47, 16–18, 25–27, 31, 35, 38, 40, 50, 51, 60–63, 65, 88, 238n7 45, 46, 49, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60, Mashreq, 8 Index 261

Le Matin, 136, 207 National, 54, 103, 176, 190, 196, Mdidech, Jaouad, 17, 45, 46, 49, 201, 211; cinema, 188, 189; 50, 52–54, 67 consciousness, 189; discourse, Meknès Group, 88 14, 109; identity, 70; memories, Mémoire, 48, 59; bribes de, 161, 107, parties, 149 167; lieu(x) de, 47, 51, 59, 70; Nationalism, 8, 108 refoulée, 136; refoulement, xi, Nationalists, 7, 56, 136, 148, 149 45; travail de, 46 Nedali, Mohamed, xviii, 157, Memory, xi, xvii, 11, 30, 58, 60, 61, 173–185 72, 83, 102, 127, 136, 155, Nedjma, xviii, 8, 27–31, 109, 113, 182, 206, 229; collective, 45, 114, 120–124 55; suppressed, 46, 137 Nejjar, Narjiss, 207, 214–218 Menebhi, Saïda, 48, 64, 65, 88–96 New Morocco (Le Nouveau Mernissi, Fatima, 95, 109, 132, 133, Maroc), xii, xvi, xix, 37, 43, 145–147 70, 71, 87, 96, 107, 127, 129, Millennium, 14, 224, 245n1 187, 194, 208, 225, 227, 230 Mohamed V, 149, 189, 195 Nichane, xviii, 3, 132, 236n4 Mohamed VI, King, xi, 2, 15, 40, Nissaa al Maghrib, 143 41, 47, 56, 60, 80, 124, 132, Non-dit, xviii, 15, 107, 116 134, 137, 141, 142, 149, 153, Nouvelle génération, 14, 129 199, 213, 229; Leader of the Faithful, 54, 138, 153; O., Rachid, xviii, 15, 107–109, M6, 16, 43, 133, 241n7 112–116, 121 Le Moi: éclaté, 76; étrange, 76; L’Opinion, 132, 135 marocaine, 76 Oral, 5; tradition, 5 Le Monde Berbère, 217 Oriental, 4; fantasy, 113 Mondialiste, 229 Orientalists, 4 Morocains résidants à l’étranger Orientalized, 113 (MRE), 134, 142, 212, 242n1; Other, 158, 160, 162, 172, 175, films by, 193–206 178, 205 Moudawana, xviii, 15, 26, 142, Othering, 159 235n9, 243n26 Otherness, 159, 160 Mourad, Farida Elhany, 13, El Ouafi, 57 72, 73 Oufkir, Mohamed, 195, 197, 198; Multiculturalism, xiii family, 69 Muslim, 5, 63, 95, 124, 147, 151, Oulehri, Touria, xi, xvi, 10, 13–15, 161, 191, 200, 202, 203, 205, 17, 21, 26–32, 73, 237n11 206, 212 Parti de la Justice et du Nasser, Hadji Badia, 13, 76 Développement (PJD), 154, Nation(s), xiii, xiv, 7, 11, 24, 27, 29, 200, 201, 209 31, 39, 46, 48, 65, 109, 127, Pensée-autre, xvii; See also Khatibi 130, 152, 153, 188; African, Plurality, xiv xvi; experimental, 108; Polisario, 56; and Western Sahara, Moroccan, xvii 56, 68, 142 262 Index

Polyglot, xiii Space, 162, 206; home, 163; Postcolonial, 45, 108, 109, 143; negotiation, 205 studies, 15 Sufi, 222, 223 La presse indépendante, 135 Le Prix Goncourt, 58 Tabite or Not Tabite, 187, 188, 191, 211–214 Qur’an, 93 Taïa, Abdellah, xviii, 15, 16, 108, 111, 113, 121, 125–127 Raïss, Mohammed, 10, 47, 50, 51, Tazi, Mohamed Abderrahman, 18 60–63, 88, 238n3 Tazmamart, 10, 17, 46–70, Récit, 5, 101, 102 239n12, 240n13 Rumi, Jelaluddin, 222 TelQuel, xiii, xviii, 3, 9, 15, 17, 18, 67, 129–156, 237n10 Saïd, Edward, 130, 157, 158 Témoignages, 87, 93, 96, 97; Sartre, Jean-Paul, xii, xvi, 22, 43, directs, 57 130, 160, 162 Testimonials, xv, xvii, 17, 45, 46–70, Sbaï, Noufissa, 74, 85–87, 105, 217 71, 72, 75, 88, 89, 93, 94–96 Schizophrenia, 139; nation, 140–142 Testimonios, 87 Schizophrenic, xiii, 3, 80, 122 Third Generation Authors, xii, 13, Second Generation Authors, 9 14–17, 111, 160, 173, 194 Septième Art (7ème Art, 7th Art, Third World Movement, 195 Seventh Art), 188, 224 Torture, xv, 16, 17, 18, 25, 45, 46, Serfaty, Abraham, 48, 52, 53, 56 48, 50, 52, 54–56, 60, 63, 66, Serhane, Abdelhak, 12, 46, 50, 69, 79, 83, 88, 89, 91, 94, 95, 57, 61–65 129, 142, 187, 195, 197, 210, 214 Shari’a, 236 Trabelsi, Bahaa, xviii, 108, 113, Shorouk, 143 132, 116–120 Smihi, Saïd, 53, 69 Tunisia, 132, 135, 189 Social consciousness, xii, 227 Socially engaged, xii Union de l’Action Féminine, 143 Social-realist, xv, 189; film, 207, 220; style, xv, 190–192 ; text, 223 Voice, 12, 19, 24, 46, 48, 49, 52, Sociocultural, xiii, xiv, xv, xix, 10, 58, 72, 82, 98, 107–109, 111, 14, 16, 24–27, 31, 32, 45, 71, 117, 165, 166, 174, 180, 184, 73–76, 78, 79, 81, 83, 95, 207; cinematic, 189; feminine, 98, 103, 105, 107, 108, 119, 71–105; gay, 112 127, 129, 131, 151, 154, 157, 160, 173, 183, 187, Woman-centered, 103 191, 199, 208, 211, Womanism, 75 217, 229 Womanist, 75, 105 Socioeconomic, 97, 181, 195 Women’s Wiles (Kaïd Ensa), 220–224 Sociopolitical, 2, 9, 21, 22, 56, 71, 77, 87, 100, 124, 130–132, Yacine, Kateb, 8, 12, 22, 27, 28, 139, 142, 191, 194 29, 109 Souffles, 9, 22, 52, 53 Les Yeux secs, 187, 214–218